Index

AAbleism, 16Abnormal aging, 49, 56–57Abrahamic traditions, 102–106Abuse, 457Academic retirement age, 385Accessible transportation, 478Account

of ageing, 164causal, 293–294constitutive, 293–294deflationary, 369of expressive features, 263–264of filial duties, 371–377first-person, 277–278intimate relationship, 377–380narrative, 434non-deflationary, 372of parenthood, 369prudential life-span, 393–395social role, 371–372special goods, 375–377third-person, 277–278

Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors, 293Achieved virtue, 124–125

Active ageingdefinition, 402in individual and societal

perspective, 403–406modern understanding of, 404significance of, 405

Activities of daily living (ADLs),234, 478

Adaptation, 425Adaptive values, 473Adenosine triphosphate (ATP), 52Adlestrop, 294

memory of, 294ADLs, see activities of daily living

(ADLs)Adoption, 370Adult identity, life-story

theory of, 408Adults, defined, 410Afflictions of age, 437Age

chronological (see chronological age)grading, 73growing old without reference to,

190–194

© The Author(s) 2016G. Scarre (ed.), The Palgrave Handbook of the Philosophy of Aging,DOI 10.1057/978-1-137-39356-2

539

Aged individuals, 484Age-friendly culture, 421, 422

description of, 421development of, 420social inequality, 422

Age groups, 73traditional proportion

of, 506Ageism, 15–17, 26, 500–503, 514

evidence of, 16n3Agelessness, 16n4Age norms, 73Age-related generalizations, 78–79Age-related infirmities, 19Age structure, 73Ageing and Society, 2Agich, George, 195n6, 234–235Aging, 31–32, 87, 138, 183–184, 520,

528–530analysis as therapy, 343–344arrested, 526–527aspects of, 184and attitudes, 334–337authentic, 50, 62–65‘basic’ mechanisms of, 36being a body, 307–314(auto)biographical interpretations

of, 73“biomedicalization” of, 60body and face, 318–322change and decay, 305–307concept of, 57and control, 521and death, 521description of, 18, 49escaping, 527–528fundamental sense of, 331geriatrics and gerontology, 32–35and getting old, 330health, and enhancement, 521–523hedonism and desire-satisfaction

theory, 338–340and human nature, 523–524

labour force, 404liquid ageing, 40–42of manufactured objects, 88mechanisms of, 59modernity, 35–37modes and means of fighting

against, 524modes of intervening in, 524multiformities of, 94–97mystery of body, 316–318narrative configurations

of, 81–83negative consequences of, 40negligible, 525–526normal and abnormal, 49, 56–57objective state theories, 340–341philosophical discussion of, 155philosophy of, 347–351physiology of, 50premature, 306problems of, 385as process involving change,

331–332process of, 331–332psychology of, 49, 50as radicalization of human

condition, 356–357representations of, 163reversing, 527sense of, 6signs of, 308slowed, 524–525social constructionists and political

economists of, 39social gerontology, 37–40sociology of, 38Strehler’ s view of, 38successful, 60–62theoretical models of, 33‘traditional’ signs of, 36understanding of, 77value of, 332–334wisely, 254–255

540 Index

Aging and narrative, 174–176autobiographical reflection,

179–180biography and autobiography,

176–179identity, 180–182life and time, 171–174

Aging populations,overviews of, 72

Aging processes, explanation of, 73Aging societies, 73Agitation, 460Altmann, Ros, 25Altruism, 407Alzheimer’s disease, 284, 437, 446American immortals, 478Amiel, Henri-Frédéric, 311Anarchic growth, 161Andersen, Hans Christian, 144Anesthetization, 165Anka, Paul, 189Anthropocentricism, 158Anthropology, 420Anti-aging, 36

medicine, 40movement, 348technologies, 534

Anti-dementia drugs, 446, 449, 450Antioxidants, 51Anti-Terentian’ position, 33Anxiety, 449Arbitrary age requirement, 508Arendt, Hannah, 156, 157–158, 317,

406, 420idea of natality, 158

Aristotle, 4, 5, 81, 82, 121–125, 291,349, 396, 428, 499, 509

account of ageing, 164account of expressive features,

263–264denigration of elderly, 4doctrine of mean, 124human life, phases of, 4–5

Nicomachean Ethics, 178view of old age, 123virtue theory, 397

Armstrong, David, 291Arrested aging, 526–527Artefacts, 88

ageing of, 97Artificial nutrition, 226Ataraxia, 204, 256Athill, Diana, 7ATP, see adenosine triphosphate (ATP)Attitudes, mental, 94Augustine, single-mindedness of, 158Auster, Paul, 152–154Authentic aging, 50, 62–65

notion of, 64Authenticity, 62–63

dimensions of, 64Authority, understanding of, 200Authors, selection of, 9Autobiographical reflection, 179–180,

181–182, 184Autobiography, 176–179Automatic obligations, 389Autonomy, 195, 234–236, 521

denial of, 234forms of, 453shifting balance of, 452

Average life span, 506–507Awareness, 172, 173, 181

BBaars, Jan, 6, 22, 159Baby boomers, 507Bacon, Francis, 33Ball, Audrey, 288Basic dignity, 230Bauby, Jean-Dominique, 289Bayertz, Kurt, 226Becoming human, 352–353Behaviour, models of, 266Being a body, 307–314

Index 541

Being and Nothingness (Sartre), 144Being old, disadvantages of, 92, 188Belliotti, Raymond A., 371Benjamin, Walter, 156, 157Bennett, Elizabeth, 249Berenson, Bernard, 142Berger, Peter, 254, 256Bernard, Claude, 50Bernstein, Mark, 232Best interests model, 455–456Bible, 104Binyon, Lawrence, 87Biographical functioning, 235Biographical narratives, 176Biographical time, 69Biography, 176–179Biological aging, 18, 522

depredations of, 484Biomarkers, 74Birren, James, 76, 211Birth cohorts, 73Body

experiences, 82identity, 262–263mystery of, 316–318robustness of, 8

Booth, Charles, 35, 38Bostrom, Nick, 517Bowling, Ann, 61–62Bradford Dementia Group, 297Brando, Marlon, 192Brongersma, Edward, 204n18Brown-Séquard, Charles Edouard,

33–35Buddha, 248Buddhism, 107–110‘Burdensome’ care, 460

CCalment, Jeanne, 19–20Caloric restriction, 524–525Careers, 489

Career self, 197concept of, 24

Caregiving, training family membersin, 451

Care, types of, 414Caring, costs of, 488Carpe diem, 212–213

hedonism, 204Carter, Elliot, 91Cartesian dualism, 285Cartesian model of mind, 155Castiglione, Las, 136Cataldi, Suzanne Laba, 227, 230Categorization, 160Catharsis, 83Causalities, confusing, 76–77Causal roles, 295Cavell, Stanley, 312Cells, 50

damage, 51repair mechanisms, 51

Cellular ageing, 41Cephalus, 119, 120, 208Change humanism, 518–519Change humans, 518–519Chapman, Esmé, 10Character, 428

development of, 437formation, radical process

of, 435Charcot, Jean Martin, 34Chochinov, Harvey, 240Cholinergic hypothesis of

dementia, 446Christianity, 101, 105–106

classical forms of, 102, 103Chronological age, 17–19, 25, 77, 211,

265, 266, 312, 330, 331, 388arbitrary constructions of, 73predictive power of, 76

Chronology, 481Chronometric age, 72–74

societal functions of, 78–79

542 Index

Chronometric time, 79–80Churchland, Paul, 292, 294Cicero, 125–133, 126n11, 219, 486Civic engagement, age limits in,

421–422Civic rights, 22Classical intellectual virtues, 396Classical philosophy,

aging in, 115–116Aristotle, 121–125Cicero, 125–133Plato, 116–120Seneca, 125–133

Classical Western philosophers,115–116

Classification, 176Claudius, Appius, 219Clough, Arthur, 459Cognitive function, 54, 296Cognitive impairment, 278Cognitive loss, 55Cognitive testing, 55Coherence, 64Cohort, birth, 73, 77

time, 69Colet, Louise, 306The Coming of Age (Beauvoir), 136, 137Coming to terms, 194Communicative praxis, 351–352Community, 437–441Competencies

discourse regarding, 405life, 404self-conceptions and development

of, 403Conceptions of old age, 13–14

connotations of, 14–17Conceptual confusion, 488Configuration, 82Confucianism, 111Confucius, 248Connectivity, 96Connotations of old age, 14–17

Conscious adult, hypothetical contextof, 386

Consequentialism, 378, 496Consequentialist theories, 496Consolation, 175Constant technological

innovation, 146Contemplation, importance of, 198Contemporary philosophy, 229Content externalism, 299Continuity of memory, 432Coping

mechanisms, 501process, 420skills, training family members

in, 452Cornaro, Luigi, 37Cosco, T.D., 62Cosmological narratives, 70–71Cosmos, harmonious and

repetitive, 70Cost calculations, 79Counterliving, 161Cristofovici, Anca, 213Cultural–critical approaches

to age, 266Cultural criticism, 266Cumming, Laura, 319Customary habits, 8Cyclic processes, 94

DDaily life

challenges of, 474humdrum nature of, 176

Daily living, texture of, 485Damasio, Antonio, 149Daniels, Norman, 393–394Day-to-day experience, 483Day-to-day living, 365

impediments and constraintsin, 474

Index 543

Death, 7aging and, 521coming to terms with, 203–204and old age, 140–141verge of, 19

de Beauvoir, S., 18, 21, 140, 188, 220,266, 309, 315

Debilitation, accumulation of, 473Decay, 305–307Decisional autonomy, 448, 451,

453, 459Deep Rationality Theory, 248–251Deep sociality, 217–219Deflationary accounts, 369

of filial duties, 368de Grey, Aubrey, 517, 525–526, 533de Lange, F., 16de Leon, Juan Ponce, 527Dementia, 283–285

additional challenge of, 91‘Alzheimerisation’ and ‘globalisation’

of, 447awareness of, 447‘cholinergic’ hypothesis of, 446depths of dependency, 221discussions of, 440dualist interactionism

and, 285–291early signs of, 446eliminative materialism and,

291–294externalism and, 299–300functionalism and, 295–297Kitwood’s vision of, 297nature of, 284, 285, 288patient autonomy and, 448potential biomarkers for, 447progress of, 454reality of, 451relaxing criteria for identity in cases

of, 276–277social constructionism, 297–299types of, 52, 284

Dementia caredescription of, 445–446diagnostic dilemmas, 446–448and dignity, 455–457end-stage, 446, 448, 457–461health profile of, 445initiation and negotiations, 446negotiating treatment and care,

449–452transferring, 452–455

Dementia Care Mapping, 297–298Demonization of aging, 348Deontological theories, 497–499Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), 51DePaola, Steve, 235Dependency, 234–236

ratio, 73shifting balance of, 452

Descartes, René, 135Desire-satisfaction theory, 338–340,

344De-stressing, 36Deterioration, 484

difficulties of, 471Developmental tasks, anticipation

of, 420Dieppe, Paul, 61–62Dignity, 233, 234–236, 455–457

basic, 230cognitivist ideas of, 226concept of, 227, 230, 235forms of, 228grounds for possessing, 456heightened sense of, 240of identity, 456–457maintenance of (see maintenance

of dignity)refined, 230, 240therapy, 240two-tier model of, 230

Dignity of meritformal, 228informal, 228

544 Index

Dilman, Ilham, 252Disability of old age, 125Discipline of philosophy,

157–158Discrimination, 502

lawsuits, 511types of, 502

Disengagement theory, 72, 403Disorders, accumulation of, 473Disposable soma theory, 59–60Disposition, 428, 429DNA, see deoxyribonucleic

acid (DNA)Donne, John, 5

as ‘aging’, 5, –6Double effect, problem of, 460Dualism, 285–286

negative achievement of, 290Dualist interactionism, 285–291Dungen, P. van de, 447Dustiness of us, 425–427Duties of gratitude, 373,

375, 378Duty-based theories, 497Duty of gratitude, 379Dworkin, Ronald, 277The Dying Animal to Nemesis (Roth),

161–162, 165Dying process, 140, 240Dysfunctional anxiety, 213Dysfunctional behaviour, 220

EEarlier life stages, 394Ebersole, Peter, 235Ecological developmental

biology, 75Edgar, Andrew, 228Ego-identity, development of, 411Ego-integrity, 409–411Elder abuse, 390Elderly patients, treatment of, 488

Elderly population, membershipin, 479

Eliminative materialism, 291–294Eliot, T.S., 200Elizabeth I of England, 427Emmanuel, Ezekiel

aging, repudiation of, 476badness for individual

of old age, 487characterization of old age, 479on curative medical care, 475motivation, 474period of old age, 475

Emotional baggage, 143Emotional commitment, 406Emotional proximity, 199n12Emotional resonances, 296Emotional security, 213Empathic access, 434–435Empathy, 407End of life, 239–241End-stage care, dementia

and, 457–461common symptoms of, 460decisions in, 460

English, Jane, 377Enhancement, 521–523Environment, 53Envy-freeness, 391Epicureanism, 255Episodic memory, 54, 285Erectile dysfunction, 485–486Erikson, Erik H., 39, 407, 411Erikson, Joan, 411

lifespan developmental theoryof, 409

Escape velocity, 525Escaping aging, 527–528Eternity, 257Ethical egoism, 496EU-funded Human Brain Project, 528Evolution, aging and, 530Excessive nostalgia, 258

Index 545

Existentialist perspective,old age in, 135–136

death and, 140–141experience of present in, 143–145as other, 136–138relation to future in, 145–146time in relation to, 141–143as unrealizable, 138–139

Existential stylethicker view of self, 274–276thin view of self, 272–274

Expectations, 172Externalism, 299–300

content, 299phenomenological, 299social constructionism and, 300

FFacticity, 79–80Factuality, 79Fair distribution, 395Fairness, 391, 394–395

complicated questions about, 327Familial relationships, 22Fascination, 96Fate, concept of, 200Feminism, 26Fendrich, Laurie, 509–512Ferrara, Alessandro, 64Fidelity madness, 164Filial duties, 367

accounts of, 368–369, 372, 377description of, 365–367and gratitude, 374Gratitude and Debt Accounts of,

373–375implications for public policy,

380–382intimate relationship account,

377–380non-deflationary account of, 368,

371, 376, 380

parent, defined, 369–370prominent accounts of, 377special goods accounts

of, 375–377special obligations, 367–369standard accounts of, 371–377

Filial obligations, 366–367‘friendship model’ of, 367

Finitude, fundamental ethicalmeaning of, 354–356

Finnis, John, 397First-person accounts, 277–278Fitzgerald, F. Scott, 316Flaubert, Gustave, 306Fluid intelligence, 54Fodor, Jerry, 295Foley, D.K., 391Food technologies, 532Foster, E.M., 250Frailty, 36, 42Frankfurt, H., notion of ‘second-order

volitions’, 458Freezing process, 526Friendship, benefit of, 399Fronto-temporal degeneration, 284Fukuyama, Francis, 532Functional integrity, 234Functionalism, 295–297

Fodor’s version of, 295physicalism and, 299

Fundamental duties, 368

GGage, Phineas, 285Gawande, Atul, 211, 217Generalizations, 500Generations, 216–217Generative behaviour, 407Generativity, 406–409

concerns, 409defined, 407description, 402–403

546 Index

facets of, 408motivational sources of, 408psychological construct of, 407realisation of, 407understanding of, 408

Genetic expression, 75Genetic inheritance, 371–372Genetics, 53Genet, Jean, 318Genome-based theories, 58Gentzler, Jyl, 230George, Brendan, 9Geriatric medicine, 42Geriatrics, 32–33, 36, 42

role of, 35–36German tradition of philology, 157Gerontological theories,

403–404, 418The Gerontologist, 2Gerontologists, 198Gerontology, 32–33

defined, 32Gerontophronesis,

virtue of, 397Gerotranscendence, 403, 411–412

theory of, 412Gilleard, Christopher, 33Glannon, Walter, 530Global ageing, 447Glycosylation, 59Good quality of life, 61Gordon, Suzanne, 478Göttlich, Andreas, 22, 23Gracelessness, 196Granger, Kate, 222Gratitude, duties of, 373, 375Graying of hair, 481Greedy geezers, 488Grief, 438Ground obligations, 371Gullette, Margaret, 15, 16n3, 18–19,

21n9, 189, 266Gulliver’s Travels (Swift), 522–523

HHall, G. Stanley, 35Hamilton, Christopher, 94Happiness, 125n10, 351–352Happy slave argument, 473Hardy, Thomas, 212Harré, Rom, 297Harris, John, 520Hauskeller, Michael, 530–531Havighurst, Robert, 39Hawley, Katherine, 261Haycock, D. B., 33Hayflick, Leonard, 18, 19, 37

demonstration of limits, 37Health, 521–523

biological and social componentsto, 486

definition of, 522patterns of, 87–88promotion of, 33restoration and maintenance of, 522social dimension of, 486

Health care, 387related policy, 479

Healthspan, 522Hedonism, 338–340Hedonist theory, 339, 344Hegel, G. W. F., 136Heidegger, Martin, 81, 136, 157–158

notion of thrown-ness, 158Henry VIII, King, 427Hinduism, 106–107Historical time, 69Homeostasis, 50Homophobia, 502Horizontal integration, 24Human

aging, 78, 91, 95, 359–360disease, models of, 37existence in old age, 401–403form of life, 312life course of, 386, 387organism, intrinsic age of, 75

Index 547

Human (cont.)realm, 88senescing, 75vulnerability, 40wisdom, 118

Human beings, 291identity of, 93n3lifespan of, 88n1reality for, 93

Human Brain Project, 528Human cultures, 360–363Human development, socialisation

perspective on, 413Human dignity, 227, 228,

230, 456conception of, 233fundamental feature of, 233‘grading’ of, 422identifying, 233

Humanism, 159, 518critical form of, 152

Human lifephases of, 4–5span, 394

biological clock to, 76understanding of, 401–402

Human nature, 523–524, 528–530transhumanist rejection of, 524

Hume, David, 261, 471adaptive abandoning, 474appreciation of detachment, 476argument for preferring

old age, 478assessment of late period

of life, 472experience of old age, 473positive assessment

of late life, 476Humility, 250Husserl, Edmund, 136Hydration, 226Hydrogen peroxide, 52

IIdentity, 531–532

empathic view of, 435and narratives, 180–182, 434, 435,

439–440persistence of, 271, 438personal, 437

Identity-conferring components, 194Illness, patterns of, 87–88Illyich, Ivan, 193n5Imperfect duties, 497Inauthenticity, 182Inclusion bodies, 52Income (or Standard of Life)

Preservation Principle, 394Incompetent self, 458Incontinence, 235Independence, 234Individual attention, 288Individual identity, 410Individual immortality, 426Individualism, 218Individual life time vs. cosmic universal

time, 412Individual psychological reports, 267Individual welfare, 531–532Informal dignity of merit, 228Initiation ceremonies, 22Institutionalisation, 450Institutional memory, 510, 513Instrumental sense, 92Instrumental value, 332–333Insurance, 504Integrity, 198Intellectual virtues, 396Intentional mental states, 294, 300Interaction, 287–288Interest-based morality, 519Intergenerational equity, 390–393

question of, 391, 392Intergenerational relationships, 421Intergenerational solidarity, 407

548 Index

Internalised ageism, 39Intimate relationship, 378, 380

account, 377–380Intransigent materiality, 309Intrinsic chance, 53Intrinsic clocks of aging, 74–76Intrinsic qualities, 75Intrinsic social dependency, 40Intrinsic value, 332–333Ishiguro, Kazuo, 192Islam, 101

classical forms of, 102, 103

JJackson, Grace, 10Jacobi, Abraham, 35Jamison, Kay Redfield, 149Jaspers, Karl, 157–158Jaworska, Agnieszka, 277Jennings, Bruce, 241Jeske, Diane, 373Jesus, 248Jewish writing

chronometric approach towardsageing, 160–166

Spinoza and inclusion ofexcluded–ageing, 154–159

Johnson, Samuel, 314–315Joyful empowerment, 64Judaism, 101, 105–106

classical forms of, 102, 103Justice, 327Justified beliefs, 249, 251

KKallen, Horace, 17Kantian concept of

personhood, 456Kant, Immanuel, 8, 92n2,

220, 350

concept of autonomy, 182human dignity, 228theory of action, 220

Kass, L.R., 529Keller, Simon, 375–376, 381

generic goods, 376Kingston, Anne, 27Kitwood, Tom, 297Knowledge

benefit of, 399of elderly people, 501

Kopelman, Loretta, 454Kotelko, Olga, 16n4Kruse, Andreas, 7Kurzweil, Ray, 517

LLamm, Richard, 487

policy proposal, 487Language, 54

acquisition, 222liminal territory of, 222

La Rochefoucauld, Duke de, 1, 3Late life

functional limitations in, 485stages, 394

Learning, difficulty of, 510Level of education, 387Lévinas, Emmanuel

philosophy of, 410Levinson, Daniel, 413Lewis, Albeit, 288Lewis, Hywell, 287, 293Lewy body, 52Liberty, 521Life

competencies, 404course, 387course of human, 386, 387cycle, 528–530description of, 7

Index 549

Life (cont.)philosophy of, 254review, 72, 196–201stages of, 253and time, 171–174

The Life Cycle Completed(Erikson), 411

Life expectancy, 20–22, 25, 385, 394,509, 525

in England, 480information about, 20

Life experiences, 501Life extension, 41

degree of, 532proponents of, 531–532

Life issuesanalysis of, 413, 419ratings of, 415and structures, 412–413understanding of, 413

Lifelong identity development, 409Lifespan, 20, 63, 388, 394Life stage

approach to oldness, 25earlier, 394later, 394

Life-story, uniqueness of, 182Life structure, components of, 413Life structures, concepts of, 406Limits of participation, 419Liquid ageing, 40–42Literary reputation, 472Literary theorists, 174Literature, 153, 166Lived time, 79–80Living a life, 210Living rationally, 249‘Locked-in’ syndrome, 289Locke, John, 300Loneliness, ratings of, 416Lonoff, E. I., 162Lucid episodes, 288–290, 293Lustbader, Wendy, 236

MMacIntyre, Alasdair, 159Macklin, Ruth, 226Maintenance of dignity, 225

autonomy, and dependency,234–236

capacity to create meaningful lives,230–234

and dementia, 236–239description of, 225and end of life, 239–241ontology of, 226–230

Makropulos, Elina, 531Malignant social psychology, 297Mandatory retirement age, 479Markram, Henry, 528Materialism, 292Materialist/anti-materialist theories

of mind, 262Materiality, 308Material realities, 27–28Matisse, Henri, 202Maturity, 65, 104, 105MCI, see mild cognitive impairment

(MCI)Medical care, 381Medical resources, 488Medical services, 486Medical technology, traditional goals

of, 522Medicare

chronological threshold of oldage, 479

eligibility, 479eligibility standards for, 480program, 479

Medication, 450Membership in elderly population, 479Memorial personhood, 241Memory, 172, 433

continuity of, 432and expectation, 179failure of, 441

550 Index

impairment, 293vs. narrative, 438nested, 439

Mendes-Flohr, Paul, 155Mental attitudes, 94Mentorship, 513Merleau-Ponty, M., 309Metabolism, 56Metchnikoff, Elie, 34–35Methuselah conspiracy, 348Midgley, Mary, 55Mild cognitive impairment (MCI), 57Miller, P., 525Mill, John Stuart, 94Mind, 290–291

Cartesian model of, 155materialist/anti-materialist theories

of, 262philosophy of, 284robustness of, 8

Mitochondria, 52–53Mobility, limitations in, 422Modern healthcare systems, 35–36Modernity, first’ and

‘second,’, 41n2Moorhead, P.S., 37Moral agency, 459Moral Equality Assumption, 519Morality, 497

demands of, 306Moral normativity, 495, 497Moral psychology, 123Moral renunciation, 195Moral virtue, 5Morbidity, rates of, 56Mortality, 183

exploration of, 269philosophical discussion of, 155rates of, 56

Mothersill, Mary, 2, 13, 19, 268Motivation, 380Multiformities of ageing, 94–97Mythos, 81

NNagel, Thomas, 269, 269n3Narratives, 154, 174–176, 440

coherence, 64cosmological, 70–71identity, concept of, 182memory vs., 438ordinary accounts of, 439in personal identity, 440perspective, 184redemptive, 150reference of, 82theories, 219, 435in therapeutic contexts, 439

Narratology, 174Nascher, Ignatz, 34–35National Health Service, 288Natural duties, 367Nature of mind and dementia,

see dementiaNature of subjectivity, 135Nazi genocide, 157Nazi-style extermination, 328Near-death experience, 270Negative discrimination, 15Negative duties, 497Negative rights, 498Negligible aging, 525–526Negligible senescence, 210Nelson, Hilde Lindemann, 197, 198Nelson, James Lindemann, 23–24Neo-Aristotelean old age, 395–398Nerve cells, 50Nested memories, 439Neuropsychological

understanding, 55Nicomachean Ethics, 395Non-deflationary account of filial

duties, 368, 371,372, 377

Nonfictional narratives, 176Non-genetic theories, 58–59Non-hierarchical divergence, 154

Index 551

Non-intellectual virtues, 396Nonnaturalism, 228Nonnaturalistic conception

of dignity, 228Nordenfelt, Lennart, 228Normal aging, 39, 49, 56–57Normality, 483Normative frameworks, 496–500Normative theory, 496Normativity, 294Nozick, Robert, 259, 270Nucleic acids, 52Nuffield Centre report, 448Nuffield Council report, 451, 452

OObject ageing, 90–91Objective state theories, 340–341Objectivity, 214Obligations, 378, 398

concept of, 374formal and substantive, 398ground of, 371of old, 386

‘Obstacles’ to successful ageing, 196Old age, 31–32, 472–476

attempt to define, 189–190beginning of, 203borderline experience in, 418characteristics of, 149chronological boundary for, 38cognitive vulnerability in, 422coming to terms with, 194–196condition-based definitions of,

479–482death and, 140–141definition of, 18, 189–190depredations and challenges

of, 396description of, 310do’s and dont’s of, 2–3equal rights and participation, 389

experience of presentin, 143–145

(dys)functional-based definitionsof, 482–485

growing old without reference toage, 190–194

hardships of, 125health and fitness in, 8identifying, 484identity-erosion in, 277illnesses and disabilities of, 31limits of participation in, 417main classes of antonyms of, 14n2meaning of, 13motivational source of, 408narrative account of, 23negative connotations of, 25as other, 136–138‘pathological’ aspects of, 31personality development in, 406prevailing valuation of, 472psychology of, 35public perceptions of, 20relation to future in, 145–146self-design in, 417–418social determinants of, 39social representations of, 410strengths and potentials of, 408threshold of, 18time in relation to, 141–143as unrealizable, 138–139

Older females, sexual pleasure for, 477Oldness, 19, 26–27

concept of, 13, 26cultural conceptualization of, 472defined, 21negative connotations of, 27

On the Waterfront (Brando), 192Ontological security, 143Ontology of dignity, 226–230Open-ended topography, 212Optimal fiscal strategy, 394Optimisation, processes of, 404

552 Index

Ordo Amoris Model, 250Ought-implies-can principle, 499Overall, Christine, 23, 187, 203,

266–267, 270, 271Oxidative damage, 51–52Oxidative stress, 51–52Oxygen-requiring metabolism, 52

PPaley, Grace, 208‘Palliative care’ models, 460Pan, Peter, 211Parallel vulnerability, 315Parens, Erik, 522Parental obligations, 386Parent/child relationship, 366,

379–381context of, 381features of, 372

Parent, defined, 369–370Parenthood

biological account of, 369concept of, 366

Part-timers, 511–512Pathological ageing, 39Patient Self-Determination Act

(PSDA), 458Pearce, David, 517Pension eligibility, 22People and things, ageing of, 87–89

purposes and passingof time, 89–94

Perfect duties, 497Perfect mind, 164Period effects, 77Persistent identity, 438Personal identity, 181, 252, 437

criteria for, 262–263, 277immortality and, 203margin of, 277narrative theories of, 219nature of, 180–181

questions of, 262role of narrative in, 440

Personality development in old age, 406Personality structure, 413Personal relationships, navigating, 4Personhood, Kantian concept of, 456Perspective, narrative, 184PGD, see prenatal genetic testing

(PGD)Phases of despondency, 416Phenomenological externalism, 299Phenomenological investigation, 210

fundamental commitment of, 211Phenomenological point of view, 211Phenomenology of aging

becoming elderly, 219–221deep sociality, 217–219experience of time, 212–213generations, 216–217philosophy and, 207–209talking together, 221–222

Philosophers, 118, 207–208Philosophical community, 2Philosophical ethics of late life

aging as radicalization of humancondition, 356–357

becoming human, 352–353consequences for culture of human

aging, 359–360ethical implications, 357–359fundamental ethical meaning

of finitude, 354–356happiness and communicative

praxis, 351–352human cultures, 360–363philosophy of aging, 347–351task of interpretation, 353–354

Philosophical reflection, 2Philosophical training, 202–203Philosophy of life, 254Phronesis, 83

specific version of, 397Physical disability, 315

Index 553

Physical health, 91Physicalism, 292, 299Physical realm, 117, 120Physical theory, 72Physiological deprivation, 473–474Physiology of aging, 53–54

cell damage, 51description of, 49–50inclusion bodies, 52mitochondria, 52–53oxidative stress, 51–52repair, 51stochastic effects, 53

Pickard, S., 36Planck time, 71Plato, 116–120

metaphysics and epistemology, 116old age according to, 120on philosophy, 207

Platonic model, 255Platonism, 255Pluralistic analysis, 496Polemarchus, 119, 208Political authority, nature of, 216–217Pollard, Emily, 10Positive rights, 498Post-Aristotelian theories, 265Posthumanism, 152, 159Post-humans, 519

life expectancy of, 524Practical wisdom, 5, 396Precedent autonomy, 459Pre-clinical biomarkers, development

of, 448Pre-emptive suicide, 448Prefiguration, 82Prejudice, 15Premature ageing, 306Prenatal genetic testing (PGD),

530–531Prime of life, 477Primordial category, 137Private language, 217, 287

Process of dying, 140Product design, 477Pro-enhancement, 520Prognostic uncertainty, 241Prudence, 497Prudential life-span account, 393–395PSDA, see Patient Self-Determination

Act (PSDA)Psychoanalysis, 350Psychological consistency, 427Psychology of aging, 54–55Psychosocial crisis, 411Public financial demands, 382Public identity, 263Public policy

implications for, 380–382justification for, 381

Public transportation system, 478Pym, Barbara, 313

QQALY, 201n14Quality of life, 407, 419, 479

preservation of, 402Quran, 105

RRacism, 502Random molecular damage, 53Rational plan, 24Rawlsian decision-makers, 393Rawlsian veil of ignorance, 505Rawls, J., 392–394, 499–500Rawls, maxi-min approach, 392Reactive oxygen species (ROS), 51–53Realism, 3Reciprocal obligations, 389Reconciliation, 204Redemptive narratives, 150Reference of narratives, 82Refined dignity, 230, 240

554 Index

Reflection, 179–180, 287age as tragedy of, 436–437autobiographical, 184importance of, 198

Reform,process of, 179

‘Regenerative’ medicine, 36Relational autonomy, 451–452Relationship, 371, 382

character of, 378between friends, 379between function and healthy

aging, 53importance of, 199n11social role and, 3

Religiosity, context of, 412Religious perspective, aging in, 101

Abrahamic traditions, 102–106in eastern religious traditions,

106–111Religious socialisation, 412Renunciation, 195

voluntary, 195Reorientation, process of, 179Replacement process, 93Replicated cells, 527Representation

of ageing, 163standard forms of, 163

Repression, mental forms of, 152Residual category, old people as a,

31–32Resilience in old age, 265Resources, intergenerational transfers

of, 391Restraining practices, 455Retirement, 7, 503

age in Europe, 22–23ageism, 500–503description of, 495–496normative frameworks, 496–500

Reveil mortel, 191, 196Reversed aging, 527

Ricoeur, P., 81–82Rights-based theories, 498Rigid habits, 143Rorty, Amélie, 269ROS, see reactive oxygen

species (ROS)Rosenzweig, Franz, 150Ross, W. D., 498Roth, Philip, 151, 153, 158

chronometric approach towardsageing, 160–166

The Dying Animal, 198literary work, 159, 162Shabbath’s Theatre, 163, 164Zuckerman novels, 161

Rowntree, Seebohm, 35, 38Ruddick, Sara, 396

SSabat, Steven, 298Sartre, Jean-Paul, 90, 136, 213–214

analysis of unrealizables, 139consciousnesses for, 139treatment of death, 140

Satisfaction, 175Scarre, Geoffrey, 19, 149Scarry, Elaine, 163Schechtman, M., 434–435Self

thicker view of, 274–276thin view of, 272–274understanding of, 406view of, 412

Self-assertion, 220Self-awareness, 172, 173, 210

capacities for, 232Self-conception, 234Self-concern, 95Self-controlled character, 395–396Self-control, species-specific

capacity for, 230Self-deception, 177

Index 555

Self-determination, capacity for, 230Self-display, stage for, 95Self-enhancement, 409Self-esteem, 4Self-evolution, 523Self-expression, crucial

forms of, 236Self-formation, 184Self-hate, 502Self-help, 1Selfhood, 181Self-identity, 261

accounts of, 276bodily identity, 262–263criteria for, 278description of, 261–262existential style, 272–276freedom to shape, 266–268in old age, 268ontological grounding for, 262perception, of, 265–266persistence of recognizable,

269–271pliant model of, 271questions of, 261relaxing criteria for identity in cases

of dementia, 276–277third- and first-person accounts,

277–278third-person identity, 263–264

Self-interpretation, 184Self-justification, 177Self-knowledge, 65

beginnings of, 431Self-promotion, 252Self-reflection, 65Self-regulation processes, 409Self-renewal, 210Self, sense of, 431–436Semantic memory, 54Semiotic subject, 298Sempiternal contemplation, 257Seneca, 125–133

Senescing, 77, 78intrinsic malleability of, 75intrinsic measure of, 74

Senile dementia, 446SENS, see Strategies for Engineering

Negligible Senescence (SENS)Sense-making community, 222Sense of responsibility, 504, 505Sense of self, 431–436Sentimental value, 96Serial transformations, 270Serres, Michel, 308Sex, 163Sexism, 502Sexuality, 317–318Shabbath, Mickey, 163–165Shabbath’s Theatre (Roth), 163, 164Shakespeare, William

tragic discourse, 320As You Like It, 8, 310

Shared responsibility, patterns of,418–420

Significant virtues, 430‘Silent’ commitment, 421Silvers, Anita, 18, 23n10Skepticism, 177, 182, 226Skilled workers, 513Skin, elasticity of, 480Slowed aging, 524–525Small, Helen, 18, 164Social constructionism, 297–299

cause of, 298and externalism, 300versions of, 297

Social constructionist approach,298–299

Social constructivism, 189Social Contract Theory, 216Social gerontology, 38, 40

beginnings of, 38weight of interest in, 39

Social mobility, 382Social networks, 416

556 Index

Social policy forcing care, 382Social prejudices, 265Social rights, 22Social role of old, 372

accounts, 371–372active ageing in individual and

societal perspective, 403–406age-friendly culture, 420–422of daughters, 372developmental necessities and

respective potentials of, 409ego-integrity, 409–411generativity, 406–409gerotranscendence, 411–412human existence in old age,

401–403life issues, 412–413, 415–418patterns of shared responsibility,

418–420and relationships, 3themes of life and types of care, 414

Social security, 507Social Security Act, 479Social statistics, 38Social stigma, 25Social structures, formal

and informal, 4Social transformations, 31Society

development of, 406–407social cohesion and development

of, 405Socio-economic factors, 382Socio-emotional selectivity theory, 404Sociology, 266Socrates, 118, 119, 248, 427, 430Solidarity, 258Solipsism, 437–441Solon, 248Soul, 290–291Special goods accounts, 375–377Special obligations, filial duties,

367–369

Species, life cycle of, 425Species-specific nature, 230, 231Spike, Jeffrey, 237Spinoza, Baruch, 150

anthropomorphic conceptionsof nature, 151

contamination, 166mind-based concepts, 151parallelism, 153, 166philosophical and ethical values, 151rationalist perspective, 153

Spirituality, context of, 412‘Stage like’ approach, 445Stages of life, 253Standard accounts of filial duties,

371–377Steinach, Eugene, 34Stereotyping, 26Stigma, 17, 26Stigmatization of oldness, 15, 16Stochastic effects, 53Stochastic theories, 58–59Stoic philosophers, 70Strategies for Engineering Negligible

Senescence (SENS), 525Strawson, Galen, 262n2Strehler, B. L., 36, 37Stress, 51, 198, 366Structured development, subsequent

phases of, 74Struldbrug clause, 269‘Struldbrug effect’, 522–523Subjective well-being, 407Subjectivity, 214, 287–288

nature of, 135Successful aging, 3, 60–62, 268

contemporary discussion of, 313‘obstacles’ to, 196

Successiveness in-the-moment, sense of,258

Suicide, pre-emptive, 448Sustainability, definitions of, 391Swift, Jonathan, 522–523

Index 557

Symbolic immortality, 408Systematic degradation of functional

power, 485

TTaoism, 110–111Taylor, A.E., 256–258Taylor, Charles, 63, 64, 182Teleological structure, 176Teleology, 158Temporality of experience, 209Temporalization, 139Terence, 32, 32n1

precept of treating old age, 36Theoretical models of ageing, 33Theories of aging

disposable soma, 59–60genome-based, 58non-genetic or stochastic, 58–59

The Remains of the Day(Ishiguro), 192

The Second Sex (Beauvoir), 137Thicker view of self, 274–276Thin view of self, 272–274Third-person accounts, 277–278Third-person identity, 263–264Thomae, Hans, 412Thomas, Dylan, 195Thomas, Edward, 293n1Thoreau, Henry David, 256Tightrope walking, 508Time

aging and, 69–70causal concept of, 76of childhood, 212chronometric, 70–72, 79–80concepts of, 69, 71experience of, 212–213life and, 171–174lived, 79–80narrative configurations of, 81–83purposes and passing of, 89–94

in relation to old age, 141–143reversal, 72

Token-token identitytheorists, 291

Topography, open-ended, 212Totalitarianism, 160Traditional humanist

approaches, 150Tragedy records, 436–437Training, 451Transferring of dementia

care, 452–455Transgression, 122Transhumanism

aging, 520alternative understanding of, 519change humanism, 519–520change humans, 518–519meanings of, 518pro-enhancement, 520prolific articulators of, 518

Transhumanist prospectaging and evolution, 530aging, human nature and life cycle,

528–530ethical criticisms of, 532–533expressivist objection, 530–531individual welfare, 531–532opponents of, 534priorities and fairness, 533–534

Transhumanistsacceptability of, 517strands of, 517–518

Transhumanist theory, 521Travel, 145Types of care, 414

UUN, see United Nations (UN)‘Unblocking’ of medical

beds, 41Unicity, 158

558 Index

‘Uniqueness of being’, 421United Nations (UN), 480Universal biological process, 19U.S. disability insurance

benefits, 482Utilitarianism, 496, 498, 514Utilitarian theory, 496–497

VValue

intrinsic vs. instrumental,332–333

valuable vs. valued, 333–334Velleman, J.D., 529Virtue, 61, 427–429

achieved, 124–125of age, 437ancient interest in, 427classical intellectual, 396context of developing, 433defined, 395of gerontophronesis, 397intellectual, 396list of, 396moral, 5non-intellectual, 396in old age, 396output of, 429process towards, 429recognition of, 252–253self-perpetuating

nature of, 123significant, 430theories, 431, 441, 499and wisdom, 395

Vitality, 64–65Voluntary renunciation, 195Voronoff, Serge, 34Vulnerability, 192, 309, 418

acknowledgement of, 318strength and, 318

WWalker, Margaret Urban, 24Warburton, Nigel, 277Warnock, Dame Mary, 221Well-being, 404

distribution of, 519expectations for achieving, 472improvements to, 522natural impediments to, 529preservation of, 402questions concerning, 531–532significance for, 402

Wellness ‘culture’, 348Wendell, Susan, 16n4Werner syndrome, 211Western culture, 234White, Hayden, 174World Health Organisation (WHO),

484Williams, Bernard, 262–263,

269–271, 531Wisdom, 201–203, 430–431

of ages, 251–255definition of, 248–251description of, 247–248dimensions to, 202epicureanism, 256–259growth in, 105platonism, 255

Wisdom Research Project, 201n15Work-related disability, insurance

benefits, 482World Health Organization, 22World religion, 112

YYeats, W. B., 139Youth

confounding categories of, 161culture, 15valorization of, 21

Index 559