The Philosophy of Egoism, by JamesL. Walker

8/12/2019 The Philosophy of Egoism, by JamesL. Walker

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THE PHILOSOPHY

OF EGOISM

-by-

JAMES L. WALKER

My nose I've used for smelling and I've blown i!

"u #ow o $rove #e RI%& by w#i(# I own i)

-S*&ILLER+ freely ranslaed.

KA&ARI,E WALKER

E,ER

/012

ersion 1./

3#is is a fai#ful rans(ri$ion of #e /012 original. 4aragra$#s and $aginaion are

ina(. #is rans(ri$ion differs from #e original in is line brea5s+ w#i(# are lef o

your browser. Also+ #e $#oogra$# of Wal5er is no re$rodu(ed. "roug# o you by

aniel . avis.6

PREFATORY NOTE.

#e firs (#a$ers of #is boo5le a$$eared serially in 7Egoism+7 a lile maga8ine

$ublis#ed by %eorgia and &enry Re$logle+ a 9a5land+ *alif.+ from /:01 o /:0:. I was

#e inenion o run #e w#ole series in #e maga8ine+ #en $ublis# #em in boo5 form!

bu $ressure u$on #e au#or's ime inerru$ed #is wriing+ and finally 7Egoism7

sus$ended $ubli(aion before #e ari(les were (om$leed. Laer+ ime was found o

wrie #e (on(luding (#a$ers+ and #e Re$logles $u #e w#ole in y$e and #ad mari(es

made from w#i(# o (as #e $laes+ in /011. "u overa5en by adversiy and si(5ness+

#e maer so lingered #a in /01;+ w#en #e au#or+ James L. Wal5er+ died+ #e wor5

#ad $ro(eeded no fur#er.

A few mon#s afer Mr. Wal5er's dea#+ Ka#arine Wal5er+ #is wife+ desiring o #ave

#is magnifi(en monumen o #er adored #usband's memory (om$leed wi#ou fur#er

delay+ underoo5 #e as5 #erself by $roviding #e ne(essary money+ leaving #e deails

of #e wor5 o #e (are of #e Re$logles. &owever+ #e (oninued illness and final dea#

of %eorgia Re$logle+ and #e $rosrae (ondiion of &enry Re$logle w#i(# followed+

fur#er delayed #e wor5 o #is dae.

I was one of #e ambiions of #e Re$logles' lives o bring #is boo5le o #e

4rogressive World wi# #eir own #ands! es$e(ially was #is rue of %eorgia+ w#o+

al#oug# lying on #e bed from w#i(# s#e never arose+ yielded wi# #e greaes

relu(an(e o $ubli(aion of #e iniial ediion by anyone else. In #is (onne(ion+ Mrs.Wal5er earnesly+ bu vainly+ begged o furnis# #e means+ and 5ee$ #er own


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$ari(i$aion in #e maer enirely $rivae. "u #owever 5indly mean+ #is was no

The Philosophy of Egoism

I

We see5 undersanding of fa(s for guidan(e in a(ion+ for avoidan(e of misa5e and

suffering+ and even for resignaion o #e ineviable. #is saemen may (over #e (#ief

aims of man5ind in inelle(ual dis(ussion+ ignoring now #a w#i(# is merely a

s(#olasi( e=er(ise. I am no in favor of argumen in #e syle of #e debaing s(#ool+

merely o s#ar$en #e wis. Sin(eriy is oo $re(ious o be arnis#ed by a $ra(i(e w#i(#

easily generaes an evil #abi+ and #ere are+ a leas as ye+ oo many o((asions in real

life on w#i(# every $erson w#o loves o ell #e ru# and e=$ose false#ood mus

(onsider ime and (ir(umsan(e les #e im$ale #imself u$on im$la(able $re


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$ersons and $ro$ery or on a maer of rivalry beween #e males) "u w#a do we read

in #e #isory of man5ind e=(e$ woes+ wars+ $erse(uions and (aasro$#es beggaring

des(ri$ion+ and all relaed in some way o #e deerminaion of man5ind o inerfere

wi# ea(# o#ers' a(ions+

@

#oug#s and feelings for #e $ur$ose of ma5ing $eo$le #in5 beer and be#ave beer as

(on(eived)

#e #eologi(al Liberal is never ired of affirming #a #e greaes (ruelies #ave been

$er$eraed by bigos a(ing sin(erely for religious rig# as #ey undersood i! ye

among #e #eologi(al Liberals may be found $ro#ibiioniss and a=aioniss

manifesing a #oly #orror of a man or woman w#o sim$ly wans o be le alone w#ile #e

or s#e les o#ers alone+ and w#o refuses o


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#e ars and maerial (omfors of life+ bu in #e reamen of individuals of #e s$e(ies

by o#ers and in #eir (olle(ive a(ion.

I may #ere ani(i$ae an ob


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2

#e wo s$e(ialiss are (on(erned wi# wo differen series of ideas+ #erefore wi#

differen as$e(s of #e ob


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erminaion+ o w#i(# #e $rivae $refi= may a$$ly+ bu I refer o Webser's definiions

of selfis#ness and self-love res$e(ively for su$$or as o #e usage.

III

Egoism is /C #e #eory of will as rea(ion of #e self o a moive! @C every su(#rea(ion in fa(. #is double definiion is in a((ord wi# #e usual laiude due o #e

im$erfe(ion of language+ in (onse?uen(e of w#i(# an ideni(al erm (overs #eory+

individual fa( and mass of fa(s. I a$$re#end #a in ma5ing #is fundamenal definiion

I s#all #ave $rovo5ed #e dissen of some readers well enoug# grounded in menal

$#iloso$#y o $er(eive #a on a((e$ing #e definiion #ey mus s$eedily (onsign any

(laim for an unegoisi( $#iloso$#y o #e realm

G

of menal vagaries. #ey will a((use me of begging a ?uesion in #e definiion! bu I

(anno wis# o lay down a definiion less fundamenal #an #a w#i(# will be found

suffi(ienly (om$re#ensive and e=a( in every relaion of raional moive and resuling

voliion and a(ion. W#en I s#all #ave done


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a(ion! #en(e #a $ar of #e line of Egoism is all #a is essenial o be $u ino a

definiion. "u if I #ave omied refle= a(ion in /C #e #eory+ I #ave no ignored i in

@C 7su(# rea(ion in fa(+7 for 7su(#7 refers o #e self.

*onsuling (onvenien(e+ I #ave wrien 7#e self7 w#e#er meaning a$$arenly #e

w#ole (o-ordinaed energies of #e self or #e ara(ing and re$elling $owers of anyorgan or member #ereof. 4robably never were #e w#ole energies of any animal e=ered

a on(e under #e simulus of any moive or (ombinaion of moives! #en(e #e (ommon

e=$ression is an e=aggeraion.

A (ourse of reading in #isory+ $#iloso$#y and s(ien(e+ es$e(ially sandard lieraure on

evoluion+ oge#er wi# $ersonal observaion of animal+ in(luding #uman life+ will

gradually (onvin(e any inelligen $erson #a all volunary a(s+ in(luding a (erain

(lass of a(s $o$ularly bu erroneously (alled non-volunary+ are (aused by moives

a(ing u$on #e feeling and reason of #e Ego+ and #a #e rea(ion of #e Ego o a

moive o((urs as surely a((ording o #e Ego's (om$osiion and #e moive as does any

(#emi(al rea(ion! #a #e only diffi(uly for our undersanding is in #e (om$le=iy ofmoive influen(es moivesC and (om$osiion of #e sub


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"eside individuals we en(ouner grou$s variously (emened oge#er by (onrolling

ideas! su(# grou$s are families+ ribes+ saes and (#ur(#es. #e more nearly a grou$

a$$roa(#es #e (ondiion of being #eld oge#er by #e ineres of is members wi#ou

(onsrain of one e=er(ised over o#er members+ #e more nearly does #e grou$

a$$ro=imae o #e (#ara(er of an Ego+ in iself. 9bservaion and refle(ion s#ow #a

#e grou$+ or (olle(iviy+ never ye (om$osed w#olly of enlig#ened individuals


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for in(onvenien(e by $raise+ e=ernal and inernal+ all #e w#ile e=ering a moral

errorism over every mind wea5 enoug# o allow i+ and all o sub


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o sum u$ #is $ar of #e sub


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e=$erien(e! bu le #e #abi be(ome srong+ le #e avenues o eseem be unguarded and

#e senimen of wors#i$ usur$ #e $la(e of good sense+ #en #e Ego is undone. &e is

li5e #e mariner w#o #as se sail and las#ed #is #elm in a fi=ed $osiion+ fallen aslee$

and drifed ino o#er (urrens under (#anging winds.

Some Alruisi( wriers remind me of #e or#odo= #eologians. In fa(e of #e fa(s of$#ysi(al s(ien(e #e #eologian admis #a every#ing in #is world $ro(eeds a((ording

o an invariable order+ bu #e insiss u$on giving i a magi(al+ g#osly origin. #e

Alruisi( wriers li5ewise admi #a #e immediae (#oi(e of a(ion of ea(# individual

a ea(# urn in #is (areer is deermined by (auses wi# $re(ision+ bu #ey $lead for an

Alruisi( edu(aion+ an Alruisi( im$ulse now+ so #a #ereafer #e rea(ion of #e

individual o given (auses may be #is #a #e will find #is $leasure in #e so(ial

welfare. I say #a if #e finds #is $leasure in i+ #e Egoisi(ally $romoes i! and if #ose

wriers find #eir $leasure in $lanning a greaer so(ial welfare+ #eir iniial effors in #e

maer are Egoisi(. #e refle(ing $erson may $er(eive #a #ere is room for misa5e as

o w#a is

/2

#e so(ial welfare. #e do(rine w#i(# demands #a a $erson s#all forego some $leasure

wi#ou #aving a deliberae (onvi(ion #a by so doing #e ma5es a wise individual

(#oi(e+ is res$onsible for a (erain immediae lessening of welfare a one $oin. "eyond

#a i may be an illusion of ignoran(e.

#e beliefs w#i(# $revail a one ime regarding w#a is for #e so(ial welfare are widely

differen from #ose w#i(# su((eed #em. 9n(e i was deemed in


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a beer Alruism #an Alruism iself. #e maer $resens iself #us+ #a #e Alruis

wans o in?uire or dis(uss w#e#er Egoism is 7rig#+7 bes for so(iey+ and so for#.

4er#a$s i will brea5 u$ all #e so(ieies #a now e=is+ and (onsiue new moral

worlds+ ma5ing new ideals $ossible! $er#a$s liberaliy of mind will $rom$ o all and

more #an #e mos inelligen and enlig#ened Alruis e=$e(s from #e senimen of

duy! bu #owever #is may be+ we Egoiss are no arguing for #e rig# of Egoism o beried. We are rying o e=$lain #a Egoism is #e (#ief fa( of organi( e=isen(e- is

universal (#ara(erisi(.

Le us analy8e Alruism wi# referen(e o $ursuis insead of (on fining all our aenion

o $ersons. A new a(?uainan(e and a new #ing are ali5e ob


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insaniy (anno be rea(#ed. #e love-si(5 man or woman #as #e illusion dis$elled by

(ona( wi# #e $ari(ular $erson #a (aused i! bu in (erain (ases absen(e or dea#

$revens #e remedy from being a$$lied+ and in some of #ese insan(es #e menal

malady is lifelong. 7evoion o o#ers+7 i will be observed+ (an be made a e= for

o#er sermons #an #ose emanaing from #e amiable Moraliss w#o $ride #emselves

u$on #e alleged su$erioriy of an unreservedly Alruisi( #abi of #oug#.

/:

VI

#e man w#o #as fify or a #undred suis of (lo#es made for #is imagined use+ #e

woman w#o 5ee$s a (olony of (as+ #e man w#o fills a $rivae sore#ouse wi# all sors

of ools w#i(# #e (an never use+ are e?ually illusraions of #e subversion of reason and

are o be (lassed as Alruiss in #e degree in w#i(# Alruism su$$lans a raional

Egoism. Le us a5e u$ #ese (ases and (onsider #em in deail. o #ave more #an one

sui of (lo#es is mosly a wise $rovision for #e fuure+ #en(e #e aim is Egoisi(+ bu

from #e $oin a w#i(# #e a((umulaor loses sig# of #e end for w#i(# #is (are and

rouble are a5en+ and be(omes a slave o #e idea of (lo#es+ #e (eases o be

inelle(ually #is own maser! #e falls under #e dominaion of a fi=ed idea and is in #a

res$e( li5e a fanai(. #e differen(e beween #im and #e fanai( is #a #is (ro(#e is

merely a wase of ime and means+ w#ereas #e fanai('s fi=ed idea is one im$elling is

slave o some sor of senseless inerferen(e wi# o#er $eo$le's (ondu(. #e fanai(+

oo+ is an idealisi( Alruis. If #is o$$ression of o#ers were (arried on in $ursuan(e of a

selfis# (al(ulaion+ #e would no be a fanai(.

#e woman w#o 5ee$s an absurd number of (as embodies #e e=aggeraion of #e

originally raional idea #a i is a useful (ourse o #ave one or wo (as abou a #ouse o

5ee$ #e mi(e down. *are for #e useful domesi( (a+ wi#ou reasoning #is maer

over (oninually+ is


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s#ould be used and s$e(ifi( $leasures relin?uis#ed+ and #a #abis of $rudenial self-

denial s#ould be formed+ sub


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@/

able $ro


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in #e (ase i may be really o#erwise+ as a (ool


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and #aug#y Alruism is self-berayed+ as surely as #ere is me#od in madness. Alruism

is (ons$i(uously selfis# o ma5e gains for Alruism. Me#od is a $rime (#ara(erisi( of

saniy. #ere may be su(# madness as s#ows no me#od+ bu i is rare. #e Alruism #a

(onains no Egoisi( alloy is sill more rare if i e=iss a all. We #ave ye o loo5 abou

and see w#e#er i (an be found and o e=amine w#e#er or no i will a$$ear o be a

vain $rofession of self-deluded men w#o #ave never (onem$laed #e sa(rifi(es w#i(#i would involve if (onsisenly and diligenly (arried ino a(ion.

VIII

o $lead before a ribunal is generally undersood o be an a(5nowledgmen of is


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ineradi(able and ne(essary for #e (onservaion of $ro$ery+ #e family+ governmen and

so(ial order+ #en(e a $roof of Moral "eing in man+ w#ile self-ineres as a $rin(i$le

would be subversive of Moral senimen and ruinous o so(iey! w#erein i is assumed

#a so(iey is abou as i is desirable o 5ee$ i. "y su(# $ro(ess S#ylo(5 ma5es 2111

$er (en on #is invesmen in Moralisi( lieraure sim$ly in #e e(onomi( s$#ere+ as #e

is $roe(ed by #e Sae. &e a((e$s any in(idenal assisan(e oward 5ee$ing women ina re(e$ive and do(ile (on-

@F

diion of mind as being so mu(# (lear $rofi+ #oug# really if #e ener$rise #ad o be

susained for #is $ur$ose alone #e mus be a miser only or else a free lover and no a

7$ro$er family man+7 if #e did no see #e advisabiliy of $aying ou #e few dollars

even wi# #is sole end in view.

All reformers w#o are no inelligen Egoiss or endowed wi# #e genius of Egoism(oninually render #emselves ridi(ulous by (om$laining of mono$oliss and yrans.

#ereby #ey $ro(laim #eir Moralisi( su$ersiion. #eir me#od is aborive. I (an a

#e bes lead $eo$le from one form of rusful de$enden(e o ano#er. A #e wors and

ofen i (auses $eo$le o (ommi a(s of ill (onsidered #osiliy and o indulge in

senimenal de(laraions w#i(# enable (ool and inelligen masers o in(ie sronger

for(es agains #e reformers. Reform+ indeed+ is a word for (onservaive medio(riy.

Egoism w#en undersood by #e many means no#ing less #an a (om$lee revoluion in

#e relaions of man5ind+ for i is #e e=er(ise of #e $owers of individuals a #eir

$leasure+ and no a $lea for #eir 7rig#s.7

#e Moraliss+ or Alruiss+ (ome wi# a ale of uy+ or moral obligaion. #ey say #a

I oug# o love my neig#bor as myself and o $u aside my selfy $leasure. I is

#orrifying o #em #a I a( on (ons(iousness of saisfa(ion+ on genial im$ulse+ on

(al(ulaion of gain+ and no in submission o #e Moralisi(


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be o#er #an a $ersonal ineres in #e ob


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I (all u$on #e Moralis o vindi(ae #is do(rine by a$$lying i (onsisenly o #e

reamen of all animals. *onfining i o our own s$e(ies is oo Egoisi( o be deemed

$ure Moralism. I s#all be very mu(#

@0

sur$rised if any su(# $ra(i(al res$onse (omes as o dis$rove my new version of

s(ri$ure+ w#i(# says #a #e Moral 5ingdom of #eaven is ina((essible o men of

ordinary saniy. W#o will re


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S$iriual error+ #e sranges+ mos melan(#oly $#enomenon in #uman moive+ is

essenially #e same influen(e+ w#ile i lass+ in #e man or woman (laiming o be

eman(i$aed from #eologi(al dogmas+ as in #e believer in #ose dogmas. I usually

remains afer is generally su$$osed roo is desroyed+ in #e Agnosi(+ li5e an air-$lan.

#is indi(aes #a is foundaion is no $re(isely w#ere some ani #eologi(al wriers

su$$ose. Mere disbelief in Je#ova# may leave #e agnosi( mind sub


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well develo$ed individual+ #en(e #a #e (on(e$ion of uy is s(e$i(ism as o

s$onaneiy. #e fi=ed idea of uy unrelaed o ineres and no redu(ible o

(al(ulaion+ arises by absra(ion and fas(inaion li5e o#er aberraions reviewed in

$re(eding $ages. I rea(#es (lear insaniy in self-sa(rifi(e if #is o((ur in unreasoning

e(sasy.

9f (ourse one self-infli(ed $ain of some $ari(ular 5ind or even dea# is someimes

(#osen in order o erminae anguis# w#i(# none bu #e sub


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moive and #e form of #eir ineres. #us a $arallel o #e $rogress made from #e ime

w#en men believed in mira(les o #e ime w#en #ey #ave learned enoug# of naural

law o e=$el #e former belief.

"y referring o #e definiion already given of Egoism i will be seen #a i (overs a

#eory as well as fa(s. If every a( of every animal were $erfe(ly Egoisi(+ never#eless#e demands of inelligen(e would no be saisfied wi#ou undersanding #e

$#enomena+ w#i(# are e=$lained a((ording o naural law as rea(ions of individual will

o moives $resened in (ir(umsan(es. o a( Egoisi(ally is universal+ bu o be in $ar

ignoran of #e fa( seems o be also nearly universal. #e #eory of Egoism #as is

o$$osie in #e #eory of Alruism+ evidenly


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#ose+ #owever+ w#o believe #a a su$erior au#oriy #as laid down a rule o w#i(#

#ey mus (onform+ will a5e u$ #a rule or law as #ey undersand i+ and #eir idea of

rig# will be #a of (onformiy o #e (ommand of #e au#oriy. #e Moralis is under

an im$ression #a insead of $ursuing #is own $leasure #e #as o fulfill a $ur$ose w#i(#

may be a varian(e wi# #is $leasure. &is (on(e$ion of Rig# is no an Egoisi(

(on(e$ion. &e #as surrendered #imself+ and wi# #imself #is own rig#+ and #as be guno serve an absra(ion. &e is in #e way o (ommi grea folly and wrong o #imself. o

#e Moralis Rig# and Wrong are wo fi=ed ideas+ forever in o$$osiion in all senses.

o #e inelligen Egois #ey are wo words generally $ervered from #eir meaning and

used as s(are(rows. #ere is a fre?uen (las# beween #e rig# of one and #e rig# of

ano#er+ and #ey fig# i ou. I is seled by #e rium$# of one and #e defea of #e

o#er. Ma= Sirner in #is ma(#less boo5+ er Ein8ige und sein Eigenum #e

Individual and #is 4ro$eryC+ saysIst es mir recht, so ist es recht If i suis me+ i is

rig#.C #e Moralis would say if i be rig# for me! #us im$lying #a #e is under some

myserious au#oriy. #e Egois would no use #e laer $re$osiion e=(e$ w#en

re(ogni8ing some law or definie arrangemen w#i(# $res(ribes (erain rig#s. W#en I

say 7if i be rig# for me-+7 I admi an au#oriy. ,ow in fa( I mus ofen admi one-+#a is a $ower+-bu I admi i sim$ly as a $ower+ no a all as #e Moralis admis i. I do

no bow down o i in my #oug# or regard i as any #ing bu an enemy o my freedom+

and if i (ease o asser is $ower and o (om$el me by $enaly or #e $ros$e( of

$enaly+ I asser my full $ower o do my own $leasure and no#ing bu my own

$leasure. #e Moralis (onsens o serve as #is own


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life w#en #e $rea(#es a universal naural Rig# and ignores individuals wi# #eir

various wans and $owers and #e $robabiliy #a w#a is good o one may enail some

ill u$on ano#er.

"u #e s$e(ies) #e Moralis+ driven from #e former $osiion of a diviniy ordering all

#ings in #armony in #e world+ or a leas #e (on(ei #a #is own s$e(ies is favored a#e e=$ense of all below i+ and #is no by is inelligen(e bu by a divine de(ree

arbirarily ma5ing #e s$oliaion of #e world and rule over inferior animals Rig#+ a5es

refuge in a belief #a #e welfare of #e s$e(ies may give Moral

DG

law o #e individual. &en(e #e dogma #a #e individual e=iss for #e s$e(ies. Were i

so+ #e individual mig# insis u$on e=ising a any (os+ assuming #a #e is w#a #e

5nows bes of #e s$e(ies+ and #a #is subborn will mig# $robably be a $rovision for

#e s$e(ies. #a is Rig#+ says #e Moralis+ w#i(# bes serves #e s$e(ies. And w#abes serves #e s$e(ies) #e Moralis will generally re$ly 7#a w#i(# is Rig#+7 #us

(om$leing a lile (ir(le in dogmaism. ,aure+ #owever+ seems o say #a s$e(ies

survive by #e survival of #eir individuals. #e Egois will find in #imself (erain loves

and aversions+ and #e may #in5 #a #e s$e(ies is a5ing (are of iself


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su$$osed ineres of #e (rowd. "u assuming an individual $oin of view #e ?uesion is

differenly s#a$ed. I #en be(omes w#a use (an I ma5e of #e s$e(ies+ of #e (rowd)

A summary of e#i(al ea(#ings of &erber S$en(er says #a $osulaing #e desirabiliy

of #e $reservaion and $ros$eriy of #e given s$e(ies+ #ere emerges #e general

(on(lusion #a 7in order of obligaion #e $reservaion of #e s$e(ies a5es $re(eden(eof #e $reservaion of #e individual.7 #e s$e(ies #e admis+ 7#as no e=isen(e save as

an aggregae of individuals+7 and #en(e+ 7#e welfare of #e s$e(ies is an end o be

subserved only as subserving #e welfare of individuals+7 bu+ (oninues #e summary+

7sin(e disa$$earan(e of #e s$e(ies involves absolue failure in a(#ieving #e end+

w#ereas disa$$earan(e of individuals ma5es fulfillmen sim$ly some w#a more

diffi(ul+ '#e $reservaion of #e individual mus be subordinaed o #e $reservaion of

#e s$e(ies w#ere #e wo (onfli(.' 7

#ere are several feaures of so$#isry in #is. Le us+ #owever+ noe firs #e admission

#a 7#e s$e(ies7 is sim$ly a (onvenien erm. ,ow+ w#ere (onfusion is $ossible #e

safe way is o lay aside #e erm. W#en #is is done i will be found #a in resaing #eforegoing $ro$osiions i be(omes ne(essary o s$ea5+ insead+ ei#er of all #e

individuals (on(erned e=(e$ one or of all #e individuals (on(erned+ wi#ou e=(e$ion.

"u #e #as seemingly used #e erm s$e(ies in bo# senses or else+ wi# #is 7order of

obligaion+7 #e #as affirmed an obligaion o subordinae #e $reservaion of one

individual o #a of ano#er. As #is is inelligible for #e $ur$ose of #e

D0

(rowd dealing wi# individuals bu no for #e individual a(ing for #imself wi# #imselfas #e vi(im+ #e immediae inferen(e a #is $oin is #a S$en(er is e=$ounding #e

Egoisi( logi( of #e (rowd.

If #e welfare of o#ers is subserved only as subserving my welfare+ i (an never be rue

#a I mus subordinae my $reservaion o #a of o#ers+ for #is is o diver #e general

rule+ w#i(# a$$lies w#ile I am one of #e (rowd+ o #e e=(e$ional (ase w#erein I am

se a$ar from #e (rowd. All (ondiions of benefi im$ly a leas $reservaion. W#en I

am (ouned ou for non-$reservaion+ for #e good of o#ers+ i mus be #e o#ers+ no I+

w#o do #e (ouning ou. In #e firs $remise S$en(er s$ea5s for #e individual reaing

#e (rowd from #is $ro$er moive! bu in #e (on(lusion #e s$ea5s for #e (rowd or

some of is $reserved $ar (onem$laing #e sa(rifi(e of an individual+ ye #ese s#ifing$oins of view are in(luded in a syllogism. #e welfare of #e (rowd a mediae end #a

is reasonable o #e individual. #e $reservaion of #e individual a mediae end o #e

(rowd #a is reasonable from #e (rowd's $oin of view! bu analysis of #e diverse

$oins of view is needed+ no an aem$ o lin5 #e wo in a syllogism #e (on(lusion of

w#i(# is merely #e (rowd's (on(lusion.

,ow e=amine #e se(ond $remise of #e syllogism 7#e disa$$earan(e of #e s$e(ies

involves absolue failure in a(#ieving #e end.7 W#y+ in fa() "e(ause #e

disa$$earan(e of all o#ers of #e s$e(ies bu myself involves i) ,o a all bu be(ause

#e erm s$e(ies in(ludes myself. "u as far as my e=isen(e is (on(erned i would be

#e same if I alone disa$$eared. o you say #e $reservaion of #e al$#abe is of no useo A e=(e$ as A (ombines wi# o#er leers! bu #e disa$$earan(e of #e al$#abe


27/52

would involve #e disa$$earan(e of A! #en(e #e $reservaion of one leer AC is less

im$oran #an #e $reservaion of all #e o#er leers) #e leer A answers 7"os#>7

S$ea5ing for #e individual+ #ow does #e do(rine of subordinaion of #e $reservaion

of #e individual

;1

a((ord wi# evoluionary #eory regarding #e origin of s$e(ies) o s$e(ies originae by

individuals a5ing (are of #emselves under w#aever (ir(umsan(es+ if $ossible+ or by

#e (onrary rule of #eir benevolen(e oward #e $re-e=ising s$e(ies) #e reader (an

$ursue #is in?uiry for #imself! bu I s#ould li5e o sugges #a w#a #as been

(onsidered regarding #e individual and #e s$e(ies (an be $ara$#rased wi# referen(e o

#e s$e(ies and #e genus under w#i(# i is (lassified+ #us

#e welfare of #e genus is o be subserved only as subserving #e welfare of #e

s$e(ies+ bu sin(e #e disa$$earan(e of #e genus involves absolue failure+ w#ereas

disa$$earan(e of $ari(ular s$e(ies ma5es fulfillmen sim$ly somew#a more diffi(ul+

#erefore #e $reservaion of #e s$e(ies mus be subordinaed o #e $reservaion of #e

genus w#ere #e wo (onfli(. #e falla(y of #is sor of reasoning may a$$ear wi#ou

(ommen+ inasmu(# as #e individual will easily mainain #e $oin of view of #e

ineresed s$e(ies+ and will no $ra(i(ally allow #imself o slide over o #e $osiion of

#e $resuming genus. A su$$lemenary remar5 may be indulged. #e genus never

li(enses or en(ourages #e originaion of new s$e(ies! bu #en #e verbal so$#isry of

#e genus would no $rove o be a $revenive.

I $ass by #e small o((asion of (onfusion in #e use of #e word 7end+7 #e se(ond ime+

in #e foregoing saemen. oal failure may be assumed o refer o failure of #e

ulimae aim.

XIV

uy is #a w#i(# is due. I oug# is I owe or I owed. Some duies I assume for duies

assumed by o#ers oward me. #is is re(i$ro(iy. Some alleged duies #e Moralis ells

me #a I oug# o a(5nowledge and $erform from a sense of uy. If I #en say #a i is

a su$ersiion #e $er#a$s severs #imself for #e momen from #e su$ersiious (rowd

and (laims #a i is only a generali8aion+ meaning finess+ saving iresome re$eiion ofanalysis! i is my ineres

;/

afer all. &e is somew#a disingenuous #ere+ for if i be only my ineres embodied in a

#oug#-saving generali8aion+ i will bear analysis and always (ome ou as my ineres.

"u #e #as #e 7so(ial organism7 in mind+ o #e $reservaion of w#i(# my individual

welfare is o be subordinaed+ a((ording o #is idea. #e 7so(ial organism7 idea #as

(a$ured #im and #e is using de(oy argumen o obain from me a sa(rifi(e of myself o

#is idol+ #is s$iriual monser.


28/52

A man is #ired o do (erain wor5+ and #a is #en (alled #is duy! or e=(#ange of

servi(es grows ino a muual undersanding! #e deb is firs on one side and #en on #e

o#er+ and w#a a any ime is e=$e(ed+ o balan(e #e a((oun or urn #e s(ale as usual

and (reae ano#er (laim so as o (oninue #e muually advanageous arrangemen or

undersanding+ is also (alled one's duy. W#ere servi(e is (om$ulsory i is li5ewise

(alled duy.

Moralism+ w#en i #as gained enlig#enmen enoug# o re


29/52

#ese words dutyand oughtare no words o be re


30/52

Sunday! an infidel w#o #ad 5illed a man bu #ad no#ing o fear from #e law+ w#o

never#eless #ad #e #orrors in #is dreams+ and several $ersons wi# freelove ideas bu

in(onsisen in $ra(i(e in a way #a s#owed #e rule of #eir old (ons(ien(e. Some of

#ese #ings will sri5e everyone as being ridi(ulous. 9f #e insan(es (ied only one did

no admi of (orre(ion by Emerson's rule of doing #e #ing you fear o do. I firmly

believe #a if #e man w#o #ad a life on #is (ons(ien(e #ad a5en #e raional me#od ofdoing all else w#i(# #e 5new o be sensible+ #is mind would #ave been mu(#

sreng#ened o over(ome #is rouble of blood guiliness. #e Sunday s(#ool young man

reali8ed #a #is (ons(ien(e was awry+ or #e #abi of a su$ersiious belief+ and in a

moderae ime #e over(ame i. 9#ers #ave #ad similar e=$erien(es as o boo5s and

(onversaion of a 7blas$#emous7 (#ara(er and brea(#es of #e so-(alled law of moraliy

in #e se=ual relaion. Reasoning is well in is $la(e+ bu a(ion is ne(essary o ma5e a

free man or woman w#en one #as been rained o #ave a (ons(ien(e in any $ari(ular. I

mean only a(ion w#i(# (ombines $leasure wi# safey. I is no $ar of $#iloso$#i(

Egoism o $ay more for advan(emen #an i is wor#.

;2

XVI*

#e origin of #e guily (ons(ien(e may be in mis#a$s+ su(# as defea+ (a$ure and

slavery. W#en men from e=er(ising masery and even (ruely+ are sub


31/52

;F

(all #emselves Egoiss o #eir saisfa(ion be(ause #e religious world #as branded

every naural im$ulse as vile and 7unsan(ified!7 (onse?uenly Egoism- self-dire(ion-as

#e sum of all villainy+ and #ey are #am$ered by a((e$ing #eir language from #ereligious world.

#e real Egois is no even #e w#o #as merely seen #roug# #e (#ea of Moralism+ bu

#e w#o #as ougrown is #abiual sway+ bro5en is s(e$er+ dese(raed every s#rine of

su$ersiion in #is #ear or else been more #a$$ily born and reared #an one in en

#ousand of #ose w#o live oday or ever lived.

XVII

#e Egois #ears voi(es saying 7Borgive us our sins.7 &is #oug#s a5e a #umorous

urn and #e as5s W#y do no #e idios #in5 of forgiving #emselves ea(# one #is own

sins) W#y (anno #ey be li5e #e fa#er) If 7I and my fa#er are one+7 I (an do #e a(s

of #e fa#er and forgive my own sin. &e w#o dares no say 7I do mos (#eerfully

forgive myself all sins and misdeeds I #ave ever (ommied or s#all ever (are o

(ommi+7 is (erainly no an Egois.

Moraliss $ro$ound #e ?uesion 7oes #e end


32/52

man5ind are $ossessed wi# #e idea of a moral $ardoning $ower en(ouraging men o

do violen(e as a servi(e+ no o #em selves bu o a (reed of (#ur(# or so(iey. #e

Egois wases no brea# o $ersuade #e fanai( #a #e end would no


33/52

#e ad


34/52

Le us beware of #e (ra8e for


35/52

#e law and se u$ an ariso(ra(y of offi(e-#olders and of weal#+ w#i(# raffi(s in #e

ma5ing and adminisraion of #e laws. E?ual libery remains enirely un5nown+ be

(ause libery is un5nown as an ob


36/52

In #e generous a( #ere is s$onaneous+ $ersonal moive! no dread duy! no bending

before a maser

2;

$ower. o you say #e maser $ower is #ere) Well+ i (omes #roug# #e doer's

organism as a genial im$ulse+ ineresing #im+ and so is Egoisi(. o you (om$lain #a

#us we ma5e of Egoism w#a you (all selfis#ness and w#a you (all unselfis#ness) We

s#ow you #a #ere is a (ommon elemen of genuine $ersonaliy+ even of $leasurable

a(ion+ in bo#. 9$$osie are #e a(s in w#i(# #e $erson yields #is will+ sub


37/52

Egoiss do no a((e$ #e sae of mind of a *#risian maryr as being normal. &e

believed #a a (rown of glory awaied #ose fai#ful o dea#! #a e=(lusion from #e

$resen(e of #e Lord awaied #e 7a$osae.7 ualified by #ese beliefs undoubingly

#eld+ #ow (an we deny #e maryr's deludedC Egoism) #e a$osoli( 7fis#ers for men7

baied #eir #oo5s wi# $romises and #reas addressed o self-ineres and re$eaed

7Bear no #em #a 5ill #e body+7 e(. Are only #ose w#o se(ure good bargains o be(redied wi# #e inenion o se(ure #em)

#e (rii( ma5es a ludi(rously false (om$arison w#en #e ses #e $#ysi(al $ain of

burning agains #e menal $ain of a$osasy. A #e momen w#en #e *#risian maryr

made a (#oi(e of (onsan(y o #is religion and a (rown of glory+ #e #ad no fel #e

$#ysi(al agony of #aving #is fles# (onsumed by fire. As mu(# as $ossible #e fi=ed #is

#oug# on #e $romised #eaven and #us lessened #e ani(i$aion of $ain. W#aever

$ain #ere was in #e e=$e(aion of burning i was no #e $ain of a(ual burning. We do

no 5now w#a #e final suffering was nor w#a #e final #oug#s were. We read of one

on #e (ross+ w#en oo lae+ e=(laiming 7My %od+ my %od>

2F

W#y #as #ou forsa5en me)7 and we read #a #e servan s#all no be above #is lord.

Moreover if #e *#risian maryr (ould be su$$osed o fully a$$re(iae #e $ain of dea#

#a awaied #im+ #e mus also be su$$osed o a$$re(iae as fully #e #ell w#i(# awaied

#e a$osae and endless dea# in #e la5e of fire. &ow #en mus su(# a errified

believer de(ide on #e Egoisi( $rin(i$le as disored by #is fai#) o us #ere is no more

diffi(uly in #is (ase #an #ere is in #e $rin(i$le of graviaion illusraed by a ball

rolling down an in(lined $lane w#en #a is #e neares a$$roa(# i (an ma5e o$er$endi(ular des(en.

"u w#ile we may su$$ose a maryr $ossibly logi(al in #is (ourse+ given #is absurd

belief+ we feel warraned in #in5ing #a #e ma


38/52

2G

$us no $remium on 7(ourage7 bu ra#er on (owardi(e.

I is well o be s#o(5ed in defaul of any o#er way of geing inelligen(e awa5ened. "esure #a Egoism #as no#ing sa(red+ and #erefore a((e$s no im$osure or

#allu(inaion and remember #a i re?uires (ourage o be a (oward and a$$ear a

(oward. W#ere 7(ourage7 is folly+ i is Egoisi( o be a 7(oward.7 *erainly i is only

Egoism #a (an ridi(ule sa(red #ings of man as well as of %od I mean ridi(ule in

a(ion as well as in word. 4e(5niff+ even if an A#eis in woman's (lo#es+ s#ould be

snubbed+ and #e Egois will snub #im+ wi#ou regard o #is or #er se=.

XXII

W#a is good) W#a is evil) #ese words e=$ress only a$$re(iaions. A good fig#er is

a 7good man+7 or a 7bad man+7 bo# words e=$ressing #e same idea of abiliy+ bu from

differen $oins of view. o #e beggar a generous giver is a good man. o #e maser a

servan is good w#en #e (#eerfully slaves for #e maser. A good sub


39/52

regarded as virue. I do no say #a all Moraliss ea(# su(# do(rine+ bu all Moraliss

#ave some do(rine w#i(# #ey enfor(e by senimen demanding individual sa(rifi(e+

absoluely and no merely as individually e=$edien.

XXIII

ru#+ #e agreemen beween #in5ing and #ing+-beween #oug# and that+-is as

desirable as seeing and #earing wi#ou illusion or (onfusion. ru#+ #e agreemen

beween #in5ing and e=$ression+ is made a duy by Moraliss+ ye generally wi#

reservaions. May a man lie o assassins o save #is life+ or o robbers o save reasure

(ommied o #is (are+ or o a si(5 $erson o (on(eal news w#i(# would be a serious

s#o(5) #e graviy wi# w#i(# su(# ?uesions are argued $oins o some#ing fur#er+-

#a ru#+ li5e Rig# and Jusi(e+ is ere(ed ino a deiy and men go (ra8y or $reend o

go (ra8y over

20

#e wors#i$ #ereof. #is is #e #y$o(rie's o$$oruniy. So $eo$le bind #emselves wi#

an oa# and lend a s$urious im$oran(e o words s$o5en by men w#o (are only for

immuniy+ bu w#o are s#rewd enoug# no o $rofess w#a #ey #in5 and #ow

inde$enden #ey feel.

&ow (urious #a men generally feel i 7rig#7 o (u and #a(5 naural forms+ bu no o

a5e any libery wi# 7ru#7 even in #e verbal re$resenaion of su(# forms>

"u on #e o#er #and #ey say 7All's fair in love and war.7 ,ow every#ing #a is nolove (an be viewed as war and #e 7love7 #ere s$o5en of is war ooC. #is ma=im is

more ofen used o e=(use lying #an for any o#er $ur$ose. Lying is a very (ommon

$ra(i(e and I $er(eive no reason o e=$e( is abaemen unless individuals in large

numbers /C (ease o $reend o e=a( from o#ers a(ion w#i(# is in(onvenien+ w#en

#ey (anno or do no really e=a( i! @C ma5e i o #e ineres of o#ers o ell #em #e

ru# or leave o#ers alone as o elling any#ing abou maers on w#i(# #ey now ell

lies. So #ere mig# be less 7war.7

o #e Egois ru# is an e(onomy+ w#ere $ra(i(able. #e (#ief (ondiion is muual

inelligen(e.

&onesy+-ru# in a(ion+-is (ommonly said o be 7#e bes $oli(y+7 and $er#a$s as

(ommonly disbelieved o be un(ondiionally so. W#ere #onesy is re(i$ro(al+ i brings

#a muual advanage w#i(# aa(#es o ru#fulness+ bu #ones (ondu( in an

individual in dealing wi# dis#ones $ersons+ is oo sim$le. &onesy is a $leasure+ ofen

a lu=ury.

XXIV

Moralism rea(#es is a(me in #e (ra8e for a su$$osed $erfe(ion #e o$$osie way from

individualiy. Even w#en $#iloso$#y #as $ronoun(ed #a is aim is o lead man o find

#imself+ #e s$iri of $erversion is su(# #a i a5es Man+ #e general idea of #e s$e(ies+


40/52

as an ideal for #e individual and ea(#es individuals o orure #eir $ersonal mind in

order o

F1

(onform o #e idea formed abou #e s$e(ies. #us i is said our 7mission7 is o be rue

men+ more $erfe( men+ more $erfe( women. #is noion $rom$s o imiaion of w#a

#as been e=em$lified in o#ers+ no o develo$men of #a w#i(# is mos genuinely

myself or yourself. If I am o be a (onforming man+ sriving o be some#ing se before

me+ I (anno be I. As Sirner remar5s+ 7every man w#o is no deformed is a rue or

$erfe( man+ bu ea(# one is more #an #is. &e is #is uni?ue man.7 W#a #e is #a

ano#er is no+ we (anno say in advan(e of 5nowing #im. Egoism is #is #a #is man

a(s ou #imself. Every woman may be assumed o be a rue or $erfe( woman+ and s#e

is (#eaed if aug# o assume o#erwise. #a is no #e aim! #a is #e saring $oin

wi# us Egoiss. "e easy abou $erfe(ion of Man. #e individual needs firs o be free

from any yo5e or assigned as5+ in order o normally $ossess+ en


41/52

Men flaer #emselves #a #ey (an $er$euae #emselves and no merely #e ra(e! a

sim$le error+ for if we allow #alf #e effe( o ea(# $aren+ #e resul is #a A's offs$ring

is #alf A! #is grand(#ild is one-four# A! #is grea-grand(#ild is one-eig## A! #e ne=

generaion one-si=een# A+ and #us #is des(endans will #ave no#ing more in

(ommon wi# #im #an any of #e individuals of #is ra(e.

Some learned men argue #a w#ile men are naurally $olygamous+ women are naurally

monogamous! bu #eir dis(ourse soon urns ino (ensure of any woman w#o does no

(ome u$ o #e mar5+ as being a $ervered (reaure. Are #ey blind o #e vas amoun of

fear+ reserve and du$li(iy in women) *an #e sub


42/52

#e (#ildren belong only o #e mo#ers. We (an also leave ou all #e women w#o #ave

no (#ildren #a are under our


43/52

(omes ou wi# regard o (om$anions#i$


44/52


45/52

ino #ree e$o(#s firs+ Ani?uiy+ in w#i(# men were errori8ed by #e for(es of naure.

Se(ond+ *#risendom. *#ris inrodu(es #e rule of #e s$iri+ w#i(# desroys #e fear of

maerial #ings+ bu esablis#es #e yranny of #e Idea. #ere is now a s$oo5 in every

ob


46/52

was 5nown of #im and #is life+ $ublis#ed in #e 7,ews+7 %alveson+ e=as+ A$r. /0+

/01;+ u$on #e re(ei$ of #e news of #is dea#

7#roug# a leer re(eived yeserday by Mr. Edwin "ru(e+ se(reary of #e %alveson

s(#ool board+ #e ,ews learns of #e dea# of r. James L. Wal5er+ w#i(# o((urred a

Laredo+ Me=i(o+ A$ril @+ afer an illness of si=een days. r. Wal5er wen o Me=i(oabou seven years ago and was for a number of years (onne(ed wi# #e news$a$er a

Monerey. #e ,ews undersands #a #e sudied medi(ine and $ra(i(ed for some ime

w#en #e was a young man+ and afer geing ou of #e news$a$er business in Me=i(o #e

resumed $ra(i(e as a $#ysi(ian. Mr. Wal5er was for many years (onne(ed wi# #e

ediorial de$armen of #e %alveson-allas ,ews. &e was a dee$ #in5er and a

for(ible wrier. &e #ad few inelle(ual e?uals in #e sae. &e belonged o #e old s(#ool

of solid wriers+ w#a #e $resen generaion (all #eavy. #ose w#o 5new #im bes

re(ogni8ed #im as an inelle(ual gian. &e was $re-eminenly a logi(ian and

in(idenally a fine linguis+ versed in dead languages+ and a fluen (onversaionalis in

#alf a do8en modern ongues.

79wing o #is ?uie mode of life+ few 5new of #im $ersonally. &e was a man w#o #ad

lile o say abou #imself individually. #is is demonsraed by #e fa( #a w#ile #e

was asso(iaed for a number of years wi# men now (onne(ed wi# #e ,ews+ #ere is

no one of #is former asso(iaes w#o (ould sae wi# definieness as o #is age or #is

naionaliy. Mr. Wal5er was always ready o dis(uss any o$i( of #e day or any o$i( in

#isory wi# #e greaes fluen(y+ bu #ad lile o say abou #is $ersonal affairs. A #e

same ime #ere was no#ing abou #im o enable one o (all #im disan or say #e was

oo reserved.

7Afer severing #is (onne(ion wi# #e ,ews in /:02+ #e read law+ and was admied o

#e bar and $ra(i(ed a %alveson a s#or ime before #e wen o Me=i(o. Mr. Wal5er

was a dee$

G1

#in5er+ a ri$e s(#olar and an elegan genleman. &e leaves a wife+ w#o was wi# #im a

#e ime of #is dea#.7

#e wrier of #is effor is #andi(a$$ed by #e same diffi(uly as was #e edior of #e

%alveson ,ews+ more a$$re(iaion for #e sub


47/52

9uside of Mr. Wal5er's wor5 in #e Liberal World+ no biogra$#i(al informaion #as

been obained save #is re$rodu(ion of ano#er ari(le wrien by a $ersonal friend of

#is and $ublis#ed in #e %alveson ,ews #e day following #e $ubli(aion of #e above-

?uoed ediorial

7#e dea# of r. James L. Wal5er menioned in oday's ,ews+ (auses sorrow #ere3Wa(o+ e=as+6 w#ere #e de(eased #ad many friends.

7r. Wal5er was born in June /:;2+ a Man(#eser+ England+ of weal#y $arens+ w#o

gave #im a liberal edu(aion. Afer graduaing a insiuions of learning in England+

Bran(e+ and %ermany+ #e be (ame (onne(ed wi# #e London imes. 9n rea(#ing #e

Hnied Saes #e be(ame an asso(iae edior on #e *#i(ago imes. In e=as a various

$eriods #e wor5ed ediorially on #e San Anonio &erald+ #e San Anonio E=$ress+ #e

%alveson-allas ,ews+ #e Ausin Saesman+ #e Sae %a8ee of Ausin+ and o#er

$a$ers. &e was #e au#or of wor5s on senogra$#y+ (#emisry+ medi(ine+ and (ivil

engineering. &e #ad a reading and s$ea5ing a(?uainan(e wi# en living languages+ and

was $rofi(ien in %ree5+ Lain+ and Sans5ri. In /:F2 #e was wedded o Ka#arineSmi#+ of Illinois+ w#o survives #im. Afer #is marriage #e (ame o e=as wi# #is wife+

and before reurning o news$a$er wor5 #e aug# in (olleges. &e raveled all over bo#

#emis$#eres.7

Mr. Wal5er's name was $ro$erly+ sim$ly James Wal5er+ #e iniial 7L7 being ado$ed in

#e e=igen(y of #is mail maer be(oming (on fused wi# #a of o#er James Wal5ers in

some of #e various lo(aliies in w#i(# #e lived. "u as #e was 5nown as James L.

Wal5er o #e Liberal World+ by w#om #ese (#a$ers

G/

will doubless be firs read and mos a$$re(iaed+ #e name #as been so wrien in #is

boo5le.

I was in(idenally learned in (onversaion wi# Mr. Wal5er #a #is I(ono(lasi( and

Liberali8ing wor5 began very early in life+ as #e $ublis#ed in *#i(ago a ;1-(olumn ani-

#eologi(al $a$er and debaed and le(ured on Sundays besides+ for almos wo years

$rior o #is marriage and de$arure for e=as+ w#i(# is said o #ave o((urred in /:F2.

#e $a$er was susained $rin(i$ally by Bree#in5er mer(#ans of #e (iy! and al#oug#

i ga#ered a (onsiderable lis of regular subs(ribers+ #e (old+ dam$ la5e (limaeaffe(ed Mr. Wal5er's lungs and #roa so unfavorably #a #e abandoned #e ener$rise+

and soug# #e drier air and milder em$eraure of #e Sou#wes.

&is ne= innovaing wor5 in #e realm of Liberal #oug# was+ as nearly as memory

serves+ some ari(les on 7*ons(ien(e+7 (onribued o 7Lu(ifer+7 a #a ime $ublis#ed a

alley Balls+ Kansas. #ese ari(les+ if memory again is (orre(+ sirred u$ very bier

o$$osiion from some of #e more emoionalisi( readers of #a


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#en $ublis#ed in "oson+ Mass. &ere+ on(e more+ mos bier o$$osiion was aroused+

$ra(i(ally dividing #e Anar(#isi( (am$! bu #e firmly esablis#ed #e Egoisi( idea+

and (arried wi# #im almos all #e readers of #a


49/52

was obained. &e was also ineresed in ele$a#y+ and in #ygieni( maers+ bu no#ing

was menioned of a reaise on ei#er sub


50/52

,or#. &e was sill wea5 from #e de$leion of #e fever w#en unforunaely #e and #is

wife ran unwarned ino e$idemi( small$o=. #ey fled immediaely o a ba(5 own+

#o$ing o es(a$e #e (onagion+ bu all in vain! i #ad already fasened u$on #e

wea5ened man. And al#oug# Mr. Wal5er was #imself an Allo$a#i( $ra(iioner+ and

#erefor more or less (ommied o #eroi( me#ods of reamen+ #e 5new so well #e

ideas and $ra(i(e of Me=i(an do(ors #a #e feared #eir medi(aion more #an #edisease. So #e ne= effor was an aem$ o (on(eal #is (ondiion+ in order o evade #e

rigorous medi(aion of #e au#oriies. "u #is also failed+ and #is $re(ious man was

sei8ed by Me=i(an offi(ials

G;

and (arried o a naive 7#os$ial!7 and+ of (ourse+ do$ed o #is dea# wi# #e regulaion

life-e=inguis#er of #e au#oriarian Sae #a #e #ad foug# wi# #is mos $owerful

ammuniion during mos of #e bes years of #is life.

&e #ad su((eeded in $ulling #imself #roug# a mu(# more severe malady in #e insan(e

of #e yellow fever aa(5+ w#en #e was in #is own #ome and amid a(?uainan(es#i$

#a allowed #im #is own medi(al resour(es. And+ #e $robably would #ave su((eeded

again wi# #is less malignan affli(ion if #e #ad no been sub


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#is s5e(# s#ould+ fiingly+ #ave been wrien by "en

Documents

The Philosophy of Egoism, by JamesL. Walker