THE PERSIAN AND PELOPONESSIAN WARS World History Ms. FitzPatrick

THE PERSIAN AND THE PERSIAN AND PELOPONESSIAN WARSPELOPONESSIAN WARS

World HistoryWorld History

Ms. FitzPatrickMs. FitzPatrick

Minoan Civilization of CreteMinoan Civilization of Crete

2500-1400 B.C.E.2500-1400 B.C.E. Known through legendary accounts of Known through legendary accounts of

King Minos and the MinotaurKing Minos and the Minotaur Palace at Knossos – murals; flush toilets, Palace at Knossos – murals; flush toilets,

hot and cold running water; labyrinthhot and cold running water; labyrinth Sea tradersSea traders Writing system – undecipheredWriting system – undeciphered PolytheisticPolytheistic

Minoan ArtMinoan Art

Minoan ArtMinoan Art

GREEK DARK AGESGREEK DARK AGES

Dorians invaded mainland – primitive; Dorians invaded mainland – primitive; illiterateilliterate

Period of isolation – little trade, Period of isolation – little trade, decline in technology; decline in decline in technology; decline in populationpopulation

Warfare amongst tribal groupsWarfare amongst tribal groups Interaction with Phoenicians revived Interaction with Phoenicians revived

Greek city-states – trade; alphabetGreek city-states – trade; alphabet

RISE OF GREEK CITY-STATESRISE OF GREEK CITY-STATES

Polis – hundreds of independentPolis – hundreds of independent AcropolisAcropolis AgoraAgora CitizensCitizens Agricultural economic baseAgricultural economic base Hoplite army – phalanx formationHoplite army – phalanx formation

Evolved from Tyrannies to Oligarchies Evolved from Tyrannies to Oligarchies (Sparta) or Democracies (Athens)(Sparta) or Democracies (Athens)

City States ComparedCity States Compared

AthensAthens DemocracyDemocracy

Draco (621) – harsh codeDraco (621) – harsh code Cleisthenes (507) – Constitution Cleisthenes (507) – Constitution

– Assembly, Council of 500, – Assembly, Council of 500, lottery, jury system, ostracismlottery, jury system, ostracism

Citizen – inherited; after 507 BCE Citizen – inherited; after 507 BCE free males (still no vote)free males (still no vote)

Metic – free, non-slave foreignersMetic – free, non-slave foreigners Women – sheltered, married 13-14Women – sheltered, married 13-14 Education – males – art, geometry, Education – males – art, geometry,

Illiad and Odyssey memorized; Illiad and Odyssey memorized; music; gymnastics; later rhetoricmusic; gymnastics; later rhetoric

Architecture, drama, sculptureArchitecture, drama, sculpture

SpartaSparta OligarchyOligarchy

2 kings2 kings Counsel of EldersCounsel of Elders

Citizens – native born malesCitizens – native born males Helots – slavesHelots – slaves Perioeci – free individuals who Perioeci – free individuals who

worked for Spartansworked for Spartans Women – well-fed, married age Women – well-fed, married age

19, some influence19, some influence No currency, no trade, no No currency, no trade, no

attention paid to art, literature, attention paid to art, literature, philosophy or sciencephilosophy or science

Loyalty to stateLoyalty to state

The Persian Wars:The Persian Wars:Historical OriginsHistorical Origins

Between 800-600 BCE, Between 800-600 BCE, Greek city-states Greek city-states established 400+ established 400+ colonies on the shores colonies on the shores of the Mediterranean of the Mediterranean and Black Seasand Black Seas

Relieved population Relieved population burdensburdens

Provided resources Provided resources and outlets for tradeand outlets for trade

The Persian Wars: The Persian Wars: Historical Origins Historical Origins

In 546 B.C.E. King Cyrus leads In 546 B.C.E. King Cyrus leads Persian armies to conquer Greek Persian armies to conquer Greek city-states in Ionia (Asia Minor)city-states in Ionia (Asia Minor)

499 B.C.E. Ionians revolt499 B.C.E. Ionians revolt Aided by AtheniansAided by Athenians King Darius I defeats Greeks after 5 King Darius I defeats Greeks after 5

yearsyears King Darius I plots revenge against King Darius I plots revenge against

Greek mainlandGreek mainland

Battle of MarathonBattle of Marathon

In 490 B.C.E., King Darius sent In 490 B.C.E., King Darius sent Persian fleet across Aegean SeaPersian fleet across Aegean Sea Word of attack spread to Athenian Word of attack spread to Athenian

GeneralsGenerals Professional runner Pheidippides sent to Professional runner Pheidippides sent to

Sparta to request help (covered 150 miles in Sparta to request help (covered 150 miles in two days)two days)

Persians landed at MarathonPersians landed at Marathon

Battle of MarathonBattle of Marathon

General Miltiades convinced Athenians to General Miltiades convinced Athenians to meet Persians at Marathonmeet Persians at Marathon Athenians positioned on high ground of Athenians positioned on high ground of

mountain range overlooking plains of Marathonmountain range overlooking plains of Marathon 50,000 Persians camped on the shore below50,000 Persians camped on the shore below

Decision to wait while they held high Decision to wait while they held high groundground Pheidippides returned with news that Sparta Pheidippides returned with news that Sparta

would not send help for another five days due to would not send help for another five days due to religious festivalreligious festival

Greeks v. PersiansGreeks v. Persians

The GreeksThe Greeks

Hoplite InfantryHoplite Infantry Heavy armor of solid Heavy armor of solid

bronze chest plate; bronze chest plate; smaller plated armorsmaller plated armor

Hoplon shield of wood Hoplon shield of wood and bronzeand bronze

Primary weapon long Primary weapon long spear and short swordspear and short sword

Phalanx formationPhalanx formation

The PersiansThe Persians

Infantry and CalvaryInfantry and Calvary Tunic, no metal Tunic, no metal

platesplates Wicker and leather Wicker and leather

shieldshield Short spear and Short spear and

composite bow – composite bow – “arrows could blot “arrows could blot out the sun”out the sun”

THE PERSIAN WARS: BATTLE THE PERSIAN WARS: BATTLE OF MARATHONOF MARATHON

After 8 days, Persian After 8 days, Persian began to board ships began to board ships and Greeks feared and Greeks feared attack on Athens attack on Athens

Miltiades ordered Miltiades ordered army into battlearmy into battle

Miltiades arranged Miltiades arranged formation with a weak formation with a weak centerlinecenterline

Formation was half a Formation was half a mile widemile wide


Persian army four Persian army four times largertimes larger

The “Persian The “Persian Immortals” in the Immortals” in the center and weaker center and weaker troops on wingstroops on wings

Persians were Persians were surprised Greeks surprised Greeks would give up high would give up high groundground


Greeks advanced down Greeks advanced down the hillthe hill

At 200 yards, Persians At 200 yards, Persians let loose a torrent of let loose a torrent of arrowsarrows

Greeks charged Greeks charged Persians at a run and Persians at a run and arrows missed targetarrows missed target

Armies met head onArmies met head on Persians pushed back Persians pushed back

weak Greek centerlineweak Greek centerline


Athenians Athenians surrounded them surrounded them and defeated them and defeated them with superior arms with superior arms and shieldsand shields

Persians retreated to Persians retreated to their shipstheir ships

Persian casualties Persian casualties 6,4006,400

Greek casualties 192Greek casualties 192

The MarathonThe Marathon

Pheidippides ran 26 Pheidippides ran 26 miles back to Athens miles back to Athens with news of the with news of the victory at Marathonvictory at Marathon

He died shortly after He died shortly after delivering his delivering his messagemessage

Term “marathon” Term “marathon” refers to a long refers to a long distance racedistance race

““Wooden Wall”Wooden Wall”

Oracle at Delphi foretold that Greeks Oracle at Delphi foretold that Greeks would be safe behind a wooden wallwould be safe behind a wooden wall

Athenian General Themistocles believed Athenian General Themistocles believed wooden wall meant a fleet of ships were wooden wall meant a fleet of ships were needed to defeat the Persians at seaneeded to defeat the Persians at sea

Athens increased fleet from 40 to 200 Athens increased fleet from 40 to 200 triremes between 489 – 480 B.C.E.triremes between 489 – 480 B.C.E.

Athenian Naval PowerAthenian Naval Power

Cover distance Cover distance quickly under oar quickly under oar or sail – 7 knotsor sail – 7 knots

Powered by 170 Powered by 170 rowers on 3 levelsrowers on 3 levels

Can ram enemy Can ram enemy ships in battleships in battle

Athenian crews Athenian crews best in best in MediterraneanMediterranean

Persian King Xerxes Persian King Xerxes

Succeeded his father Succeeded his father King Darius in 485 King Darius in 485 B.C.E.B.C.E.

Determined to pursue Determined to pursue his father’s planhis father’s plan

For years a slave at For years a slave at dinner would whisper dinner would whisper in his ear, “Remember in his ear, “Remember the Athenians”.the Athenians”.

The Persian Wars:The Persian Wars:Battle at ThermopylaeBattle at Thermopylae

In 480 B.C.E., In 480 B.C.E., Persian King Xerxes Persian King Xerxes invaded Greece invaded Greece from North with from North with 200,000 men 200,000 men accompanied by off-accompanied by off-shore supply shipsshore supply ships

Spartans led Greek Spartans led Greek defensedefense


King Leonidas plan to delay action on land at King Leonidas plan to delay action on land at Thermopylae a mountain pass north of AthensThermopylae a mountain pass north of Athens

Held the Persians for 3 daysHeld the Persians for 3 days Betrayed by Northern Greeks who showed Betrayed by Northern Greeks who showed

Persians a way through the mountains enabling Persians a way through the mountains enabling them to attack the Greeks from the rearthem to attack the Greeks from the rear

Leonidas sent army to safety except for his own Leonidas sent army to safety except for his own 300 men and was determined to hold the pass300 men and was determined to hold the pass

All were killed All were killed Persians marched unopposed to Athens and Persians marched unopposed to Athens and

burned cityburned city


Advance of the Persiansand

Route taken around pass

The Persian Wars:The Persian Wars:The Battle at SalamisThe Battle at Salamis

However, General However, General Themistocles had time Themistocles had time to carry out planto carry out plan Drew Persian fleet into Drew Persian fleet into

strait of Salamis and strait of Salamis and defeated heavy and defeated heavy and crowded Persian shipscrowded Persian ships

Greek ships smaller, Greek ships smaller, easier to maneuver and easier to maneuver and fitted with ramsfitted with rams

Persians retreated in Persians retreated in 479 B.C.E. to Asia Minor479 B.C.E. to Asia Minor

GOLDEN AGEGOLDEN AGEOF ATHENSOF ATHENS

Idealism in ArtIdealism in Art

The Peloponnesian War:The Peloponnesian War:Historical OriginsHistorical Origins

Delian League establishedDelian League established Alliance of 140+ Greek city-states led by Athens Alliance of 140+ Greek city-states led by Athens

against Persiansagainst Persians Athens provided naval power and army and Athens provided naval power and army and

given control of treasury (on island of Delos)given control of treasury (on island of Delos) Other city-states contributed moneyOther city-states contributed money No city-state could withdraw from League No city-state could withdraw from League

without unanimous consentwithout unanimous consent League succeeded in freeing Ionia from League succeeded in freeing Ionia from

Persians and sweeping Aegean Sea free of Persians and sweeping Aegean Sea free of piratespirates

The Peloponnesian War:The Peloponnesian War:Athens v. SpartaAthens v. Sparta

The Peloponnesian War:The Peloponnesian War:Historical OriginsHistorical Origins

Athens used Delian League to build Athenian Athens used Delian League to build Athenian EmpireEmpire Used funds to rebuild Athens (Parthenon)Used funds to rebuild Athens (Parthenon) Other city-states adopted Athenian coin system Other city-states adopted Athenian coin system Insisted criminal cases be heard only in AthensInsisted criminal cases be heard only in Athens Used Athenian troops to suppress revolts by Used Athenian troops to suppress revolts by

commoners in other city-statescommoners in other city-states Athenian port of Piraeus became the most Athenian port of Piraeus became the most

important commercial center in the Mediterraneanimportant commercial center in the Mediterranean

The Peloponnesian War:The Peloponnesian War:431-404 B.C.E.431-404 B.C.E.

Sparta led an alliance of city-states opposed Sparta led an alliance of city-states opposed to Athensto Athens Athens dominated because of naval powerAthens dominated because of naval power Sparta made a deal with Persians to return Ionia Sparta made a deal with Persians to return Ionia

in exchange for gold to build its own fleetin exchange for gold to build its own fleet In 430 B.C.E., plague weakened AthensIn 430 B.C.E., plague weakened Athens

Killed Pericles in 429 B.C.E. and 1/3 of populationKilled Pericles in 429 B.C.E. and 1/3 of population Spartans destroyed Athenian fleet and sieged Spartans destroyed Athenian fleet and sieged

city of Athens with barricadecity of Athens with barricade Athens surrendered in 404 B.C.E. Athens surrendered in 404 B.C.E.

The Peloponnesian War:The Peloponnesian War:ResultsResults

City-states declined in populationCity-states declined in population Fields and orchards destroyed by Fields and orchards destroyed by

warfarewarfare High unemploymentHigh unemployment

Thousands of young men became Thousands of young men became mercenaries in Persian armymercenaries in Persian army

Distrust of democracyDistrust of democracy

The Peloponnesian War:The Peloponnesian War:ResultsResults

Sparta harshly and incompetently ruled Sparta harshly and incompetently ruled other city-states from 404 – 371 B.C.E.other city-states from 404 – 371 B.C.E.

Thebes led an alliance to overthrow SpartaThebes led an alliance to overthrow Sparta Thebians were weak rulers and were Thebians were weak rulers and were

overthrown in 362 B.C.E. overthrown in 362 B.C.E. Continuous fighting weakened city-statesContinuous fighting weakened city-states Macedonia invaded and conquered GreeceMacedonia invaded and conquered Greece

RISE OF MACEDONIARISE OF MACEDONIAPHILIP IIPHILIP II

MacedoniaMacedonia Balkan PeninsulaBalkan Peninsula Language included some Greek wordsLanguage included some Greek words

359 B.C.E. Philip II becomes king359 B.C.E. Philip II becomes king Had spent 3 years in city-state of Had spent 3 years in city-state of

ThebesThebes Admired Greek culture and military Admired Greek culture and military

organizationorganization

Philip II: Three GoalsPhilip II: Three Goals

Create a strong standing armyCreate a strong standing army Imitated Greek phalanx formationImitated Greek phalanx formation Developed first catapultDeveloped first catapult

Unify the Greek states under MacedoniaUnify the Greek states under Macedonia Weakened by Peloponnesian WarWeakened by Peloponnesian War Conquered, bribed polis leaders, allied polis Conquered, bribed polis leaders, allied polis

through marriagethrough marriage By 338 B.C.E., Philip II conquered all of Greece By 338 B.C.E., Philip II conquered all of Greece

except Spartaexcept Sparta Destroy the Persian EmpireDestroy the Persian Empire

ALEXANDER THE GREATALEXANDER THE GREAT

Student of AristotleStudent of Aristotle Respected Respected

commander in commander in Macedonian armyMacedonian army

336 B.C.E. became 336 B.C.E. became king at age 20king at age 20

Sought to carry out Sought to carry out plan to destroy plan to destroy Persian EmpirePersian Empire

ALEXANDER’S EMPIREALEXANDER’S EMPIRE


GoalsGoals Punish Persia for its invasion 150 years earlierPunish Persia for its invasion 150 years earlier Unite Europe and Asia combining the best of Unite Europe and Asia combining the best of

Greek and Persian cultureGreek and Persian culture 334 B.C.E. commenced “West Against the 334 B.C.E. commenced “West Against the

East” campaignEast” campaign Took 30,000 soldiers and 5,000 cavalry into Took 30,000 soldiers and 5,000 cavalry into

Asia MinorAsia Minor Freed Ionian city-states of Persian ruleFreed Ionian city-states of Persian rule


Major Accomplishments in CampaignMajor Accomplishments in Campaign Syria: forces prevailed and King Darius III Syria: forces prevailed and King Darius III

forced to fleeforced to flee Captured Phoenician ports and cut off Captured Phoenician ports and cut off

Persian fleet from supply basesPersian fleet from supply bases Entered Egypt and was welcomed as Entered Egypt and was welcomed as

PharaohPharaoh Invaded Mesopotamia near Tigris River Invaded Mesopotamia near Tigris River

and smashed Darius’ s main army and smashed Darius’ s main army


Major Accomplishments in CampaignMajor Accomplishments in Campaign Captures key cities of Persian Empire: Babylon, Captures key cities of Persian Empire: Babylon,

Persepolis and SusaPersepolis and Susa 331 B.C.E. King Darius III killed by one of his 331 B.C.E. King Darius III killed by one of his

own generals and Alexander declares himself own generals and Alexander declares himself Ruler of the Persian EmpireRuler of the Persian Empire

327 B.C.E. Led soldiers to Indus Valley327 B.C.E. Led soldiers to Indus Valley After 3 years, soldiers refused to go onAfter 3 years, soldiers refused to go on

Alexander headed back and established capital Alexander headed back and established capital at Babylon – died in 323 B.C.E.at Babylon – died in 323 B.C.E.

DIVISION OF EMPIREDIVISION OF EMPIRE

Ptolemy

Seleucus

Antigonus

LEGACY: HELLENISTIC LEGACY: HELLENISTIC CULTURECULTURE

Spread of Greek Spread of Greek culture; mixed with culture; mixed with Egyptian, Persian and Egyptian, Persian and Indian cultureIndian culture

Concentrated in Cities Concentrated in Cities – Alexandria – – Alexandria – museum and research museum and research library; Pharoslibrary; Pharos

Movement for Movement for opportunity – women’s opportunity – women’s rights expandedrights expanded


Astronomy – Aristarchus (Earth Astronomy – Aristarchus (Earth revolves around sun); Ptolemy revolves around sun); Ptolemy (Earth center); Eratosthenes (Earth center); Eratosthenes (size of the Earth)(size of the Earth)

Math – Euclid (geometry); Math – Euclid (geometry); Archimedes (value of pi, Archimedes (value of pi, physics)physics)

PhilosophyPhilosophy Cynicism – give up the material Cynicism – give up the material

and live simply with natureand live simply with nature Stoicism – Zeno; focus on Stoicism – Zeno; focus on

reason, ignore emotion; live reason, ignore emotion; live virtuous life in harmony with virtuous life in harmony with God’s natural laws of the God’s natural laws of the universe universe

Epicureanism – live virtuously Epicureanism – live virtuously to avoid pain; harmony of mid to avoid pain; harmony of mid and body; gods uninterested in and body; gods uninterested in humanshumans


Realism in ArtRealism in Art

http://rubens.anu.edu.au/htdocs/surveys/portraits.antique/0001/153.JPG

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THE PERSIAN AND PELOPONESSIAN WARS World History Ms. FitzPatrick