The Parts of Speech An Overview. The Noun n A word or word group that names a person, a place, a thing, or an idea

The Parts of SpeechThe Parts of SpeechAn OverviewAn Overview

The NounThe Noun

A word or word group that names a A word or word group that names a person, a place, a thing, or an person, a place, a thing, or an idea.idea.

The NounThe Noun

Names a personNames a person– SecretarySecretary– Mrs. KathyMrs. Kathy

The NounThe Noun

Names a placeNames a place– School busSchool bus– Pembroke MiddlePembroke Middle

The NounThe Noun

Names thingsNames things– PencilsPencils– desksdesks

The NounThe Noun

Names ideasNames ideas– LoveLove– freedomfreedom

The NounThe Noun

There are 6 types of nounsThere are 6 types of nouns

The NounThe Noun

1. common nouns1. common nouns– Names any one of a group of persons, Names any one of a group of persons,

places, things, or ideasplaces, things, or ideas– Not capitalizedNot capitalized

Examples:Examples:– scientistscientist– womanwoman– citycity– buildingbuilding– continentcontinent– dayday

The NounThe Noun

2. proper nouns2. proper nouns– Names a particular person, place, thing, or Names a particular person, place, thing, or

ideaidea– Is capitalizedIs capitalized

. Examples. Examples– Marie CurieMarie Curie– Coretta Scott KingCoretta Scott King– CairoCairo– Eiffel TowerEiffel Tower– North AmericaNorth America– MondayMonday

The NounThe Noun

3. concrete noun3. concrete noun– Names a person, place or thing that can be Names a person, place or thing that can be

seen, heard, tasted, touched, or smeltseen, heard, tasted, touched, or smelt– ExamplesExamples

CloudCloud PoisonPoison IvyIvy ThunderThunder SilkSilk YogurtYogurt SarahSarah

The NounThe Noun

4.4. Abstract nounAbstract noun1.1. Names an idea, a feeling, a quality, or a Names an idea, a feeling, a quality, or a

characteristic characteristic 2.2. Cannot be seen, heard, touched, tasted, or Cannot be seen, heard, touched, tasted, or

smelt physicallysmelt physically3.3. is mentalis mental4.4. ExamplesExamples

1.1. FreedomFreedom2.2. Well-beingWell-being3.3. BeautyBeauty4.4. KindnessKindness5.5. BuddhismBuddhism

The NounThe Noun

5. compound noun5. compound noun– Consists of two or more words used Consists of two or more words used

together as a single nountogether as a single noun– ExamplesExamples

One word: firefighter, Iceland, One word: firefighter, Iceland, newspapernewspaper

Separate words: prime minister, Red Separate words: prime minister, Red River Dam, fire drill, race car driverRiver Dam, fire drill, race car driver

Hyphenated words: sister-in-law, Port-au-Hyphenated words: sister-in-law, Port-au-Prince, pull-upPrince, pull-up

The NounThe Noun

6. collective noun6. collective noun– A word that names a groupA word that names a group– ExamplesExamples

People: audience, chorus, committee, People: audience, chorus, committee, crewcrew

Animals: brood, flock, gaggle, herdAnimals: brood, flock, gaggle, herd Things: assortment, batch, bundle, Things: assortment, batch, bundle,

clustercluster

The PronounThe Pronoun

A word that is used in place of one A word that is used in place of one or more nouns or pronounsor more nouns or pronouns

Example:Example:– Stan bought a suit and an overcoat. Stan bought a suit and an overcoat.

HeHe will wear will wear themthem..


There are 6 types of pronouns.There are 6 types of pronouns.


1. Personal pronouns1. Personal pronouns– Refers to the one speaking (1Refers to the one speaking (1stst

person), the one spoken to (2person), the one spoken to (2ndnd person), or the one spoken about (3person), or the one spoken about (3rdrd person).person).

Pronouns- PersonalPronouns- Personal

– 11stst person personal pronouns (the one person personal pronouns (the one speaking)speaking)

II MeMe MyMy MineMine We We UsUs OurOur oursours


- 2- 2ndnd person pronouns (the one person pronouns (the one spoken to)spoken to)– YouYou– YourYour– yoursyours


- 3rd person pronouns (the one spoken about)- 3rd person pronouns (the one spoken about)– HeHe– HimHim– HisHis– SheShe– HerHer– HersHers– It It – itsits– TheyThey– ThemThem– Their Their – theirstheirs

ProunounsProunouns

2. Reflexive and Intensive 2. Reflexive and Intensive – Reflexive pronouns refer to the Reflexive pronouns refer to the

subject of a sentencesubject of a sentence– Intensive pronouns emphasize its Intensive pronouns emphasize its

antecedent.antecedent.– Examples:Examples:

11stst person: myself, ourselves person: myself, ourselves 22ndnd person: yourself, yourselves person: yourself, yourselves 33rdrd person: himself, herself, itself, person: himself, herself, itself,

themselvesthemselves

ProunounsProunouns

3. Demonstrative 3. Demonstrative – Demonstrative pronouns are used to Demonstrative pronouns are used to

point out a specific person, place, point out a specific person, place, thing, or idea.thing, or idea.

– Examples:Examples: ThisThis ThatThat TheseThese thosethose

ProunounsProunouns

4. Interrogative4. Interrogative– Interrogative pronouns introduce a Interrogative pronouns introduce a

questionquestion Examples:Examples:

– WhoWho– WhomWhom– WhichWhich– What What – WhoseWhose

ProunounsProunouns

5. Relative 5. Relative – Relative pronouns introduce a Relative pronouns introduce a

subordinate clause (a group of words subordinate clause (a group of words that is not a complete sentence, even that is not a complete sentence, even though it has a subject and a verb)though it has a subject and a verb)

Examples:Examples:– ThatThat– WhichWhich– WhoWho– WhomWhom– WhoseWhose

ProunounsProunouns

6. Indefinite 6. Indefinite – Indefinite pronouns Indefinite pronouns

refer to one or more refer to one or more persons, places, ideas persons, places, ideas or things that may or or things that may or may not be may not be specifically named.specifically named.

– Refer to chart on page Refer to chart on page 381381

Examples:Examples:– AllAll– AnybodyAnybody– BothBoth– FewFew– ManyMany– NobodyNobody– SomebodySomebody

PronounsPronouns

AntecedentsAntecedents– The word that a pronoun stands for or The word that a pronoun stands for or

refers torefers to– Example:Example:

Why did Why did OscarOscar give give hishis camera to the camera to the film school?film school?

AdjectivesAdjectives

An adjective is a word that is used An adjective is a word that is used to modify a noun or a pronoun.to modify a noun or a pronoun.

The word modify means “to The word modify means “to describe”.describe”.


Adjectives answer three questions Adjectives answer three questions about the word it modifies.about the word it modifies.– 1. What kind?1. What kind?– 2. Which one?2. Which one?– 3. How many?3. How many?


What kind?What kind? Example: Example: graygray skies skies


Which one?Which one? Example: Example: lastlast chance chance


How many?How many? Example: Example: fivefive fingers fingers


Adjectives usually come BEFORE Adjectives usually come BEFORE the noun or pronoun it modifies.the noun or pronoun it modifies.

Example: Example: Ms. Barbara tells Ms. Barbara tells allall students that students that

goodgood workers will be given workers will be given specialspecial privileges.privileges.


Some words can be used as either Some words can be used as either adjectives or pronouns.adjectives or pronouns.

Examples: this, that, these, thoseExamples: this, that, these, those These words, as you may recall, are These words, as you may recall, are

demonstrative pronouns.demonstrative pronouns. However, they can also be used as However, they can also be used as

adjectives when they describe a noun or a adjectives when they describe a noun or a pronoun.pronoun.

Example: Example: Did Jennifer draw Did Jennifer draw thisthis picture or picture or thatthat one? one? ThatThat is my favorite. is my favorite.


Some words can be used as either Some words can be used as either adjectives or nouns.adjectives or nouns.

You must look at the way the word You must look at the way the word is used in the sentence to is used in the sentence to determine its part of speech.determine its part of speech.

Example: Example: I love I love cheesecheese. . I would like a I would like a cheesecheese sandwich. sandwich.


Proper adjectives are formed from Proper adjectives are formed from proper nouns.proper nouns.

Examples:Examples: TexasTexas coast coast PicassoPicasso painting painting


The most frequently used The most frequently used adjectives are the ARTICLES.adjectives are the ARTICLES.

Articles are the three small words Articles are the three small words A, AN, THE.A, AN, THE.


AA and and ANAN are called are called indefinite articlesindefinite articles because they refer to any member of a because they refer to any member of a general group.general group.

The indefinite article The indefinite article AA is used before is used before words with a consonant soundwords with a consonant sound

EXAMPLE:EXAMPLE: AA ggirlirl The indefinite article The indefinite article ANAN is used before is used before

words with a vowel sound.words with a vowel sound. EXAMPLE:EXAMPLE: AnAn eelephantlephant


THETHE is called the is called the definite articledefinite article because it refers to something or because it refers to something or someone in particular.someone in particular.

EXAMPLEEXAMPLE TheThe dog ran outside. dog ran outside.

VerbsVerbs

A word that is used to express A word that is used to express action or a state of beingaction or a state of being

VerbsVerbs

Show actionShow action Can be physical or mental actionCan be physical or mental action Examples:Examples:

– Juanita Juanita mailedmailed the package. the package.– I I believebelieve you. you.

VerbsVerbs

Show a state of beingShow a state of being All forms of the verb BE are verbs All forms of the verb BE are verbs

that show a state of beingthat show a state of being Example:Example:

– He He isis happy. happy.– I I amam disappointed. disappointed.

BE VerbsBE Verbs

BeingBeing AmAm IsIs AreAre WasWas WereWere bebe

Linking VerbsLinking Verbs

A verb that connects the subject to A verb that connects the subject to a word or word group that a word or word group that identifies or describes the subject.identifies or describes the subject.

Example:Example:– The The answeranswer isis correctcorrect..– The The winnerswinners areare happyhappy..

Common Linking VerbsCommon Linking Verbs

BeBe am am isis BeingBeing are are waswas WereWere shall be shall be will bewill be Has beenHas been have been have been had beenhad been Shall have beenShall have been can becan be will have beenwill have been could becould be Should beShould be would bewould be Should have been Should have been Would have beenWould have been Could have beenCould have been

Other Linking VerbsOther Linking Verbs

AppearAppear BecomeBecome FeelFeel GrowGrow LookLook RemainRemain Seem Seem SmellSmell SoundSound StayStay Taste Taste turnturn

Verb PhrasesVerb Phrases

Verb phrases consist of one main verb Verb phrases consist of one main verb and one or more helping verbs.and one or more helping verbs.

Helping verbs are also called auxillary Helping verbs are also called auxillary verbs.verbs.

Helping verbs help the main verb Helping verbs help the main verb express action or a state of being.express action or a state of being.

Example:Example:– The dog The dog is leavingis leaving with my homework. with my homework.

Verb PhrasesVerb Phrases

More examples:More examples:– She She hadhad always always been thinkingbeen thinking of her of her

future.future.– HasHas my sister my sister playedplayed her new CD for her new CD for

you?you?– She She shouldshould not not have borrowedhave borrowed that that

necklace.necklace.

AdverbsAdverbs

Modifies a verb, an adjective, or Modifies a verb, an adjective, or another adverb.another adverb.

AdverbsAdverbs

Tell Tell – WHEREWHERE– WHENWHEN– HOWHOW– TO WHAT EXTENT (how long or how TO WHAT EXTENT (how long or how

much)much)

AdverbsAdverbs

Just as an adjective makes a noun Just as an adjective makes a noun or pronoun more definite, an or pronoun more definite, an adverb makes the meaning of a adverb makes the meaning of a verb, an adjective, or another verb, an adjective, or another adverb more definite.adverb more definite.

Common AdverbsCommon Adverbs

ThereThere UpUp HereHere DownDown TomorrowTomorrow WeeklyWeekly LaterLater earlyearly

More Common AdverbsMore Common Adverbs

QuicklyQuickly SoftlySoftly CarefullyCarefully BeautifullyBeautifully CompletelyCompletely HardlyHardly SlightlySlightly PartlyPartly

AdverbsAdverbs

Modify ADJECTIVESModify ADJECTIVES Example: Example:

– Beth did an Beth did an exceptionallyexceptionally finefine job. job.– SlightlySlightly coolercooler temperatures are temperatures are

forecast.forecast.– Mr. Lomazzi is an Mr. Lomazzi is an especiallyespecially talentedtalented

chef.chef.

ADVERBS modify verbsADVERBS modify verbs

Adverbs also modify (or describe) verbs.Adverbs also modify (or describe) verbs. When they modify verbs, they tell HOW, When they modify verbs, they tell HOW,

WHERE, WHEN, TO WHAT EXTENT.WHERE, WHEN, TO WHAT EXTENT. EXAMPLES:EXAMPLES: She She quicklyquickly agreedagreed.. He He hardlyhardly movedmoved.. We We livedlived therethere..

AdverbsAdverbs

Modify other ADVERBSModify other ADVERBS Examples:Examples:

– Calvin was Calvin was almostalmost nevernever there. there.– We’ll meet We’ll meet shortlyshortly afterwardafterward..– She slept She slept tootoo latelate..

PrepositionsPrepositions

Show the relationship of a noun or Show the relationship of a noun or a pronoun to another worda pronoun to another word– Example:Example:

UNDER my bedUNDER my bed

Common PrepositionsCommon Prepositions

Think about any place a mouse can go.Think about any place a mouse can go. ONON OVEROVER NEARNEAR THROUGHTHROUGH ABOVEABOVE BELOWBELOW ININ AROUNDAROUND Refer to page 400 for more examples.Refer to page 400 for more examples.

Object of the PrepositionObject of the Preposition

This is the noun that the This is the noun that the preposition relates another word topreposition relates another word to

The object of the preposition is The object of the preposition is alwaysalways a noun. a noun.

The object of the preposition The object of the preposition alwaysalways follows the preposition. follows the preposition.– EXAMPLE:EXAMPLE:

There is a mouse NEAR my There is a mouse NEAR my bed.bed.

ConjunctionsConjunctions

Words that join words or word Words that join words or word groupsgroups

Common ConjunctionsCommon Conjunctions

AndAnd ButBut OrOr NorNor SoSo ForFor YetYet These are called coordinating These are called coordinating

conjunctionsconjunctions

Common ConjunctionsCommon Conjunctions

Both…andBoth…and Either…orEither…or Whether…orWhether…or Not only…but alsoNot only…but also Neither…norNeither…nor These are called These are called correlative correlative

conjunctions.conjunctions.

Examples of Examples of ConjunctionsConjunctions

You You ANDAND I are friends. I are friends. BothBoth Jim Jim andand Roberto were Roberto were

outstanding athletes.outstanding athletes.

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The Parts of Speech An Overview. The Noun n A word or word group that names a person, a place, a thing, or an idea