The paleolimnology of

Haynes Lake, and Teapot Lake, Ontario:

documenting anthropogenic disturbances within

Canada's largest city

By

Melissa A. Watchorn

A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies and Research in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of

Master of Science

Department of Earth Sciences and Ottawa-Carleton Geoscience Centre

Carleton University,

Ottawa, Ontario

April 7, 2008

© 2008, Melissa A. Watchorn

Acknowledgements and Contributions

This research was a collaborative effort between myself and several other

people, without whom, this work would not exist. This project began in 2005

when field work was completed with the assistance of Dr. R. Timothy Patterson,

Cherylee Black, Davin Carter, and Dr. Bob Boudreau, all from Carleton

University, Dr. Ian Clark, and Tina Ziten from the University of Ottawa, and Dr.

Helen M. Roe from Queen's University of Belfast. Subsequent field work in

Teapot Lake and Haynes Lake were completed in 2006 with Tina Ziten and Paul

Hamilton and, again, in 2007 with Paul Hamilton. This research was supported by

a NSERC Discover Grant and funding from the Toronto and Region Conservation

Authority (TRCA) to Tim Patterson.

I would like to acknowledge the contribution of Dave Mans and Aaron Phillips,

both Carleton University Earth Sciences Graduate students, who provided all of

the raw thecamoebian data that was used in the Haynes Lake study. I would also

like to acknowledge the contribution of Dr. Jennifer M. Galloway, a former

Carleton University Earth Sciences Graduate student, who provided the pollen

data and analysis thereof, for the Teapot Lake study. The Northwest Territories

Geoscience Office in Yellowknife provided the microscope and camera used for

the palynological analysis.

Many thanks go to Mark Nixon, from the Geological Survey of Canada (GSC), for

allowing use of the temperature data loggers, and recovering the data from them.

1

Also thank you to Dr. Roger McNeely, for coordinating contact between the GSC

and me, and for his words of wisdom.

I would like to express my most sincere thanks to Paul Hamilton, from the

Canadian Museum of Nature for his endless support, guidance, expertise and

collaboration. I would also like to thank Tim Patterson for his support and

guidance throughout this project. Many thanks also to the Canadian Museum of

Nature for allowing my use of space and laboratory equipment.

Lastly, I would like to thank my family for their patience and understanding

throughout this process.

2

Chapter 1. General Introduction

At Carleton University, students are encouraged to publish the results of their

research. Therefore, a thesis can be formatted as a manuscript at the outset, to

ease the process of submission to a scientific journal. As a result, this thesis has

been formatted so that two journal articles can be extracted and published. The

first, a study of Haynes Lake, Ontario (Chapter 2), will be submitted to

"Environmental Geology" and the second, a study of Teapot Lake, Ontario

(Chapter 3) will be submitted to "Hydrobiologia".

The human ecological footprint is a method of measuring anthropogenic impacts

to ecosystems. The Greater Toronto Area (GTA) has been drastically changed

since humans have settled in the area, and, therefore this area scores very high

on the human influence index. Haynes Lake (43° 57'57"N; 79° 24'42"W) and

Teapot Lake (43°45'14"N; 79°48'14"W) were the focus of this research given

their location within the GTA, and their close proximity to Swan Lake (43°

57'00"N; 79° 24'51"W), Ontario, and the subject of my undergraduate research

project. Haynes Lake, like Swan Lake, is located on the Oak Ridges Moraine

(ORM), an area recognized for containing an important source of ground water

for the Greater Toronto Area (GTA), and also one that is biologically diverse. The

purpose of this research is to study anthropogenic and natural stressors on

Haynes Lake, and evaluate the degree of change that may have occurred with

the movement of the human species into the region, using diatoms and

thecamoebians extracted from lake sediments as the biological proxy. Further, I

3

evaluated if similar anthropogenic changes to the landscape clearly evident in the

Swan Lake aquatic ecosystem were also evident in Haynes Lake.

Although Teapot Lake is not located on the ORM, it is also located within the

GTA. Visual inspection of water property data from Teapot Lake indicated the

lake may be meromictic, and might therefore provide a detailed record of the

history of the lake. The land surrounding Teapot Lake, except for a small, thick

screen of forest, has been subjected to clearance first for agriculture and housing

for European settlers, and, more recently, for many highways and housing to

accommodate explosive population growth in the area. Therefore, Teapot Lake

was studied to determine if anthropogenic changes to the landscape, confirmed

through palynology, could be detected in the aquatic ecosystem, also using

diatoms as the biological proxy, and if so, were these changes similar to changes

observed in Haynes Lake and in Swan Lake.

The results of these studies indicate that Haynes Lake showed evidence of

similar impacts to the aquatic ecosystem as were observed in the Swan Lake

study. Both lakes indicated that anthropogenic alterations of the landscape had

an impact on the aquatic ecosystem. Conversely, the results of the Teapot Lake

study did not show significant changes in the aquatic ecosystem using diatoms

as the biological proxy even though it was shown that the lake is meromictic, and

therefore the sediments should provide an accurate record of changes to the lake

concomitant with anthropogenic stresses. It is hypothesized that either the

4

sediments have been disturbed when the massive roadways were constructed or

repaired nearby, or phosphorus is not biologically available for diatom growth due

to the meromictic nature of the lake.

5

Table of Contents

Acknowledgements and Contributions 1 Chapter 1. General Introduction 3

List of Figures and Tables 8 Chapter 2. The paleolimnology of Haynes Lake, Oak Ridges Moraine, Ontario: documenting 700 years of anthropogenic disturbance 9

Abstract 10 Introduction 11 Materials and methods 15

Study area 15 Sediment Core Details and Chronology 17 Diatom Preparation and Enumeration 19 Thecamoebian Preparation and Enumeration 21 Data Analysis 21

Results 23 Sediment Core Details and Chronology 23 Fossil Diatom Assemblages 27 Diatom-inferred pH (DI-pH) and Total Phosporus (DI-TP) 28 Fossil Thecamoebian Assemblages 31 Cluster Analysis 32

Discussion 36 Conclusions 41 References 42

Chapter 3. A paleolimnological study of meromictic Teapot Lake, Ontario ........ 50 Abstract 51 Introduction 52 Materials and methods 54

Study area 54 Sedimentology and sediment core details 57 Chronology 57 Pollen Preparation and Enumeration 58 Pollen Data Analysis 59 Diatom Preparation and Enumeration 60 Diatom Data Analysis 61 Water Property Measurements 62

Results 63 Sedimentology 63 Palynology 66 Chronology 69 Water Properties and Physical Characteristics of Teapot Lake 73 Fossil Diatom Assemblages 80 Diatom-inferred pH and Total Phosphorus (DI-pH and DI-TP) 83

Discussion 85 Conclusions 90 References 92

6

Appendix 1. Diatom percent abundance data: Haynes Lake, Ontario 98 Appendix 2. Haynes Lake Diatom Subsampling Data 104 Appendix 3. Thecamoebian percent abundance data: Haynes Lake, Ontario.. 105 Appendix 4. Haynes Lake 21°Pb data 106 Appendix 5. Haynes Lake Water Chemistry Data 107 Appendix 6. Common diatom species images: Haynes Lake, Ontario 108 Appendix 7. Sediment core x-ray images: Haynes Lake, Ontario 112 Appendix 8. Diatom percent abundance data: Teapot Lake, Ontario 114 Appendix 9. Teapot Lake Diatom Subsampling Data 126 Appendix 10. Pollen percent abundance data: Teapot Lake, Ontario 128 Appendix 11. Teapot Lake 210Pb data 136 Appendix 12. Common diatom species images: Teapot Lake, Ontario 137 Appendix 13. Sediment core x-ray images: Teapot Lake, Ontario 141

7

List of Figures and Tables

Chapter 2 Figures and Tables

Fig. 1. Site Map of Haynes Lake, Ontario, Canada 16 Fig. 2A. Haynes Lake Core x-ray: - 0 - 20 cm depth from core HYC1-1 24 Fig. 2B. Haynes Lake Core x-ray: - 14-34 cm depth from core HYC1-1 24 Fig. 2C. Haynes Lake Core x-ray: -54-74 cm depth from Core HYC1-1 24 Fig. 2D. Haynes Lake Core x-ray: -114- 134 cm depth from core HYC1-2 25 Fig. 2E. Haynes Lake Core x-ray: - 134 - 154 cm depth from core HYC1-2 25 Fig. 3. Graph of Haynes Lake sediment age 26 Fig. 4. Diatom percent abundance, Di-TP, and DI-pH from Haynes Lake, Ontario.

30 Fig. 5. Thecamoebian percent abundance from Haynes Lake, Ontario 33 Fig. 6. Cluster analysis of diatom species percent abundance from Haynes Lake, Ontario 34 Fig. 7. Cluster analysis of thecamoebian species percent abundance from Haynes Lake, Ontario 35

Chapter 3 Figures and Tables

Fig. 1. Site map of Teapot Lake, Ontario, Canada 56 Fig. 2A. Teapot Lake Core x-ray: -20-40 cm depth from core TPLC2-1 64 Fig. 2B. Teapot Lake core x-ray: - 130 - 150 cm depth from core TPLC2-2 64 Fig. 2C. Teapot Lake Core x-ray: - 180 - 206 cm depth from core TPLC2-2 64 Fig. 2D. Teapot Lake Core x-ray: - 285 - 305 cm depth from core TPLC2-3 65 Fig. 2E. Teapot Lake Core x-ray: - 335 - 355 cm depth from core TPLC2-4 65 Fig. 2F. Teapot Lake core x-ray: - 375 - 395 cm depth from core TPLC2-4 65 Fig. 3. Teapot Lake Palynology. 68 Table 1. Teapot Lake Sediment and Wood Fragment 14C Dating Results 70 Fig. 4A. Graph of Teapot Lake sediment age using 210Pb dating methods 71 Fig. 4B. Graph of Teapot Lake sediment age using 210Pb and palynology. 72 Table 2. Teapot Lake Water Property Profile, August 17, 2005 77 Table 3. Teapot Lake Water Property Values 77 Fig. 5. Graph of Teapot Lake Water Temperatures from April 21, 2006 to March 16,2007. 78 Fig. 6. Sub-bottom profiles of Teapot Lake, Ontario 79 Fig. 7. Diatom percent abundance, DI-TP, and DI-pH from Teapot Lake, Ontario.

81 Fig. 8. Cluster analysis of diatom species percent abundance from Teapot Lake, Ontario 84

8

Chapter 2. The paleolimnology of Haynes Lake, Oak Ridges Moraine, Ontario: documenting 700 years of anthropogenic disturbance

9

Abstract

Haynes Lake is a small kettle lake located on the Oak Ridges Moraine (ORM),

Ontario, and is within the Greater Toronto Area (GTA); Canada's most populous

region. The ORM is an important recharge and discharge area for ground water

and drinking water in the GTA, and is a natural habitat for a diverse array of plant

and animal species. Diatoms and thecamoebians extracted from Haynes Lake

sediment cores were used as biological proxies to quantify changes in water

chemistry through time, and thus infer changes in the limnology and ecosystem

biology. High-resolution details of the sedimentary history of the lake were

determined through x-ray analysis of the sediment cores. There were three

periods of disturbance to the Haynes Lake ecosystem from ca A.D. 656 through

to ca A.D. 2003 which were significant enough to cause major changes in lake

sedimentation, the diatom flora, and thecamoebian fauna. The first disturbance

was concomitant with Iroquoian population expansion in the area during the

period from A.D. 1300 to A.D. 1550. The second period of disturbance occurred

between ca. A.D. 1670 -1750 following the first appearance of European settlers

in the area. The most severe disturbance to the ecosystem, however, occurred

ca A.D. 1890 due to increased erosion caused by a growing population of

European settlers in the vicinity who cleared land for agriculture, housing and

built a road adjacent to the lake.

10

Introduction

The global human footprint is expressed as the sum total of all ecological

footprints of the human population (human influence index (HII)), and has been

estimated to cover 83 % of the earth's landmass (Sanderson et al. 2002). Scoring

~ 60 % on the HII, it would be expected that heavily populated and industrialized

southern Ontario, including the Toronto area, Canada's most populous region,

has been significantly influenced by anthropogenic activity (Sanderson et al.

2002; Statistics Canada 2007a). The ultimate impact of anthropogenic

disturbances through land use change and population growth on both short term

and long term ecosystem stability is a subject of much debate (Burden et al.

1986b; Ekdahl et al. 2007; Patterson et al. 2002; Trombulak and Frissell 2000;

Watchom et al. 2008; Whitelaw and Eagles 2007). Measuring the impact of these

disturbances can be an important first step in long-term conservation planning,

which may help ensure that at least parts of Canada remain as the "last of the

wild", and that developed areas containing small islands of biogeographical

diversity do not lose the biological diversity that remains (Sanderson et al. 2002).

Early in the 17th century, European explorers arrived in the Great Lakes area to

find already well-traveled trails leading from one body of water to another (Guillet

1933; Smith 1989). There is evidence that indigenous peoples inhabited

Southern Ontario as early as A.D. 500, although it was not until some time

between A.D. 1250 and A.D. 1420 that the Amerindian population of the area is

estimated to have increased from ~11,000 to 29,000 individuals; a remarkable

1.07% per annum growth rate (Warrick 2000). Archaeological evidence of this

11

population increase has been found in the form of the remains of many native

villages dating from this time, located in upland locations away from traditional

settlement areas near major rivers and lakes, and separated from each other by

only 20 - 30 km (Warrick 2000). This increase in population resulted in changes

to the landscape as land was cleared for agriculture and settlements, and as deer

became less significant in local diets (Kapches 1981). An excellent example of

indirect paleolimnological evidence of anthropogenic disturbances has been

observed in cores from Crawford Lake, Ontario, which was adjacent to a known

Amerindian (Iroquoian) village, using diatoms and pollen as biological proxies of

this pre-European settlement land use change (Ekdahl et al. 2007; McAndrews

and Turton 2007). High population growth (ca A.D. 1300), combined with finite

availability of food (maize, fish, game), necessitated the relocation of many

Iroquoian communities as well as the founding of new ones (Warrick 2000).

Migrating Iroquoian communities generally did not locate on the Oak Ridges

Moraine region with its poorer soils, as compared to the sand plains found

surrounding Lake Ontario. However, archaeological studies have found the

remains of at least one Iroquoian settlement on the Oak Ridges Moraine dating

from this period of population increase and migration. The Wilcox Lake Iroquoian

settlement, the Esox site (see Fig. 1), was a 1.2 ha village (early A.D. 1300's)

located on the eastern end of the Oak Ridges Moraine, and was within 2 km of

Haynes Lake (Austin 1994). The Iroquoians subsequently left the Oak Ridges

Moraine area by the year 1550 A.D., as the physical and geographical

constraints of food resources around Lake Ontario encouraged relocation to the

12

north, particularly to the rich hunting grounds of the Lake Simcoe area (Warrick

2000; Stamp 1991).

Prior to A.D. 1825, Ontario was sparsely populated by Europeans, with only three

communities having populations larger than 1000, with Toronto, then known as

York, being one of them. In 1795, the Governor of Upper Canada, John Graves

Simcoe, planned to build the first highway in the area, which was to follow

existing Amerindian trails. This highway became known as Yonge Street, and

was to be built over 25 years to open a route between Lake Ontario and Lake

Huron. The first portion of the road, which extended to Lake Simcoe, was

completed in a year, and opened the area to settlement (Stamp 1991). To

counter American expansionism from the south, the British military further

encouraged settlement by clearing land for agriculture and for more roads in this

area between A.D. 1825 -1851. As a direct result, Ontario experienced rapid

population growth as settlers poured in to establish farms on the fertile soils of

the province (Gentilcore and Wood 1978). As Ontario's population swelled, roads

were extended north to the Precambrian Shield between A.D. 1861 and 1891. By

A.D. 1878, the land immediately surrounding Haynes Lake had been cleared and

was being farmed by several landowners including George Spraxton, Quetton St.

George, Peter Baker and Christopher Smith (Canniff 1869; McGill University

2001). Evidence of significant anthropogenic disturbances to lake ecosystems as

a result of this rapid 19th century population growth and associated land

clearance have been seen in many lakes in Ontario. For example, studies

13

variously using diatoms, palynology and thecamoebians as biological proxies, in

analysis of sediments from Grignac, Second, Swan and Crawford lakes have

recorded significant impact to lake water quality as a result of disturbances to the

landscape related to deforestation activities as the new settlements grew (Burden

et al. 1986a; Patterson et al. 2002; Ekdahl et al. 2007; McAndrews and Turton

2007; Watchorn et al. 2008)

Previous research has indicated that it is possible to predict past water quality

variables using a model based on the relationship between diatoms extracted

from surface sediments and current water quality variables (Anderson 1995; Dixit

et al. 2002; Enache and Prairie 2002; Hall and Smol 1996; Reavie and Smol

2001; Siver 1999; Watchorn et al. 2008). Similarly, many thecamoebian taxa

have been shown to have preferences for particular environmental variables and,

as such, analysis of changes in their populations provide important

paleolimnological information (Kumar and Patterson 2000; Patterson and Kumar

2002; Patterson et al. 2002). The purpose of this study is to utilize both diatoms

and thecamoebians to assess temporal changes in biological diversity in Haynes

Lake, to determine whether both Medieval Iroquoian and 19th century European

settlement activities have had a long lasting impact on lake water quality and

ecosystem stability, and to compare results of this study with results of a study of

Swan Lake, Ontario (Watchorn et al. 2008), located < 1 km to the southwest.

14

Materials and methods

Study area

Haynes Lake is a kettle lake located on the ORM (Fig. 1). The ORM area extends

160 km from the Trent River in the east to the Niagara Escarpment in the west. It

is a >100 m-thick, till-glaciofluvial-glaciolacustrine sediment complex deposited

as an inter-lobate moraine between about 13,000 and 15,000 years BP (Karrow

1989; Sharpe et al. 2004). This moraine acts as a recharge and discharge area

for groundwater, supporting some 65 watercourses, and is a drinking water

source for local communities (Gerber and Howard 2002; Whitelaw and Eagles

2007). The ORM also provides natural habitat for a large number of plant and

animal species (Whitelaw and Eagles 2007). The ORM, with a population of

approximately 100,000 residents, is situated within the Greater Toronto Area

(GTA), which has a population of approximately 5.2 million people (2006 Census,

Statistics Canada 2007b; Whitelaw and Eagles 2007).

15

Canada

Farm Homesteads in 1878 AD Urban Development in 2006 AD

Fig. 1. Site Map of Haynes Lake, Ontario, Canada.

Note the location of Swan Lake Ontario, <1 km to the west, and the Iroquoian settlement, Esox Site, 300 m to the east of Wilcox Lake, indicated with an arrow (DMTI Spatial Inc. 2003; Google Earth™ Mapping Service 2007; Natural Resources Canada 2002; Stamp 1991; Statistics Canada 2001).

16

Haynes Lake (43° 57'57"N; 79° 24'42"W) is one of many kettle depressions in the

moraine (Fig. 1). It is a small lake, at 0.4 km long by 0.13 km wide, with a

maximum depth of 16 m, and is at about 255 m above sea level. The surrounding

land is level with the lake to the east and the south, while land on the north side

lies about 20 m above water level, and land from mid-way between Wilcox Lake

and Haynes Lake on the west side slopes gently towards the lake. There is a

road (Regional Road 12) located immediately adjacent to the lake and well within

the floodplain of Haynes Lake. When lake levels are high, particularly in the

spring, a portion of the highway is often submerged. One house is situated on the

north side of Haynes Lake, and there is a golf course just to the north of the

house. The rest of the lake is surrounded by mixed deciduous and coniferous

forest, with roads, farmland, and residential areas beyond. There were Common

Cattails (Typha latifolia L.), Eurasian Water Milfoil {Myriophyllum spicatum L.),

and zebra mussels (Dreissena polymorpha Pallas) observed in the water.

Populations of Canada Geese {Branta canadensis L.) were also observed on the

lake during spring and fall.

Sediment Core Details and Chronology

Sediment cores were extracted from the bottom of Haynes Lake (43° 57'55"N;

79° 24'48"W) using a Livingstone corer (Deevey 1965) on August 20, 2005 at

16 m water depth. One sediment core, Haynes HYC1, was collected in three

sections measuring 94.5 cm, 96.0 cm, and 81.0 cm respectively, for a total of

269.5 cm. Two other cores, Haynes HYC2 and Haynes HYC3, were collected

17

from the same location to provide material for dating, and for study utilizing other

proxies.

The three sections of the core used in this study (HYC1-1, HYC1-2, and HYC1-3)

were x-rayed to identify distinct layers with a Kevex x-ray machine at 40 kV, and

27 - 44 mA, with exposure times ranging from 90-180 seconds. The images

were captured on erasable phosphor plates and digitally recovered using an

OREX scanner with VideoRen® software (version 1.0).

One sediment sample (1000 mg) from Haynes Core HYC1-3-22-23 (211 cm core

depth) was sent to IsoTrace Radiocarbon Laboratory (University of Toronto) for

bulk dating analysis. Two separate analyses (normal precision) were conducted,

correcting for natural and sputtering isotope fractionation. Results were

measured using the 13C/12C ratio, with sample age quoted as an uncalibrated

conventional radiocarbon date in years before present, using the Libby 14C mean

life of 8033 years. The error represents the 68.3% confidence limit.

Thirteen samples from Haynes Core HYC3, taken from 0 - 36.5 cm core depth,

were sent to the Science Museum of Minnesota for 210Pb dating analysis. Dates

and sedimentation rates were determined according to the c.r.s. (constant rate of

supply) model (Appleby et al. 1986; Appleby and Oldfield 1978) with confidence

intervals calculated by first-order error analysis of counting uncertainty (Binford

1990).

18

Diatom Preparation and Enumeration Diatoms were used as a biological proxy in this study to infer changes in water

chemistry through time. Diatoms deposited in Haynes Lake sediment were

analyzed by extracting them from twenty 1 cm thick subsamples from Core

HYC1, corresponding to a range of sample depths from 1 cm to 188.5 cm.

Approximately 1 cc of wet sediment was extracted, weighed and freeze-dried

from each of the subsamples. The subsamples were then prepared for diatom

analysis by weighing out 0.032 g - 0.058 g of dry sediment. A 10 ml solution of

50:50 nitric/sulfuric acid was added to each sediment sample and heated for

approximately 20 minutes to remove organic material. The acid mixture was then

diluted with distilled water and sonicated to disaggregate the diatom frustules into

single valves. Subsequently, the acid was removed from the samples through

centrifugation and a series of at least five distilled water dilutions. Finally, washed

samples were stored for further processing in 45 ml of distilled water.

Aliquots of 0.5 ml from the washed diatom solution were pipetted onto 18 mm x

18 mm coverglasses and allowed to air-dry. The coverglasses were fixed onto

microscope slides with Naphrax® mountant. Two microscope slides were

prepared for each sample; one for analysis with a Leica DMR® light microscope

with phase contrast optics, and the others as reserve slides for cross-reference

and verification. Prior to diatom counting, two scanning electron microscope

stubs was prepared from two samples to identify small diatoms using an FEI XL

19

Environmental Scanning Electron Microscope (ESEM). All of the quantified

prepared microscope slides, the remaining subsample material, associated notes

and photomicrographs are archived in the National Collection at the Canadian

Museum of Nature, in Ottawa.

At least 600 diatoms were counted at 1600X magnification from each slide using

a transect counting protocol (Pappas and Stoermer 1996; Watchom et al. 2008).

The number of valves per gram dry weight (total valves g"1 dwt) and percent

abundance were subsequently calculated for each taxon. Flux rates were

subsequently determined using 210Pb and sediment accumulation measures. The

diatoms were identified using standard taxonomic references (e.g. Camburn and

Charles 2000; Fallu et al. 2000; Germain 1981; Jahn et al. 2001; Krammer

1997a, b, 2000, 2002, 2003; Krammer and Lange-Bertalot 1986, 1988, 1991a,

1991b; Lange-Bertalot 2001; Lange-Bertalot and Krammer 1989; Lange-Bertalot

et al. 1996; Meltzeltin et al. 2005; Patrick and Reimer 1966,1975; Reavie and

Smol 1998; Reichardt 1999; Round et al. 1990; Siver et al. 2005; Van de Vijver et

al. 2004; Werum and Lange-Bertalot 2004).

20

Thecamoebian Preparation and Enumeration

Twenty samples for thecamoebian analysis were obtained from the same Haynes

Lake subsamples as were used for diatom analysis. Each 1 cc sample prepared

for thecamoebian study was screened with a 43 urn sieve to retain

thecamoebians and to remove silts and clays. Wet aliquots were then examined

under an Olympus binocular stereomicroscope at 40 - 80X magnification. Taxa

identification followed Kumar and Dalby (1998). Each entire 1 cc sample was

counted for thecamoebians. Relative fractional abundance was subsequently

calculated for each taxonomic unit.

Data Analysis

A diatom-water quality transfer function for Haynes Lake was developed following

the format of Watchom et al. (2008) using the program C2 version 1.5 (Juggins

2005). Fifty lakes from the Reavie and Smol (2001) calibration set that had

complete data for spring growing conditions, including pH, and total phosphorus

(TP), were used as the calibration model to infer past water chemistry values in

Haynes Lake. Lakes used in the calibration set are located <275 km to the east

of Haynes Lake and are situated on bedrock formations of limestone (Trenton

and Beekmantown formations), granitic (Precambrian Shield) rock, or a mixture

of the two (Chapman and Putnam 1966). Reconstruction of past water chemistry

values for Haynes Lake were generated using 85 taxa from the fossil

assemblage that were also found in the Reavie and Smol (2001) calibration set.

The species relative abundance data was square-root transformed for weighted

21

averaging (WA) analyses to reduce the effect of dominant taxa, as previously

described in Reavie and Smol (2001).

MVSP version 3.13p software was used for cluster analysis to determine.

associations between core depth and diatom and thecamoebian species in

Haynes Lake. The diatom and thecamboebian species percent abundance data

was first square-root transformed to normalize the data, and then the Squared

Euclidean (minimum variance) method of Cluster Analysis was used to determine

the relationships.

22

Results

Sediment Core Details and Chronology X-ray analysis indicated distinctive laminations and changes in sedimentology in

Haynes Lake sediments through time (Fig. 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D, 2E). The top 30 cm of

the core was composed of very dense, finely layered clay. In order to capture a

clear x-ray image of this very dense section, the top 30 cm of the core was

subjected to the longest exposure times and highest amperages of any section of

the core. There was a distinctive change in sedimentology at 30 cm core depth,

with layers higher in organic material (appearing as dark areas on the x-ray

images) alternating with layers higher in clay content below this core depth. A

thick, distinctive region of high organic content was observed at approximately 70

cm, with frequent changes in bedding orientation beginning at this horizon and

continuing to about 140 cm depth, where bedding orientation returned to a

horizontal orientation, as was observed in the top 70 cm of sediments.

Radiocarbon and 210Pb dating methods indicate that the sediments recovered in

the examined core span ca A.D. 656 (211.5 cm) to ca A.D. 2003 (1 cm), with a

margin of error ranging from 2 to 47 years. Interpolation of these data using a

second order polynomial curve (R2 = 0.998) provided estimates for the ages of

intervening sediment samples (Fig. 3).

23

^ffiJfflp^ffl^^^M

•

10 cm

Fig. 2A. Haynes Lake Core x-ray: ~ 0 - 20 cm depth from core HYC1-1.

The top direction is to the left.

Fig. 2B. Haynes Lake Core x-ray: ~ 14 - 34 cm depth from core HYC1-1,

The top direction is to the left.

10 cm

Fig. 2C. Haynes Lake Core x-ray: - 54 - 74 cm depth from Core HYC1 -1 ,

The top direction is to the left.

24

10 cm

Fig. 2D. Haynes Lake Core x-ray: - 114 -134 cm depth from core HYC1-2.

The top direction is to the left.

10 cm

Fig. 2E. Haynes Lake Core x-ray: ~ 134 -154 cm depth from core HYC1-2.

The top direction is to the left.

25

0)

200Q

.0

1800

.0

1600

.0

1400

.0

1200

.0 A

1000

.0

800.

0

600.

0

400.

0 50

y =

-0.

013S

X2 -

3.5

479x

+ 2

016.

2 R

2 = 0

.998

100

150

Cor

e D

epth

(cm

)

200

250

Fig.

3. G

raph

of

Hay

nes

Lake

sed

imen

t age

.

Sed

imen

t age

det

erm

ined

from

14 C

and

210

Pb

datin

g m

etho

ds. A

sec

ond

orde

r po

lyno

mia

l cur

ve w

as fi

tted

to in

terp

olat

e da

tes

betw

een

date

d sa

mpl

es.

26

Fossil Diatom Assemblages Ninety-six different taxa were identified from twenty-five genera in the Haynes

Lake sediment core. Of these taxa, sixteen were present at >5% abundance in at

least one sample and were deemed present in statistically significant enough

amounts for subsequent analysis (Patterson and Fishbein, 1989). Species

assemblages changed as sediment depth decreased, with particularly distinct

changes noted through the top 30 cm and below 130 cm in the core (Fig. 4).

At the base of the core (188.5 -140 cm), the dominant species were Cyclotella

comensis Grunow 1882, Cyclotella michiganiana Skvortzow 1937, and Cyclotella

pseudostelligera Hustedt 1939 (Fig. 4). Other prominent species included

Encyonema silesiacum Bleisch 1861, Nitzschia amphibia Grunow 1862,

Fragilaria capucina Desmazieres 1825 sensu lato and Navicula cryptotenella

Krammer & Lange-Bertalot 1985. The diatom community changed dramatically at

130 cm core depth (ca. A.D. 1325), with Fragilaria nanana Lange-Bertalot 1993

temporarily increasing in abundance along with Navicula cryptotenella,

Encyonema silesiacum, Achnanthidium minutissimum (Kutzing) Czarnecki 1994,

and Fragilaria capucina sensu lato. From 130 to ~ 30 cm (ca. A.D. 1325 - ca.

A.D. 1890), there was a general decline in Encyonema silesiacum and Nitzschia

amphibia, with successional increases in C. pseudostelligera (120 cm), C.

comensis (100 cm), Cyclotella bodanica Grunow 1878 sensu lato (75 cm) and C.

michiganiana (60 cm). From 30 - 2 cm, a clay layer was present with a

successional shift in the diatom flora from Fragilaria capucina, Navicula

cryptotenella and Nitzschia amphibia to C. pseudostelligera (30 cm), Fragilaria

27

nanana (15 cm), Cyclotella michiganiana (11 cm), and Achnanthidium

minutissimum (5 cm). At the top of the core (<5cm) Asterionella formosa Hassall

1850 and Stephanodiscus medius Hakansson, 1986, became more prominent in

conjunction with a decline in the relative abundance of A. minutissimum.

Asterionella formosa was absent down-core, but at the top of the core

represented the third most dominant species, at 14.5% abundance.

Stephanodiscus medius was also absent below 25 cm, but in the top 5 cm

composed 12.9% of the assemblage.

Diatom-inferred pH (DI-pH) and Total Phosporus (DI-TP) There were distinct changes in spring diatom-inferred pH (Fig. 4) recognized

throughout the Haynes Lake sediment core. The inferred pH ranged from 7.9 -

8.3 in the deepest part of the core (188.5 cm -110 cm). The highest DI-pH (8.7)

occurred at 100 cm core depth, and fluctuated between 7.9 and 8.5 from 80 cm

core depth to 40 cm. At 30 cm core depth, the DI-pH dropped to 7.7 and

remained near these levels to 1 cm depth, where it rose to 8.0. The lowest DI-pH

was documented at 15 cm depth (7.6). Direct measurements of pH from Haynes

Lake water samples provided values of 7.97 (August 2005), and 8.13 (September

2007), closely correlating with the diatom inferred pH value obtained in the top

cm of the core.

Diatom-inferred total phosphorus (DI-TP) was subject to large error, and changes

through time were not significant (Fig. 4). Interestingly, however, DI-TP at 1 cm

core depth was determined to be 0.011 mg L'\ while instrument measured TP

28

was nearly identical, ranging from 0.011 - 0.012 mg L"1. The highest DI-TP values

corresponded to 45 cm core depth at 0.013 mg L"\ while the lowest values were

observed at 110 -120 cm and 30 cm core depth (-0.008 mg L"1).

29

.00

2 O

.OO

B 0

.01

0 0

.01

4 7

.0

7.5

S

.O

8.5

Per

cent

Abu

ndan

ce

Fig.

4.

Dia

tom

per

cent

abu

ndan

ce,

DI-

TP

, and

DI-

pH fr

om H

ayne

s La

ke, O

ntar

io.

Tax

a ar

e re

pres

ente

d if

they

are

pre

sent

in >

5 %

abu

ndan

ce i

n at

leas

t on

e sa

mpl

e. D

iato

m-in

ferr

ed s

prin

g pH

(D

I-pH

),

and

diat

om-in

ferr

ed s

prin

g to

tal p

hosp

horu

s (D

I-T

P)

are

also

pre

sent

ed, w

ith s

ampl

es r

ecov

ered

fro

m C

ore

HY

C1-

1 an

d H

YC

1-2.

30

Fossil Thecamoebian Assemblages

Sixteen taxa were identified in the Haynes Lake core. Of these taxa, seven were

present in at least 5% abundance in at least one sample (Fig. 5). In the

lowermost core section (188.5 -140 cm), the dominant species were Arcella

vulgaris (Ehrenberg, 1830) and Centropyxis aculeata "discoides" (Ehrenberg,

1832). At 130 cm core depth, A. vulgaris remained the dominant thecamoebian.

However a change in species composition was noted at this horizon, with

Cucurbitella tricuspis (Carter, 1856) becoming the second most dominant species

at 18 % abundance. Arcella vulgaris remained the dominant species until 30 cm

core depth, when it dropped to 2 % abundance, and rose in abundance to 7 %

abundance at 1 cm core depth. At 60 cm core depth, the assemblage was almost

entirely comprised of C. tricuspis and A. vulgaris (ca. 1750 A.D.).

Above this core depth, Centropyxis aculeata "aculeata" (Ehrenberg, 1832)

increased in abundance (at 50 cm) generally making up >20 % of the

assemblage to the top of the core. C. triscuspis temporarily decreased in

abundance above 50 cm, increasing to at ~ 40% at 30 cm. Cucurbitella tricuspis

abundance remained at >28 % above this horizon, becoming the dominant

species at 1 cm depth (62 % abundance).

31

Cluster Analysis

Cluster analysis of the diatom data resulted in recognition of three main clusters,

with the most distinctive cluster comprising the samples from the top 30 cm of the

core (Fig. 6). This cluster was separated from the next closest cluster by about

2.5 times the squared Euclidean distance, while a distance of approximately 5.5

times the squared Euclidean distance separated the third cluster. Cluster

analysis of the thecamoebian data (Fig. 7) also resulted in recognition of three

main clusters, with the most obvious cluster also comprising samples from the

top 30 cm.

32

30

50

60

70 H

3.

80

«

90

a

100

o

o

150

180

I I I I I I I I I ' I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

1

1

1

1

"

1 I I I I I I I I I I I

0 16 32 48 64 80 0

16 32 48 64 80 0

16 32 48 64 80 0

4

8

12 16 20 0

4

8

12 16 20 0

5

10

150.0

2.4 4.8 7.2 9.6 12.0

Per

cent

Abu

ndan

ce

Fig

. 5.

The

cam

oebi

an p

erce

nt a

bund

ance

fro

m H

ayne

s La

ke, O

ntar

io.

Tax

a ar

e re

pres

ente

d if

they

are

pre

sent

in

>5

% a

bund

ance

in

at le

ast

one

sam

ple.

Sam

ples

wer

e re

cove

red

from

se

dim

ent

core

s H

YC

1-1

and

HY

C1-

2.

33

Min

imum

var

ianc

e

^E

160

-I M

-75

M-1

00

M-1

40

M-6

0 M

-130

M

-45

M-4

0 M

-189

M

-160

M

-120

M

-80

M-1

10

M-5

0 M

-30

M-2

5 M

-20

M-1

5 M

-5

M-1

1 M

-1

200

120

80

40

Squ

ared

Eu

clid

ea

n-

Dat

a sq

uare

-roo

t tr

ansf

orm

ed

Fig

. 6.

Clu

ster

ana

lysi

s of

dia

tom

spe

cies

per

cent

abu

ndan

ce f

rom

Hay

nes

Lake

, Ont

ario

.

Sam

ples

ana

lyze

d ar

e in

dica

ted

by M

-1,

M-5

...M

-189

, w

ith th

e nu

mbe

r fo

llow

ing

the

M b

eing

the

core

dep

th o

f th

e sa

mpl

e, m

easu

red

in c

m. S

ampl

es w

ere

reco

vere

d fr

om C

ore

HY

C1-

1 an

d H

YC

1-2.

34

Min

imum

var

ianc

e

Ltf

"^

188S

IC

O

so

1*0

ISO

13

0 7

5 120

110

SO

3D

iS

40

11

[C 2

S n

_ 33

33

2S

20 13

360

300

240

180

120

Squ

ared

Euc

lidea

n- D

ata

squa

re-r

oot t

rans

form

ed

60

Fig

. 7.

Clu

ster

ana

lysi

s of

the

cam

oebi

an s

peci

es p

erce

nt a

bund

ance

fro

m H

ayne

s La

ke, O

ntar

io.

The

num

bers

on

the

right

sid

e in

dica

te t

he c

ore

dept

h (in

cm

) of

the

sam

ples

ana

lyze

d. S

ampl

es w

ere

reco

vere

d fr

om

Co

reH

Yd

-1 a

ndH

YC

1-2

35

Discussion Interpretation of the microfossil and sedimentary record from a core collected

from Haynes Lake, ORM, Ontario, spanning the period from ca. A.D. 656 to the

present indicates that there were three periods of significant disturbance to the

lake ecosystem through this interval. These disturbances, all associated with

major changes in sedimentology, diatom flora assemblages and thecamoebian

fauna assemblages, can all be linked to human-induced alteration of the

surrounding landscape.

Frequent changes in bedding orientation of the sediments commencing above

140 cm core depth, as observed through x-ray analysis (Figs. 2D, 2E), provide

the earliest record that the lake was altered. A major change in the diatom flora

at 130 cm core depth (ca. A.D. 1325 A.D.) is also indicative of a significant

change to the lake ecosystem. For example, Fragilaria capucina sensu lato,

Fragilaria nanana and Achnanthidium minutissimum, an epiphytic species that

can tolerate a broad range of disturbance conditions (Beaver 1981; Potapova

and Hamilton 2008), were found to increase in abundance at this horizon.

Cyclotella bodanica also decreased in abundance in comparison to assemblages

found in older sediments in the core. These changes in the core record correlate

well with increases in the rate of Iroquoian population growth, which has been

linked to increased rates of land clearance for maize agriculture in Southern

Ontario (Warrick 2000), suggesting a link between anthropogenic activities and

changes in the lake ecosystem. The limnological changes observed in Haynes

36

Lake are similar to lake ecosystem modifications observed at Crawford Lake

~ 70 km to the west, on the Niagara Escarpment, which has also been linked to

Iroquoian agricultural land clearance. As observed at Haynes Lake, A.

minutissimum increased in abundance in sediments deposited in Crawford Lake

following Iroquoian settlement of the area (Ekdahl et al. 2007). Similarly, C.

bodanica decreased in abundance in Crawford Lake through this interval, as also

observed at Haynes Lake (Ekdahl et al. 2007).

Significant changes in the thecamoebian fauna also occurred at the 130 cm

horizon in Haynes Lake, when Cucurbitella tricuspis, a species that has been

correlated with eutrophic conditions (Patterson et al. 2002), dramatically

increased in abundance. These results also correlate well with the results of a

paleolimnological study at nearby Swan Lake, where an ecologically destabilized

assemblage of thecamoebians indicated there was a period of deforestation

spanning the interval from ca. A.D. 1350 - A.D. 1700 (Patterson et al. 2002).

These observations provide corroborative evidence that there was a significant

widespread environmental impact on lake ecosystems caused by the higher rate

of land clearance for maize agriculture, that was required to support the

expanding Iroquoian populations, and increased number of native villages in the

14th and 15th centuries. Indeed, the close proximity (<2 km) of the Wilcox Lake

archaeological site (Esox Site; Fig. 1) to Haynes Lake presents even stronger

evidence for direct links between land clearance for maize agriculture there, and

37

its impact on local water quality and lake biodiversity (Austin 1994; Stamp 1991;

Warrick, 2000).

Analysis of the 75 - 60 cm interval of the Haynes Lake core provides evidence of

a second period of disturbance as indicated by changes in sedimentology, and

diatom and thecamoebian assemblages. This interval was deposited ca. A.D.

1670 -1750 and correlates with the first contact between the Iroquoians and

Europeans who arrived from France and began initial settlement of the area by

building forts in Toronto and Niagara, and then later by clearing and burning the

virgin forest to make way for housing and agricultural activities (Guillet 1946;

Smith 1989; Mitchell 1952). X-rayed images of the core reveal that changing

sedimentation patterns that characterized the 140 - 70 cm interval in the core

differed from the horizontal, laminar style of sedimentation above 70 cm (Fig.

2C). A major change in the diatom assemblage through the

75 - 60 cm interval provides biological evidence of the changing land-use

patterns, with C. michiganiana, a meso-eutrophic planktonic species (Ekdahl et

al. 2007), becoming the dominant species by 60 cm core depth. Cyclotella

pseudostelligera decreased in importance at 75 cm depth, while Cyclotella

bodanica, also a meso-eutrophic species (Reavie et al. 1995), appeared in the

assemblage in significant numbers for the first time at the 75 cm horizon. Above

the 60 cm core horizon (ca. 1750 A.D.), the thecamoebian assemblage in the

Haynes Lake sediment core are almost entirely composed of the alkalphilic

species C. tricuspis and A. vulgaris, a stressed environment indicator (Patterson

38

and Kumar 2001), providing further evidence of significant land-use change in

the area around the lake.

The top 30 cm of the Haynes Lake sediment core, which encompasses the

interval from ca. AD 1890 to the present day, correlates with the flood of

European settlers that came to the area at that time (Canniff 1869). More

precisely, clearance of the land immediately to the west of Haynes Lake probably

began soon after parcels were granted to two settlers; William Bond,

(Concession II, Lot 7, Whitchurch Township) in 1798 (Archives of Ontario 1979),

who developed his land into a nursery and fruit farm (Guillet 1946), and William

Wilcocks (Concession II, Lot 6, Whitchurch Township), in 1802. This portion of

the core, with its high clay content, would have been deposited as a result of

anthropogenic resuspended sediment, which was introduced as a consequence

of erosion due to deforestation for housing and agriculture, and with the

construction of Regional Road 12 along the edge of the lake (Gentilcore and

Wood 1978; Langman 1971).

At 30 cm core depth {ca. A.D. 1890), changes in diatom species assemblage

were also noted when Cyclotella comensis, Navicula cryptotenella, and Nitzschia

amphibia all decreased in abundance. Also, C. comensis, a species associated

with oligotrophic conditions (Sorvari and Korhola 1998), and N. amphibia did not

appear in the assemblage above this core depth. The DI-pH ratio declined to 7.7

at 30 cm depth, and further declined to 7.6 at 15 cm depth, the lowest DI-pH ratio

39

of the samples that were analyzed, indicative of the clastic deposition of clay as

shown by the x-ray results. Similar changes in diatom floral makeup have been

observed with road construction and resultant clay input in other lakes (e.g.Third

Sister Lake, Michigan; Hammer and Stoermer 1997).

The changes in the diatom species assemblage in Haynes Lake in the post-

European settlement phase were not as significant as those noted to have

occurred in Swan Lake during this same time period. At Swan Lake, the highest

DI-TP levels were inferred to have occurred during the European settlement

period, indicating a high degree of erosion due to deforestation (Watchorn et al.,

2008), whereas changes in DI-TP across the European settlement horizon in

Haynes Lake were much more equivocal, with large error estimates. The DI-pH

ratio (Fig. 4), however, does provide a good way to explain temporal changes in

the diatom species assemblages in Haynes Lake.

Thecamoebian data from the top 30 cm of the Haynes Lake sediment core agree

with results observed in the diatom flora obtained from the same sample depths.

Cluster analysis of both diatom and thecamoebian data indicate that this portion

of the core is distinctly different from the rest of the core (Figs. 6, 7). Although C.

tricuspis continued as a dominant taxa above 30 cm, significant changes in

thecamoebian assemblage are indicated by the emergence of C. aculeata

"aculeata", another stressed environment indicator, as a dominant taxa through

the top 30 cm, and by a large reduction in the proportion of A. vulgaris through

40

this interval. Changes in assemblage were also noted in nearby Swan Lake from

the European settlement period, with C. aculeata and A. vulgaris present in

higher proportions than that observed in older sediments (Patterson et al. 2002).

This provides further evidence of the disturbed ecosystems that exist in many

modern lakes as a direct result of anthropogenic disturbances to the landscape,

such as erosion due to deforestation and road building, that occurred during the

European settlement period (Hall and Smol 1996; Hammer and Stoermer 1997;

Patterson et al. 2002; Reavie and Smol 2001; Watchorn et al. 2008).

Conclusions

This multiproxy dataset indicates varying degrees of disturbance occurred in the

Haynes Lake ecosystem through the period from ca. A.D. 656 to ca. A.D. 2003.

Both Iroquoian inhabitation and European settlement had an impact on lake

water quality and sedimentation in Haynes Lake, with the most severe

disturbance indicated by the diatom flora, the thecamoebian fauna, and

sedimentology comprising the period from ca. A.D. 1890 to the present. Although

the predicted changes in water quality (limnological impact) were not as

significant as that observed in nearby Swan Lake, or in Crawford Lake, the same

anthropogenic-induced alterations of the landscape caused a disturbance to the

aquatic ecosystem in Haynes Lake, and these effects remain evident in the

modern lake habitat.

41

References Anderson NJ (1995) Using the past to predict the future: lake sediments and the

modelling of limnological disturbance. Ecol Model 78: 149-172.

Appleby PG, Nolan PJ, Gifford DW, Godfrey MJ, Oldfield F, Anderson NJ, Battarbee RW (1986) 210Pb dating by low background gamma counting. Hydrobiologia 143: 21-27.

Appleby PG, Oldfield F (1978) The calculation of lead-210 dates assuming a constant rate of supply of unsupported 210Pb to the sediment. Catena 5: 1-8.

Archives of Ontario (1979) Ontario Archives land record index township listing, p. 3387.

Austin SJ (1994) The Wilcox Lake site (AIGu-17): Middle Iroquoian exploitation of the Oak Ridges Moraine. Ontario Archaeology 58: 49-84.

Beaver J (1981) Apparent ecological characteristics of some common freshwater diatoms. Ontario Ministry of the Environment. Don Mills, Ontario, 513 pp.

Binford MW (1990) Calculation and uncertainty analysis of 210Pb dates for PIRLA project lake sediment cores. J Paleolimnol 3: 253-267.

Burden ET, McAndrews JH, Norris G (1986a) Palynology of Indian and European forest clearance and farming in lake sediment cores from Awenda Provincial Park, Ontario. Can J Earth Sci 23: 43-54.

Burden ET, Norris G, McAndrews JH (1986b) Geochemical indicators in lake sediment of upland erosion caused by Indian and European farming, Awenda Provincial Park, Ontario. Can J Earth Sci 23: 55-65.

Camburn KE, Charles DF (2000) Diatoms of Low-Alkalinity Lakes in the Northeastern United States. The Academy of Natural Sciences Philadelphia, USA. 152 pp.

Canniff W (1869) History of the Settlement of Upper Canada, (Ontario) with Special Reference to The Bay of Quinte. Dudley and Burns, Printers, Victoria Hall, Toronto, 666 pp.

Chapman LJ, Putnam DF (1966) The physiography of southern Ontario. University of Toronto Press, Toronto, 386 pp.

42

Deevey ESJ (1965) Sampling Lake Sediments by use of the Livingstone Sampler. In: Kummel B, Raup D (eds) Handbook of Paleontological Techniques. W.H. Freeman and Company, San Francisco and London.

Dixit SS, Dixit AS, Smol JP (2002) Diatom and chrysophyte transfer functions and inferences of post-industrial acidification and recent recovery trends in Killarney lakes (Ontario, Canada). J Paleolimnol 27: 79-96.

DMTI Spatial Inc (2003) Esri Data and Maps. Canada Water Bodies. Redlands California, USA.

Ekdahl EJ, Teranes JL, Wittkop CA, Stoermer EF, Reavie ED, Smol JP (2007) Diatom assemblage response to Iroquoian and Euro-Canadian eutrophication of Crawford Lake, Ontario, Canada. J Paleolimnol 37: 233-246.

Enache M, Prairie YT (2002) WA-PLS diatom-based pH, TP and DOC inference models from 42 lakes in the Abitibi clay belt area (Quebec, Canada). J Paleolimnol 27: 151-171.

Fallu MA, Allaire N, Pienitz R (2000) Freshwater Diatoms from northern Quebec and Labrador (Canada). J. Cramer. Stuttgart, Germany. 200 pp.

Gentilcore RL, Wood D (1978) A Military Colony in a Wilderness: The Upper Canada Frontier. In: Wood JD (ed) Perspectives on Landscape and Settlement in Nineteenth Centry Ontario. The MacMillan Company of Canada Ltd., Toronto, pp 32-42.

Gerber RE, Howard K (2002) Hydrogeology of the Oak Ridges Moraine aquifer system: implications for protection and management from the Duffins Creek watershed. Can J Earth Sci 39(9): 1333-1348.

Germain H (1981) Flore des Diatomees Diatomophycees eaux douces et saumatres du massif Armoricain et des contrees voisines d'Europe occidentale. Societe Nouvelle Des Editions Boubee. Paris. 436 pp.

Google Earth™ Mapping Service (2007) http://downloadinq-now.com/qooqleearth/1 / Cited 24 February 2008.

Guillet EC (1933) Pioneer Travel in Upper Canada. University of Toronto Press, Toronto, 241 pp.

Guillet EC (1946) Pioneer Life in the County of York. Hess-Trade Typesetting Company, Toronto, 166 pp.

43

Hall Rl, Smol JP (1996) Paleolimnological assessment of long-term water-quality changes in south-central Ontario lakes affected by cottage development and acidification. Can J Fish Aquat Sci 53: 1-17.

Hammer BK, Stoermer EF (1997) Diatom-based interpretation of sediment banding in an urbanized lake. J Paleolimnol 17: 437-449.

Jahn R, Kociolek JP, Witkowski A, Compere P (ed) (2001) Studies on Diatoms. A.R.G. Gantner Verlag K.G. Germany. 633 pp.

Juggins S (2005) C2 Version 1.5: Software for ecological and paleoecological data analysis and visualization. http://www.campus.ncl.ac.uk/staff/Stephen.Juqqins/software/C2Home.htm . Cited 14 January 2008.

Kapches M (1981) The Middleport Pattern in Ontario Iroquoian Prehistory, PhD dissertation, University of Toronto.

Karrow PF (1989) Quaternary geology of the Great Lakes Subregion. In: Fulton RJ (ed) Quaternary Geology of Canada and Greenland. Geological Survey of Canada, Geology of Canada, No.1, pp 326-350.

Krammer K (1997a) Die Cymbelloiden Diatomeen: Eine Monographie der wetweit bekannten Taxa Teil 1. Allgemeines und Encyonema Part. J. Cramer. Stuttgart, Germany 382 pp.

Krammer K (1997b) Die cymbelloiden Diatomeen Eine Monographie der weltweit bekanten Taxa Teil 2. Encyonema part., Encyonopsis and Cymbellopsis. J. Cramer. Stuttgart, Germany. 469 pp.

Krammer K (2000) Diatoms of Europe: Diatoms of the European Inland Waters and Comparable Habitats.vol 1 The genus Pinnularia, (ed) Horst Lange-Bertalot. A.R.G. Gantner Verlag K.G. Germany 703 pp.

Krammer K (2002) Diatoms of Europe: Diatoms of the European Inland Waters and Comparable Habitats.vol 3 Cymbella (ed) Horst Lange-Bertalot. A.R.G. Gantner Verlag K.G. Germany 584 pp.

Krammer K (2003) Diatoms of Europe: Diatoms of the European Inland Waters and Comparable Habitats.vol 4 Cymopleura, Delicata, Navicymbula, Gomphocymbellopsis, Afrocymbella, (ed) Horst Lange-Bertalot. A.R.G. Gantner Verlag K.G. Germany 530 pp.

Krammer K (1997) Die Cymbelloiden Diatomeen: Eine Monographie der wetweit bekannten Taxa Teil 1. Allgemeines und Encyonema Part. J. Cramer. Stuttgart, Germany 382 pp.

44

Krammer K (1997) Die cymbelloiden Diatomeen Eine Monographie der weltweit bekanten Taxa Teil 2. Encyonema part., Encyonopsis and Cymbellopsis. J. Cramer. Stuttgart, Germany. 469 pp.

Krammer K, Lange-Bertalot H (1986) Bacillariophyceae SuPwasserflora von Mitteleuropa, 2/1. Teil: Naviculaceae. Gustav Fischer Verlag Stuttgart, New York, 876 pp.

Krammer K, Lange-Bertalot H (1988) Bacillariophyceae SuPwasserflora von Mitteleuropa, 2/2. Teil: Bacillariaceae, Epithemiaceae, Surirellaceae. Gustav Fischer Verlag Stuttgart, New York, 596 pp.

Krammer K, Lange-Bertalot H (1991a) Bacillariophyceae SuPwasserflora von Mitteleuropa, 2/3. Teil: Centrales, Fragilariaceae, Eunotiaceae. Gustav Fischer Verlag Stuttgart, New York, 576 pp.

Krammer K, Lange-Bertalot H (1991b) Bacillariophyceae SuPwasserflora von Mitteleuropa, 2/4. Teil: Achnanthaceae, Kritische Erganzungen Zu Navicula (Lineolatae) und Gomphonema Gesamtliteraturverzeichnis Teil 1 -4. Gustav Fischer Verlag Stuttgart, New York, 437 pp.

Krammer K, Lange-Bertalot H (2000) Bacillariophyceae Part 5. (ed) Budel B, Gartner G, Krienitz L, Lokhorst GM. Spektrum Akademischer Verlag Heidelberg, Berlin, Germany. 311 pp.

Kumar A, Dalby AP (1998) Identification key for holocene lacustrine arcellacean (thecamoebian) taxa. http://palaeo-electronica.org/1998 1/dalbv/issue1 .htm.

Kumar A, Patterson RT (2000) Arcellaceans (thecamoebians): new tools for monitoring long- and short-term changes in lake bottom acidity. Environ Geol 39: 689-697.

Lange-Bertalot H (2001) Diatoms of Europe: Diatoms of the European Inland Waters and Comparable Habitats.vol 2 Navicula sensu stricto, 10 Genera Separated from Navicula sensu lato, Frustulia, (ed) Horst Lange-Bertalot. A.R.G. Gantner Verlag K.G. Germany 526 pp.

Lange-Bertalot H, Krammer K (1989) Achnanthes eine Monographie der Gattung mit Definition der Gattung Cocconeis und Nachtragen zu den Naviculaceae. J. Cramer. Stuttgart, Germany. 393 pp.

Lange-Bertalot H, Kulbs K, LauserT, Norpel-Schemp M, Willman M (1996) Diatom Taxa introduced by Georg Krasske Documentation and Revision. Koeltz Scientific Books. Germany. 358 pp.

45

Langman RC (1971) Patterns of Settlement in Southern Ontario. McClelland and Stewart Limited, Toronto, 140 pp.

McAndrews JH, Turton CL (2007) Canada Geese dispersed cultigen pollen grains from prehistoric iroquoian fields to Crawford Lake, Ontario, Canada. Palynology31: 9-18.

McGill University (2001) The Canadian County Atlas Digital Project. http://diaital.librarv.mcaill.ca/CountvAtlas/SearchMapframes.php. Cited 13 January 2008.

Meltzeltin D, Lange-Bertalot H, Garci'a-Rodrfguez A (2005) Diatoms of Uruguay Compared with other taxa from South America and elsewhere. A.R.G. Gantner Verlag K.G. Germany. 736 pp.

Natural Resources Canada (2002) GeoBase Geopolitical boundaries - Level 1. Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.

Pappas JL, Stoermer EF (1996) Quantitative methods for determining a representative algal count. J Phycol 32: 693-696.

Patrick R, Reimer CW (1966) The diatoms of the United States Exclusive of Hawaii. Vol. 1. Fragilariaceae, Eunotiaceae, Achnanthaceae, Naviculaceae. The Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. USA. 688 pp.

Patrick R, Riemer CW (1975) The Diatoms of the United States Exclusive of Alaska and Hawaii. Vol. 2 Part 1. Entomoneidaceae, Bymbellaceae, Gomphonemaceae, Epithemiaceae. The Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. USA. 213 pp.

Patterson RT, Dalby A, Kumar A, Henderson LA, Boudreau REA (2002) Arcellaceans (thecamoebians) as indicators of land-use change: settlement history of the Swan Lake, area, Ontario as a case study. J Paleolimnol 28: 297-316.

Patterson RT, Fishbein E (1989) Re-examination of the statistical methods used to determine the number of point counts needed for micropaleontological quantitative research. J Paleontol 63: 245-248.

Patterson RT, Kumar A (2002) A review of current testate rhizopod (thecamoebian) research in Canada. Palaeogeogr Palaeoclimatol Palaeoecol 180: 225-251.

46

Potapova M, Hamilton PB (2007) Morphological and ecological variation within the Achnanthidium minutissimum (Bacillariophyceae) species complex. J Phycol 43: 561-575.

Reavie ED, Hall Rl, Smol JP (1995) An expanded weighted-averaging model for inferring past total phosphorus concentrations from diatom assemblages in eutrophic British Columbia (Canada) lakes. J Paleolimnol 14: 49-67.

Reavie ED, Smol JP (1998) Freshwater diatoms from the St. Lawrence River. (ed) Lange-Bertalot H, Kociolek P. J. Cramer. Stuttgart, Germany. 137 pp.

Reavie ED, Smol JP (2001) Diatom-environmental relationships in 64 alkaline southeastern Ontario (Canada) lakes: a diatom-based model for water quality reconstructions. J Paleolimnol 25: 25-42.

Reichardt E (1999) Zur Revision der Gattung Gomphonema Die Arten urn G. affine/insigne, G. aungustatum/micropus, G. acuminatum sowie gomphonemoide Diatomeen aus dem Oberoiigozam om Bohmen. A.R.G. Gantner Verlag K.G. Germany. 203 pp.

Round FE, Crawford RM, Mann DG (1990) The Diatoms: Biology and Morphology of the Genera. Cambridge University Press. New York, USA. 747 pp.

Sanderson EW, Jaiteh M, Levy MA, Redford KH, Wannebo AV, Woolmer G (2002) The Human Footprint and the Last of the Wild. Bioscience 52: 891-904.

Sharpe D, Pugin A, Pullan S, Shaw J (2004) Regional unconformities and the sedimentary architecture of the Oak Ridges Moraine area, southern Ontario. Can J Earth Sci 41: 183-198.

Siver PA (1999) Development of paleolimnological inference models for pH, total nitrogen and specific conductivity based on planktonic diatoms. J Paleolimnol 21: 45-59.

Siver PA, Hamilton PB, Stachura-Suchoples' K, Kociolek JP (2005) Diatoms of North America, the freshwater flora of Cape Cod, Massachusetts, U.S.A. Iconographia Diatomologica 14:1-463.

Smith DB (1989) The Dispossession of the Mississauga Indians: a Missing Chapter in the Early History of Upper Canada. In: Johnson JK, Wilson BG (eds.) Historical Essays on Upper Canada, New Perspectives. Carleton University Press, Ottawa, pp. 23-43.

47

Sorvari S, Korhola A (1998) Recent diatom assemblage changes in subarctic Lake Saanajarvi, NW Finnish Lapland, and their paleoenvironmental implications. J Paleolimnol 20: 205-215.

Stamp RM (1991) Early Days in Richmond Hill: A History of the Community to 1930. Richmond Hill Public Library Board, Ch. 1 & 2. http://edrh.rhpl.richmondhill.on.ca/default.asp?ID=s2.2 Cited 17 February 2008.

Statistics Canada (2007a) Population and dwelling counts, for Canada, census metropolitan areas census agglomerations and census subdivisions (municipalities), 2006 and 2001 censuses. nttp://www12.statcan.ca/enqlish/census06/data/popdwell/Table.cfm?T=20 5&RPP=50. Cited 13 January 2008.

Statistics Canada (2007b) Population and dwelling counts, for Canada, census metropolitan areas census agglomerations and census subdivisions (municipalities), 2006 and 2001 censuses. http://www12.statcan.ca/enqlish/census06/data/popdwell/Table.cfm?T=30 3&CMA=535&S=0&O=A&RPP=25#FootCSDType. Cited 4 November 2007.

Statistics Canada (2001) Province of Ontario Data Spatial Files. Statistical Reference Centre. (National Capital Region), Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.

Trombulak SC, Frissell CA (2000) Review of Ecological Effects of Roads on Terrestrial and Aquatic Communities. Conserv Biol 14: 18-30.

Van de Vijver B, Beyens L, Lange-Bertalot H (2004) The Genus Stauroneis in the Arctic and (Sub-) Antarctic Regions. J. Cramer. Stuttgart, Germany. 317 pp.

Warrick G (2000) The Precontact Iroquoian Occupation of Southern Ontario. Journal of World Prehistory 14: 415-466.

Watchom MA, Hamilton PB, Anderson TW, Roe HM, Patterson RT (2008) Diatoms and pollen as indicators of water quality and land use change: a case study from the Oak Ridges Moraine, Southern Ontario, Canada. J Paleolimnol 39: 491-509.

Werum M, Lange-Bertalot H (2004) Diatoms in Springs from Central Europe and elsewhere under the influence of hydrogeology and anthropogenic impacts. A.R.G. Gantner Verlag K.G. Germany. 417 pp.

48

Whitelaw GS, Eagles PFJ (2007) Planning for Long, Wide Conservation Corridors on Private Lands in the Oak Ridges Moraine, Ontario, Canada. Conserv Biol 21: 675-683.

49

Chapter 3. A paleolimnological study of meromictic Teapot Lake, Ontario

Abstract

Teapot Lake (43°45'14"N; 79°48'14"W) is a small lake located within the Greater

Toronto Area (GTA). Study of the water column indicated it is meromictic,

therefore analysis of the sediment should provide an accurate record of past

water conditions. Pollen and diatoms extracted from the sediment dated from ca.

5600 YBP to the present indicate only slight changes in the aquatic ecosystem

concomitant with anthropogenic changes to the landscape for agriculture and

housing by both Iroquoian inhabitants {ca. 500 A.D. to 1500 A.D.) and by

European settlers {ca. A.D. 1850). Furthermore, changes in diatom-inferred pH

and total phosphorus were not significant and subject to large error. This is

contrary to many other published studies, indicating either the sediment record of

Teapot Lake has been disturbed, or that excess phosphorus in the aquatic

ecosystem is not available for diatom growth. It is possible that much of the

available phosphorus doesn't circulate into the epilimnion due to the meromictic

nature of Teapot Lake, and remains in the hypolimnion. Excess phosphorus

becomes bound with iron and manganese observed in high concentrations below

the thermocline to produce either iron-phosphates or manganese-phosphates.

51

Introduction

Meromictic lakes are noted for archiving detailed, undisturbed sediment records

that are useful for studying lake histories since anoxic bottom waters preclude

the presence of bioturbators (Cohen 2003; Ekdahl et al. 2007; Rybak and

Dickman 1988; Smol et al. 1983). Biological proxies such as diatoms respond

rapidly to any changes in lake ecosystems and will thus provide a detailed record

of limnological change, particularly in the undisturbed sediments of meromictic

lakes. Models developed based on observed diatom assemblages have been

shown to be able to predict past water quality variables based on current optima

(Anderson 1995; Hall and Smol 1996; Hall and Smol 1999; Patrick and Reimer

1966; Reavie and Smol 2001; Watchom et al. 2008).

Palynology has also been proven to be a useful paleolimnolocal tool for

determining past changes in the landscape, and for providing estimates for ages

of sediment deposited in lakes (Allison et al. 1986; Bennett and Fuller 2002;

Bhiry and Filion 1996; Boucherle et al. 1986; Burden et al. 1986; Chalcote 2003).

If used together, pollen and diatoms can provide a multiproxy paleolimnological

lake history, and can be used to determine if there was a correlation between

changes in the terrestrial ecosystem and changes in the aquatic ecosystem

(Boucherle et al. 1986; St. Jacques et al. 2000; Watchorn et al. 2008)

Previous qualitative assessments and limited water property data collection from

Teapot Lake, Heart Lake Conservation Area, Brampton, Ontario suggested that

52

the lake may be meromictic, since it is very small, deep and surrounded by a

100 m wide wind-blocking forest screen (Don Ford, Toronto and Region

Conservation Authority (TRCA), personal communication 2005). Determination

that the lake is meromictic would be very useful, as interpretation of the

contained sedimentary record might provide an accurate record of changes to

the aquatic ecosystem as a result of anthropogenic changes to the landscape in

the Greater Toronto Area (GTA), a region that has changed drastically as a result

of settlement and massive population growth, particularly in the adjacent

Brampton area (Canniff 1869; Statistics Canada 2007).

The purpose of this study was to collect water property data from Teapot Lake

over an extended period of time to determine whether the lake was, in fact,

meromictic, and to determine if diatoms and pollen extracted from a Holocene

sediment core could detect changes in the aquatic ecosystem concomitant with

anthropogenic disturbances to the adjacent landscape.

53

Materials and methods

Study area Teapot Lake is located in the Etobicoke Creek Watershed within the Heart Lake

Conservation Area. The lake is 8 km north of the city of Brampton and on the

Brampton Esker (Fig. 1). The Brampton Esker is about 8 km long and 1.8 km

wide and formed during the retreat of the Lake Ontario ice lobe from the

Brampton area ca. 13,300 YBP (Karrow et al. 1977; Motz and Morgan 2001).

The esker is composed of course glaciofuvial sands and gravels, and is capped

by a layer of clay till. The esker is an important aquifer and source of

groundwater, with the sands and gravels holding and purifying water as it

percolates downwards. The esker has been, and continues to be, an important

source of aggregate for construction and road building in the Brampton area. The

Heart Lake Conservation Area contains 43.5 hectares of deciduous, coniferous

and mixed forest. This is the largest block of forest in a highly fragmented

landscape (Karrow et al. 1977; Motz and Morgan 2001; TRCA 1998).

Teapot Lake (43°45'14"N; 79°48'14"W) is a very small but deep lake, measuring

approximately 125 m wide and 125 m across, with a maximum depth of 12 m,

and is located about 255 m above mean sea-level (AMSL). It is surrounded on all

sides by an approximately 100 m wide band of thick forest cover consisting of a

mixture of birch {Betula spp.), spruce {Picea spp.), pine {Pinus spp.), maple (Acer

spp.), alder (Alnus spp.), poplar (Populus spp.), ash (Fraxinus spp.), tamarack

(Larixspp.), highbush cranberry (Vaccinium spp.), and willow (Salixspp.).

54

Beyond the forested area, there is a mixture of farm, residential and commercial

land uses supported by a substantial road network.

Canada

Urban Development in 2006 AD

Fig. 1. Site map of Teapot Lake, Ontario, Canada.

(DMTI Spatial Inc. 2003; Google Earth™ Mapping Service 2007; Natural Resources Canada 2002; Statistics Canada 2001)

56

Sedimentology and sediment core details One sediment core was collected in five sections measuring 109.0 cm (TPLC2-

1), 97.0 cm (TPLC2-2), 108.0 cm (TPLC2-3), 107.5 cm (TPLC2-4), and 75.0 cm

(TPLC2-5), for a total of 496.5 cm. The core was extracted from the center of

Teapot Lake (439 45' 147" N; 799 48' 136 " W) on August 17, 2005 at a water

depth of 12 m, using a Livingstone corer (Deevey 1965). Five other sediment

cores were collected from Teapot Lake to provide material for dating, and for

separate studies utilizing other proxies.

The five sections of the core were x-rayed to identify any subtle sedimentary

features, and to recognize in particular, any laminar structure, with a Kevex x-ray

machine at 40 kV, and 27 mA, with exposure times ranging from 90-180

seconds. The images were captured on erasable phosphor plates and digitally

recovered using an OREX scanner with VideoRen® software (version 1.0).

Chronology

Thirteen samples from Teapot Lake Core TPLC1-1, from 0-18.9 cm core depth,

were sent to the Science Museum of Minnesota for 210Pb dating analysis. Core

TPLC1-1 was taken from the same location as core TPLC2 (sections 1 through

5), which is the core that was used for diatom analysis. Dates and sedimentation

rates were determined according to the c.r.s. (constant rate of supply) model

(Appleby et al. 1986; Appleby and Oldfield 1978) with confidence intervals

calculated by first-order error analysis of counting uncertainty (Binford 1990).

57

Several samples (TPLC2-3-35 [bulk sediment; 750 mg]; TPLC2-4-80 [bulk

sediment; 634 mg]; TPLC4-3-4-5 [bulk sediment; 106 mg]; TPLC4-8-2-3 [bulk

sediment; 876 mg]; TPLC1-5A 1-2 [wood fragment]) from Teapot Lake were sent

to IsoTrace Radiocarbon Laboratory (University of Toronto) for 14C-dating

analysis. Two or four separate analyses (normal precision) were conducted on

each sample, correcting for natural and sputtering isotope fractionation. Results

were measured using the 13C/12C ratio, with sample age quoted as an

uncalibrated conventional radiocarbon date in years before present (YBP), using

the Libby 14C mean life of 8033 years. The error represents the 68.3%

confidence limit.

Due to the difficulties associated with obtaining reliable 14C dates from Teapot

Lake, palynology was used as an important tool for not only gaining information

about the Holocene ecology of the area surrounding the lake, but to also

chronologically constrain the Holocene history of the core.

Pollen Preparation and Enumeration

Pollen preparation followed methods described by Faegri and Iversen (1989).

Forty-two 50 mm3 aliquots of wet sediment from Teapot Lake sediment cores

TPLC2-1, TPLC2-2. TPLC2-3, TPLC2-4, and TPLC2-5 were subjected to hot

treatments of 10% hydrochloric acid and 10% potassium hydroxide followed by

acetolysis. Sieving and hydrofluoric acid treatments were omitted. Slurries were

stained with safranin, dehydrated sequentially with alcohol, and stored in silicone

oil. One tablet containing a known quantity of Lycopodium clavatum spores was

58

added to the majority of samples prior to processing in order to calculate pollen

concentrations (batch No. 938 934, n=10,679 +/- 953 std. error spores/tablet;

Benninghoff 1962; Stockmarr 1971). There was, unfortunately, an insufficient

quantity of spores to spike each sample. Pollen and spores were identified and

counted at 500x magnification with an Olympus BX50 transmitted light

microscope. Total terrestrial pollen and spores counted per slide were

consistently above 300, and more frequently above 400, except at one horizon

(131 cm) where 257 grains and spores were enumerated.

Pollen keys by McAndrews et al. (1988), Faegri and Iversen (1989), and Kapp et

al. (2000) aided pollen identification. Pinus pollen was identified as diploxylon-

type, haploxylon-type, or was classified as undifferentiated (Faegri and Iversen

1989). Juniperus and Thuja occidentalis pollen were grouped together as

Cupressaceae since their pollen is difficult to differentiate using light microscopy.

Pteropsida (monolete) spores include all monolete members of the class

Pteridophyta.

Pollen Data Analysis

The main pollen sum includes all total terrestrial pollen and spores, including fern

spores since this group constitutes an important component of the modern

vegetation of Ontario. The frequency of aquatic taxa, fungal spores, Nymphaea

hairs, Pediastrum, sponge spicules, and microscopic charcoal was calculated

from the total pollen sum. Calculation of absolute pollen abundance followed

Stockmarr (1971). Percentage and concentration pollen data were graphed using

59

Tilia version 2.0 (Grimm 1993). The CONISS program for stratigraphically

constrained cluster analysis using a square root data transformation was applied

to aid pollen diagram zonation (Gordon and Birks 1976; Grimm 1987; Faegri and

Iversen 1989).

Diatom Preparation and Enumeration Diatoms were used as a biological proxy in this study to infer changes in lake

water properties through time. Diatoms deposited in Teapot Lake sediment were

analyzed by extracting them from forty-two subsamples distributed from

1-410 cm throughout four sections of Core TPLC2 (TPLC2-1, TPLC2-2, TPLC2-

3, TPLC2-4).

Approximately 1 cc of wet sediment was extracted, weighed and freeze-dried

from each subsample. The subsamples were then prepared for diatom analysis

by weighing out 0.0200 g - 0.0516 g of dry sediment. A 10 ml solution of 50:50

nitric/sulfuric acids was added to each sediment sample and heated for

approximately 20 minutes to remove organic material. The acid mixture was then

diluted with distilled water and sonicated to disaggregate the diatom frustules into

single valves. Subsequently, the acid was removed from the samples through

centrifugation and a series of at least five distilled water dilutions. Finally, washed

samples were stored for further processing in 45 ml of distilled water.

Aliquots of 0.5 ml from the washed diatom solution were pipetted onto 18 mm x

18 mm coverglasses and allowed to air-dry. The coverglasses were fixed onto

60

microscope slides with Naphrax mountant. Two microscope slides were

prepared for each sample; one for analysis with a Leica DMR® light microscope

with phase contrast optics, and the others as reserve slides for cross-reference

and verification. Prior to diatom counting, six scanning electron microscope stubs

were prepared from six core horizons to identify small diatoms using an FEI XL

Environmental Scanning Electron Microscope (ESEM). All of the quantified

prepared microscope slides, the remaining subsample material, associated notes

and photomicrographs are archived in the National Collection at the Canadian

Museum of Nature, in Ottawa.

At least 600 diatoms were counted at 1600X magnification from each slide using

a transect counting protocol (Pappas and Stoermer 1996; Watchom et al. 2008).

The number of valves per gram dry weight (total valves g"1 dwt) and percent

abundance were subsequently calculated for each taxon. Flux rates were

subsequently determined using 210Pb and sediment accumulation measures. The

diatoms were identified using standard taxonomic references (e.g. Krammer

2003, 2002, 2000, 1997a, 1997b; Krammer and Lange-Bertalot 1988, 1986,

1991a, 1991b; Lange-Bertalot 2001; Patrick and Reimer 1966; Potapova and

Hamilton 2007; Siver and Kling 1997).

Diatom Data Analysis

A diatom-water quality transfer function for Teapot Lake was developed following

the format of Watchom et al. (2008) using the program C2 version 1.5 (Juggins

2005). Fifty lakes from the Reavie and Smol (2001) calibration set that had

61

complete data for spring growing conditions, including pH, and total phosphorus

(TP), were used as the calibration model to infer past water chemistry values in

Teapot Lake. Lakes used in the calibration set are located < 300 km to the east

of Teapot Lake and are situated on bedrock formations of limestone (Trenton and

Beekmantown formations), granitic (Precambrian Shield) rock, or a mixture of the

two (Chapman and Putnam 1966). Reconstruction of past water chemistry values

for Teapot Lake were generated using 29 taxa from the fossil assemblage that

were also found in the Reavie and Smol (2001) calibration set. The species

relative abundance data was square-root transformed for weighted averaging

(WA) analyses to reduce the effect of dominant taxa, as previously described in

Reavie and Smol (2001).

Water Property Measurements A profile through the lake water column of water property variables including

temperature, dissolved oxygen, depth, conductance, pH and redox were

measured using a Hydrolab Surveyor 3 on August 17, 2005, and on April 13,

2006. Samples of Teapot Lake water were also collected in plastic bottles for

laboratory analysis at the Ottawa-Carleton Water Quality Laboratory for variables

such as pH and TP on August 17 and 18, 2005, and on April 14, 2006.

Three Minilog-T temperature data loggers were moored from a permanent raft

anchored at the center of Teapot Lake (43° 45' 147" N; 79° 48' 136 " W) at 1m

(ID # 1056E), 3m (ID # 1055E), and 8m (ID # 1044E) water depth on April 13,

2006. These data loggers were set to record hourly water temperatures from

62

April 21, 2006 to March 16, 2007 for the purpose of determining whether the lake

is truly meromictic.

Sub-bottom profiles of Teapot Lake were also collected in August 2005 using a

Knudsen Engineering 320BP portable echosounder to determine the nature and

shape of the bottom.

Results

Sedimentology

Visual inspection of the core indicated that the top 100 cm were primarily

composed of gyttja, with no distinctive laminations observed. Digital x-ray

analysis confirmed that Teapot Lake sediments from this core were not laminated

through the top 100 cm (Fig. 2A), but that there were finely layered, planar

laminations from about 100 cm depth to approximately 200 cm depth (Fig. 2B).

Laminations were again absent from 200 cm to about 260 cm (Fig. 2C), while

planar laminations were observed from 260 cm to about 315 cm (Fig. 2D).

Sediments changed orientation frequently, and were, at times, sloped at a steep

angle through the 315 - 350 cm (Fig. 2E) interval of the core. From 350 cm to the

bottom of the analyzed portion of the core (410 cm) (Fig. 2F), finely-layered, flat-

lying laminations were again observed.

63

10 cm

Fig. 2A. Teapot Lake Core x-ray: - 2 0 - 4 0 cm depth from core TPLC2-1,

The top direction is to the left.

Fig. 2B. Teapot Lake core x-ray:

The top direction is to the left.

10 cm

~ 130 -150 cm depth from core TPLC2-2

Fig. 2C. Teapot Lake Core x-ray:

The top direction is to the left.

10 cm

~ 180 - 206 cm depth from core TPLC2-2

64

10 cm

Fig. 2D. Teapot Lake Core x-ray: - 285 - 305 cm depth from core TPLC2-3.

The top direction is to the left.

10 cm

Fig. 2E. Teapot Lake Core x-ray: ~ 335 - 355 cm depth from core TPLC2-4.

The top direction is to the left.

10 cm

Fig. 2F. Teapot Lake core x-ray: ~ 375 - 395 cm depth from core TPLC2-4.

The top direction is to the left.

65

Palynology

Fifty-two pollen and spore taxa were identified from forty-two horizons in the

Teapot Lake sediment core TPLC2-1 through TPLC2-5 (Fig. 3). Four pollen

assemblage zones were recognized based on CONISS and visual inspection.

Zone TPZ-1 (500-420 cm)

Picea was the dominant pollen type in this basal zone, reaching over 30 %

abundance mid-zone (470 cm core depth), before declining. Quercus and Larix

pollen were also relatively abundant in this zone. Tsuga canadensis began to

increase mid-zone, following the decline in Picea pollen, and reached 20 %

abundance by the end of Zone TPZ-1.

Zone TPZ-2 (420-270 cm)

Tsuga canadensis pollen continued to increase at the onset of this zone, and

peaked at 25 % abundance at 413 cm core depth, before declining to ~ 3 % at

399 cm depth. A biostratigraphic age of ca. 5400 calendar YBP has been applied

to this decline (Fuller 1998; Bennett and Fuller 2002; Calcotte 2003). Fagus

pollen increased abruptly at the beginning of this zone, and sustained a relative

abundance from 10 % to 20 % throughout Zone TPZ-2. Tsuga canadensis pollen

recovered at 320 cm, and rose to 28 % abundance at 277 cm core depth. A

biostratigraphic age of ca. 3450 calendar YBP has been applied to the event at

320 cm core depth (Fuller 1998). Sponge spicules were also noted to increase in

abundance through this zone, and fluctuated from <1 % to 10 %.

66

Zone TPZ-3 (270-110 cm)

Tsuga canadensis pollen declined at the beginning of this zone, concomitant with

a slight increase in Fagus pollen, succeeded by a marginal rise in Betula pollen.

Following the initial decline, T. canadensis pollen peaked to a core maximum of

-40 % at 187 cm depth. At 180 cm sediment depth, T. canadensis declined

steeply to 6 % abundance, but throughout the remainder of the zone, this pollen

type fluctuated between 11 % and 22 % abundance. Trends in the relative

abundance of T. canadensis were inversely mirrored by fluctuations in the

frequency of microscopic charcoal, with a peak in abundance of 31 % observed

at 180 cm sediment depth.

67

20 4

0 20

40

Pol

len

perc

ent (

outlin

ed a

reas

repr

esen

t a 5

% e

xagg

erat

ion

of s

elec

t tax

a)

AP

- ar

bore

al ta

xa; N

AP

- no

narb

orea

i tax

a A

ges

base

d on

pre

viou

sly

publ

ishe

d w

ork

(Ful

ler

1998

; Ben

nett

and

Fulle

r 200

2; C

alco

tte 2

003)

P

olle

n co

ncen

tratio

n w

as e

xtra

pola

ted

whe

re L

ycop

odiu

m s

pore

s w

ere

not a

dded

(das

hed

lines

) C

ON

ISS

bas

ed o

n po

llen

perc

ent o

f ter

rest

rial t

axa

Sam

plin

g re

solu

tion

= 7

to 1

4 cm

A

naly

st: J

. G

allo

way

Tota

l sum

of s

quar

es

Fig

. 3. T

eapo

t La

ke P

alyn

olog

y.

Sam

ples

wer

e ob

tain

ed f

rom

Tea

pot

Lake

sed

imen

t co

re T

PLC

2-1,

TP

LC2-

2, T

PLC

2-3,

TP

LC2-

4, T

PLC

2-5.

68

Zone TPZ-4 (110-0 cm)

Tsuga canadensis pollen continued to increase steadily throughout this zone, to

reach 35 % abundance near the top of the sediment core, at 8 cm depth. Fagus

pollen also increased in Zone TPZ-4, and reached a core maximum of 30 %

abundance from 64 cm to 43 cm depth, before declining slightly to 21 %

abundance at 8 cm depth. Microscopic charcoal increased at the start of this

zone to reach a peak abundance of 26 % at 107 cm depth, then declined through

to the top of the core. Sponge spicules were relatively abundant following near-

absence in the previous zone.

Chronology

Radiocarbon dating of four bulk sediment samples and one wood fragment

sample did not provide any conclusive results (Paul Gammon, personal

communication 2007). Two separate analyses of samples TPLC2-3-35 (241 cm

depth) and TPLC2-4-80 (400 cm depth), taken from core TPLC2, which was

obtained from the center of Teapot Lake, indicated there was not enough

material to indicate the age of the samples (Table 1). Analysis of a wood

fragment from TPLC1-5A -1-2 (474 cm core depth), taken from core TPLC1, also

extracted from the center of Teapot Lake, indicated the fragment was less than

50 years of age, which is obviously erroneous. Two more bulk sediment samples

were dated, this time from core TPLC4, which was taken from a second sampling

location, closer to the shore. Four separate analyses of sample TPLC4-3-4-5 (88

cm core depth) indicated sediment age to be 1790 +/- 50 YBP while four

separate analyses of sample TPLC4-8-2-3 (582 cm depth), indicated sediment

69

age to be 770 +/- 40 YBP. These results were deemed to be highly inaccurate as

younger sediments cannot accumulate on top of older sediments.

Table 1. Teapot Lake Sediment and Wood Fragment 14C Dating Results

Sample ID

TPLC2-3-35 TPLC2-4-80 TPLC1-5A-1-2 TPLC4-3-4-5 TPLC4-8-2-3

Location

center center center

near shore near shore

Sediment Depth (cm) 241 400 474 88 582

Sample Description

sediment sediment

wood fragment sediment sediment

Sample Weight

(mg) 750 634

— 106 876

Age (YBP)

no result no result

<50 1790+/-50 770 +/- 40

Since the lower portion of the core could not be reliably dated using C methods,

palynology was used to chronologically constrain the portions of the core below

where 210Pb dating was effective. The pollen derived age estimates and 210Pb

dating indicated that the sediments recovered from the portion of the core

examined for diatom assemblages span ca. 5600 YBP (410 cm) to ca A.D. 2001

(1 cm), with a margin of error ranging from 1 to 25 years for the 210Pb data (from

1 cm to 18.9 cm). Interpolation of these data using second order polynomial

curves provided estimates for the ages of intervening sediment samples.

Separate curves were used, with one curve used to interpolate dates in the top

30 cm using the 210Pb data (R2 = 0.9873) and the second curve (R2 = 0.9993)

used all of the data to interpolate approximate dates derived from palynological

analysis for the rest of the core (Fig. 4A, 4B).

70

• y

= 0

.444

1x2 -

1.1

754x

+ 1

4.72

2 R

2 = 0

.987

3

10

12

14

Cor

e D

epth

(cm

)

16

18

20

21

0r

Fig

. 4A

. G

raph

of T

eapo

t La

ke s

edim

ent

age

usin

g P

b da

ting

met

hods

.

A s

econ

d or

der

poly

nom

ial c

urve

was

fitt

ed to

int

erpo

late

dat

es b

etw

een

date

d sa

mpl

es.

Sam

ples

wer

e ta

ken

from

cor

e T

PLC

1-1.

71

6000

-,

y =

0.0

318X

2 + 0

.579

1 x

+ 5

6.21

6 R

2 = 0

.999

3

200

250

Cor

e D

epth

(cm

)

400

450

Fig

. 4B

. Gra

ph o

f Tea

pot

Lake

sed

imen

t ag

e us

ing 2

10P

b an

d pa

lyno

logy

.

A s

econ

d or

der

poly

nom

ial c

urve

was

fitt

ed to

int

erpo

late

dat

es b

etw

een 2

10P

b da

ted

sam

ples

and

est

imat

ed a

ges

deriv

ed

from

the

pal

ynol

ogy

resu

lts.

Sam

ples

wer

e ta

ken

from

cor

e T

PLC

1-1

and

TP

LC2-

1 th

roug

h T

PLC

2-5.

72

Water Properties and Physical Characteristics of Teapot Lake

Teapot Lake is very small in size relative to its depth (12m), and is surrounded by

thick forest cover, which impedes wind-driven water circulation, resulting in

continuous stratification. Water property data measurements collected from

Teapot Lake on August 17, 2005 (Table 2) indicated that the water was stratified

with a distinct thermocline; the top 2.5 m being distinctly different from the rest of

the water column. Between 2.5 m and 3.0 m depth, water temperature decreased

by 4.4 °C, and from 23.70 °C at the surface to 9.85 °C at 3.0 m depth. The water

column temperature declined progressively beneath 3 m to 5.1 °C at the lake

bottom (12 m). Similarly, dissolved oxygen decreased from 18.2 mgL"1 at 2 m

water depth to 0.82 mgL"1 by 3 m water depth. Dissolved oxygen content in the

water progressively decreased from this horizon to the lake bottom where a value

of 0.32 mgL"1 was observed (Table 2). The water column in Teapot Lake was

sampled again on April 13, 2006, when similar results and trends were observed.

Total phosphorus (TP) measurements indicated concentrations ranged from

0.19 - 0.20 mgL"1 from 0.5 -1.0 m depth in August 2005 (Table 3). Measurements

taken the following spring indicated little change in TP, with a value of 0.22 mgL"1

observed at 0.5 m water depth. TP concentrations were observed to increase

with increasing water depth, with a value of 1.53 mgL'1 measured at 9 m water

depth. Similarly, concentrations of iron and manganese increased with increasing

water depth (Table 3).

73

Analysis of a 12-month temperature data logger record indicated the thermocline

observed in Teapot Lake in August 2005 remained undisturbed year-round, with

the exception of an 11-hour period. At each of 1m, 3m, and 8m water depths,

where the temperature loggers were deployed, there were a total of 8064

temperature measurements recorded in Teapot Lake between April 15, 2006 and

March 17, 2007. Mean recorded temperatures were 13.0 ± 8.4 °C (1m), 8.7 ± 4.8

°C (3m), and 4.4 ± 0.3 °C (8m). There was also a range in temperature of

26.8 °C at 1 m depth, 13.6 °C at 3 m depth, and only 1.1 °C at 8 m water depth.

There was an eleven-hour period, on December 2, 2006, when at all three water

depths the same temperature (4.9°C) was recorded. Measurements for the rest

of the study period indicated that water temperatures were otherwise always

different at these water depths (Fig. 5). There is also no evidence that any

significant fall turnover occurred during the short interval in which the lake was

the same temperature at 1m, 3m, and 8m, as oxygen profiles measured in the

lake before and after this date were always characterized by anoxic conditions at

the lake bottom.

From the surface of the water, down to 3.75 m water depth, algae had grown on

the chain holding the temperature data loggers in place during the 18-month

period that it was submerged. Below that depth, there was no growth of any kind

observed, a further indication of anoxic bottom waters. Algae had also grown on

the top two data loggers (1 m and 3 m water depth), while a freshwater sponge

had grown on the data logger located at 1 m depth. The data logger located at 8

74

m water depth had no overgrowths whatsoever providing further qualitative

evidence of the anoxic conditions existing at depth in Teapot Lake.

A sub-bottom profile of Teapot Lake (Fig. 6) indicated that the lake bottom in

Teapot Lake is characterized by a series of abruptly dropping off terraced

benches on all sides and at several depths (Fig. 6). These distinct features,

which can be traced laterally around Teapot Lake suggest that the water body

may have been characterized by several different water depths through its

history, probably related to paleoclimate. The variation in the size and depth of

Teapot Lake related to these changes could have had a significant impact on

diatom community composition (Reavie and Smol 2001). Unfortunately, it is

impossible to date these terraces with the available data so their possible

relationship to observed diatom assemblage changes cannot be ascertained.

During a site visit on September 22, 2007, a number of very large bottom mats,

varying in size, but measuring up to 80 m in length and 1 m in depth, appeared to

have floated to the surface of the lake. They were composed of thick masses of

moss, plant roots and gyttja, with Canada Goose (Branta canadensis) droppings

and feathers noted on top of some of the mats. A Great Blue Heron (Ardea

herodius) was also observed standing on the largest bottom mat for an extended

period of time. These bottom mats were not present during other visits to Teapot

Lake in August 2005, or in April 2006, and TRCA authority personnel had no

recollection of ever seeing any at other times in the past (Don Ford, personal

75

communication 2007). The mats may have been dislodged and floated to the

surface as a result of explosives related seismic activity related to the massive

new Highway 410 extension construction project occurring <1 km to the north­

east in 2007. Confirmation of the unique nature of this event was provided by

examination of cores taken at water depths beneath the thermocline where no

vegetation is found. No evidence of previous floating mats is found at any horizon

through these cores. In addition, the 210Pb chronology obtained was

uninterrupted indicating that no allochthonous sediment was present in the upper

20 cm of the core.

76

Table 2. Teapot Lake Water Property Profile, August 17, 2005.

(Hydrolab Surveyor 3) Depth

(m)

0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5 8.0 8.5 9.0 9.5 10.0 10.5 11.0 11.5 12.0

Temperature

TO

23.70 23.53 22.12 18.12 14.29 9.85 7.24 5.90 4.92 4.41 4.15 3.98 3.95 3.96 4.04 4.17 4.30 4.42 4.60 4.71 4.89 5.00 5.11 5.13

Dissolved Oxygen (mgL1)

6.82 6.80 9.92 18.20 1.29 0.82 0.70 0.62 0.53 0.46 0.39 0.34 0.31 0.27 0.26 0.23 0.20 0.21 0.19 0.20 0.35 0.35 0.34 0.32

Conductance (uScm"1)

320 319 332 334 345 348 347 348 354 358 368 378 387 399 440 488 535 592 680 793 946 1132 1241 1237

pH

8.23 8.13 7.88 9.16 7.32 6.85 6.68 6.57 6.47 6.41 6.30 6.22 6.15 6.07 5.96 5.84 5.76 5.70 5.63 5.59 5.56 5.56 5.56 5.57

Redox

578 570 578 358 535 60 32 -4 -39 -54 -64 -69 -70 -68 -65 -48 -53 -55 -55 -55 -63 -55 -61 -52

% Dissolved Oxygen

83.5 81.7 116.7 198.2 13.7 7.1 5.7 5.0 4.1 3.6 2.9 2.6 2.4 2.0 2.0 1.8 1.6 1.6 1.5 1.6 2.9 2.8 2.7 2.7

Table 3. Teapot Lake Water Property Values.

(Ottawa-Carleton Water Quality Laboratory) Date

Collected 17-Aug-05 14-Apr-06 18-Aug-05 17-Aug-05 18-Aug-05 18-Aug-05

Water Depth (m)

0.5 0.5 1.0 5.0 6.0 9.0

Conductivity (uS/cm)

310 270 310 350 370 500

TP (mgL1) 0.020 0.022 0.019 0.060 0.050 1.53

PH

7.8 7.63 7.72 7.17 6.97 6.92

Fe (mg/L) 0.020 0.077 0.022 0.630 0.780 4.90

Mn (mg/L) 0.0166 0.046 0.021 0.460 0.420 0.670

77

mt ^

• 1m water depth

43m water depth

s8m water depth

27;D2/200S 13*052006 27i07?2006 1011012006

Date

24/1212006 0910312007 23,i05?2007

Fig. 5. Graph of Teapot Lake Water Temperatures from April 21, 2006 to March 16,2007.

78

Teapot Lata, Hurt Late Cwwwalon Ara«

Seismic line .2

Fig. 6. Sub-bottom profiles of Teapot Lake, Ontario.

79

Fossil Diatom Assemblages One hundred and twenty-five taxa were identified from twenty-four genera in the

Teapot Lake sediment core. Of these taxa, eighteen were present at >5 %

abundance, in at least one sample, and thus deemed to be present in statistically

significant number (Patterson and Fishbein 1989) (Fig. 7).

The results obtained for the stratigraphically lowermost sample analyzed, at 410

cm depth (ca. 5600 YBP), was significantly different from the rest of the samples

examined, as indicated by cluster analysis of the diatom data (Fig. 8), and based

on sedimentology (Fig. 2F). The most abundant species at this core depth was

Fragilaria nanana Lange-Bertalot 1993 at 26 % abundance, with Cyclotella

comensis Grunow 1882 (20 % abundance), Fragilaria tenera Lange-Bertalot

1980 (15 % abundance), and Cyclotella michiganiana Skvortzow 1937 (13 %

abundance) being the second, third and fourth most abundant species,

respectively. Fragilaria nanana temporarily disappeared from the assemblage

above this depth, however C. comensis, and C. michiganiana never reached

>1% of the assemblage in any of the other samples analyzed.

80

Fig

. 7.

Dia

tom

per

cent

abu

ndan

ce,

DI-

TP

, and

DI-

pH fr

om T

eapo

t La

ke, O

ntar

io.

Tax

a ar

e re

pres

ente

d if

they

wer

e pr

esen

t in

>5

% a

bund

ance

in

at le

ast

one

sam

ple.

Dia

tom

-infe

rred

spr

ing

pH (

DI-

pH),

an

d di

atom

-infe

rred

spr

ing

tota

l pho

spho

rus

(DI-

TP

) ar

e al

so p

rese

nted

, with

sam

ples

rec

over

ed f

rom

Cor

e T

PLC

2-1,

T

PLC

2-2,

TP

LC2-

3, a

nd T

PLC

2-4.

81

There were no drastic changes in diatom species assemblages observed in

sediment samples from 368 to 40 cm core depth, and all samples clustered

relatively closely. Throughout this interval, Fragilaria tenera comprised at least

14 % of the assemblage, was never ranked lower than third in total abundance,

and reached a peak abundance of 60 % at 95 cm core depth. There were slight

changes in species assemblages noted through this interval though, which were

concomitant with changes in sedimentation patterns. From 260 cm to 200 cm,

there were no laminations observed, while distinct, fine laminations were

observed through x-ray analysis from 200 cm to 100 cm sediment depth. At

about 204 cm depth (ca. 510 A.D.), Achananthidium minutissimum (Kutzing)

Czamecki 1994, which had varied from 12 % to 19 % abundance from 277 cm to

216 cm depth, decreased abruptly to only 1 % abundance, and did not increase

again to >5 % abundance until 40 cm depth. At this same interval, F. tenera

doubled in abundance and Eunotia flexuosa (Brebisson in Kutzing) Kutzing 1849,

Eunotia intermedia (Krasske ex Hustedt) Norpel & Lange-Bertalot in Lange-

Bertalot 1993, and Fragilaria capucina Desmazieres 1925 all increased in

abundance, and remained in the assemblage to the top of the core. A change in

sedimentology was again noted at 100 cm depth (ca. 1575 A.D.), with no laminar

pattern being observed from 100 cm depth to the top of the core. Just before the

change in sedimentation pattern (at 105 cm sediment depth), E. flexuosa

underwent a sharp decrease in abundance to 5 % from a >15 % abundance in

the 110 -148 cm core interval. E. flexuosa did not increase to >10 % abundance

again until the 70 cm core horizon. Similarly, at the 105 cm core depth, Fragilaria

82

capucina increased to 18 % abundance from a <9 % abundance in the 110 -154

cm core interval.

Cluster analysis of diatom percent abundance indicated that the top 30 cm of the

core was distinctly different from the rest of the core (Fig. 8). Based on

extrapolation using the polynomial equation calculated with the 210Pb data, this

core interval encompassed the period from ca. A.D. 1620 to present. This section

of the core was characterized by an abundance of F. tenera (ranging from 14 % -

43 % abundance), with a notable spike in abundance (10 % of the assemblage)

of Nitzschia palea (Kutzing) W. Smith 1856 at 25 cm depth, and an evenly

distributed assemblage of Achnanthidium minutissimum, Encyonema minutum

(Hilse) Mann in Round et al. 1990, Eunotia flexuosa, Eunotia intermedia,

Fragilaria capucina, and Navicula radiosa Kutzing 1844 comprising the rest of the

assemblage in this interval.

Diatom-inferred pH and Total Phosphorus (DI-pH and DI-TP)

Diatom-inferred total phosphorus (DI-TP) for this core was subject to large error,

and changes through time were not significant (Fig. 7). DI-TP ranged from

0.008 - 0.013 mgl_"1 while measured values from 0.5 m water depth ranged from

0.020 - 0.022 mgl_"1. DI-pH ranged from 7.8 to 8.2 (Fig. 7), indicating there was

very little change inferred in the pH of Teapot Lake from ca. 5600 YBP to the

present day. The calculated DI-pH of 8.0 determined for 1 cm sediment depth

closely corresponds with water chemistry measurements taken in August 2005,

and in April 2006, which provided a pH value of 7.63 - 7.8 for the lake - bottom

sediment -water interface.

83

Minimum variance

150 125 100 75 50 25

Squared Euclidean - Data square-root transformed

Fig. 8. Cluster analysis of diatom species percent abundance from Teapot Lake, Ontario.

The numbers on the right side indicate the core depth (in cm) of the samples analyzed. Samples were recovered from Core TPLC2-1, TPLC2-2, TPLC2-3, and TPLC2-4.

84

Discussion

The results of the temperature logger study indicate there is a distinctive

thermocline and chemocline in Teapot Lake, and that there is no vertical mixing

of the water column through the year. The lake is therefore meromictic (Cohen

2003; McNeely 1973), despite the lack of laminated sediments in the upper

portion of the core. Diatom assemblages recovered from downcore should

therefore provide a high-resolution paleolimnological record of conditions in the

lake (Cohen 2003; Hall and Smol, 1999; Reavie and Smol, 2001).

Cluster analysis of the diatom data indicated that the sample from 410 cm core

depth is significantly different from the flora recovered from any other samples

collected up core. Palynological evidence of a disturbance in the terrestrial

ecosystem is observed just above this core depth, at 400 cm depth, as indicated

by the rapid decline of Tsuga canadensis (Eastern Hemlock), a decline in Picea

(Spruce), and an increase in abundance of the successional species Fagus

(Beech). The change in Eastern Hemlock abundance in this region has

previously been dated at ca. 5400 YBP (Bennett and Fuller 2002; Chalcote 2003;

Fuller 1998; Davis 1981) and may be related to an insect outbreak (Allison et al.

1986; Bhiry and Filion 1996) linked to warming during the hypsithermal warm

period in the present-day Brampton area (Edwards and Fritz 1986) and

elsewhere (Lamb 1977). Other studies show that this change to the regional

forest ecosystem also had a significant impact in many Ontario lake ecosystems

(e.g. Little Round Lake, Sunfish Lake, MacKay Lake, Flower Round Lake, Long

85

Lake, Singleton Lake, and van Nostrand Lake; Boucherle et al. 1986; Hall and

Smol 1993; St. Jacques et al. 2000). A peak in estimated hypsithermal DI-TP

values in van Nostrand, Long and Singleton Lakes provide indirect evidence of

this eutrophication (Hall and Smol 1993; St. Jacques et al. 2000). There is no

corresponding peak in DI-TP dating from sediments deposited during the

hypsithermal in Teapot Lake, although the inference is subject to large error.

There is however, an associated diatom floral response observed in Teapot Lake

as indicated by the presence of the meso-eutrophic planktonic species Cyclotella

michiganiana (Ekdahl et al. 2007), and Cyclotella comensis which, together,

comprised >33 % of the assemblage at 410 cm sediment depth. Above 410 cm

depth, neither of these two species were present in the assemblage above 1 %

abundance in any other sample.

Frequent changes in sediment bedding orientation observed through x-ray

analysis from 350 cm - 315 cm are indicative of the adjustments to sedimentary

inputs that the lake underwent through this time period. The pollen data indicates

the return of Eastern Hemlock to the area at 325 cm, which has been observed

elsewhere in the region to occur at ca. 3450 YBP (Fuller 1998). The increased

abundance of the diatom taxa Navicula radiosa, and Eunotia flexuosa indicate

that nutrient conditions were changing (Enache and Prairie 2002) through this

interval.

86

The next notable change in the diatom species assemblage occurred at 204 cm

sediment depth (ca. A.D. 510) and is accompanied by another change in

sedimentology. Achananthidium minutissimum, an epiphytic species that can

tolerate a broad range of nutrient and disturbance conditions (Beaver 1981;

Potapova and Hamilton 2008), decreased abruptly in relative abundance at this

horizon, and did not reappear in the assemblage to any great degree until 40 cm

sediment depth. Also at 204 cm depth, the tychoplanktonic taxa Fragilaria tenera

doubled in abundance and other taxa such as Eunotia flexuosa, Eunotia

intermedia, and Fragilaria capucina also increased in abundance, an indication

that there was a change in nutrient conditions in the lake. The palynological

results indicate that there were changes occurring in the landscape that could

have affected lake water, with increases in Picea observed at 214 cm sediment

depth, while abundance of Tsuga canadensis remained low.

At 105 cm depth (ca. A.D. 1540) there is another change in the diatom

assemblage, again accompanied by a change in sedimentology, which correlates

with a spike in abundance of microscopic charcoal. Eunotia flexuosa underwent a

sharp decrease in abundance to 5% and did not increase to >10 % abundance

again until the 70 cm core horizon. Fragilaria capucina also increased in

abundance at 105 cm providing a further indication of a disturbance to the

ecosystem. Although the changes in sedimentology and observed levels of

microscopic charcoal correlated with changes in the diatom species

assemblages, the changes are not significant enough to impact either the

87

inferred DI-TP or DI-pH, suggesting that the lake was largely sheltered from

terrestrial influences during this period. These changes could be related to

natural forest fires or even possible induced fire disturbance resulting from

Iroquoian habitation (ca A.D. 500-1500) in the region (Warrick 2000). However,

the changes to the Teapot Lake ecosystem through this interval are minor

compared to the more considerable changes observed in other Ontario lake

ecosystems (e.g. Crawford Lake, Swan Lake, and Wilcox Lake), which have

been linked with Iroquoian land clearance for agriculture and housing (Ekdahl et

al. 2007, Patterson et. al. 2002; Warrick 2000).

The top 30 cm of sediment collected from Teapot Lake are deposited from ca.

A.D. 1620 to the present. Cluster analysis of the diatom percent abundance data

indicate these samples are the most similar compared with the other samples

(Fig. 8). Fragilaria tenera is the most abundant diatom through this section of the

core, and Nitzschia palea reached its peak abundance in the core, at 25 cm core

depth. There were no other major changes in the floral assemblage noted

through this section, nor were there significant inferred changes in DI-pH or DI-

TP documented.

Results of previous studies from other lakes in the region (e.g. Swan Lake,

Crawford Lake, Little Round Lake, Grignac Lake, and Second Lake) have been

characterized by significant changes in diatom assemblages that provide a clear

correlation with deforestation associated with European settlement and

88

agriculture (beginning ca. A.D.1850), as well as more recent increases in

population growth {ca. A.D. 1965 to present) (Burden et al. 1986; Ekdahl et al.

2007; Patterson et al. 2002; Watchom et al. 2008). In Teapot Lake, recognition of

this signal associated with settlement related land use changes is not evident

from either the observed diatom assemblages or the inferred DI-TP or DI-pH

values. As Teapot Lake is meromictic, and not subject to bioturbation related

"assemblage averaging" as would have occurred in the other studied lakes, the

sedimentary record should provide a complete, undisturbed historic record of the

lake, with sharp changes in diatom assemblages occurring when anthropogenic

land use change occurred. As such assemblage changes are not noted in Teapot

Lake, the lake must have been somehow protected from the impact of land use

change in the area, or this lake has other properties that compensate for these

anthropogenic effects.

A possible clue for the lack of evidence of recognizable anthropogenic influence

may be related to the unique water chemistry of Teapot Lake. Concentrations of

TP, iron and manganese all increase with increasing water depth (Table 3). In

lakes with high concentrations of Fe and Mn, which is the case with Teapot Lake,

phosphorus sorbs with the Fe or Mn (Cohen 2003) and is deposited as vivianite

or other iron or manganese phosphates on the lake bottom (Gammon, personal

communication 2007). Since Teapot Lake is meromictic, the phosphorus

deposited as vivianite at the bottom of the lake does not circulate to the upper

part of the water column, and is therefore unavailable for diatom growth.

89

Conclusions

Teapot Lake is a meromictic lake, which should contain an accurate sediment

record due to lack of bioturbation. Analysis of diatom and pollen assemblages

extracted from a sediment core dated from ca. 5600 YBP to present indicated

there were minor adjustments in the aquatic ecosystem associated with

disturbances to the landscape. The first disturbance was observed with a unique

diatom assemblage from sediments dated at ca. 5600 YBP when Eastern

Hemlock nearly disappeared due to an insect outbreak brought on by the

hypsithermal warm period. Changes in sedimentology, and diatom assemblage,

as well as increases in microscopic charcoal were observed in sediments dated

from the period ca. A.D. 500 to 1500 which could be related to natural forest fires

or to Iroquoian land clearance for agriculture and housing, although much more

significant impacts have been observed in other lakes. The top 30 cm of the

sediment core (ca. 1620 A.D. to present) grouped together in cluster analysis,

and there should have been significant changes in diatom assemblage, DI-TP,

DI-pH and palynology through this section given the fact that European settlers

moved into the area en masse during this period. However, this was not the

case, and other changes observed indicated there was no significant correlation

between diatom paleo-assemblages, or in diatom-inferred total phosphorus or pH

that can be related to anthropogenic changes to the landscape. The most likely

explanation is related to the unique geochemistry of the lake. Phosphorus

entering the system, natural or anthropogenically produced, sorbs to Fe and Mn,

which are present at very high concentrations, to form vivianite and various other

minerals that are deposited and thus sequestered on the lake bottom due to the

90

meromictic nature of Teapot Lake. Thus, there is no paleolimnological evidence

of the eutrophism, using diatoms as the biological proxy, associated with 19th

century land clearance and settlement, which characterizes all other examined

lakes in the area.

91

References Allison TD, Moeller RE, Davis MB (1986) Pollen in laminated sediments provides

evidence for a mid-Holocene forest pathogen outbreak. Ecology 67: 1101 -1105.

Anderson NJ (1995) Using the past to predict the future: lake sediments and the modelling of limnological disturbance. Ecol Model 78: 149-172.

Appleby PG, Nolan PJ, Gifford DW, Godfrey MJ, Oldfield F, Anderson NJ, Battarbee RW (1986) 210Pb dating by low background gamma counting. Hydrobiologia 143: 21-27.

Appleby PG, Oldfield F (1978) The calculation of lead-210 dates assuming a constant rate of supply of unsupported 210Pb to the sediment. Catena 5: 1-8.

Bennett KD, Fuller JL (2002) Determining the age of the mid-Holocene Tsuga canadensis (hemlock) decline, eastern North America. The Holocene 12: 421-429.

Beaver J (1981) Apparent ecological characteristics of some common freshwater diatoms. Ontario Ministry of the Environment. Don Mills, Ontario, 513 pp.

Benninghoff WS (1962) Calculation of pollen and spore density in sediments by addition of exotic pollen in known quantities. Pollen et Spores 4: 332-333.

Bhiry N, Filion L (1996) Mid-Holocene Hemlock Decline in Eastern North America linked with phytophagous insect activity. Quat Res 45: 312-320.

Binford MW (1990) Calculation and uncertainty analysis of 210Pb dates for PIRLA project lake sediment cores. J Paleolimnol 3: 253-267.

Boucherle MM, Smol JP, Oliver TC, Brown SR, McNeely R (1986) Limnological consequences of the decline in hemlock 4800 years ago in three Southern Ontario lakes. Hydrobiologia 143: 217-225.

Burden ET, McAndrews JH, Norris G (1986) Palynology of Indian and European forest clearance and farming in lake sediment cores from Awenda Provincial Park, Ontario. Can J Earth Sci 23: 43-54.

Calcote.R (2003) Mid-Holocene climate and the hemlock decline: the range limit of Tsuga Canadensis in the western Great Lakes regions, USA. The Holocene 13: 215-224.

92

Canniff W (1869) History of the Settlement of Upper Canada, (Ontario) with Special Reference to The Bay of Quinte. Dudley and Burns, Printers, Victoria Hall, Toronto, 666 pp.

Chapman LJ, Putnam DF (1966) The physiography of southern Ontario. University of Toronto Press, Toronto, 386 pp.

Cohen AS (2003) Paleolimnology: The History of the Evolution of Lake Systems. Oxford University Press, New York, 398 pp.

Davis MB (1981) Outbreaks of forest pathogens in Quaternary history. Proceedings of the IV International Palynology Conference, Lucknow, (1976-1977)3:216-227.

Deevey ESJ (1965) Sampling Lake Sediments by use of the Livingstone Sampler. In: Kummel B, Raup D (eds) Handbook of Paleontological Techniques. W.H. Freeman and Company, San Francisco and London.

DMTI Spatial Inc (2003) Esri Data and Maps. Canada Water Bodies. Redlands California, USA.

Edwards TWD, Fritz P (1986) Assessing meteoric water composition and relative humidity from 180 and 2H in wood cellulose: paleoclimatic implications for southern Ontario, Canada. Applied Geochemistry 1: 712-723.

Ekdahl EJ, Teranes JL, Wittkop CA, Stoermer EF, Reavie ED, Smol JP (2007) Diatom assemblage response to Iroquoian and Euro-Canadian eutrophication of Crawford Lake, Ontario, Canada. J Paleolimnol 37: 233-246.

Enache M, Prairie YT (2002) WA-PLS diatom-based pH, TP and DOC inference models from 42 lakes in the Abitibi clay belt area (Quebec, Canada) J Paleolimnol 27: 151-171.

Faegri K, Iversen J (1989) Textbook of Pollen Analysis, fourth ed. The Blackburn Press: New Jersey, 328 pp.

Fuller JL (1998) Ecological impact of the mid-Holocene hemlock decline in southern Ontario, Canada. Ecology 79: 2337-2351.

Gordon AD, Birks HJB (1972) Numerical methods in Quaternary palaeoecology. New Phytol 71: 961-979.

Google Earth™ Mapping Service (2007) http://downloadinq-now.com/qooqleearth/1 / Cited 20 March 2008.

93

Grimm EC (1987) CONISS: a FORTRAN 77 program for stratigraphically constrained cluster analysis by the method of incremental sum of squares. Computers and Geoscience 13: 13-35.

Grimm EC (1993) TILIA v2.0 Illinois State Museum, Research and Collections Center, Springfield.

Hall Rl, Smol JP (1999) Diatoms as indicators of lake eutrophication. In: Stoermer EF, Smol JP (eds) The Diatoms: Applications for the Environmental and Earth Sciences. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 128-159.

Hall Rl, Smol JP (1996) Paleolimnological assessment of long-term water-quality changes in south-central Ontario lakes affected by cottage development and acidification. Can J Fish Aquat Sci 53: 1-17.

Hall Rl, Smol JP (1993) The influence of catchment size on lake trophic status during the hemlock decline and recovery (4800-3500 BP) in southern Ontario Lakes. Hydrobiologia 269/270: 370-390.

Juggins S (2005) C2 Version 1.5: Software for ecological and paleoecological data analysis and visualization. http://www.campus.ncl.ac.uk/staff/SteDhen.Juqqins/software/C2Home.htm Cited 14 January 2008.

Kapp RO, Davis OK, King JE (2000) Pollen and Spores, second ed. The American Association of Stratigraphic Palynologists: College Station, 279 pp.

Karrow PF, Harrison W, Saunderson HC (1977) Reworked Middle Wisconsinan (?) plant fossils from the Brampton esker, southern Ontario. Can J Earth Sci 14: 426-430.

Krammer K (2003) Diatoms of Europe: Diatoms of the European Inland Waters and Comparable Habitats.vol 4 Cymopleura, Delicata, Navicymbula, Gomphocymbellopsis, Afrocymbella, (ed) Horst Lange-Bertalot. A.R.G. Gantner Verlag K.G. Germany, 530 pp.

Krammer K (2002) Diatoms of Europe: Diatoms of the European Inland Waters and Comparable Habitats.vol 3 Cymbella (ed) Horst Lange-Bertalot. A.R.G. Gantner Verlag K.G. Germany, 584 pp.

Krammer K (2000) Diatoms of Europe: Diatoms of the European Inland Waters and Comparable Habitats.vol 1 The genus Pinnularia, (ed) Horst Lange-Bertalot. A.R.G. Gantner Verlag K.G. Germany, 703 pp.

94

Krammer K (1997a) Die Cymbelloiden Diatomeen: Eine Monographie der wetweit bekannten Taxa Teil 1. Allgemeines und Encyonema Part. J. Cramer. Stuttgart, Germany, 382 pp.

Krammer K (1997b) Die cymbelloiden Diatomeen Eine Monographie der weltweit bekanten Taxa Teil 2. Encyonema part., Encyonopsis and Cymbellopsis. J. Cramer. Stuttgart, Germany, 469 pp.

Krammer K, Lange-Bertalot H (1986) Bacillariophyceae Supwasserflora von Mitteleuropa, 2/1. Teil: Naviculaceae. Gustav Fischer Verlag Stuttgart, New York, 876 pp.

Krammer K, Lange-Bertalot H (1988) Bacillariophyceae Supwasserflora von Mitteleuropa, 2/2. Teil: Bacillariaceae, Epithemiaceae, Surirellaceae. Gustav Fischer Verlag Stuttgart, New York, 596 pp.

Krammer K, Lange-Bertalot H (1991a) Bacillariophyceae Supwasserflora von Mitteleuropa, 2/3. Teil: Centrales, Fragilariaceae, Eunotiaceae. Gustav Fischer Verlag Stuttgart, New York, 576 pp.

Krammer K, Lange-Bertalot H (1991b) Bacillariophyceae Supwasserflora von Mitteleuropa, 2/4. Teil: Achnanthaceae, Kritische Erganzungen Zu Navicula (Lineolatae) und Gomphonema Gesamtliteraturverzeichnis Teil 1-4. Gustav Fischer Verlag Stuttgart, New York, 437 pp.

Lamb HH (1977) Climatic History and the Future. Methuen & Co. Ltd., London, 711 pp.

Lange-Bertalot H (2001) Diatoms of Europe: Diatoms of the European Inland Waters and Comparable Habitats.vol 2 Navicula sensu stricto, 10 Genera Separated from Navicula sensu lato, Frustulia, (ed) Horst Lange-Bertalot. A.R.G. Gantner Verlag K.G. Germany, 526 pp.

McNeely R (1973) Limnological investigations of a small meromictic lake, Little Round Lake, Ontario, unpublished PhD dissertation, Queen's University, Ontario, 196 pp.

Motz JE, Morgan AV (2001) Holocene paleoclimate and paleoecology determined from fossil Coleoptera at Brampton, Ontario, Canada. Can J Earth Sci 38: 1451-1462.

Natural Resources Canada (2002) GeoBase Geopolitical boundaries - Level 1. Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.

95

Pappas JL, Stoermer EF (1996) Quantitative methods for determining a representative algal count. J Phycol 32: 693-696.

Patrick R, Reimer CW (1966) The diatoms of the United States Exclusive of Hawaii. Vol. 1. Fragilariaceae, Eunotiaceae, Achnanthaceae, Naviculaceae. The Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. USA, 688 pp.

Patterson RT, Dalby A, Kumar A, Henderson LA, Boudreau REA (2002) Arcellaceans (thecamoebians) as indicators of land-use change: settlement history of the Swan Lake area, Ontario as a case study. J Paleolimnol 28: 297-316.

Patterson RT, Fishbein E (1989) Re-examination of the statistical methods used to determine the number of point counts needed for micropaleontological quantitative research. J Paleontol 63: 245-248.

Potapova M, Hamilton PB (2007) Morphological and ecological variation within the Achnanthidium minutissimum (Bacillariophyceae) species complex. J Phycol 43: 561-575.

Reavie ED, Smol JP (2001) Diatom-environmental relationships in 64 alkaline southeastern Ontario (Canada) lakes: a diatom-based model for water quality reconstructions. J Paleolimnol 25: 25-42.

Siver PA, Kling H (1997) Morphological observations of Aulocoseira using scanning electron microscopy. Can J Bot 75: 1807-1835.

Statistics Canada (2007) Population and dwelling counts, for Canada, census metropolitan areas census agglomerations and census subdivisions (municipalities), 2006 and 2001 censuses. http://www12.statcan.ca/enqlish/census06/data/popdwell/Table.cfm?T=20 5&RPP=50. Cited 13 January 2008.

Statistics Canada (2001) Province of Ontario Data Spatial Files. Statistical Reference Centre. (National Capital Region), Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.

St. Jacques J-M, Douglas MS, McAndrews JH (2000) Mid-Holocene hemlock decline and diatom communites in van Nostrand Lake, Ontario, Canada. J Paleolimnol 23: 385-397.

Stockmarr J (1971) Tablets with spores used in absolute pollen analysis. Pollen et Spores 13:615-621.

96

TRCA (1998) Toronto and Region Conservation Authority. State of the Watershed Report: Etobicoke and Mimico Creek Watershed Reports. http://www.trca.on.ca/water_protection/strategies/etobicoke/pdf/EMcwshe d98.pdfPp. 53, 76. Cited 20 January 2006.

Warrick G (2000) The Precontact Iroquoian Occupation of Southern Ontario. Journal of World Prehistory 14: 415-466.

Watchorn MA, Hamilton PB, Anderson TW, Roe HM, Patterson RT (2008) Diatoms and pollen as indicators of water quality and land use change: a case study from the Oak Ridges Moraine, Southern Ontario, Canada. J Paleolimnol 39: 491-509.

97

Appendix 1. Diatom percent abundance data: Haynes Lake, Ontario

I Taxon

Ach. lane, lanceolata A. minutissimum total Amphora capulata Brachysira brebissonii Asterionella formosa Cymb. amphicephala Cymbella cesatii Cymbella subcistula Cymbella falaisensis Encyonema minuta Encyonema silesiacum Cocconeis euglyta Cyclotella bodanica Cycotella comensis Cyclo. michiganiana Cyclotella stelligera Eunotia praerupta Fragilaria biceps Fragilaria brevistriata Fragilaria cap. v. gracilis Staurosira construens Fragilaria cyclopum Frag, delicatissima Fragilaria leptostauron F. nanana Total Fragilaria pinnata Fragilaria tenera Gomp. acuminatum Gomp angustatum G. cap and truncatum TOT Navicula gastrum Nav. cryptocephala cf. Nav. cryptotonella Eolimna minima Navicula pseudoventralis Sellaphora pupula Navicula radiosa Navicula seminulum Navicula tuscula Navicula veneta Nitzschia angustata Nitzschia dissipata Nitzschia flexoides Nitzschia fonticola Nitzschia gracilis Nitzschia palea Rhopalodia gibba Staur. anceps v. gracilis Stephano. medius Tabellaria quadriseptata A. exigua v. heterovalvata Achnanthes holsatica Ach. jackii form 1

Diatom percent abundance: Haynes Lake, Ontario Core Depth

1cm 0.576 4.317 0.000 0.000 14.532 0.144 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.288 0.000 0.000 1.151 1.727 16.691 15.827 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.576 0.144 0.000 2.446 0.000 3.453 0.863 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.288 0.288 0.000 0.719 0.432 1.007 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.144 0.000 0.576 0.000 1.727 2.158 0.000 0.000 0.000 12.950 0.863 0.000 0.288 0.000

5cm 0.000

22.760 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.179 0.000 0.179 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 10.753 26.344 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.179 1.075 3.047 0.000 4.659 0.358 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.358 0.000 0.000 1.971 1.613 0.000 0.358 0.000 0.358 0.000 0.000 0.358 0.179 0.000 2.509 0.358 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.717 0.000 0.538 0.000

11cm 0.000 6.892 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.363 0.000 0.363 0.000 0.000 0.605 0.000

43.047 22.128 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.121 0.000 0.000 1.451 0.000 3.990 0.605 0.000 0.242 0.000 0.000 0.121 0.726 0.967 0.726 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.121 0.000 1.935 0.363 0.121 0.000 0.000 3.990 0.000 0.121 0.121 0.000

15cm 0.143 12.751 0.000 0.000 0.287 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 3.725

40.688 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.573 5.874 0.000 16.046 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.287 0.000 0.000 0.000 1.433 0.430 0.000 0.860 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.287 0.000 1.003 0.000 0.430 0.000 0.000 0.143 0.000 0.000 0.287 1.433

20cm 0.000 7.532 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 12.597 60.390 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 2.597 0.000 7.662 0.130 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.130 0.000 0.130 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.260 0.000 0.519 0.649 0.519 0.000 0.000 0.260 0.000 0.000 0.130 0.519

25cm 0.000 2.718 0.000 0.143 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.572 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 6.724

71.388 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.286 0.000 0.143 1.574 0.000 6.724 0.000 0.286 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.143 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.286 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.143 0.286 0.858 0.000 0.000 0.286 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.143

30cm 0.000 5.894 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.999 1.299 0.500 0.699 0.200 0.000 0.000 0.100 6.194

72.927 0.300 0.000 0.000 0.500 0.000 0.200 1.099 0.000 4.396 0.000 0.100 0.100 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.300 0.000 0.000 0.200 0.000 0.000 0.100 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000

98

co

co

•O

T3

6 O

4*

O

O

O

O

o

o

o

o

o

o Z

ZO

mm

Hc

ot

iQ

,

auroneis intrica japot Frag sp3 Dithemia sp1 jnotia monodori /mbopleura cus avicula bryophil avicula abiskoe

ns

v. monod. pidata a nsis o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

oo

oo

oo

oo

co

o

o

o

o

o

o o

o

o

o

o

o

e

n

O

O

O

O

O

O

CD

00

00

00

0 o

oo

oo

oo

oo

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o 0

00

00

00

00

00

00

0

00

00

00

0 0

00

00

00

00

00

00

0 0

00

00

00

00

00

00

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 -^

0

0 0

0 0

0 co

0

00

00

00

00

00

00

0 0

00

00

0-

^

. Pinnularia ang nnularia sp1

lica

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 -*

0

10

0 -•

•

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

00

00

00

4*

00

0 0

0 0

0 0

w

00

00

00

0 0

00

00

00

00

00

00

0 0

00

00

00

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

ZZ

ZZ

ZZ

ZZ

ZZ

ZZ

ZZ

IO

OO

O-

nT

II

I

zschia sinuata 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 O)

0 01

0 _L 4*

CO

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

zschia sigmoid CD

CD

0 4*

CO

IV)

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

zschia sp1 zschia sp5 zschia agnita zschia amphib zschia Fragilar co

' o

>

CD

SD

v. cryptocepha idium bisulcati 3

» •0

0 0

co 0

0

0 0

-••

0 0

0 en

•&

• 0

10 0

-

j -&

. 0

ro 0

o

> 0

0 0

0 0

0

0 0

ro

0 0

0 0

0 0

en 0

0

00

00

0 0

0 co

0

0

0 0

-"

0 0

0 0

ro

0 0

0 0

co 0

0

0 0

co 0

0

0 0

co 0

0

0 0

en 0

0

0 0

00

0 0

0 0

ro

0 0

0 0

-••

0 0

0 0

00 0

0

0 0

->•

0 0

0 0

00

0 0

00

00

0 0

-••

0 0

0 0

*.

0 0

0 0

co 0

0

0

0 0

-••

0 0

0 0

1 4

* 0

0 0

to

co 0

0

0 co

co

0

0

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 -^

0

ro

0 -•

•

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

ID

ID

Ql

m

m

vicula sp1 vicula sp2 vicula sp3 vicula sp6 vicula chiarae 0 00

<T

> CO

0 00

CO

O)

0 4*

00 *>

0 •vl

05

O

ro

o> 0 0 0

0 ->

• 0

MO

O

CD O

O

O

C

D -

vl

O

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0

—t.

ro

CD

CD

0 4*.

0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

OO

O

01

O-

' w

os

CD O

CO

OO

O

OO

O

OO

O

OO

O

OO

O

O

IO

O

O

CD

O

O

-J

O

OO

O

0 en

0

0 ->

• 0

O

CO

O

OO

O

Ji.

-i.

0 IO

4*

O

CD C

O

O

OO

O

OO

O

OO

O

OO

O

agilaria sp1 ag. Pinn. v. Ian ag. ulna v. dan omphonema sp omphonema sp omphonema sp omphonema cf. antzschia amph

seolat ca 2 3 4 intricatum ioxys o

oo

oo

-^

oo

o

oo

oo

cn

oo

O

OO

OO

CD

OO

o

oo

oo

co

oo

00

00

00

00

oo

oo

co

oe

no

o

oo

oc

no

co

o

OO

OO

CD

OC

0O

OO

OO

OO

OO

-

•O

OI

OO

OM

M

N>

00

4^

00

-P

>-

f>

. -

••

oo

ro

oo

ro

ro

OO

OO

OO

OO

O

OO

OO

OO

O

OO

OO

OO

CO

O

OO

OO

OO

OO

OO

OO

OO

OO

O

OO

OO

OO

O

OO

OO

OO

OO

O

OO

OO

OO

O

OO

OO

OO

OO

o

oo

-»

-o

oo

o

OO

OO

OO

OO

O

OO

CO

OO

OO

OO

OO

OO

OO

O

OO

O-

^O

OO

O

OO

OO

OO

O

OO

OO

OO

OO

m

m

m

m

m

0 m

notia flexuosa 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

limna minima2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

limna sp1 limna sp2 limna sp4 0

0 4=

. 0

CO

O

ro

0

0 0

CD -

sl

CO

->•

a> -

-a

0 0

ro -

»• 0 no

en

CO

0 0 0 0 0 rv>

O

J*.

IV

) -p

.. 0 0 _

i

IO

-••

0 0

-'

en ro

. £>

. 4*

. -f

* -v

l CO

CO

0 0 0 0 0 -A

*.

CO

0 0 0 0

CO

CO

0 0

0 en

0

-••

0 co

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

CO

O

O

O

O

O

O

O

O

O

O

O

O

CD

-J a

oo

oc

o>

>>

hnanthes sapn ich. microceph clotella glomer matopleura elli mbella sp1 Cymbella parv cyo. microcepr nticula subtilis

lala

O

CO

0 0

O

JO

O

IV)

O

CO

O

4=>

0

0 O

en

0 ->

• 0

en

0 -v

>

O

IV)

0 ->

• 0

->•

0 *

• O

O

)

0 -•

• 0

ro

0 co

0

co

0 0

0 en

0

-vi

0 ro

0 0

CO

O

0 0

0 0

CD

T3

B>

Co -

H

5-

w

0)

rr

CD

—

W

CD

O

O

O

-L

O

-*

Ul

O-

*M

Oj

i S

O

Af

fl

OU

0

0 4

* en

0

co

0 0

0 0

0 co

-v

l 0

0 0

en -

J.

-^

0 0

0 co

*

. -v

l O

O

O

0

0 O

00

00

04

* ->

• 0

0 ro

->

• -•

• fO

O

O

4*

IV)

-••

-'

OO

M-

1-

'

0 0

0 0

0 co

4

* O

-J

- O

-v

l 4

* CO

O

Jk O

-"

• CO

0

0(

00

0)

00

OO

OO

OO

•

'0

00

(0

(0

CO O

O

O

CO

O

0

0 0

0 0

co

->•

0 0

0 ->

• ->

. -v

i 0

0 0

0 en

-•

• 0

0 0

0 ~g

vg

0

0 0

-*

*.

00

00

00

O

-1

O

O

0)

M

0 0

0 0

co

0 0

0 0

0 co

0

i. jackii form2 i. lanceolata v dubia 0

0 0

->•

0 *>

• 0

4*

0 0

O

CO

0 en

0

00

0 0

_L

-J

.

IV)

IV)

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

s 3

_

O J cn

0 J _*.

1cm _

Ul

0 3 10

0 3 to

Ul

0 3 CO

0 3

Core De r, 5? Diat

wo

T> ercent ab L. idanc e:H a>

^nes Lake -Onta 0'

Diatom percent abundance: Haynes Lake, Ontario Taxon

Ach. lane, lanceolata A. minutissimum total Amphora capulata Brachysira brebissonii Asterionella formosa Cymb. amphicephala Cymbella cesatii Cymbella subcistula Cymbella falaisensis Encyonema minuta Encyonema silesiacum Cocconeis euglyta Cyclotella bodanica Cycotella comensis Cyclo. michiganiana Cyclotella stelligera Eunotia praerupta Fragilaria biceps Fragilaria brevistriata Fragilaria cap. v. gracilis Staurosira construens Fragilaria cyclopum Frag, delicatissima Fragilaria leptostauron F. nanana Total Fragilaria pinnata Fragilaria tenera Gomp. acuminatum Gomp angustatum G. cap and G. truncatum TOT Navicula gastrum Nav. cryptocephala cf. Nav. cryptotonella Eolimna minima Navicula pseudoventralis Sellaphora pupula Navicula radiosa Navicula seminulum Navicula tuscula Navicula veneta Nitzschia angustata Nitzschia dissipata Nitzschia flexoides Nitzschia fonticola Nitzschia gracilis Nitzschia palea Rhopalodia gibba Stauroneis anceps v. gracilis Stephano. medius Tabellaria quadriseptata Ach. exigua v. heterovalvata Achnanthes holsatica Ach. jackii form 1 Ach. jackii form2 Ach. lanceolata v. dubia Achnanthes saprophila Brach. microcephala Cyclotella glomerata

Core Depth 40 cm 0.000 0.627 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 2.038 1.724 0.784 1.567 0.000 0.000 0.000

32.915 9.404 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 5.172 0.000 0.157 3.605 0.000 4.075 0.000 4.389 0.157 0.157 0.940 0.000 0.313 0.940 0.157 0.000 0.627 0.784 0.000 2.194 0.000 0.157 0.313 0.313 0.000 1.567 0.000 1.724 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 4.389 0.157 0.000

45 cm 0.000 4.729 0.231 0.000 0.000 0.000 4.383 1.615 4.268 0.692 2.076 0.231 0.000 11.995 5.190 0.115 0.461 0.807 0.000 0.461 0.000 0.000 5.306 0.346 7.728 0.000 1.615 0.231 0.000 0.346 0.000 0.000 6.228 0.346 0.000 0.923 0.807 0.000 3.230 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.346 0.231 3.345 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.115 0.000 0.000 0.231 2.768 0.231 0.000

50 cm 0.000 0.221 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.663 0.442 0.221 0.110 0.884 0.000 0.000 13.370 16.796 58.453 0.110 0.000 0.221 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.221 0.663 0.000 0.663 0.221 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.773 0.110 0.000 0.552 0.000 0.000 0.663 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.663 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.331 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.221 0.000

60 cm 0.000 0.565 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 2.197 0.565 0.377 0.565 0.565 0.000 0.000 30.948 47.960 1.444 0.377 0.314 0.000 0.188 0.000 0.000 0.502 0.188 0.000 0.063 0.126 0.063 0.000 0.063 0.000 0.000 2.197 0.000 0.000 0.439 0.063 0.000 0.502 0.000 0.000 0.126 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.188 0.000 0.063 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.628 0.439 0.000

75 cm 0.000 0.331 0.331 0.000 0.000 0.000 2.152 1.821 0.828 0.000 2.649 0.000

22.351 25.993 21.026 0.000 0.497 0.000 0.331 0.662 0.000 0.000 0.166 0.331 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.662 4.305 0.000 0.000 0.497 0.166 0.000 1.821 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 1.656 0.000 0.000 0.331 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.166 1.656 0.000

80 cm 0.000 0.484 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 1.290 0.323 0.968 0.000 0.968 0.000 0.000

29.677 31.613 27.903 0.000 0.161 0.161 0.161 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.161 0.000 0.000 1.129 0.161 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.323 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.323 0.000 0.000

100 cm 0.000 0.491 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 3.601 1.637 2.128 0.000 1.146 0.000 0.000

62.848 12.930 0.000 0.327 0.164 0.000 0.164 0.000 0.000 0.655 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.327 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 1.473 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.655 0.000 0.655 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.327 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.982 0.327 0.000

100

Diatom percent abundance: Haynes Lake, Ontario Taxon

Cymatopleura elliptica Cymbella sp1 cf. Cymbella parva Encyo. microcephala Denticula subtilis Eolimna sp1 Eolimna sp2 Eolimna sp4 Eolimna minima2 Eunotia flexuosa Fragilaria sp1 Frag. Pinn. v. lanceolat Frag, ulna v. danica Gomphonema sp2 Gomphonema sp3 Gomphonema sp4 Gomphonema cf. intricatum Hantzschia amphioxys Navicuia sp1 Navicula sp2 Navicuia sp3 Navicula sp6 Navicuia chiarae Nav. cryptocephala ? Neidium bisulcatum Nitzschia sp1 Nitzschia sp5 Nitzschia agnita Nitzschia amphibia Nitzschia Fragilaria Nitzschia sigmoidea Nitzschia sinuata cf. Pinnularia anglica Pinnularia sp1 Stauroneis intricans Teapot Frag sp3 Epithemia sp1 Eunotia monodon v. monod. Cymbopleura cuspidata Navicula bryophila Navicula abiskoensis sp96 sp96-004

Core Depth 40 cm 0.000 2.194 0.470 3.918 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.157 0.157 0.157 1.411 0.000 0.313 0.470 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.940 4.545 0.000 0.000 0.157 1.881 0.784 0.313 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.784 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000

45 cm 0.000 1.269 0.000 3.922 4.268 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.115 0.000 0.000 2.076 0.000 0.000 2.537 1.269 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.346 0.923 0.000 0.231 0.000 1.384 2.537 6.228 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.923 0.000 0.000 0.346 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000

50 cm 0.000 0.221 0.000 0.110 0.663 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.110 0.000 0.000 0.773 0.442 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.221 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.884 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000

60 cm 0.000 0.628 0.188 1.193 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.126 0.000 0.063 0.251 0.000 0.000 1.569 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 1.067 1.130 0.000 0.126 0.000 0.251 0.000 1.569 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.126 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000

75 cm 0.000 1.656 0.331 0.166 0.497 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.166 0.000 0.331 0.000 0.000 0.662 1.159 0.662 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.331 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 2.980 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.331 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000

80 cm 0.000 0.000 0.161 1.129 0.323 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.484 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.323 0.161 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.323 0.000 1.290 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000

100 cm 0.000 0.491 0.164 2.619 1.309 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.327 0.000 0.000 0.327 0.000 0.000 0.982 0.164 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.327 1.637 0.000 0.000 0.164 0.000 0.000 0.491 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.164 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000

101

OC

OO

CM

OO

Oi

i-

CO

CO

'*

ON

ON

OO

Oi

n<

OT

-t

0T

-O

^O

O!

D«

n(

Dt

D

dd

d^

dd

ww

dd

ic

ci

d

00

30

CD

OO

T-

Oi

-O

h~

OC

M

oi

oo

oo

oo

ns

oi

oo

t1

) O

OO

T-

OO

CO

LD

OJ

OK

OO

)

aj

i-

m

to r-~

0

3

TO

CM co

CO

CD CD

T-

WC

M O

CD

Ot

XJ

OO

t»

OC

OC

OO

OO

OO

OO

TC

OO

O^

OC

OO

OO

OO

OO

OO

OO

C\

JO

OO

OC

OC

\I

O

OO

OT

-O

Oi

-O

OO

OO

OO

OO

OO

OO

CO

CM

OO

OO

OO

OO

OC

OO

OO

t-

OO

OO

OO

T-

o O

T-

on

oo

nq

r-

T-

qq

qq

qq

io

ro

iO

't

qr

-q

qo

oo

oo

in

oo

oN

Oo

oo

tN

o d

dd

dd

dd

dd

dd

dd

dd

d^

dd

dd

dd

dd

dd

dd

dd

dd

dd

dd

dd

^d

d

co ••—» c O

CO .*: CO

_

j to

CD

c >

• CO X

CD O CO

T3

C

JO

CO

c cv> o CD

a

E

o o

or

Q

oo

oo

oo

oo

in

Tf

oc

oi

no

o^

S^

in

ai

oc

oo

in

'^

OT

-o

oo

oo

oo

oj

io

oo

ro

or

-^

oo

oj

oo

oj

om

oo

oo

oo

oo

oo

oc

oo

OI

»O

OO

Oin

(D

O)

01

0(

D'-

^^

(I

HD

NO

Ii)

OI

Ot

l)O

OO

OO

OO

OO

a)

Cl!

OO

U)

OS

OO

NO

OI

MO

IO

OO

OO

O'-

OO

flO

i-0

oc

»o

oo

o^

^^

o^

^n

u:

u<

'>

t-

i-

co

o-

>-

OT

-o

>o

co

oo

oo

oo

oi

^.

->

-o

oc

Do

o)

oo

co

oo

co

o-

t-

oo

oo

oc

r)

oo

o)

co

o d

dd

dd

d^

dd

d^

d^

^d

dd

d^

dd

ir

id

cv

id

dd

dd

dd

ri

dd

dd

d^

dd

dd

dd

d^

dd

dd

d^

dd

d^

d

Ot

-O

OO

OC

M-

i-

OO

T-

Oo

SS

Sf

ic

MO

OO

-r

-O

oS

lO

CO

Oi

-O

OO

OO

i-

OO

Of

-O

O

iO

OO

OO

^f

't

ON

MO

Of

fi

H

oc

oo

oo

oo

io

r^

^c

Mo

o™

"-

! d

ri

dd

dd

ir

i^

dd

nd

d^

gt

ri C

DO

TJ

-O

CD

OO

?N

CD

C0

OO

OO

OO

O'

*O

OO

,

^w

^ w

^w

^^

CO

CO

OO

OO

OO

O^

OO

OC

OO

CM

OO

OO

OO

O

Jt

q^

qq

qq

^i

oi

nq

r-

qq

qq

qq

qo

ow

qs

iq

qq

qo

oo

d°

d(

Dd

c\

id

dd

dd

co

6d

d^

d<

-d

o6

dD

dQ

O

O

O

CM

O

_ O

OO

OO

OO

OO

OO

OO

OO

O-

i-

i-

O

CO

OC

MO

OO

OO

OO

CD

OO

'^

OO

OO

OO

't

CM

O

_ _

"L

OO

OT

-O

OC

NJ

OO

LO

OO

O

OC

OO

OO

OI

-U

OL

OC

DC

DO

T-

SS

J^

OO

CM

CM

CO

OC

OC

OO

N-

OT

I-

OO

OO

O-

^O

O

OC

0O

OO

O0

>O

CD

i-

C0

O0

)[

S>

2S

c0

t^

N0

>O

-^

C0

OI

^O

-*

OO

OO

OT

-O

O

o-

*o

oo

oo

cn

co

cM

LO

Oi

-u

?l

t;

cR

cj

oo

r^

oc

MC

DO

in

o-

^o

oo

oo

LO

oo

C\

IO

OO

T-

OL

O;

IO

J£

5

i-

CD

OC

OO

OO

OO

OO

OO

OO

OC

M^

-O

OC

DO

OO

C

Mc

r)

O0

)O

OO

OO

OO

OO

OO

OI

~-

^t

-O

O0

50

0O

r

^-

tp

i^

pp

po

op

oo

oo

op

pi

-o

oi

^-

cM

O

wd

dd

dd

dd

dd

^d

dd

dd

dd

dd

dd

dd

dd

dd

dd

dd

dd

dd

OH

)(

DO

OO

O)

'*

i-

lD

NO

S^

n?

(D

II

)O

nO

Ol

De

O'

-C

D0

10

00

0'

tl

O

oo

N-

oo

or

^T

-c

oi

oc

MO

T-

oo

f^

r^

co

oo

oo

oj

cD

co

i^

-o

oo

oo

oi

-i

n O

CD

OO

OO

CD

T-

O'

*C

\J

O'

<*

-'

*L

0t

No

OO

C0

OO

I-

--

pL

qO

T-

OO

OO

T-

'*

dddddddd^dddddNPddddddddddddddddd

CM

•

* O

o

oc

oo

Oi

-c

oc

no

oo

o'

tf

io

oo

oo

oT

-o

oo

o -

— --

- -

~~

^^

^>

-.

~^

^.

^~

—

.~

00

00

0.

^0

oo

oo

oo

r^

oT

-O

OO

OO

OO

OT

-o

OO

OO

OC

OO

OO

OO

OO

OO

t-

OO

O-

~

~

•" o

o o

o

o

oo

oc

oo

-^

oo

oo

oo

- -

- -

- -

- -

o

. _

O

O

O

CO

•»- O

d

dd

dd

dd

dd

dd

dd

dd

dd

dd

d

<o

c o X

CO

H

co cO

c

co

«

° c

o| §

gE

^li

O

3

3

m

o

c. Ian issim a cap ira br ella f<

S 11 f-.o

•§ E i"™

%

<<

<m

<

licephala mb. amph

>>

satii iace mbel bcistula lasu mbel

>- >

s

aisensis lafal mbel

>*

minuta ema silesiacui ema

cyon cyon

c c

uglyta eis e ccon

O

Ha bodanica dote

>>

mensis

00 B|

cotel

><

ganiana elligera

do. michii

>.

Ha st dote

>N

OO

OO

UI

LU

OO

OO

O

2 <D

£

CD .9

2

CO

X)

J3

Q.

CO C

O

O

CO

E

> "CO

CO

o

,- CO

CO

>

-

c o CO

S3

u o

= 1

CO T3

f/) pto

CD ^ 1—

Ifffl L

UIJ

-LJ

-LI.C

0IIIIJ

IIJIL

L!U

-U-O

CO C

O III

O

H E

O

«~

tso c CO

CO •"* CO

tO O

c CO

E

o

o (3

(3

JO (u

C

CO

C

3 "S 2

«° t

&o

E

8 8 I!

OJ

-2 £T

C

i5 £

. . co

3

o £

c

.» 5

E

CO CO

. O

Z Z

t3 LU

(0

I c > iS

O

3

CO

T3

Q. e

g

3 3

2

CD

Q

.T3

8

. CO g

JO

O JO

III CO

CD 10

Z

CO Z

a

E

3 3 CO

.£

•3 E °

o §

CO

-i=

jto .e

g

3 3

O

O

'> '> CO

CO

•§

CO

C

O

£ •£< C

D

co o> S

.2

C

CO T

3 5

=

CO CO

CO

CO

CO .—

.— .2

.2

3 -*= -C

-C

o

o

o

o

.^ CO

CO

C0

> N

N

N

co .tr .t; .t;

z z z z id H

I > Q

Z

Z Z

CE

6 co

c '£

co iS

co

CD -Q

*-

*-

(0

CO CO I-

CO

> ero . net

> (0 3 O

) . exi

x:

o

tiCc iolsa

JE

:

co

CD

JZ

nant

J= o

^ C

M

E E

i

_

o

>*— •—

V

. jac

-C

o

_ £ .—

'^ .jac

JC

o

CO

3 > CO

CO

o

CD

CJ . Ian

JC

o

_C0 phi apro

CO

CO

CD

sz nant

sz o

<

<<

<<

< J o m o

to

o ke, Ontar

CO

_l vnes CO

IE t abunda

i_ perce Diatorr Deptl ore

U

E

o

LO

00

E

u

o

to

£ o

o

•<i-

£ u

o

CO

E

u

o CM

E

o

o

-

8 CO

H

O

CO

O

C\J

O

i-o

o

o

o

O

CO

O

LO

o

o

o

m

O

CD

O

v

-o

o

O

i-o

o

o

•*

O

t-

O

CO

o

a>

o

r--o

o

O

LO

O

CD

O

CM

o

o

CO

o pt

h-

m

o

(O

^ O

) o

CO

o

o

o

o o

o

o

o

o

o o

o o

o

o

o

CM

i

-

O

CO

CM

O

i

- C

O

CM

L

O

o

o

T-

CO

r~

T

-<

* C

O

CM

T

-

i-

O

CD

O

C

O

f»

CO

O

O

CO

C

O

05

N

h~

i- O

O

CM •*

o

o

o CO

K

T-

00 i-

o

o

CO

CO

matopleura elli mbella sp1 Cymbella parv cyo. microcepr nticula subtilis

>. >

oo

o

C

CD

o

o

o

o

o

o

o o

o

o o

o

o

o

o o o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o limna sp1

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o o

o

o o

o

o

o

o

o o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o limna sp2 o o

o

o

o

o

o

o o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o limna sp4 o

o limna minima2 o

o

o

o

o

(M

—

CM

o o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o •*

M-

o

o

o o

o notia flexuosa -i

o

o

co o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o LO

CD

f—

ow

e*

OT

-O

OO

O

O

O

i-

O

CO O

0

0 O

v

- O

i-

O

CO O

CO

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o>

O

CD

O

CM

O

••* O

CO

O

O

CO O

O

o

o

o

o o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

<*

CM

O

C

O

i-

05

T-

O

CO

CD

00 O

*

T-

i- O

lO

•* CD

05

I- T

f o

o

CO

CM

ir

-

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

LO o

LO

o

o

•* o

•* O

O

CM

O

CM

o

o

o

o

o

O

O

O

O

00 O

O

O

O

T

-O

O

O

O

CO

o

o

o

o

o

O

O

O

O

00

CO

o

o

o

O

T-

O

O

O

O

O

•* CO

O

O

T-

CM O

O

O

i-

O

O

OO

IO

O

o

•* o

o

O

CO

O

O

o

o

o

o

O

CO CO

O

o

ss

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

olat CD

«)

ft O

C

M C

O

ragilaria sp1 rag. Pinn. v. Ian rag. ulna v. dani omphonema sp omphonema sp

CM

CM

•

* T

-

O

i-

CO

C

D

00

i-

CM

CM

O

O

"tf CD

T

- N

i-

O

o

o tricatum c

•*

—

mphonema sp mphonema cf.

o

o o

o

o

o

o

o o

o

o

o

o CO

ntzschia amph

CO O

O

O

0

0 i-

O

O

O

05 00

O

O

O

O

i-

o

o

o

o

o

O

CO O

O

*

O

LO O

O

0

0 o

o

o

o

o

O

O

O

CO

O

O

O

O

CO

CO

O

O

O

•* CO

o

o

o

o

o

o^

oo

n

O

T-

O

O

O

O

T-

O

O

CO

o

o

o

o

o

vicula sp1 vicula sp2 vicula sp3 vicula sp6 vicula chiarae

CO

C

O

CO

C

O

Co

o

o

o

co •*

O

O

O

CO

O

O

O

CO

o

o

o

o

O

CO O

CM

o

o

o

•>-

O

i- O

CM

o

"

T—

00 T

-

CO

o

o

o

o

o

O

O

O

CM

o

o

o

•* O

O

O

i-

O

O

O

CM

o

o

o

o

o

••* o

•* O

i-

O

00

o

o

o

o

O

O

O

"*

o

o

o

•* O

O

O

i-

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

-<t O

O

O

i-

O

O

O

T-

o

o

o

o

C-

co E

v. cryptocepha idium bisulcatL zschia sp1 zschia sp5 o>

LO

CD

O

O

CM

T—

o

CO

00 o

h-

CM

C

M

O zschia agnita

•*

•* CO

LO

h-

CM

i—

LO

<J> CM

CO

O

o

(

o CD

•tf CO

O

CO

r-

o

o CO

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o o

o

o

o

o

o CO

zschia amphib zschia Fragilar o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

O

O

O

CM

O

O

O

O

T-

O

O

O

O

CM

O

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

•* o

0

0 0

05

0 o

o

o

•*

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

"* o

o

o

o

T

- o

o

o

o

o

o

O

O

O

CM

O

o

o

o

r

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

m

« co

o

co

CD

~

C

itzschia sigmoid itzschia sinuata . Pinnularia ang nnularia sp1 tauroneis intrica

o

o

o

o

O

O

o

o

o

o o

o

o

o

o

o

o o

o

o

O

o

o

o

o

LO

C

O

O

O

O

O

O

•"* CM

O

O

o

o

o

o

o

o o

o

o

00 CM

o

o o

o

o

o

•* o

o

o

T—

T—

o

apot Frag sp3 ithemia sp1

m

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

O

CO CO

C

D

o

o

o

o

O

T-

y- i-

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

CM

i

-

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

monod. data

s

P- m

r-

notia monodon mbopleura cus vicula bryophil vicula abiskoe

Q.

3 >

- CO

CO

L

UD

UJ

UJ

ll

lL

Ul

iJ

LU

.U

.O

OO

OI

ZZ

Z2

ZZ

ZZ

ZZ

ZZ

22

oD

.C

()

Hl

lJ

UJ

OZ

Z

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

•*

o

o

CO

CO

o. a.

in co

2

160.0 188.5 o

o

0

0 0

0 ro

en

C

O

-&•

oo o

o

o

o

b

b

-vl

-vl

-vl

00

00

4*

o

o

vj

ki

4*.

-vi

en e

n

o

*.

o

o

b

b

CO

C

O

CO

C

O

O

4*.

140.0 —k ^ en

CO

p

-A

o -

ro

-i

. b

-£•

Cn

-vi

o b

4*.

cn

o

130.0 0.9 —A

.

o

00 p

'—L

en

oo

-L

o ki

4*.

N>

vj

O b

CO

CO

cn

120.0 0.9 cn

o

4*.

O

_A

.

en

o -*•

o

'-J

CO

o

CO

o b

cn

4*

CO

110.0 0.9 _

^j en

p

'—*.

-N

|

en

CO

p

vg

C

O

03 en

o b

CO

4

^ en 100.0 0.8 4*

. 0

0 ~L

o b

•vl

en

en

o

vg

•v

l

ro

en

o b

4*.

-v!

r\D

80.0 0.9 •vl

CO

CO

o b

co

•vl

ro

o bo

-J

en

•vl

o b

4*.

4*.

CO

75.0 o ro

•vj

•vl

o b

•vl

o cn

o

CO

en

-vl

N> o b

CO

IV)

CO

60.0 __

L

o

_x

IV)

o

KD

—L

CO

o

o bo

oo

ro

ro

o b

4*.

en

^4

50.0 0.9 en

o

en

p

L-L

—

A

O en

o

bo

en

o

o o b

CO

4^ ro

45.0 • o

CO

cn

o

ho

45-

oo

cn

o

bo

en

o o b

CO

CO

co

40.0 •,

cn

en

en

p

CO

ro

o

o

o

bo

42*

cn

en

o b

4*.

-&•

cn

30.0 4^

00

CO

v4

O

-J

co

CO

o

o

cn

co

o

vj p

b

4* cn

00

25.0 ro

-vl

co

oo

o

vj ro

CO

oo

o

en

en

en

o

o b

4*.

en

ro

20.0 ro

cn

CO

-*

•

o

cn

cn

o

CO

o

CO

o

oo

oo

o b

4*-

cn

cn

15.0 4*.

CO

o

CO

o

bo

-J

o

oo

o

cn

-

CO

cn

o b

cn

—A

-vl

11.0 —J.

en

oo

CO

o cn

cn

ro

-L

o b>

cn

ro

o b

cn

-vl

CO

5.0 o

4*.

•vl

•^

O

CO

CO

4* o

o

vg

CO

_

L

O b -&.

CO

4*

.

-JL

b b

o

vj co

o

CO

co

4*-

4*.

o

CO .

CO

cn

o b

cn

-4

co

c?

3,

JQ

•

*—

*

.—..

Q a -—V

jQ

"**

Sample Depth ro

B)

I Wet light S

o

ro

03 il Dry

sight Water Weight

CO

S&

ro

o? ample

'ight •a

•o

(D

3 a X

IO

• 0

) 3 CD

0)

*•

CD

o

5"

o 3 CO

c esq 3 •a.

MM

B

3 in o

0)

i-+

Q>

Appendix 3. Thecamoebian percent abundance data: Haynes Lake, Ontario

Thecamoebian Percent Abundance: Haynes Lake Core Depth (cm)

1 5 11 15 20 25 30 40 45 50 60 75 80 100 110 120 130 140 160

188.5

Taxon Curcurbitella tricuspis

62.73 25.32 76.03 28.16 30.77 31.18 39.83 5.00 2.67 4.23

47.06 11.32 10.94 23.17 31.08 34.91 18.10 2.92 8.61 0.00

Arcella vulgaris

7.45 1.27 2.74 1.94 7.69 1.08 1.69 12.00 18.22 38.03 49.02 71.70 66.04 59.76 62.84 35.38 72.38 77.19 78.15 67.16

Centropyxis aculeata "aculeata"

19.88 35.76 3.42

47.57 49.23 53.76 44.92 73.00 64.00 53.52 0.00 1.89 1.13 0.00 4.05 7.08 0.00 0.00 0.00 12.69

Centropyxis aculeata "discoides"

2.48 5.70 2.05 8.74 7.69 7.53 8.47 1.00 5.78 0.70 0.00 15.09 10.57 13.41 0.00 2.36 9.52 19.30 13.25 18.66

Centropyxis constricta "aerophila"

0.62 0.32 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.08 0.85 0.00 0.89 0.70 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Centropyxis constricta "constricta"

0.62 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.54 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.89 0.70 0.00 0.00 0.38 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.49

Difflugia oblonga "oblonga"

4.35 16.46 0.00 1.94 3.08 2.15 1.69 1.00 0.89 0.00 3.92 0.00 10.94 3.05 0.00 18.40 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Difflugia oblonga "bryophila"

0.00 1.58 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Thecamoebian Percent Abundance: Haynes Lake Core Depth (cm)

1 5 11 15 20 25 30 40 45 50 60 75 80 100 110 120 130 140 160

188.5

Taxon Difflugia oblonga "glans"

0.00 2.22 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Difflugia urceolata "elongata"

0.00 0.32 13.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 6.00 5.78 1.41 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Difflugia urceolata "urceolata"

0.00 0.95 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Difflugia corona

1.24 5.38 2.05 11.65 0.00 0.00 1.69 0.00 0.89 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.58 0.00 0.00

Difflugia bidens

0.00 0.32 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Difflugia protaeioformes "acuminata"

0.62 3.48 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.23 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Difflugia protaeioformes "amphoralis"

0.00 0.32 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Lesquereusia spiralis

0.00 0.63 0.68 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.85 2.00 0.00 0.70 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.61 2.03 1.89 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

105

210,

A

ppen

dix

4. H

ayne

s La

ke

Pb

dat

a

Loca

tion:

T

op o

f In

terv

al

(cm

)

0 2 4.1

8.1

12.2

16

.2

19.2

22

.3

24.3

26

.3

28.4

30

.4

34.4

Sci

ence

Mus

eum

of

Min

neso

ta

Bas

e of

In

terv

al

(cm

)

1 3 5.1

9.1

13.2

17

.2

20.3

24

.3

26.3

28

.4

30.4

32

.4

36.5

Cum

. D

ry M

ass

(g/c

m2)

0.31

62

1.03

94

1.81

31

3.91

89

6.08

08

7.71

22

9.37

00

11.4

968

12.5

156

13.8

896

14.7

292

16.1

420

18.2

372

Uns

up.

Act

ivity

(p

Ci/g

)

6.10

92

5.03

77

3.94

95

0.98

85

1.09

56

1.40

47

0.65

67

0.79

89

1.07

57

0.43

48

0.92

52

0.18

61

0.15

46

Err

or o

f U

nsup

. Act

(±

s.d.

)

0.25

46

0.20

68

0.06

45

0.07

10

0.07

12

0.07

76

0.05

60

0.06

27

0.07

04

0.03

13

0.05

98

0.03

17

0.03

48

Cum

. Act

. be

low

Int

. (p

Ci/c

m2)

21.4

159

17.5

951

14.3

286

10.5

703

8.29

37

6.20

41

4.77

86

3.17

08

2.07

49

1.47

75

0.70

07

0.43

78

0.09

57

Age

: B

ase

of I

nt.

(yr)

2.77

9.

08

15.6

8 25

.45

33.2

4 42

.56

50.9

4 64

.11

77.7

3 88

.64

112.

59

127.

70

176.

53

Err

or o

f A

ge

(±s.

d.)

4.84

5.

42

6.22

3.

59

3.75

3.

94

3.58

3.

76

4.19

4.

82

7.83

11

.38

47.2

9

Dat

e A

.D.

2002

.9

1996

.6

1990

.0

1980

.2

1972

.4

1963

.1

1954

.7

1941

.5

1927

.9

1917

.0

1893

.0

1877

.9

1829

.1

Sed

imen

t A

ccum

. (g

/cm

2 yr

)

0.11

40

0.11

45

0.11

86

0.34

26

0.24

30

0.14

32

0.23

69

0.13

87

0.07

48

0.12

60

0.03

50

0.09

35

0.03

17

Err

or o

f S

ed. A

ccum

. (±

s.d.

)

0.01

295

0.01

532

0.01

871

0.02

845

0.02

035

0.01

206

0.02

186

0.01

210

0.00

636

0.01

408

0.00

569

0.02

832

0.03

076

Sup

port

ed P

b-21

0: 0

.840

9 ±

0.0

16

3 pC

i/g

Num

ber

of S

uppo

rted

Sam

ples

: 3

Cum

. U

nsup

. P

b-21

0: 2

3.34

76

pCi/c

m2

Uns

up.

Pb-

210

Flu

x:

0.77

86

pC

i/cm

2yr

106

Appendix 5. Haynes Lake Water Chemistry Data

Date: Aug. 20/05 Atmospheric Pressure: 98.1 kPa Location: Site 1 Haynes Lake 43'57.548N Water Samples (3) Collected Approx. 1 m Equipment: YSI Instrument

Depth (m) 0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 11.0 12.0 13.0 14.0 15.0 16.0

Temperature (SC) 23.3 23.3 23.2 23.2 23.0 19.1 14.8 11.5 9.4 7.7 6.7 6.0 5.5 5.2 5.1 5.1 5.1

; 79'24.481W depth : DC878

Dissolved Oxygen (mg/L) 5.89 5.80 5.50 5.60 5.50 5.50 2.70 0.87 0.13 0.07 0.16 0.07 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.03 0.02

Conductance Conductance us/cm (corr. to 259C) 784 780 780 779 778 795 729 681 656 640 635 644 670 715 731 750 749

811 809 808 807 808 895 911 922 936 957 977 1010 1067 1149 1178 1210 1208

Dissolved Oxygen

(%) 67.0 66.9 66.9 62.0 65.0 59.0 27.0 8.0 1.1 0.6 1.3 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2

PH

7.97

7.36

Analysis by: Ottawa-Carleton Water Quality Laboratory

Subsample Total Date pH Phosphorus Conductivity

(mg/L) (us/cm) Aug. 18/05 8.03 0.012 800

107

Appendix 6. Common diatom species images: Haynes Lake, Ontario

These images, as well as subsample material and microscope slides, are archived at the Canadian Museum of Nature, Research Division, Ottawa, Ontario.

Achnanthidium minutissimum Core Depth: 1 cm

Length: 9.83 Mm; Width: 2.9 urn

Asterionella formosa Core Depth: 1 cm

Length: 59.4 urn; Width: 2.48 urn

108

Cycotella comensis Core Depth: 1 cm

Length: 9.32 pirn; Width: 10.1 pm

Cyclotella bodanica Core Depth: 1 cm

Length: 23.5 |jm; Width: 25.5 (jm

109

BJliB8jBjS6ffl

Cyclotella michiganiana Core Depth: 1 cm

Length: 10.2 pm; Width: 10.7 pm

Cyclotella stelligera Core Depth: 25 cm

Length: 4.58 pm; Width: 4.93 |jm

110

Stephanodiscus medius Core Depth: 1 cm

Length: 14.3 |jm; Width: 14.6 [im

Fragilaria nanana Core Depth: 1 cm

Length: 69.8 |jm; Width: 2.36 pm

111

Appendix 7. Sediment core x-ray images: Haynes Lake, Ontario

Note: The images below are those not included within the text. The top direction is all of these images is to the left.

10 cm

Haynes Lake Core HYC1-1: ~ 34 cm - 54 cm depth

Haynes Lake Core HYC1-1: ~ 74 cm - 94 cm depth

10 cm

112

10 cm

Haynes Lake Core 1-2: 95 cm - 114 cm core depth

10 cm

Haynes Lake Core HYC1-2: ~ 153 - 173 cm core depth

10 cm

Haynes Lake Core HYC1-2: ~ 173 cm - 188.5 cm

113

O

03

3"

CT

illeria fenestrata lanthes sp o

o

b '-*

o

A

o ro

o

vi

IO

O

O

CO

C

D C

O

CO

O

O

C

O

o o

b '

-^

O

CO

O

v

l

o en

o o

b b

O

C

D

o

->•

o en

CO

O

ro

A

en io

C

O C

O H

" >cculosa v.4 _k cn

CO

C

O

ro

ro

CO

—

k ro

CO

c? I ella linearis o b

O

o o o b

o o o

*.

o

CO

cn

—k

CO

ro

b

o CO

C

O

CO

L

k cn

—k

o o o o o b

o o o o b

o o •P

* 0

0 C

O

O

CO

O

co

b

-*

A

IO

CO

C

O

A

o o

b A

o

-»

o

-k

o o ro

bo

cn

v

i "" o b

o o o

co

p

b CO

0

0 C

D

o o o o

GO

CD

T

3 hanodiscus medius o b

O o o o b

o o o o b

o o o o ro

vi

GO

c

CO T

J <-*

—

01

3 C

3 ularia viridis

roneis gracilis roneis sp2 o b

O

o

o

O b

o o o o b

o o o o b

o A

o

vl o b o o o o b

o o o p

Lk

CO

-J

o

o o b o o o o b

o o o o b

o o o

o o

^ b

A

o

N>

O

vi

o

o o

'-* b

C

O

O

CO

O

-*

o

o o

b b

o

o

o o ?

?II

i^

NN

>chia sp4 schia gracilis ularia subanglica ularia sp4 o

-^ o

-k

b

ro c

o

^ O

0

0 C

O

-k

O

CO

CO

-

k O

C

O C

D

00

o

o

o

-k

b *•

b c

o

o o

o

o

O

00

O

A

o ro

o c

»

o o

o

ro

bb

i '-^

b

O

00

CO

CD

O

v

l v

l C

O

O

O

O

00

CD

CO

o o

b b

o

o

o o

o o

p o

bo

b

cn

o

CO

O

CD o

o o

b b

o p

p c

o

'->•

b

b b

o cf

i. CO

C

D

AT

iphora pupula cula radiosa A

L

k C

O

CD

C

O

A

A

00

CO

0

0 ro

A

vi cn

CO

_,.

CO

U

OO

AS

v

IO

OC

S

A

o

o

ro

op

ur

o ro

cn

fo

b

CO

vl

CO

O

C

D

co

c

n

cn

c

n

-k

-i

vi

pp

*^

b co

b cn

o

oo

os

ui

o o

o o

o o

b b

o

o

CO

C

D

CO

L

k cn

—i.

CO

p

Lk

A ro

vl p

Lk co

CD

p

Lk

CO

v

l C

D

O b

o o o o b

o o o

ro

o

bo

cn _

k ro

o co

oi

c» v

i co

O

CD

CO

*

.

o

o

A

-k

b io

co b

O

v

| C

O

CO

o o

o

A

-k c

n •

"x

_i ro

CO

ro

o o

o

o

cn c

o c

o CO

o b

o o o

z o

z z

<

. m

<

. <

.

culacryptocephala cula cryptotonella lolimna minima cula pseudoventralis p

ro p

p

b cn

bo

'->

• cfcf

§.

§.

dion circulare Fm1 cula sp3

IP

K =

?

uncatumcapitatum+sp7 schia sp6

o o

o

o

b b

o

co c

n A

o

o

o v

i cn

ro o

o

O

00

CO

-s

i O

O

p ro

o -

>•

b A

io r

o

o A

v

i ro

o

co r

o

^ o

o

-k c

n

o *>

. o

-k

A

A

'-••

to

-k

O

C

O

CO

ro -

k v

i oo

VJ

VJ

OI

O

pj

^p

^ b

cn A

cn

O

CO

-k

-k

o co

ro -

k

o o

b b

o

o

o o

o o

o o

b b

o

o

o o

o o

o o

^ b

C

O

O

vl

O

O

O

-k

O

A

O

pp

rp

p A

b

A in

ro

vi

ro v

i C

O

CO

CO

C

O

00

CO

00

-k

o co

o

o

b co

b

ro

ON

IO

OI

O

CD

O

CO

O

OI

ON

I

O

CD

O

O

b ^

b

in

O

CD

0

0 A

O

A

A

v

l O

A

C

O C

O

o o

b b

o

o

o o

o o

o o

b b

o

o

o o

o o

o o

b b

o

o

o o

o o o

o

o o

o o

o o

o o

^ b

C

O

O

CD

O

-k

O

o o

b b

o

o

o o

o o

o o

b b

o

o

o o

o o

o o

b b

o

o

o o

o o

o o

b b

o

o P

su

ngustatumgracileaffine p

b

o o o o b

o o o o b

o o o o b

o o o o b

o o

oo

n O

O

3. acuminatum lphonema micropus iphonema augur o

o

o

bo

b o

o

o

o o

o

o o

o

o o

o

b b

^

o o c

o

O

O

CD

O

O

-k

o o

o

b

b

-k

o o c

o

o o

vi

O

O

CD

o o

o

^ b

*>

CO

O

-k

N

ON

3 *k

O

-k

o o

o

ik

bo

ro o

cn

CO

O

C

O

O

00

O

CD

o b

o

o o

o

ro b

b

en

ct

k

o o

o

co o

co

o o o

v

l O

A

o o

o

o

o

o

b b

o

o

o o

o o o o o o

-* o

cn

WO

-t

k v

l O

v

| O

O

C

O T

l c_

na and arcus o b

o o o o b

o o o o b

o o o o b

o o o o b

o o o o b

o o o o b

o o o

Tl

CO

C

O

lilaria tenera ro

CO

(.5292 ro

k6259 17.331 cn

00 b 00 co

ro

1.3438 J ±>.

;.0260 CO

1.7260

Tl

03

CD

lilaria pinnata o b

o o o o b o o o o io

vi cn

" p

LL

CO

Tl

03

CD

lilaria nanana o

Tl

CO

05

o

CD

X

)nstruens v. venter lilaria leptostauron o

o

ifi

b

b

ro

00 o o bo

_*

. C

D

CO

_k

CO

v

l cn

cn

_i b

CO

v

l 0

0 A

C

O

o b

o o o

_,.

Lk

A

CD

"

o o

b

o o

O o o

o o

o b

o o

_k b)

•t- co

O

00

o o

o o

o o

o o

b b

o

o

o o

o o

o o

b b

o

o

o o

o o

o o

A

cn C

O

Tl

0)

0)

C

CD

1. capucina v. rumpens irosira construens o

o

b b

o

o

o o

o o

o o

b b

o

o

o o

o o

o o

^-k

b

CO

O

•v

l O

C

D

O

o o

b b

-k

A

O

O

ro

c

o

-k

cn

o

o

b

^-k

O

A

O

CO

o co

o o

b b

o o

o o o

o

o o

o o

b b

o

o

o o

o o

o o

b b

o

o

o o

o o

o

o

p p

p

p

b

b o

o

o o

o

o

o o

o o o

o

o o T

l -*

03

CD

1. cap. var. mesolepta p

Lk

A ro

•vl

o 'ro

--4 ro

o cn

cn

o ro

o b

00

CD

0

0 o bo

cn

CO

C

D

o b o o o o bo

ro

—*.

CO

a eg

l. cap. var. cap. ro

A ro

cn

•

o b

00 o CO

ro

^ cn

•

o cn

A

CO

A

cn

ro

ro

CO

ro

CO

IO

!.7273 00 b

CO

o ^

Tl -%

03

CQ

oT

-1 03

-

CT

-

t C

D

< —«

03'

03

O b o o o o b

o o o o b

o o o o b

o o o o b

o o o

m m

rn m

o

3 T

3 5

' 3

O.

otella stelligera Dtia flexuosa termedia raerupta form 1 Dtia diadema p

pp

i^

ip

cn ^

b

ro k

i -v

l 4

^

A

^1

-k

o ro

^i

cn c

o

CD -

g A

co

co

O

O

CO

M

O

.2721 1.7891 .1156 .4082 .8163 -k

O

C

D C

D

O

io i

o c

o A

k

co ~

g ro

CD c

o

oo c

n ^

j A

si

O

-*

A

CO

CD

-k

p

Ol

00

p

'•vl b

co

b

b

oo o

o cn

ro

o

cn e

ns

oo

o

sc

o-»

co

o

ro

^u

vi

p ro

cn A

A

b

CO

sl

tO

J

kO

r

oo

ioto

o C

O

CO

A

CO

O

o o

o

co c

n o

b

•si r

o C

D -

k o

os

cn

oi

oo

O

CO

CO

CD

A

O

o o

Ms

lJ

kO

SO

O

-k

A

A

O

b b

co io

ro

b

o o o

00

CD

A

A

O

OO

=,

o.

otella comensis lichiganiana o

o

cn r

o

sj

CD

o cn

C

D C

O

o o

A

b

o o

00

O

ro

o

o o

^ b

C

O

O

•si

O

CD

O

P P

cn

b

A

O

CO

O

cn

o

o o

A

b

ro

o

CD

O

0

0 O

P °

io

b

cn o

C

O

O

•sj

O

o o

b b

o

o

A

CO

CD

CD

O

O

O

CO

C

O C

D C

D

O o

o O

o_

otella atomus p

Lk

A ro

^j p Lk

CO

C

D

O

O

o ;oneis euglyta o b O

O o o b

o o o o b

b

o o o o b

o o o o b

o o

o o o o b

o o o o b

o o o

o

o b o o o

o b o o o

o o

b

o o o

o o o o

mm

JJ

/onema minuta /onema silesiacum C

O

Ol

A

In

ro C

D

CO

CO

s

g

cn

-k

ro

ro

^

ro

~g

A

C

O

cn c

o

A

-k

ro c

n

CO

-

k A

C

O

k _

A

ro r

o

Lk

to

CO

CO

~g c

n

oo r

o

ro c

o

A

A

CO

CO

c

n

oo

c

n

A

-k

ro

A

CO

ro c

o O

3 bella cistula o b

o o o o b

o o o o b

o o o o b

o o o o b

o o o

m

3 O /onema cesatii o b

o o o o b

o o o o b

o o o o "ro

vl

A

vl

O b

o o o

o o

b

o o o

00

VI

o

O

CD

v

l

-k

co

v

l L

i

oo e

n

o o

00

v|

o p

b

o o o

o o b

o o o

etc?

§

•! lanthes petersenii

coseira ambigua o o

io

b

00

O

cn

o

CO

O

o ro

A

b

O

CO

0

0 -k

ro

A

r1,

P c?

1 lanthes minutissimum _».

cn

CO

C

O

ro

CO

io

CD

cn

CO

cn

co A

cn

v

l C

D

cn

-

k

cn

o

-k

p

b b

A

O

0

0 O

A

O

-k

cn

A

A

co c

n

ro C

D

vi c

n

o ro

b

io

O

-k

o ro

""

cn

b

00 ro

A ro

A

CO

en

cn

CD

bo

00

O

00

CO

O

C

O

ro

o

^-k

b

CO

O

-k

O

0

0 O

""

A

cn

ro

o cn

H

03 U0X1

1cm ro

o 3 cn

o 3 vl

O 3 00 o 3 •x

o o 3 ro

o 3

Corel £ 2 H. 3-

D

ato g T3 erce nt abundance: Te 03

T

J tot Lake, O

3"

££

&?

£$

$?

<

K3

3<

33

=3 lularia sp6

ibella sp1 nphonema sp6 icula chiarae ticula sp1 fiphonema sp8 :hysira sp1 icula sp4 o

oo

oo

oo

o b

bb

bb

bb

b o

oo

oo

oo

o

op

0)

o 1 so

3 o' 3 o CD

XJ 3"

Co

SO

O b O

m

r*~

3

•n

^

3

3T °

—

to

=r

o>

o »

g-

g ^ e

n

CO

co

•o o

o

o

bo

b o

o

o

oo

oo

oo

oo

oo

oo

oo

oo

oo

oo

oo

oo

oo

oo

bb

bb

bb

bb

oo

oo

oo

oo

oo

oo

oo

oo

oo

oo

oo

oo

oo

oo

oo

oo

bb

bb

bb

bb

oo

oo

oo

oo

oo

oo

oo

oo

oo

oo

oo

oo

oo

oo

oo

oo

bb

bb

bb

bb

oo

oo

oo

oo

oo

oo

oo

oo

oo

oo

oo

oo

OO

O-

'-

OO

OO

b

bb

bb

bb

b o

oo

*>

oo

oo

00

00

)0

00

0 O

OO

-'

-O

OO

O

OO

OO

OO

OO

b

bb

bb

bb

b O

OO

OO

OO

O

oo

oo

oo

oo

oo

oo

oo

oo

oo

oo

oo

oo

bb

bb

bb

bb

ow

o*

.o

oo

o O

vI

O-

vl

oO

OO

O

OO

CO

OO

OO

O

o b o o o o b o o o o b o

o

o

o

'•vl

—l.

en

CO o

o

o

o o

o

bo

b o

o

o

o o

o

o o

o

o o

o

bo

b o

o

o

o o

o

o o

o

o o

o

bo

b o

o

o

o o

o

o o

o

o o

o

b

b

'-L

o

o*

>

o 3"

3 05

3 5*

CD

CO

3T

o

CO

S3,

o'

SO

O b o o o o b o o o p I_k

CO

-J

O

)

o b o o o o

3! — 5

-S1

^ ,S

IP

lit

P

o Q ° P

o o ° p Lk

CO

vj o>

p b Q

©

0 P

o o

b b

o o

o o

o o

o o

b ^

O

CO

O

O)

O

-J-

P

P

Lk

1_L

C

O

CO

-J

-J

o>

O

J

o o

en b

*

. O

CO

O

en

o

o

o

b o o

o

o o

o

w

o

o

o

co

o o o

o

b o o

o

o

o

o

o

o o o

o

o o b o o o

o

o

o

o

-*

o

io

io

M

-v|

-k v

j

o o b

o o

o

o o

o

o o b

o

o

o

o

b b

o o o

o

o o o

o

o o

o o

o o o

o

b o *

. -v

l *

. O

O

0

0 O

o

o

o

o

o

o o

o o

o o

o o 2

. o

3"

3 cf

^

si &

!<

JS

s»

X)

CO

o

en

3

"

ST

o

o

^ b

-&.

o

N>

O

-vl

O

o o

b b

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o o b o o o o

>

3"

3 03

3^

3"

CD

CO

5T

3 p 5T

3 p O b o

o

o

o

b b

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

b b b

b

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

b b

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

b b

o o

o o

o o o

o

o o b o o o o b o o o

o

o

o

o b o o o o b o o o

o o o

o

b b

o o

o o

o o

o o

b b

o o

o o

o o o o

o o o

o

o o b o o o

o o b o

o

o

TJ

3'

C

CO

SO'

CO

T5 O b o o o o b o

o

o

o b o o o o b o o o o b o o o o b o o o o b o o o

Nit N

CO

O zr

so'

CO

XJ en

o b o

o

o

o b o

o

o

Z

CO C

O T

J

FT 3

> p

> 3

01

CD

CD

J

O

0>

O

M»

S" l

eg 8

-CD

C

D C

3 =

•&

3

0)

CD

W

Q.

So'

_i

-J. o

O

*

. --k

b

b

MA

OO

O

) -k

O

O

en

N> o

o

-»•

o

o

o

ho e

n b

b

IO *

. O

O

•&

• *

• o

o

t

nM

OO

OU

O-

'O

b o

o

o

o b o o o o *•

IV)

oo *

. ro

o

en

-k

co

o

-k

ro

oo

o

A

NO

O

p p p

p

co i

n b

o b

CJ>

•&•

N> O

TJ

z

zz

-j'

C

«•'

«•'

^

T3

N

N

£&

88

9)

0> 3

" 3

" 3

. 3

o

j' Q

) »

CD -

Z

" 3

»•

CD

CD

e.i 1

.1.

is!!

5T

»

so

C

O

2

0 0

ro

0

b

^

'-* b

O

-k

CO

O z

z z

z

N

N

N =

• CO

C

O C

O

S:

O

O

O

c

so

so

so

CO

C

O C

O

=i.

XJ

XJ X

I ~

co

ro -

* 3

CD

OO

OO

b

ro b

b

0 0

0 0

0

o

co

co

oo

cn

oo

0 co

00

0

0 0

ro

0

'-L

b

> '

~~\ b

co

00

ro 0

o>

0

-k

0

-iC

O

^O

0 co 0

0

OO

OO

bo

b*

. O

OO

O

0 0

0

0

0

0 0

0

ro

oo

en

oo

oo

o

ro

bo b

en

~>

l ro

00

en

en

en

eo

0

-k

co

*.

ro

p

^

co

ro

b

ro e

n '-

* 0

co

^1 co

-

kC

O-

fc

-O

OO

-k

-v

l en

en

ro

o

o

o

o

o

b

b

'-k

b

oo

^o

CO

O

O

CO O

00

o b o

o

o

co

o

o

o

o

o

b

ro r

o

b

o

en

en

o

O

O

CO

CD

O

o

OS

-v

IO

o o o o

o

b o

o

o

OM

J

i O

O

S-

iO

O

*

. -k

O

O

O

O

O

0 co

*.

00

Op

-'

M

b ro

b

b

0 0

0 0

0

O

OJ

Mi

n

0 en

co

v

j

p

ro r

o

0

ro co

co

en

en

co

00 -k

CO

-J

vj

CO

•vi

-vi

0

en

p

ro 0

->

• b

b> f

o c

o

0 0

-^

-j

-0

ro *

. ~

j O

-v

l O

00

O

-k O

CO

O

UO

Ol

OS

OM

0

0)

0(

0

OO

OO

b

b b

en

0

00

*.

0 0

0

co

0

0

0

en

00

00

b

b

b

01

0

0

0

->i

0 0

0

co

0

0

0

->•

00

00

bb

be

o o

oo

ci

i 0

0

0

co

O

OO

O)

OO

OO

bo

b*

. 0

0

0

->•

0 0

0

->

• O

OO

O

ZZ

ff

lD

CD

CD

XI

O

7^

' 7^

' S

O

3

E' c"

5 "

D

3 3-S

E

eo

co g

3

T

JX

. 2 2

W-

-S

.3

CO 0

) W

(Q

X

> -t

^ CD

•si

2: c°

E"

3

OO

OO

b

b^

b 0

0

*.

0

0 0

ro

0

o

os

o

OO

OO

b

b b

b

OO

OO

O

OO

O

OO

OO

00

00

b b b

b

OO

OO

O

OO

O

OO

OO

OO

OO

b

b b

b

OO

OO

O

OO

O

OO

OO

0 p

0

0

0

0

0

0

OO

OO

O

OO

O

OO

OO

OO

OO

ro

b b

b

en 0

0

0

co

0

0

0

^

10

00

OO

OO

b

b b

b

OO

OO

O

OO

O

OO

OO

P

0 •<

3 IT

cp_

oT

5

" c 3 0 *.

ro

0

0 0 0 bo

«k

O)

eo

0 b 0 0 0 p

O P

Q)

0 c 3 <

H

c -*

co'

p «J

.

*• ro

^1

0 b 0 0 0 0 b 0 0 0 0 bo

b

ro 0

*•

0

ro

0 en

^1

CO

0

0 0 bo

en

CO

O)

0 ^

b

^1

CO

ro

0 en

*•

~N|

CO 0 0 0 0 b 0 0 0

0 3 3 XI 3-

0 3 CD

3 0)

CO

X!

*• O

*• ro

00

0 0 en

*•

*• ro

0 en

en

0 ro

p Li

CO

^1

OO

0

0

3 3

3 3

XI

XI

3"

3-

O

O

3 3

CD

CD

3 3

0) S

O

CO

CO

X

I X

! co

ro

P °

ro

'-

L

Tl

S

U*

CD'

CO

CD

3 CD

Q. -*

0)

O b

O

Tl —\

SO

(Q

3 CD

O

X3 3 Q.

C

O S"

0 b

Ti

TI

Ti

m

~

—t

" •

0)

CD

03 -n

tf

\ r/

*\

t^\

'^f

tkj

UJ

UJ Q

j &T

oT

BT E

" ->

. -•

. -•.

Q.

B)

0)

SO

0

co

co

eo

S

X

) X

S X

3

ffl

co r

o -k

0 0

0

-k

b

b

^

-k m

3 3 0 3 0 a

. 0 3 **

• 0

^

B.

0 b 0

0*

.O

OO

O-

k*

.O

en

ro

CO

~s

l

0 0

ai

ro

*• ^

1

*• ro

ro

-••

0 0

ro

b

^1

00 0 0 0 b 0 0 0 0 b 0

0 0 0 b 0 0 0 0 b 0

0 0

co

-k

0

0

co

ro

0 0

0

-k

b

b

b

to

OO

OO

0

00

*.

0 0

0

00

0 0

0

-k

b

b

ro

-k

0 0

^r

0

cn

^i

oo

oo

en

o

-k 0

0

P °

Ik

to

CO

O

) •v

l -k

*

. *

. e

n

0 ro

OD

0 en

0 en

—A

CO

en

p ro

~

*.

0

0 0

b b

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

b ^

0 ro

0

eo

0

co

0 0 b 0 0 0 0 b 0 0 0 0 b 0 0 0

0 0 b 0 0 0 0 b 0 0 0 0 b 0 0 0

0 0

-k *

.

0 0

0

-k

b b b

b

0 0

0

co

0

0

0

00

0 0

0

co

OO

OO

Lk

O

0

-k

0 0 0 CO

en

en

CO

0 ~J

_L ->1

O b 0 0 0 ;vl

la.

-&.

0

0

*.

0

CO O

O

CO

CO

O

O C

O

0 0

0

-k

b

ki

b

'-L

0

^1 0

a

) 0

eo

0

00

0 ro

0

00

oo

oo

oo

oo

b

*•

0 -k

0

-k

0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0

0 -k

0

en

O

->l

CO

in m

m

c c

3 3

m

c 3 2

. 2

- 2

. co

" 5

' 5

' =•

co

co

2 X

J X

J

*.

0

bo

-k

en *

. 0

ro

ro

~g

CO O

b)

b

^j

0 p Lk

*

•

ro

^1

0 *.

0 CO

O 0

3

en

0

CO O

^

b

-k

0

CO O

CO

O

;-k

O

en b

-k

0

_i

0 ro

0 b 0 0

> >

>

c •

• 5T

3

, CD

>u

^

s.

0 =

• s

. 0

2 e

a

co

£

c

CD •

CD

3*

—

CO

CO

O

S:

OJ

O

CO

-k

O

O

ro

'->•

b

e» *

• 0

eo ro

0

lO

SO

-k

p

p

bo

b O

J O

O

0

00

en 0

0

-k

0

0

bo

b en

0

0

00

0 0

o> 0

0

0 b 0 0 0

00

O)

O

co b

0

0

co

0

^1

0

co p

b

b

ro

eo

0

CO

o>

0 b 0

eo

0

*•

0

O

~v|

O ~

J

0 0

0

co

0 0

O)

O

*.

0

*.

0

in

b

ro

0

0 0

en

0 p b 0 0 0 p ^ •vl

CO

ro

0 b 0 0

00

0 b

ob

co

oo

O)

O

O

03 O

O

-k

O

O

Ik

b

b

*.

0

0

O)

O

O

-k

0

0

*•

0

0

*. b

b

-k

0

0

en 0

0

O)

O

O

00

0 *•

b

b

-k

0

0

-k

0

0

OO

OO

H >**

X

0 3

0 3 ro

0 3 en

0 3 vl

0 3 00

0 3 0 0 3 ro

0 3

S 5"

•£

H. $

0 so'

0 3 XJ

CD

3 CD

3^

CO

C 3 a.

o>

3 0 CD

H

CD

CO

t3

O^

I-

CO

CD

O

3 i-t- SO

0'

m m

> >

>

o i I

i. i

m

(A (D

•

CO

T

J -O

^

<

M

-i

ff

l —.

CO

CO O

a> o

Q

."

> H

o

co

3

" C

X

3 CO

a?

o) J-

CO 3

T>

CD

CO

s

H

co e

n c

o c

o

-j.

5

S"

ST »

o

~~

o c

c

"0

TJ

TJ

IS CD

CD

a

c

g 5=

5.

55'

55

0)

CD

CO

CO

C

O

> 2

C

M »

A

co c

o

2,

3 CD

Q-

c"

CO

Q

CD_

CD

CO

ll

^^

o

o II

3

. 55

' S

i' 0

>

r m

m C

Q

CO

C

O

^

—

C0

) .&

. 0

" O

CO

=

3

CO

C

O.

o'

CO

0)

0>

CO

0

)

^ o

CO

CO

03 2

CD

CD

'!

O

CD

CO

"O

TJ

CD

-§§_

c o

»s O

Z

7*

0)

mg-

S-E

. 3

'»

3 O

C

D^

3B

5'

2 3

8

CO C

D

3

w

2L

z z

CO 0

1

< <

o

' o

' c.

c_

CO 0

) 2

co

•<

-a

"H

. u

o

o

CD

TJ 3"

CO.

0)

22

Q

IS 2

o

—

3 =

f.g

CU C

O

3~ _

CO

CO

CD

=:

-n

3

S"

3 +

co

•a

O O

O

o o

§3

3 "

•§

••

§•

l§§

0>

CD

C

D

c 3 3

3

o> co

C

Q

CO 3

II CD ^

-a

3.

=

5 co

3

' CD

OT

rn

Tm

-n

to

wT

mi

mm

m

—** '

T* 7

* T

* T

* •

IT

* i*

3

r* 3

c •

- c

C

o I 0

) CO

0

) C

Q C

Q

CQ

cF c

o" c

o"

3 3

3.

Ql'

0>'

0)

CD"

II 3

0)

CO

nj

e

o

3

CO

0)

Co

0)

CQ

C

Q C

Q

CQ

OO

O

CO

0)

CO

T

J T

J T

J

C

' '

O

<

-"

!

- <

5"

0)

0)

CD

-

_ <

3. 3

CD

CO

it

3 T

J

co' f

»

Q.

0)

3 2

0) 3

m m

c

CD =

?.

3^ co

CO

00

0

>< •

•<

O

. 3

O

.

CD_

3"

CD

_ B

fCg

'sr

CD

. £D

S

CQ

0

) CD

0 i co

0>

m

O m

o 5

0 "S

o o

3 5

CD 5

co

' 3

CD »

C

CO

03

S-'

vTJ"

CD

^

- C

O

0) 5

5

o c 3

m o

3

><

3 <L

CD

5

"

CO Q

.

3<f

3f

fl

0)

m >

>

o 8 »

3

2.

31

3 -

i CD

0

) 0

) co

O

0)

TJ

CD 3

CD

S 2

CD

i :c

Q 5

3

03

3

0 0

10 o

0

b^

bb

b _

O

O

l l\

3 O

©

v

l O

O

l A

O

O

00

O

0

0

CO O

O

CD

OO

OO

OO

OO

OO

00

OO

v

|v

|0

00

00

0-

>-

OO

N>

00

WW

OO

OO

OO

CO

OO

CD

OO

^p

pp

pp

u^

po

-^

Pr

* b

io

^^

vtiJ

^b

^b

^b

ib

bb

uii

O-

'O

OW

SO

UO

l-

'f

t-

'O

lO

UI

O-

'-

'O

Ol

OM

O)

O-

'O

OU

ll

OO

AS

-'

S-

'O

lO

Ol

OO

IS

OO

OS

ff

l O

Ul

OO

OO

CO

OO

WN

Jg

CJ

lO

DO

OO

OC

O-

'O

OW

Wr

O

00

-'

00

00

00

00

00

00

0-

'O

OO

IV

)0

-*

00

00

00

00

0 o

oo

oo

oo

co

oo

oo

oa

>o

oo

oo

o-

p>

.o

oiv

>o

rv

>

CO

>

OO

CJ

)O

O0

0O

OO

OO

OO

OW

OC

J)

OO

OO

a)

OO

OO

OO

OO

a)

O£

:O

OO

OO

OO

0)

O0

JO

a)

0)

OO

0)

OO

0)

0)

OO

00

O0

) 0

00

>0

00

10

00

00

00

00

)0

0)

00

00

0)

OO

OO

OO

OO

a)

OS

oO

OO

OO

OO

)0

0)

Oa

>O

OO

OO

iO

OW

O)

00

00

00

> O

O-

vl

OO

OO

OO

OO

OO

OO

GO

Ov

lO

OO

Ov

lO

OO

OO

OO

Ov

lO

go

OO

OO

OO

vJ

OC

OO

vl

OJ

OO

WO

OG

OC

OO

OG

OO

GO

pp

pp

o-

^o

pp

po

oo

oo

oo

ro

b^

Ni

bb

^i

ob

bb

bM

bb

Mb

co

s 0

00

-v

|0

0-

+v

|l

00

00

v|

00

vl

0 0

0^

O

v|

*.

00

0)

*.

*.

00

0*

.O

O^

OC

3)

vl

O*

NO

O0

)v

|M

OO

OS

OO

>I

Oa

lU

OO

-^

O-

J-

OO

OO

OO

O-

J-

O

io

bb

bb

bb

Nb

bb

bc

ob

vJ

O*

>.

OC

OO

O-

vl

OO

OO

vl

O

•&

.O

03

O0

0O

O-

&.

OO

OO

0J

O

Nl

O*

»O

ff

lO

ON

00

00

01

0

o-

io

oo

oo

oi

oo

oi

oa

>o

pp

pp

-'

wo

o-

j-

pw

b

io

bb

bb

Mu

b^

bb

ub

bb

bb

io

iD

bb

vi

bN

O

CO

OO

OO

vl

OI

OO

JO

OO

-'

OO

OO

OO

JO

OO

OO

OO

CO

o

oo

oo

o-

i^

vi

ov

ic

sc

oo

oo

oo

oo

ro

co

oo

ai

oc

D

OC

OO

OO

Ov

|-

^0

*>

.O

OC

O-

-4

00

00

0C

00

10

0v

lO

vl

0

0 3 0

CD

•a

s tJ 0 X-

1- %

p 0 b b

co 0

0-

'0

-k

OO

OO

OO

-'

0-

LN

)0

0-

>-

00

00

00

00

00

0

bb

^c

o^

bb

bb

bb

i»

b(O

Nb

b»

uc

ob

bb

bb

bb

bb

o

oio

ro

-^

oo

oo

oo

oo

oc

oo

oo

ro

io

oo

oo

oo

oo

io

;o

-'

00

oo

o-

'0

00

-p

>.

a>

oo

oo

oo

-'

Oo

-L

0 b b j

i b

i>

'-1 b

0

00

30

0^

U^

OO

OO

OO

CD

OC

Or

OO

OO

OW

WO

OO

OO

OO

CT

)0

>,

-1

0^

00

00

-(

^C

OO

OC

OI

V)

-^

OO

OO

OO

CO

-^

.0

-P

».

--

»0

.4

i.

OO

IO

OO

IO

N)

-*

».

OO

OO

OO

OO

C3

)C

OO

OO

rO

N)

00

00

00

00

1o

So

^.

OO

OO

CO

a)

OO

I>

00

1-

'O

OO

r\

30

00

vl

OC

O-

^0

-t

00

-v

lO

OI

Uv

l0

10

00

00

00

0*

.-

'0

00

-v

|-

^0

00

00

00

*.

02

iO

Cn

OO

OO

-l

-|

i.

OO

vl

Wl

OO

OO

vl

OI

\D

WO

-»

-0

10

CO

O

OW

OO

CO

Wv

lO

OO

OO

OW

OO

CO

OO

UO

OW

OO

OO

OO

Ov

lO

^O

vl

OO

OO

OO

OO

WC

OW

OO

OC

OO

OO

OO

vl

OO

pp

pp

p^

o-

^p

pp

oo

oo

-^

oo

b

b^

bb

;.

bb

bb

bu

bb

b'

10 o

co

b)

01 "

o

->•

O

O O

) O

O

in

oo

so

o^

u o o

o o

w o o

o o

00

00

00

00

00

0 u

ib

bb

b)

bb

bb

bb

bb

__

00000)0000000000

WO

OO

CO

O>

00

00

0)

0'

->

r"

><

""

,'

-,

'-

>,

~,

'-

>—

—

WO

OO

CO

vl

OO

OO

vI

O

CO

00

0)

00

^0

30

00

00

)0

00

00

0)

00

00

0)

00

00

00

00

00

_ —

_

— _

l

_V

r.

ir

ir

io

r^

r.

Tr

^o

0W

0>

pO

OO

0)

OO

OO

OO

OO

OO

'IO

J O

OO

OO

OO

OO

OO

l-

f^

OO

OO

O-

'-

^O

OO

00

00

00

00

0

.- .-

.-

.-

.-

.- .- .- .

- .-

.- .

. .- .

-.-

u"

_ O

)0

-^o

-'0

)c3

)-^o

oo

oa

)cn

oo

o>

-.0

)

_f

7;

oo

oo

oo

oo

)o

a>

03

a)

a)

Oo

oo

o)

oo

oo

So

3 O

2O

OO

O(

i)

O0

1O

0)

OC

SC

9O

O'

,'

,'

,,

"'

,'

,n

W

"

, o o

o o

00

§

05

go

^o

oo

ow

0

0

0)

00

00

S°

Q

O0

00

03

0v

l0

vl

03

v|

-g

00

00

vl

00

00

55

§5

pp

pp

pf

^o

pp

pp

pp

po

po

op

po

pp

oo

op

pp

po

og

oo

oo

oo

oj

jo

oo

oi

co

op

pp

pp

yi

oo

pp

p

-•

'—

'—

'-

•---

•—•_

•-•—

•-

•_ •

_•—

•_.

•_

•_

••

_•

_•

_•

. •

_•

_•

_•

_•

_•

_•

_.

•_

•_

•_

•_

•_

•_

• 0

0 jj

03 (j 0

0

LL ij.

0

KJ

co 0

0 o

bo b

M

O -

i O

O

i.,

0)

03

00

00

00

0C

OO

>.

-1

00

-'

00

0*

.O

OO

OO

OO

mO

OO

OO

O

*.

oi

oo

or

)<

vi

-v

io

oo

oo

oo

co

oS

oo

i>

oo

oo

co

oo

oo

oo

oS

oo

oo

oo

co

o^

oo

iS

o3

0o

oo

oo

oo

oo

)o

So

o-

p»

.o

oo

oo

oo

oo

oo

o>

Jo

oo

oo

o

^o

cjiO

oV

'rriO

)O

OO

oo

c)0

0)C

3i';

oc

>c

jio

oo

-jiC

>c

>o

oo

oo

y?

of-io

oo

o

o o o

-••

-

-

- iv

o

.o

ou

to

wo

u-

'-

'o

wf

fla

au

iB

u

. O

OS

Ol^

OO

MM

OJ

iO

lO

OO

Ca

O

S;O

O^

OC

)O

CD

C>

00

00

00

>J

OO

OO

OO

-P

>.S

OO

CJ

OO

)0

00

*.*

.O

C0

00

00

00

10

^

oo

cn

oo

o-

j>

oo

oo

oo

og

oo

oo

oo

oi

£o

oa

>-

^o

oo

cn

oi

o-

'-

'O

OO

N)

0

OO

OO

OO

OO

OO

OO

OO

OO

Ov

lO

OO

-'^

.O

OO

OO

OO

OO

O

OO

O-^

OO

vl-

'OO

O-'O

OO

OC

OW

o

oo

oo

iM

co

mo

oo

cn

oo

oo

*^

oo

oo

vitn

*>

.v

io

oo

vio

oo

o-

j-

oo

O

OO

OO

CO

CO

OO

OO

OO

OO

OC

00

3

ooooooowoooo:

OO

-l

iM

vl

-t

O-

^O

OO

OO

-'

O-

, O

-^

OO

OO

Ov

l o

ov

ic

no

uio

uio

o-

^o

oio

^o

oio

oo

oo

o)

OO

-'

Ct

KO

SO

SO

OJ

iO

vl

oS

OS

OO

OO

Ov

l o

oo

co

oo

oo

oo

oo

oo

So

oo

oo

oo

-v

i

O

O *

. v

l O

OS

Ol

O

O -

* O

0

00

*.

00

0 ^

bb

bb

yi o o

o o

v

l O

O

O

O

0

00

00

OO

-J

-J

i.

OO

p^

p

b k>

b b

^ b

^

OU

OO

Ol

-'

Ul

(o

co

oo

s A

S

CO O

) O

O O

-1

O

-J

Denticula sp1 Gomphonema sp8 Brachysira sp1 Navicula sp4 o

o o

o

b

ob

b

o o

o

o

o

o o

o

o

o o

o

o o

o

o

b

bb

b o

o o

o

o

o o

o

o

o o

o

Gomphonema sp6 Navicula chiarae

Pinnularia sp6 Cymbella sp1

o o

o

o

b

bb

b o

o o

o

o

o o

o

o

o o

o

OOOO'O OOOO'O OOOO'O OOOO'O

Nitzschia sp1 Nitzschia sp2 Nitzschia sp3 Nitzschia perminuta SM Nitzschia perminuta Nupela neotropica Pinnularia macilenta P. nodosa v. robusta Stauroneis kriegeri Stenopterobiaintermedia Nitzschia agnita Nitzschia sp5 Pinnularia sp1 Achnanthes lanc.lanc. Meridion sp1 Gomphonema sp5 Achnanthes saprophila Fragilaria sp4 Pinnularia sp2 Pinnularia sp3 Achnanthes holsatica Pinnularia sp5 Nitzschia sp7 Stephanodiscus sp1 Brachysira microcephala o

o o

o

o

o

b

b b

b

b

b

o

o o

o

o

o

o

o o

o

o

o

o

o o

o

o

o

o o

o

o

o

o

b

b b

b

b

b

o

o o

o

o

o

o

o o

o

o

o

o

o o

o

o

o

Eunotia incisa E. monodon total E. paludosa Fragilaria sp1 Fragilaria sp2 Fragilaria sp3 Cf. Frag, neoproducta Fragilaria senedra Gomphonema sp2 Gomphonema sp3 Gomphonema sp4 Cf. G. acum. v. Turris G. cymbelliclinum Gomphonema gracile Gparwparv.f.saprophilum Neidium sp1 Neidium sp2 Neidium affine

oo

oo

oo

oo

wo

oo

oo

ro

oo

oo

oo

oo

oo

oo

oo

oo

oo

o-

'-

ow

^

bb

bb

bb

bu

b^

bb

bi

io

ii

bb

bi

ob

bb

bu

^b

u^

bb

bb

bb

ib

^ O

lOO

OO

OO

OC

OO

OlO

OtO

OlC

DO

OO

CO

OO

OO

-'C

DO

-'-

slO

OO

OO

CJ

lOlO

0

1O

OO

OO

OO

0)

O0

1O

OC

0C

0-

NI

OO

O*

>O

OO

O-

^-

VI

O-

'0

0O

OO

OO

-V

IO

0>

o

oo

oo

oo

oo

4*

oo

oo

o-

'O

ic

oo

oo

o>

oo

oo

cn

oo

oc

nc

oo

oo

oo

a>

oa

OO

OO

OO

OO

-^

OO

OO

OC

DN

) ^

•b

bb

bb

bb

bo

ro

bb

bb

co

Ko

00

00

00

00

00

)0

)0

00

00

)0

) 0

00

00

00

00

0)

0)

00

00

0)

0)

03

OO

OO

OO

O~

~l~

^O

OO

O-

Nl-

>l

pp

pp

pp

pp

pp

pp

pp

po

po

oo

oo

^p

op

pO

QM

b

bb

bb

bb

bb

bb

bb

jb

bb

b»

bb

bo

i^

^b

bb

o;

,,

a

OO

OO

OO

OO

OO

OO

OW

OO

OO

^i

OO

O-

+-

iC

OO

ON

>S

o O

OO

OO

OO

OO

OO

OO

^lO

OO

O-

^.

OO

O-

^I

>0

~J

OO

-^

Sc

D

OO

OO

OO

OO

OO

OO

O4

^O

OO

O-

^O

OO

O-

'4^

OO

N>

£5

<0

o o

o

o

b

bb

b o

o o

o

o

o o

o

o

o o

o

p p

o

o

b

bb

b o

o o

o

o

o o

o

o

o o

o

o o

o

o

b

bb

b o

o o

o

o

o o

o

o

o o

o

0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000

00000 OOOO'O

OOOO'O 00000

00000 OOOO'O

OOOO'O OOOO'O

OOOO'O OOOO'O

0.0000 0.0000

OOOO'O OOOO'O

OOOO'O OOOO'O o

o o

o

o

o

b

bb

^b

b O

O O

O) O

O

oo

ou

oo

O O

O ~

«1 O

O 0

00

00

00

0-

^O

OO

Op

4=

>.

N>

b

^b

bb

ub

b^

jo

bb

ui

i^

00

)O

OO

rO

©0

4^

0)

OO

OIV

>-

'-N

>

OC

OO

OO

-vlO

OO

lWO

OO

-vlC

O-v

J O

-v

lOO

OO

OO

O-

vl^

OO

OW

O-

vl

OOOO'O OOOO'O OOOO'O

OOOO'O OOOO'O OOOO'O

0.0000 0.0000 0.0000

oo

oo

oo

oo

op

pp

pp

pp

pN

) N

^b

bb

bb

b^

bb

bb

bb

bb

io

0>

WO

OO

00

OO

00

OO

OO

OO

O)

O0

>

0)

00

00

00

50

00

00

00

00

00

30

0)

~g

wo

oo

co

oo

oo

oo

oo

oo

^i

o~

~i

OO

OO

OO

OO

Op

pp

pp

p^

OM

^

•b

bb

bc

n^

-k

)C

ji

^-

bb

bb

bN

)b

o>

^

•O

OO

O4

*-

00

^J

4^

G0

OO

OO

OW

OO

IV

)OO

OO

CO

^I4

*.C

O-^

IOO

OO

OO

>O

CO

-

x0

00

00

1^

^I

Cn

*>

.O

OO

OO

UO

<0

oo

oo

oo

oo

pp

pp

pp

pp

pw

b

^b

bb

bb

bb

bb

bb

bb

bb

^ o

oo

oo

oo

cn

oo

oo

oo

oo

oo

o O

C0

OO

OO

O4

^O

OO

OO

OO

N)

Ot

0 O

^I

OO

OO

O^

IO

OO

OO

OO

OO

-J

pp

pp

po

oo

oo

oo

oo

oo

op

pp

wo

pp

po

oo

oo

oo

op

pp

pp

pp

pu

j^

bb

bb

bb

bb

bu

^b

bb

ub

^b

bj

ii

ib

bb

bb

bb

bb

bb

bb

bb

bb

bb

^i

ob

oo

oo

oo

oo

oo

oo

)O

oo

wo

a>

oo

o)

Go

o)

00

oo

oo

oo

oo

oo

oo

oo

oo

o)

;r

Go

oo

oo

oo

oo

oo

oo

)o

oo

&o

oa

>o

oa

>o

oa

)o

oo

oo

oo

oo

oo

oo

oo

oo

oo

>f

-.

Go

OO

OO

OO

OO

OO

O^

IO

OO

GO

O^

IO

O^

IC

O^

OO

OO

OO

OO

OO

OO

OO

OO

OO

^l

gG

O

o o

o

o

o

o

b

b b

b

b

b

o

o o

o

o

o

o

o o

o

o

o

o

o o

o

o

o

o o

o

o

o

o

b

b b

b

b

b

o

o o

o

o

o

o

o o

o

o

o

o

o o

o

o

o

oo

oo

oo

oo

op

pp

po

op

bb

bb

bb

bb

bc

ob

bb

bf

ob

OO

OO

OO

OO

O~

JO

OO

O*

.O

o

oo

oo

oo

oo

oo

oo

oo

co

o o

oo

oo

oo

oo

mo

oo

o-

'-

o

oo

oo

oo

oo

op

po

oo

wo

b^

bb

bb

bb

o^

bb

uu

bi

u o

cn

oo

oo

oo

-^

ui

oo

-'

-'

OJ

-'

0^

00

00

00

^.

^1

00

^-

^.

CD

*.

OO

OO

OO

OO

OO

OO

OO

00

O

OOOO'O OOOO'O OOOO'O

0.0000 0.0000 0.0000

oo

oo

oo

oo

op

pp

pp

pr

or

oo

bb

bb

br

oS

oio

bb

bb

So

^-

b^

-K

jOL

) o

oo

oo

*.

ji

*>

-o

oo

o*

>.

ro

o-

'ro

a)

OO

OO

OI

OI

Dl

OO

OO

Of

fi

AO

SM

M

OO

OO

O-

'-

'-

^O

OO

O-

'O

lO

-^

O^

oo

oo

oo

oo

op

pp

pp

p^

^p

^b

bb

bb

oN

is

ib

bb

bb

bs

*v

i t

no

oo

oo

oo

oo

oo

oo

oo

or

oM

oo

^1

00

00

00

4*

4*

00

00

00

0)

00

4*

. O

OO

OO

OO

CO

CO

OO

OO

OO

GO

OIC

O

Taxon 15cm 20cm 25cm 30cm 40cm 50cm 60cm

Core Depth Diatom percent abundance: Teapot Lake, Ontario

m

inotia sp2 I

m

c 3 O

9>

'

co

•a

o o

b o o o

o o o o

o o

b o o o o b o o o o b o o o o

o o o o o b o o o p b o o o o b

o o o o o b o o o o b o o o

o o o o b o o o

>

c S> o o CO

2.

ai 55'

a>

Q.

o"

O b o o o o CO

N

> C

D

4* o ho

00 o->

C

D

o b o o o o b o o o o b o o o

o o

b o o o

o o o o

>

3 3 <

cn

o o'

9) o b o o o o b o o o o b o o o

>

>

• o

CD

3"

X

3 C

Q

?>

B)

5 CD

CO

CO

T3

0) cx

9L

cb~ -*

to" -**

CD

3 C

D

CO

•-

• -

CO

5T

O

N>

O

b b

O

IV)

c»

o

H CO

CO

CO CO

-

H

^ C

D

u)

w

5" ^

•o

c c

8|»

ii

I- £

g I.

i. g

3

Q.

CO

CO

0)

CD

CO

CO C

O

,,

9)

O

X>

3 5

3.

C

IV)

B>

4*.

co c

o 2

. 3

co­

co

a.

c'

CO

o o

o '-L

b

b a>

o

o

o b o

p _i

O)

O-

&.

00

OO

OO

O

O

CO

CO

o o

b b

o o

o o

o o

p

Ol

o b o o o o

00

O

O

o o

o b

ob

o o

o o

o o

o o

o

-L

o

O

bi

BM

bb

b O

O

l

o CD

o

4*

o o

o b o o o o b o o o o b o o o o b o o o

O

CD

o CD

o

oi

00 cn

CD

o b o

o o

o *.

o

o C

O

O

O

o o

o

o o b o o o o b o o o o *

bb

o C

O

O

O

O

Ol

O

O

O

O

O

CO

O

O

o o

b b

o o

o o

o o

o o

b

'-L

O

CO

O

v

l

o a>

o o

b b

o o

o o

o o

o b o o o p Lk a>

0

5 v

i p Li.

ro

00 4* o

o o

o o o o bo

b

b o

CO

O

O

o o

o O

JO

O

MO

O

bo

b o

o o

o o

o o

o o

-i.

O

O

bo

b

o o o o b o o o o b iu

o

o o

vj o

o

o o

o o o

33

31

i ^

3 3

jrr

= =

= CO

E.E

.E.O

CD

0

) B

) 3

" 3

. 3

. 3

. o

j'

< CO

C

0^

o-:*

g"Q

: t»

3

CO

­C

O.

5'

CD

o o

o b

ob

o o

o

z z

CO

m

co

S-

n>

O

2 X

I 3

" £

. 3

"

55' 9

) o

co 3

3

*M

CO

T

3

B> E

. B

)

CO

C

O

00

ho

—L

Ol

CO

C

O

0)

oo

ot

ns

o 0

0 O

O

O

*

. O

-"

•

o b o o o o b o o o p b o o

o o

o b

b io

O

OM

O

O

0

0 O

O

4

*.

O

O

O

bb

iu

O

O

00

o o

a>

O

O

CO

o o

o b

ob

o o

o o

o o

o CD

O

l

a>

00

Ol

b IV) —

O

l

o CO

C

O

o

-i

Ol

CO

v

l -•

• A

C

O

vl

CD

-•

•

-i

CO

'-L

IV)

£t

CO

v

l C

D

00

CO

IV)

r>-

'-L

b

•Is

. O

l

oo r

o O

O

O

O

C

T)

00

CO

O b o o o o b o o o p b o o o

o o

o b

ob

o o

o o

o o

o o

o

o o

o b

ob

o o

o o

o o

o o

o

o o

o b

ob

o o

o o

o o

o o

o

_k

O

IV)

b b

->•

CD

—

L "" O

O

l O

C

O

O

Ol

MO

A

b O)

Ol

vi _,.

b N>

vi o

o>

o 0

5 O

C

T)

O

vl

O

o .->

• bo

co

co r

o 0

3 O

l O

) O

l

p Lk

CD

o 00 o 4*

CO

N

> 0

3 o b o o o o b o o o o b o o o o b o o o o b o o o

z CO

<

o'

c 9)

•o

co

CD

c Q.

O <

CD

-*

so.

55'

O b o o o o b o o o o b o o o o b o o o o b o o o o b o o o o b o o o

o z

z m

<.

<.

o °

° =•

c

c 3

' to

a>

3

O

" 9

) .

3 •

<

3=5

-a

3§

-S

03

CD

3"

= 93

B>

5T

Of

OO

bo

b 4*

. co

-^ z C

O <

o'

c CO

co

•

a co

p I_i a> 2

Zp

OD

D

CD

rt

' O

O

gS

a 3

3 3

O

3"

= 'Q

3

-3

" 3 s

' S S

g §

2

. W

c

» CD

CD

C_

OJ

O

3 CO

0

)

CD

s:

£0

,5

^'

•n

a 2.

<i §

3

§ s

"-§

-J-

3 D

3 c

+ =

S

CO

co 5

-o

o o

o o

o ^

bb

bb

b 0

30

00

00

o p CD

o c 3 3

'

St

ET

3 _•.

1_

L

IV)

Tl

£ 3 CD

CO

3 a.

0

) -

0 c CO

0 b 0 C

OO

CO

OO

OO

OO

OO

lO

-•

• o

-

*

->•

O

K>

co b

So

-

L

o

CO

C

O

O

00

Ol

O

CD

lO

O-

"

b vi

b

00

->•

O

(V)

v|

4=k

Ol

*.

CO

MO

M

b

4*

'-L

4v

CO

4

*.

4*.

O

l 0

0

00 p 1_L

0

3 *.

I\3 p b O o o o b o o

03

O

O

O

O

O

p p

p p

p p

bb

bb

^b

O

O

O

O

03

O

O

O

O

O

*.

O

O

O

O

O

N>

O

O

O

O

O

O

O

^b

bb

bb

•&.

O

O

O

O

O

CO

O

O

O

O

O

O

l O

O

O

O

O

O

O

O

O

O

O

b b

b b

b b

O

O

O

O

O

O

O

O

O

O

O

O

•&.

0

0 CO

1

0 0

3 •P

^

O

Ol

~g

C

O

CO

0 "0

0 0 0 0 b 0 0 0

0 0

CO

C

O

0

0 0 0 0

3C

00

0O

OO

OO

OO

05

O

O

O

-»•

bit

io

O)

03

CO

4

*.

41

. C

O

01

01

4=

*

CO

-

* IV

)

co i

o b

co c

o 03

C

O

CO

0

3 C

O

CO

v

l

O

O

-"•

ho v

l b

Ol

-vl

IV)

03

O

Ol

^M

tn

o b o o o o b o o o o b o o o

O

O

O

O

O

O

b b

b b

b b

o o

o o

o o

o o

o o

o o

o o

o o

o o

o p

o o

o o

bb

bb

-b

o o

o o

o>

o 0

0 0

0 0

30

O

O

O

O

-vl

O

p p

p p

p p

b^

bb

bb

O

N>

O

O

O

O

O

00

O

O

O

O

O

-fc.

O

O

O

O

p LL

O)

O)

0 CO

C

O

CO

C

O

0 b 0 0 0

0 b 0 0 0 0 b 0 0 0 0 b 0 0 0

Tl

CQ

5T

co'

S"

3 CD

S

CO

kl

CO

•

&.

IV)

10

03 b 0 0 CO

0

3

Ol

00

Ol

CO

^ 0 vj

CI)

0 C

33

01

CO

01

0 0 0 CO

0

5 ^ CO

~s

l

Tl

CD

CQ

.

T to

'

T3 3'

3 SI

5T

0 b 0

Tl

Tl

3.

3 0

) CD

C

Q C

Q

5T 5

T —

t —

1

9)'

C

D'

if CD

O

= a

CD

ft c 0 3

IV)

O

b b

CO

O

CO

0 0 3 CO

l-

»

-1 c CD

3 co

<

<

CD

3 C

D —*

O

CO

c 0 CO

-

0)

0 0 3 CO

-

c CD

3 C

O

0

b b

0 0

00

00

0 0 0 b 0 0 0 0 b

0 0

IV)

O

b b

IV)

O

^1

0 C

O

O

[VI

p

01

b

0 0

0 0

0 0 0 b 0 0 0 0 b 0 0 0 0 b 0 0 0 0 b 0 0 0

IV)

O

01

0

-^

0

b b

cn

0 IV

) O

C

O

O

10

0

'-*

b O

l O

C

O

O

01

0

CO

O

b b

0 0

0 0

0 0

^1

0

'->•

b

00

O

00

0 ^

1 0

0 p b 0 0 0 p b

0 0 b 0 0 0 p ^_

i

0 -P

>.

0 0 0 b 0 0 0 0

CO

0

1

0 b 0 0 0 0

b b

0 0 0 0 b 0 0 0 p b 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 b 0 0 0 0 b 0 0 0

Tl

3 3

CO

9

) C

Q

CQ

C3

O

CO

C

O

-0 X

J c

• 0

< 3

» SB

^

< 3

-•

<•>

i 2.

CD

y

. 3

CD

CO

O b

0 b O

*

. O

O

O b 0 0 0 0 b 0 0 0 0 b 0 0 0 0

CO

p Li.

O

) -P

> IV

)

_i

01

^4

00 rv>

0 *>

CO

0

1 C

O

0

b bo

0 0 0 0 b 0 0 0 0 b 0 0 0

CO

0 O

)

0 b 03

CD

^

J

0 b 0 0 0

Tl

9)

CQ

C3 9)

p <

93 —*

C3

9> p CO

CO

~

N|

C33

IV)

^4

CO

0

0 C

O

IV) _,.

b 0

Tl -*

CD

<

Q. » co'

CT

CD

<

co'

—I

Co

'

0 b 0 0 0 0 b 0 0 0 0 b 0 •l

i. 0

CO

C33

b CO

C

O

01

CO

—

I.

cn

O) s 03

CD

00 fo

IV)

00

01

0 0 b 0 0 0 0 b 0 0 0 0 b 0 0 0 0 b 0 0 0

m

c 3 0 9)'

Q.

CD

Q.

CD

3 93 0 b 0 0 0 0 b 0 0 0 0 b

m

•0 co

CD

C

•O 3 p CO

IV

) —

k

01

0 b 0 0 0 p !_L

0 A

0 0 0 b 0 0 0 0 b 0 0 0 0 b 0 0 0 0 b 0 0 0

CO

0

1 p b 0 0 0 0 4*.

C

O

00

CO

p «L

03

O)

^i

0 b 0 0 0

m

5_'

CD

-

3 CD

Q.

9)'

Ol *.

CD

C

D

IO

m

c 3 O

B)'

cb"

X c 0 CO

0

)

0 vl

vl

vl

*.

CD

'-vl

03

CD

CO

b ~v

CO

V

I

—A

b 01

IV)

CO

_j

. b IV)

vj

IV)

IV)

u CO

C

O

CO

[V>

01

CD

v

l

0 vl

Ol

Ol

00 b co

4»-

4*.

01 ho

00

CO

C

O

p Lk

4=>

CD

IV

)

p b CO

C

O

CO

01 ho

CD

C

O 0 0 S[

97

C

O

CD

_

CQ

' C

D

—I

93 0 b 0 0 0 0 b 0 0 0 0 b 0 0 0 0 b 0 0 0 0 b 0 0 0 0 b 0 0 0 0 b 0 0

4^

IV)

O p 3 C

3 3"

CQ

' 9

) 3 B

)' 3 B

) p IjL

C

D

O

00

0 b 0 0 0 0 b 0 0 0 0 b 0 0 0 0 b 0 0 0 0 b 0 0 0 0 b 0 0 0

O

0 0 <-+ cp_

97

0 0 3 CD

3 C

O

co'

0 b 0 0 0 0 b 0 0 0 0 b 0 0 0 0 b 0 0

0 C3

O

CD

.

5T

CD

O 3 c co

p b 0 0 0 0 b 0 0 0 0 b 0 0 0 0 b 0 0 0

0

0 b 0 0 0 0 b 0 0 0 0 ho

01

CD

v

|

0 b 0 0 0 0 b 0 0 0 p LL

IV)

00

4*.

O

O

C3

O

3 CD

co'

CD

c CQ

9) O b 0 0 0 0 b 0 0 0 0 b 0 0 0 0 b 0 0 0 0

m

3 0 3 CD

3 9)

CO

cb"

CO

9)'

C

3 £ 3 _k «!.

IV)

Ol

4*.

CO

vl

vl

CD

v

|

_v ho

C

O

—L

IV)

0 b IV)

CD

4

*.

O

b co

0 0 0 0 b 0 0 0 0 b 0 0 0

CO

[V

I IV

)

CO

b CO

C

O

CO

_l

4=.

—L

N>

—I.

m

3 0 0 3 CD

3 9) 3 3' c 5T

CO

b CD

v

| v

l

0 k<

3 cr

CD

_

5T

C3 2.

c"

9>

0 b 0 0 0

*>

p L

L

0 Ol

IV)

4*

CO

C

D

0 IV)

b 0 CO

C

O

_l

0 0 0 0 0 b 0 0 0 0 b 0 0 0 0

4*

b C

O

01

0 0 b CD

0

) v

| rv>

Li.

0

3

0 0 0 0 b 0 0 0 0 b 0 IV

) O

C

O

0

m

3 0 <

0 3 CD

3 CD

O

CD

C

O

CO

O

>

c 9)

O

O

CO

C

D.

CD

B) 3 0-

CQ

' c 0

3 0

b 0

O

O

O

O b 0 0 0 0 b 0 0 0 p b 0 0 0 0 b 0 0 0 0 b 03

03

vj

0 0 0 0 b 0 0 0 0 b CD

0 0

0 p b 0 0 0 0 b 0 0 0 0 b 0 0 0

0 0

b 0 0 0

0 0 0 0

>

>

0 0

3-

3-

3 3

9)

CD

3 3

<—*•

*

-4-

3-

3"

CD

C

D

CO

C

O

ISi.

?£

3f

3 «

.

=:3 c 3

0 p

^-

b C

O

O

vl

O

4*

0

0 -•

•

b b

O

vl

0 0

O

4*

•vl

-1

w

ho

IV)

CO

—

i.

1

-••

IV)

O

;-<•

vl

W

CD

IV

) O

l IV

) v

| C

O

O

-^

b 4*

O

C

O

0 0

1 0

0

O

CO

b b

0 co

O

C

O

O

CO

0 l\

J

b

'->•

0 0

0 O

IV

t O

C

O

H

9) X

O

3

vl

O

O 3 ^1 cn

0 3 00

Ol

0 3 CO

0 0 3 C

D

Ol

O 3 _i

0 0 0 3 _*.

0 01

0 3

1 £ •2 H

5-

O

SI

0 3 a CD

3 CD

3 9

) C

r c 3 a.

9)

3 0 CD

H

CD

9)

XI

O

I-

9) *:

CD

O

3 5"

Diatom percent abundance: Teapot Lake, Ontario Taxon

Eunotia incisa E. monodon total E. paludosa Fragilaria sp1 Fragilaria sp2 Fragilaria sp3 Cf. Frag, neoproducta Fragilaria senedra Gomphonema sp2 Gomphonema sp3 Gomphonema sp4 Cf. G. acum. v. Turris G. cymbelliclinum Gomphonema gracile Gparwparv.f.saprophilum Neidium sp1 Neidium sp2 Neidium affine Nitzschia sp1 Nitzschia sp2 Nitzschia sp3 Nitzschia perminuta SM Nitzschia perminuta Nupela neotropica Pinnularia maciienta P. nodosa v. robusta Stauroneis kriegeri Stenopterobiaintermedia Nitzschia agnita Nitzschia sp5 Pinnularia sp1 Achnanthes lanc.lanc. Meridion sp1 Gomphonema sp5 Achnanthes saprophila Fragilaria sp4 Pinnularia sp2 Pinnularia sp3 Achnanthes holsatica Pinnularia sp5 Nitzschia sp7 Stephanodiscus sp1 Brachysira microcephala Pinnularia sp6 Cymbella sp1 Gomphonema sp6 Navicula chiarae Denticula sp1 Gomphonema sp8 Brachysira sp1 Navicula sp4

70cm 0.8039 0.0000 0.9646 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.1608 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.4823 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.1608 1.4469 0.1608 0.0000 0.0000 0.4823 0.4823 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.1608 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 1.9293 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.1608 1.4469 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000

75cm 0.3284 0.0000 1.6420 0.9852 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.4926 0.6568 0.0000 0.3284 0.6568 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 4.2693 0.8210 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 1.1494 1.8062 0.8210 0.3284 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000

Core Depth 85cm

0.7174 5.4080 0.2869 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.1435 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.2869 2.8694 0.2869 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 2.2956 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.1435 0.0000 1.0043 0.0000

90cm 0.1653 0.0000 0.4959 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.3306 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.8264 5.9504 0.0000 0.3306 0.0000 0.0000 0.3306 0.8264 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 3.3058 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000

95cm 0.1661 0.0000 0.4983 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.3322 0.6645 0.0000 0.0000 0.3322 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.3322 0.3322 1.3289 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.1661 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.6645 0.1661 0.0000 0.0000 0.1661 0.0000 0.0000 0.1661 0.0000 0.1661 0.0000

100cm 1.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.1667 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 3.3333 1.8333 1.6667 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.3333 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.5000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.6667 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000

105cm 1.1553 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.5135 1.2837 0.7702 0.1284 0.0000 0.0000 0.2567 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.2567 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.5135 1.1553 0.2567 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000

119

o c. o tot Lake,

u CO aundance: Te CO

"c ercei

Q.

£ o "(5 Q

JZ Q

CD

Q

Corel 48cm |

,_ E o

•«3-35cm |

,_ 29cm |

••"" 23cm J

,_ 16cm I

T™

10cm |

* t—

Taxon

N

CD

in T

—

d ,_

CO

CO

CM

o CM"

o CO

O

<* C

D

d CD

CD

05 CM

,_

W

CO

"fr h

-

d o r

CO

LO

CO

CD

o o CD

d CD

CM

o 00

d simum I I Achnanthes minutis: o o d ,9649

1^

•*

05 05 CM

d o o o o d o> T

-

CD

CO

CM

O

O

O

O

d !!U

Achnanthes peterse o o

o

o

o o

o

o

d d

o o

o

o

o o

o

o

d d

^^

5 CM

CM

C

D

CO

i-

d d

r-- o

C

D

O

-tf o

T

- O

d d

o en

O

C

O

o o

O

0

0 o t

o o o d o o o o d o o o o d o o o o d o o o o

r-~

CD

tn ,~

CD

T

—

o LO

^'

CD

CO

CD

w

CO

CM

CO

CO

CO

(6

CO

CD

T

—

o o

dd

-*

o o

o

o

o o

o o o o

o

o

d d

IT) L

0 o o o

o

o

CD

C

O

T—

T—

d d

CO Aulacoseira ambigu

Encyonema cesatii o o d Cymbella cistula o CO

o o (6

a> CO

CO

CO

-* Encyonema minuta o o

O

) O

CO

O

CO

O

d d

m

o

i- O

CM

O

CO

O

d d

CO

O

00

O

-a- o

C

D

O

d d

o o

o

o

o o

o

o

d d

•* o

io o

CM

O

T

- O

1-'

d

CD

O

O

O

O

O

CO

O

d d

in o

T

- O

00

O

•* o

d d

E Encyonema silesiac

Cocconeis euglyta o o o o

o o o o d

d

o o o o d o o o o d o o o o d o o o o d o o o o d o o o o d Cyclotella atomus o o o o d o o o o d o o o o d o o o o d o o o o d o o o o d Cyclotella comensis o o o o d O

O

O

o d o o o o d i-~

o> •

*

••—

d o o o o d o o o o d o o o o d C. michiganiana o o o o d o o o o d ,_ •<t CM

C

O

d o o o o d o o o o d o o o o d o o o o d Cyclotella stelligera i.2939

CO 1.9357

UJ

CD

q CO

C

M

CO

t"~

o 5> t>-_

^ 1.3664

CO 1.0642

CO

C

M Eunotia flexuosa

•<t m

r

oq CM

o r

CO

LO

CO

CO

in in N

;

CM

in in •

*

CM

CM

in 0

0 in CO

CO

in CO

in

•* CO

CD

CO

00

CO

K E. intermedia

in CD

T

-

CO

d 00

o CD

-I—

d •*

CM

CO

d T—

<y>

•&

•*

d CD

-tf C

D

05

d CM

T—

o CM

'""•

m

1—

CO

"=J-

d

o o

o

o

o o

o

o

d d

o o

o

o

o o

o

o

d d

o o

o

o

o o

o

o

d d

O

•*

o o

o

o>

O

CM

d d

O

CO

O

C

M

O

CO

o

•*

d d

o o

o

o

o o

o

o

d d

o o

o

o

o o

o

o

d d

CO

CM

in C

D

CM o

o

o

o o

o

o

o

o o o o

o o

o

o

ai

d

d

d

00

o CD

•

*—

d •*

CD

00

1—

in

o o o o

o o

o

o

o

o

o o

o

o

o

o

od

d

o o

o

o

o

o

o o

o

o

o

o

od

d

o •*

o

OC

SO

O

OI

O

O

CM

O

do

do

CO

CD

in in

K

o o o o d h-

w

CO

r-; T

—

o o

o

o

o

o

o o

o

o

o

o

od

d

o o

o

o

o

o

o o

o

o

o

o

od

d

o o

o

o

o

o

o o

o

o

o

o

od

d

Dlepta mpens ns

E. praerupta form 1 Eunotia diadema Fragilaria brevistriat Frag. cap. var. cap. Frag. cap. var. mes< Frag, capucina v. ru Staurosira construei o o o o o d o o o o d •

*

a> o> CM

o"

o o o o d o o o o d o o

o o o o

o 05

CO

CO

d d

o o o o

CO

•<t C

D

o> d

d

o o o o d o o o o d o o o o d o o o o d o o

O

CD

r~~

CO

>*

CD

t~-0

5 v—

T_

h-

1—

00

CO

CO

1^

O

O

O

O

d o o o o d o o o o d o o o o d o o o o d o •*

o

m

CO

•*

"

CO

CD

o o

•*

o d S. construens v. venter o d c p

T~

05

o o d o o o o d

05

CO

CO

CO

CD

' 5; C

M

m (.7731

L» '.8743 I

co

05

CM

CM

CM

CM

CO

CM

CO i.2006

U5

CM

O

O

O

O

d O

O

o o d o o o

o o

o o

o o

o o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o o

o

o

d d

o o

o

o

o o

o

o

d d

CM

O

CO

O

CO

O

o •*

o

d CD

h

-O

) T

-^

,_

o o o o d o

o o

CO

C

O

oo m

GJ5

05

in q

d

CM

o o

o

o

o o

o

o

d d

o o

o o

o

o

d d

o o

o

o

o o

o

o

d d

o o

o

o

o o

o

o

d d

o co

o

co

O

00

q o

d

co

o o

o

o

o o

o

o

d d

o o

o o

o

o

d d

o o

o

o

o o

o

o

d d

o o

o

o

o o

o

o

d d

m

o

CO

O o o d o o o o d o o o o d o o

c-05

m

T—

d o o o o d ,_ <* CM

C

O

d o o •*

o

o

o

h-

O

d d

o o

o

o

o o

o

o

d d

O

CO

o o

o

o

o

o

o

o o d o o o o d

o o

o

o

d d

o o

o

o

o o

o

o

d d

>pus o o

o

o

d d

o o

o

o

o o

o

o

d d

r leaffine o

o

O

CO

d d

o o

o

o

o o

o

o

d d

Q.

CO

+ E

o d o o o o d o o o o d o o o o d E o d o o o o d o o o o d o o o o d

in io

03

00

T-

in

CO

05

d d

in h

-i-

i^

CM

O

CO

CO

d ^

05 in

i

- •

*

in co

O

T-

•*

T^

•* C

O

05 i

-05

•* O

O

O

o

o o o o d

d

o o o o d CM

CO

T—

d _ 05

•*

CM

CO

•

*

d •

*

CD

T

-•*

CO

CO

«tf"

OS

CD

d d

00

CM

O

i

-10

O

l*~ C

M

d i^

in in

1

—

T-

CO

C

O

•*

•*

d d

^•2

o in i—

CM

CO

d CO

o o CO

d o o o o d

o o o o d

C-

t 05

•>*

LO

T-

i- m

d co"

o o

o

o

O

05

O

O

d c\i

o •*

o

o o o d o o o o d o o o o d o o o o d o o o o d itralis

CM

CO

1

^ C

O

05

•*

d <6

CO

[^

CO

C-.

05

CO

LO

1-

d co

CO

CO

0

5 O

CM

•"*

05 C

O

T^

•*

CO

O

CO

CO

LO

O

K

O

CD

d

O

'T

o •

* O

O

)

o •*

d •>*

O

o o o d o o o o d •*

CM

t^ 0

5

d o o

o o o o d o o o o d CO

CM

CO

h-;

'"

in CO

o t

o d CD

C

D

•*

•*

" r"

o o o o d o o o o d

h~

d CO

CM

1^

LO

CM

•*

f-

in CO

,~

1^-1^-

o •* CM

O

O

O

CM

O

O

O

C

D

O

O

O

1^

O

O

O

•

*

d d

d

d

o m

o

o

O

i-

O

O

O

CM

O

O

O

CO

O

O

d d

d

d

OO

i-

CM

O

O

C

M

CD

O

O

C

O 0

0 O

O

1

- •

*

d d

d

d

O

O

O

O

O

O

O

O

o o

o

o

o

o

o

o

d d

d

d

o o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o o

o

o

o

o

o

o

d d

d

d

O

O

CM

C

M

O

O

O

O

o o

m

LO

O

O

-r-

i-

d d

d

d

o o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o o

o

o

o

o

o

o

d d

d

d

CO

o o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o o

o

o

o

o

o

o

do

do

o o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o o

o

o

o

o

o

o

do

do

o o

o

i-

o o

o

CM

O

O

O

C

D

O

O

O

l-

d d

d

d

o o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o o

o

o

o

o

o

o

d d

d

d

o o

o

in

O

O

O

T

-O

O

O

C

M

O

O

O

CO

d d

d

d

o o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o o

o

o

o

o

o

o

do

do

o o

o

in

o

o

o

i-o

o

o co

o

o

o

<* d

od

o

dius

o C

D

O

o o

co o

o

o o d o o o

N-

O

O

CM o

d d

o o o o

o

d CO

CO

•*

CO

d o o

o .4866

(

CD

o •

* o d CO

o CD

i

—

d CO

o o CO

d CD

•

*

** •

*

"•"

T—

d in

r

CM

d CO

CD

T

-

CO

CM

O

o o o o d o o o o d o o o o d

o d o o o o d o o o o d o o o o d

o o

o o o d o o

o o o d o o o

o

o d o O

O

O

O

d o o d

o d o o o o d

o o

o

o o

o

o o d o o o o d o o o o d •

*

o> O

) CM

d o o o o d CM

o in

d o o o o d CO o

o

o o

d

d

o o

o

o

o o

o

o

d d

o o

o

o

o o

o

o

d d

o o

o

o

o o

o

o

d d

o o

o

o

o o

o

o

d d

o o

o

o

o o

o

o

d d

o o

o

o

o o

o

o

d d

Fragilaria leptostaur Fragilaria nanana Fragilaria pinnata Fragilaria tenera F. ulna and arcus Cf. G. acuminatum Gomphonema micrc Gomphonema augu G. angustatumgraci G. truncatumcapitat Nitzschia sp6 Meridion circulare F Navicula sp3 Naviculacryptocephi Navicula cryptotone Cf. Eolimna minima Navicula pseudover Sellaphora pupula Navicula radiosa Nitzschia sp4 Nitzschia gracilis Pinnularia subanglic Pinnularia sp4 Pinnularia viridis Stauroneis gracilis Stauroneis sp2 Stephanodiscus me Surirella linearis T. flocculosa v.4 Taballeria fenestrate Achnanthes sp A. exigua A. minut. v. scotica Aulacoseira islandic Eunotia sp1 Eunotia sp2

.2 B

c o iot Lake, a CO

idance: Te

i»-

3 ntat ercei

Q

E

o 03 Q

£ "a. CD

Q

Corel 48cm 1

••

•"

E

o T

i-35cm |

T~ 29cm |

,_ 23cm J

,_ 16cm |

T~ 10cm I

~r~

Taxon r

i^ o o

o

o

CO

i

- O

O

O

O

en T

- o o

o

o

i^ r

o o

o

o

d

do

dd

d

in o

co o o

o

i

- O

0

3 O

O

O

C

M

O

CM

O

O

O

CO

O

O

) O

O

O

o o

T^ d

o

o

CO

[G

T

- O

O

O

C

O

S<

C

M O

O

O

•

* f?

C

D O

O

O

C

O

"^

i

- O

O

O

d

$ d

d d

d

LO

i

- i

- O

O

O

O

OO

IO

JO

OO

•st t •* o

o

o

r>- •* •* o o

o

d

d

d d

d d

Is-

O

CO

O

O

O

Is.

O

CM

O

O

O

O

O

CO

O

O

O

CO

O

•

* O

O

O

T-' o

CD d d

o

LO

S

CO" O

O

O

O

j£

<M

O

O

O

io

?m

oo

o •

* ^

C

M O

O

O

d

!£ CM

d d

d

CO

O

f

- O

O

O

O

O

C

O O

O

O

t-

O

CD

O

O

O

CM

O

O

) O

O

O

riddddd

L0

O

0)

O

i-

O

CO

O

d d

o o

o

o

o o

o

o

d d

o o

o

o

o o

o

o

d d

L0

O

o> o

T

- O

C

O

O

d d

00

CO

o o

C

O C

O

1—

1

~

d d

T-

CM

"

* C

O

CM

CO

C

O

•*

d d

N

O

O

i-

O)

O

•*

o

i-

O

d d

o o

o

o o o>

o

* o

•

*

d d

CO

i

-O

C

O

OO

ff

l*

o o

d

d

o o

o

o

o o

o

o

d d

o o

o

o

o o

o

o

d d

CO

••- C

D

d d

CM

CO

o o

L

0 O

i

- C

O

d d

L0

i-

O

CM

C

O

<*

i-

CO

d d

o o o o d o o o o d •tf C

M

t^-(J)

d

t*-O

) •

*

T-

d CO

o C

D

1—

d

o o o o d o o o o d

o o o o d o o o o d o o o o d o o o o d o o o o d C

O

o o CO

d o o o o d en K

O

0

) O

LO

O

i

- O

d d

CO

O

C

M

O

CO

O

•

* o

d d

•*

o

o o

i

- O

C

O

O

d d

T-

O

o> o

T

T

O

•*

O

d d

in o

T-

O

CM

O

C

O

O

d d

CM

O

o o

L

0 O

T

- O

d d

CD

O

C

O

O

CM

O

i

- O

T^

d

CO o

o

o o

o

o

o o

d

d

o o

o

o

o o

o

o

d d

o o

o

o

o o

o

o

d d

o o

o

o

o o

o

o

d d

o o

o

o

o o

o

o

d d

o o

o

o

o o

o

o

d d

O

LO

o o

O

C

O

o •>-d

d

hilum

o o

o

o

o o

o

o

d d

o o

o

o

o o

o

o

d d

o o

o

o

o o

o

o

d d

o o

o

o

o o

o

o

d d

o o

o

o

o o

o

o

d d

o o

o

o

o o

o

o

d d

o o

o

o

o o

o

o

d d

o o

o

o

o o

o

o

d d

o o

o

o

o o

o

o

d d

o o

o

o

o o

o

o

d d

o o

o

o

o o

o

o

d d

o o

o

o

o o

o

o

d d

O

CO

O

0

0

o *

O

CO

d d

o o

o

r-~

o o

o

o

o o

d

d

o o

o

o

o o

o

o

d d

o o

o

o

o o

o

o

d d

o o

O

0)

o -=* O

•r-

d d

O

CO

o

•

* O

C

O

O

O)

d d

o o

o

o

o o

o

o

d d

O

T-

o o

o LO

o

o

o o

d

d o

o

O

CO

d

T

-:

2 CO

LO

I

s-0

3 0

3 T

- L

0 C

O

T-

d d

o o

o

o

o o

o

o

d d

•*

T-

CM

CM

I

s- C

O

03

i-

d d

o o

o

o

o o

o

o

d d

O

00

o o

O

C

O

O

T-

d d

o o

o

o

o o

o

o

d d

T-

O

CM

O

•

* o

C

O

O

d d

o o

o

o

o o

O

LO

C

M

O

0 0

)0

3 0

Oi

-N

O

o o

o co -* o

d

d

CO

O

o o

C

O

O

i-

O

d d

i-

O

* o

C

M

O

CO

O

d d

o o

o

o

o o

o

o o

o o

o

O

00

O

O

o o

o

o

O

C

O O

O

O

i

- O

O

d

d d

d

T-

-*

(-

- O

C

M C

M O

O

C

D

r*» C

M

O

T-

03

CD

O

dd

rd

O

00

O

O

O

00

O

O

0 0

)0

0 O

L

0 O

O

d d

d d

d d

O

O

O

LO

L

O L

O

o o

o

o

o o

d

d

CO

O

o o

o

o

CO

O

d d

LO

O

o o

C

O

O

T-

O

d d

O

1-

T-

1-

O

CM

CM

C

M

O

CO

CO

C

O

d

d d

d

O

O

O

O

O

O

O

O

O

O

O

O

O

O

O

O

d

d d

d

o o

o

o

O

f-

O

O

O

CM

O

O

O

CO

O

O

d

d d

d

edia

o o

o

o

o o

o

o

d d

o o

o

o

o o

o

o

d d

o o

o

o

o o

o

o

d d

c~- o

o

0)

0 0

L0

O

O

i-

O

O

d

d d

o o

o

o

o

o

o o

o

o

o

o

od

d

T-

,-

T-

"*

•*

•*

CM

CM

C

M

CO

C

O C

O

od

d

o o

o

co o

o o

o

o

o o

d

d

o o

o

o

o o

o

o

d d

o o

o

o

o o

o oo o

0

0)

0 O

L

O

O

od

d

CO

L

O

O

O

T-

O

CO

C

M

O

T-

CO

O

od

d

o co o

o

o

o

o o

o

o

o o

co o

d d

o o

o

o

o o

o

o

d d

6 o o

o

T-

O

O

CM

»

- O

*w

o C

O

CO

O

od

d lila o o o o d o o o o d o o o o d N

-0

3 •

*

d 00

o CO

•

»—

d o o o o d o o o o d

LO

O

O

03

O

O

i-

O

O

CO

O

O

od

d

o o

o

o

o

o

o o

o

o

o

o

od

d

o o

o

o

o

o

o o

o

o

o

o o o o o d o o

o o

o

o

o

o

o o

o

o

o

o

od

d

o o

o

o

o

o

o o

o

o

o d

o o o o

d

d d

d

r o

o

0

)0

0

•* o

o

t-

O

O

od

d

O)

O

O

CO

O

O

o o

o

C

O

O

O

od

d

o o

o

o

o

o

o o

o

o

o

o

od

d

o o

o

o o o o d o o o o d o o o

o o

o

o

dd

i-

i-

O

if

NO

C

M

CO

O

C

O

i-

O

od

d

o o o o d LO

v—

CM

C

O

d ,_ C

M

CO

1

—

d

o o

o

o

o o

o

o

o

o

o o

o

o

dd

CM

C

M L

O

CD

C

O

i-

00

00 C

M

CM

C

M

CO

T^

i^

d

O

LO

CM

o o

o

O

L

O L

O

o

o

•*

i-

d o o

o o

o

o

o

o

o o

o

o

dd cs o

o d

d o

o

i-

O

O

CM

O

O

•* o

o

CD

O

O

od

d hala o o o d o o o o d

o o o o d o o o o d

o o

o

o

o o

o

o

d d

o o

o

o

o o

o

o

d d

i-

O

CM

O

C

O

O

i-

O

d d

o o

o

o

o o

o

o

d d

o o

o

o

o o

o

o

d d

o o

o o

o

o

o o

o

o

o o

o o

o

o

o o

o

q

d d

d d

d

O

CO

O

O

O

O

CM

O

O

O

o oo o

o

o

o •* o

o

o

d

d

d d

d

o o

o o

o

o

o o

o

o

o o

o o

o

o

o o

o

o

d

d d

d d

CM

I

s- O

O

O

C

M 0

3 O

O

O

O

) i

t O

O

O

C

O

i-

O

O

O

d

d d

d d

o o

o o

o

o

o o

o

o

o o

o o

o

o

o o

o

o

d

d d

d d

LO

O

O

i-

O

O

O

o o

L

O

O

O

i-

O

O

O

O

LO

O

O

O

it

O

O

O

O

O

O

d d

o o

o

o

o o

o

o

d d

O

i-

O

O

O

o o

o o

o

o

o o

o

o

o

o o

o

o

o o

o o

o

d

d

d d

d

O

C—

Q.

CC

CO

^S

P

C "

S

O

i-

CL

« g

T3

(I) (»

(0

^

§O

j(

.=

.£ •

=_

=

-g

O

) •£

w g

«

) O

. .2

2 0

)2

03 ®

0

)

CO

S

T_

cM

ro

D-

ci

(0

t0

(0

>.

£«

0?

*

^,

m

E

I O

tf

2 .

2 '

«•

?,

„ »

- «

c

oS

^-

<M

«^

"'

r^

o-

-«

0-

^«

^^

«o

;«

r

wn

QL

cc

(-

, ~

/—

«_

: —

1c

i—

C

MC

O*

-^

-^

-;

!:

J3

-—

c L

O

r* —

_

_ c

- w

" r>

o

"

^

o

r*- C

J

c *->

i—

r* CO

i^

f-Q_

_*

.

.«

C(

o^

^^

m<

BE

EE

do

E^

^w

iQ

.^

io©

^£

>^

^o

>Q

.S

-<

o7

;E

0,

Q.

S-

S-

0j

S- Q

..J2 «= S

"Q- =

-F °- =

co ^ £ E

1

-2 .2

.2 !

U

g g

g

3 8

S S

c c

c «

« «

« <° "

•= »

' 5

S «

« •=

S

c 8

1.2

-g

g 1

g

a

g

| g

«

§ «

a

§ J

5

2c

ES

««

««

^^

^«

F^

I'

§^

§t

^^

^^

tc

«o

gQ

.^

£«

5o

Ec

=

co

co

cc

8i

§^

co

l^

|3

^^

|

g |

§_ aw

ait

oE

ES

O^

E«

S?

5S

SS

SS

iE

g2

ci

38

c=

?h

oc

c =

l

9a

sc

iE

^E

^ u

juju

jL.

u.

u.

0u

.0

00

00

00

zz

zz

zz

zz

zc

LQ

.t

Dr

oz

zD

.<

50

<u

.£

La

.<

a.

Z(

fla

iQ.

00

ZQ

(!

!m

z

m m

>

c-

<

r r-ilacoseira islandica

inotia sp1 inotia sp2 O

O

O

b

ob

o o

o

o

o

o

o o

o

o o

o

'a

'o'->

-o

o

-^

o o

~

j o

o

N>

> minut. v. scotica | p b o o o o b

>

>

-H H

COC

O 2

2 auroneis gracilis auroneis sp2 ephanodiscus medius irirella linearis flocculosa v.4 iballeria fenestrata :hnanthes sp exigua o

o

o

o

o

o

b b

b

b

b

b

0 0

b b

o

oo

oo

oo

o

3> 3

3 ?

? tzschia sp4 tzschia gracilis inularia subanglica nnularia sp4 rinularia viridis 0

00

bo

b 0

00

oo

oo

oo

oo

oo

o o

o

o

o

o

o

o o

o

o

o

o

b

b

b

b

b

b 0

0

0 0

b b

00

0

00

0 b

ob

oo

oo

oo

oo

oo

oo

o o o

o

o

o

o

o

o o

o

o

o

o

oo

oo

oo

oo

oo

bo

b o

o

o

o o

o

o

o

o

o o

o

b

ow

o

o -

>•

o o

o>

o

o

en

o o

o

b

b

'-

••

oo

s O

Ov

l o

o

co

o o

o

b

ob

o o

o

o

o

o

o o

o

o o

o

O

O

'-

L

O

O

N>

O

O

0

3 O

O

-^

o o o o o b o o o o b o o o

o o

-»

• o>

o

o

O

O

Ol

N>

O

O

O

O

<3>

OJ

O

O

O

O

Ol

O

O

O

OO

OO

OO

b

b

b

b

b

b

OO

OO

OO

O

OO

OO

O

OO

OO

OO

OO

OO

OO

b^

bb

bb

O

CO O

O

O

O

O

C

D O

O

O

O

O

->

• O

O

O

O

o o

o

o

o

o

o

b o o o o b o o o

OO

OO

OO

O

OO

OO

O

OO

OO

OO

O

OO

OO

O

p

p

p

0 0

0 b

bb

ib

bb

0 0

-^

0 0

0 O

OO

OO

O

0 0

00

0 0

0

0 0

0 0

0 0

b co

0

-••

0 co

0

0

0 0

b b

0

0 0

0 0

0

0 0

b to

0

en

0 en

O

C

D

0 0

b b

00

0 0

00

00

0 '-L

b

b

en

0

0 C

T)

O

O

en 0

0

00

0 O

'-L'O

0

OI

0 0

00

0 O

MO

OO

O

bo

b 0

00

00

0 0

00

00

0

r*

P

b b

->

i 0

N>

O

ro

0

0 0

bo

b

ro

0 0

0 co

0

r1

^ ro

b

en

co

ro

0

Z

CO

illaphora pupula ivicula radiosa r1

°

co

b Z

m

ivicula pseudoventralis 0 b

OZ

ivicula cryptotonella . Eolimna minima 0

0 en

^

co 0

0

en

co

-si

0 00

0

-»•

0 -s

i ro

en

co

CD

£

. en

en

ro

0 '-

•• 0

0 CO

^-

O

CO

OJ

il

OO

p p

'-^

b

en

0

CD

O

ro

0

0 0

^ b

-*

0

->•

0 -s

i 0

0 0

en

0 b

co

•r=

>

-••

en

e

n

en

e

n

•£>.

0

b b

CO

O

10

0

en

0

10

0 ^

b

b

b

b

01 b

0

0 en

0

0 0

0 --

4 0

0 0

0

0 0

b ^

O

N>

N>

O

O

00

0

^b

b M

OO

0

00

00

0 0

0 ^

so

o

0 0

0 0

0 0

ro

0 ^

b

00

0 •v

j O

CO

O

-••

N>

en

00

-si

CO

*.

0 co

b

0 0 0 b 0 0 0 0 b 0 0 0 0 b 0 0 0 0 b 0 0 0 0 b 0 0 0 0 b CD

O

O

0 0

en

0 0 0

-j

0

2 iviculacryptocephala IV) *.

en

ro

•&.

*•

en

-••

0 en

b

N>

O

•&.

0 0

0

IV)

O

'-

>•

^

CD

C»

0 ro

CO

01

-••

0 ro

b

en

co

en

ro

CO

CD

_*.

0

0 CO

CO

-si

CO

ro

01

0 CO

CO

0

2 ivicula sp3 0 b 0 0 0 0 b

0 0 0 0 b 0 0 0 0 ^

b

CO

~-

—*.

10

i^

co e

n

ro e

n

co e

n

en c

o

0 -•

• 00

en

-*

• ~4

*.

ro

e

n

co

P

r1

CO

'-

>•

0 en

0

00

CD

CO

en

CD

0 0

0 0 0 0 b 0 0 0 0 ^

b

~j

—L

^1

0 ^ ^1 ro

ro 0 0 0 0 b 0 0 0

?? tzschia sp6

sridion circulare Fm1 P P

«

A

_t

_t

.^

_1

_L

en e

n

0 0

b b

0

0 0

0 0

0

0 0

*.

-O

J en

co

en

en

en

P °

b

b

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

^ b

-s

i 0

-J

0 CO

O

0 0

b b

0

0

pp

oo

jmphonema micropus jmphonema augur angustatumgracileaffine truncatumcapitatum+sp7 0

00

0 b

b

b

b

0 0

en

0 0

0 00

0

0 0

co

0

00

00

b b

b

b

0

00

0 0

00

0 0

00

0

p

0 0

0 b

b

b

b

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

b b

b

b

0

00

0 0

00

0 0

00

0

O

. G. acuminatum 0 LL

—A

_t

.

01

0 LL

_k -si

10

p Lk

en

CO

en

p CO

*.

CO

•&

.

-n -

n -

n T

I -n

co

-<

T

t T

I T

T

• construens v. venter agilaria leptostauron agilaria nanana agilaria pinnata agilaria tenera ulna and arcus

CO T

l T

l

ag. cap. var. mesolepta ag. capucina v. rumpens aurosira construens

-n -

n m

m

-^

-^

r-

• praerupta form 1 inotia diadema agilaria brevistriata ag. cap. var. cap.

pg

pU

pp

pp

pp

pp

p b

i n

b

iv,

b

b

0S

0K

00

oJ

oS

oo 0.1172

0.0000 3.7515 0.0000 49.5897 0.0000 P

e

nP

en

P

P

0 ;„

0

;-

0 0

0 S

0

X

0

0

0 2

0

2

0

0

0

3° 0

^

0

0

oj

jo

oi

oo

b v

b

to c

o

b

0 ft

0

-si

-k

0 0

S

0 co

en

0

0 ij

j 0

-si

en

0

oo

oo

oo

oo

oo

o b

bb

b 0

00

0 0

00

0 0

00

0

00

00

bb

bb

-s

<

—t

-si

0 b

.0000 ,0000 -.0569 .0000 1.7829 .0000 0

[g

0 -•

• 0

0 b

k b

N

I b

b

OO

O

OO

O

OO

O

OO

O

OO

O

bo

b O

OO

O

OO

O

OO

OO

O

bb

^ 0

0 en

0

0 en

0

0 en

OO

O

bo

b 0

00

OO

O

OO

O

0 p

p

b

ob

OO

O

OO

O

OO

O

OO

O

bo

b o

oo

oo

o^

or

oo

oo

oo

OO

OO

OO

0

0

0 0

b b

0

0 0

0 0

0

00

00

00

00

bb

bb

00

00

00

00

00

00

0 0 0

r;

0 co

0

0 0

3$

0 O

J 0

0

op

!^P

™P

P

0 0 0 0

0 ;„

0

ir,

0 0

0 K

0

2

0

0

§S

§§

§§

00

0 O

OO

po

p b

ob

00

0 0

00

0 0

co 0

00

0 0

00

0 0

00

0 0

00

0

^0

00 .0000

.0000

.0000 .7233 CO

O

O

O

co b

b

co

->

• 0

0 -•

• IV

) O

O

CO

*

. 0

0 0

co 0

0

0 '&

• '0

0

'•&

m

oo

s ->

• 0

0 *>

. O

O

O

-s

i

0 0

0 -•

• c

nb

b'^

co

0

0

ro

CO O

O

CO

00

0

0 en

•p-

p

0 0

bo b

b

b

^

10

00

•r 0

0

0 K

> O

O

O

0 0

p

0 ro

'->

• b

ro

en

ro

0 e

n

-^IC

DO

-vl

^>

IO

*

m m

r-inotia flexuosa

intermedia 0 ro

'->

• C

O

-••

-f>

. ~

x —

1.

en

-k

-"•

CO

j*. b

o

0 en

en

co

00

-si

N)

00

b ^

O

rclotella stelligera 0 b 0 0 0 0 k> O

OO

Om

mo

m>

>>

*r

f- v*

- r\

—

* —

\ «

* -r

r—

n

0 :hnanthes minutissimum :hnanthes petersenii ilacoseira ambigua icyonema cesatii rmbelia cistula icyonema minuta icyonema silesiacum >cconeis euglyta relotella atomus rclotella comensis michiganiana p

Op

Op

MO

OO

p^

bb

bb

vi

io

bb

bb

*>

o

oo

oo

or

oo

oo

o*

. o

oo

oo

co

oo

oo

co

oo

oo

^^

io

oo

oc

o

OO

OO

OC

OO

OO

O-

k b

bb

bb

'-

^b

^b

b^

co

oo

oo

co

en

o-

»-

oo

o •t

> en

0 b

00

00

-v

ie

no

-s

io

oe

n

oo

oo

co

co

or

oo

oc

o

pO

OO

-'

^p

pO

pM

b

bb

bb

co

bb

^b

b c

nc

no

oo

oo

-s

io

oo

oc

no

cn

0

co

-r*.

-si

"^ r

r»

i.2975 .4241 0

^1

'-L C

D

-4

ro

^J C

O

co

to

ro

m

1.081 .044 °

C0

"^ r

vi

1.741 .158 w

u

0 0 0 b 0 0 0 0 b 0 0 0 0 b 0 0 0 0 b 0 0 0

oo

oo

^i

-^

oo

cn

oo

oo

oo

cD

oo

oo

cn

o^

oo

oo

oc

oo

oo

p-

^-

co b

b

b

'-+

bo

b

b

i>.

b '

-^

-^

oo

oe

n-

ko

o^

io

o

C0

OO

OC

0O

OO

*.

O-

vl

en

oo

or

o-

ko

o^

io

en

OO

OO

-^

4i

.O

OO

OC

0

bb

bb

bh

ob

^c

or

oi

o O

OO

OO

lN

lO

-'

tn

SO

O

OO

Os

lO

O-

'C

n^

M

OO

OO

WO

IO

VI

IO

NI

OD

oo

oo

-^

ro

oo

oo

o b

bb

bb

ib

ob

bb

bb

OO

OO

^I

CO

OO

OO

O

oo

oo

ro

oo

oo

oo

oo

oo

eo

ro

oo

oo

o

oo

oo

or

oo

oo

o-

^ b

bb

b^

co

bb

co

b*

. o

oo

o^

ie

no

oo

o-

* o

oo

or

oo

oo

oo

cn

oo

oo

ro

-^

oo

eo

o^

i

H

CD UOX1

_L 54cm _i BOcm | _

j. 56cm | _i 73cm | _i 79cm 1 _i B5cm | _

98cm 1 Corel £"

S

S

. 5-

g

0)

0 3 t3 ercei nt abundance: Te 0)

T1 lot Lake, O

3 5T

o"

Taxon

Eunotia incisa E. monodon total E. paludosa Fragilaria sp1 Fragilaria sp2 Fragilaria sp3 Cf. Frag, neoproducta Fragilaria senedra Gomphonema sp2 Gomphonema sp3 Gomphonema sp4 Cf. G. acum. v. Turris G. cymbelliclinum Gomphonema gracile Gparwparv.f.saprophilum Neidium sp1 Neidium sp2 Neidium affine Nitzschia sp1 Nitzschia sp2 Nitzschia sp3 Nitzschia perminuta SM Nitzschia perminuta Nupela neotropica Pinnularia macilenta P. nodosa v. robusta Stauroneis kriegeri Stenopterobiaintermedia Nitzschia agnita Nitzschia sp5 Pinnularia sp1 Achnanthes lanc.lanc. Meridion sp1 Gomphonema sp5 Achnanthes saprophila Fragilaria sp4 Pinnularia sp2 Pinnularia sp3 Achnanthes holsatica Pinnularia sp5 Nitzschia sp7 Stephanodiscus sp1 Brachysira microcephala Pinnularia sp6 Cymbella sp1 Gomphonema sp6 Navicula chiarae Denticula sp1 Gomphonema sp8 Brachysira sp1 Navicula sp4

Diatom percent abundance: Teapot _ake, Ontario Core Depth

154cm 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.4459 0.5574 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.3344 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 1.1148 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.1115 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000

160cm 0.2345 0.0000 0.2345 0.4689 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.3517 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.7034 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.1172 0.5862 0.2345 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000

166cm 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.1565 0.1565 0.0000 0.1565 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.1565 0.0000 0.3130 3.1299 0.3130 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.3130 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.6260 0.3130 0.0000 0.0000 0.1565 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.3130 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.3130 0.3130 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000

173cm 0.0000 0.0000 0.6329 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.3165 0.0000 0.0000 0.4747 0.7911 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.3165 0.0000 0.0000 1.7405 1.8987 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 1.2658 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 1.5823 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.6329 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.1582 0.6329 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000

179cm 0.8897 0.0000 0.1779 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.3559 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 2.4911 0.1779 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.3559 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.3559 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000

185cm 0.7862 0.1779 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.3145 1.8868 0.4717 0.1572 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000

198cm 0.1287 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.3861 0.1287 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.7722 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 4.7619 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.3861 0.3861 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 1.4157 0.3861 0.0000 0.2574 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.7722 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.3861 0.1287 0.0000 0.0000

123

m m

inotia sp1 motia sp2 o b o o o o b o o o o b o o o o b o o o o b o o o o b

O b o o o o b

> 53"

o o co

2.

co

5>'

0)

3 Q.

o"

0)

>>

> i.

Si"

if S

<

(D

to

8 «

o ^

o'

co

o o

o ro

b o o o p b

O

O

CD

o o

o o

o en

o

o

-•

•

o

o

-••

H

03

cr

co_

CD

"

co'

CD"

CD

C

O -

i-f

CO

O

vl

CO

4

* N

>

O

b^

fo

b o

o o

ro C

D

o o

o O

-»

• o

i

o o

o o

i o>

o b o o o o b o o o p b o o o o b o

o o o

o o

o o

b o

o o

o o o o

o o

o

co

b

bo b

4*

o o o o b o o o o b o o o ro

L

L -

vi co

o b

-i

o

-»•

N>

O

00

-»•

o -&>

o o

o *

. ^

4*.

.£

. J»

. _

L

vl

(O

M

_L

O

v|

o o

o b

bi

k o

o -*

o

o CD

O

O

C

O

Pr

'i

OU

li

° O

o

o c

o*j

p o

pi O

O

O b o o o o b o o o o b o o o o b o o o o

^b

bo

oo

os

o o o

H

o"

o

o

c o

CO

C

O < 4*.

o b o o o o b o o o o b o o o o b o o o o b o o

coco

co

=r

= (1

1 0>

3

=

o 3

Q.

CD C

O

£0

O

3.

C

to

co

3 CD

Q

.

c'

CO

o o

b b

o o

o o

o o

o o

bb

o o

o o

o o

o o

b b

o o

o o

o o

CO

*-*

CO

C

3 3 CD

CO

-

CO

T3 ro

o b o o o o b o o o o b o o o

o o

o b

b o

o o

o o

o

o o

b b

o o

o o

o o

o

o b o o o

o o

co

b ro

o

Ol

O

v|

O

o o

o b o

o o

o o

o o o o o

CO

CO

c 3 3 CD

co'

CQ

3 o.

co'

p LL

-fc.

o>

03

O b o o o o CO

3 3>

3

' 3

3 3

c c

CO

0

1

53' 5

3'

< CO

a-*

co

'

0 0

b b

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

b b

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

b b

*> o

o

00 o

0 0

0 0

o o

o ro

C

O

CD

_

L o b

o o o o o bo

o o o _l

CO

o

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

b

'->•

0 *

. 0

01

0 0

0

0 0

b

'-••

0 a>

3 3 3 c CO

53'

CO

c IT

Co

3 CO

. 0

' 0

) 0 b 0 0 0 0 b 0 0 0 0 b 0 0 0 0 b 0 0 0 0 b 0 0 0 0 b 0 M

OO

MO

C

O

o b o

CO

o b o v

io

to

oo

oo

oo

00

O

CO

o

o o

o o

o

O

CO

0 0

b b

0 0

0 0

0 0

0

Z

N

CO

O

3-

Co

'

CQ

CO

0.

53'

0 b 0 0 0 ro

CO

—&

O) ro

ro

b>

O)

00 ro

CO

I_

k ro

CO

v

| p L-i

4

* 0

1 0

0

CO

b

z z

55;

Q)

CO

m

§•£

."§

• j5

' co

0

co s

3

CO

12

ft)

C_

CD

O

CO

b co

O

-v

l 0

vi

0 -t

.

0 0

b> c

o O

v

l v

i ro

0

1 -•

•

o>

-••

co b

o 0

0 e

n

O

CD

e

n

-»•

0 -

1

b

vi

0 0

0 0

00

O

-fa.

O

00

b i>

0

01

0 4

* 0

00

p

4*

b ro

C

O

O

CO

4

* O

l

0 0

b 0 0 0

0 0 0 0

O b 0 0 0 0 ro z Q

J < 0 c CO

TJ CO

CD

C

Q

. O

< CD

3 -*

C

O.

co'

0 b 0 0 0 0 b

OZ

2

2.

c c

3'

Co

Co

30

" co

j

>5

log

1'

§-S

C

O

CD

3

" =

CO

CO

5

-

O

O

'-L

4*

4*

*•

CD

O

0

0 0

1

r1 P

C

O

'-L

4=-

0 *»

• ro

C

O

0 0 bo

—fc

.

ro

~*

0

0 0 0 b 0 0 0 0

4*

b

4*

vj

0 bi

00

CO

"

"*

•

CO

vl

0 0 0 0 b 0 0 0 0 b 4

*.

0 0

4*

oi

0 0

1

p 0

ro c

o C

O

CO

ro

0 •v

i ro

CO

0 b

0 0 0 b

&

->•

-^

01

CO

O

b b

-»•

0 o>

0

ro

0

0 0

b '*

. 0

-r».

0 -

j 0

-••

0 0

*- r

o C

O

CO

^

1 ->

• C

O

Ol

ro

p —

L —

^

-••

G>

-^ r

o C

O C

O

^L ^ CD

ro

Ol *.

CD

-J

0

0

CO

01

CO

C

D

CO

0 01

CO

C

D

" •I

!_L

CD

C

D

ro

vl

CO

z < 0' c CO

CO

XI CO

0 b 0 0 0 0 b 0 0 0 0 b 0 0 0 0 b 0 0 0 0 b 0 0 0 0 b ro

0

CO

0

00

0

co

b C

D

CO

O

C

O

O

00

V|

CD

0 0

0 0

ro

0

0 0 0 b 0 ro

0

CO

0

2 CD

—1 al

0 3 0 3'

c Co 3 T

l 3 0

zp

p KT

— m

§-

3 C

Q

CO

CO

CO

-if

CO

0

3 c^

co

5

1

00

0

b b

b b

0 0 0 0 b 0 0 0 0 b 0

00

0 0

00

00

0

00

0

bo

b 0

00

00

0 0

00

00

0

bo

b 0

00

00

00

0 0 b 0 0 0 0 b 0 0 0 0 b

00

0

00

0

bo

b 0

00

00

0 0

00

00

0

ro

bb

CO

O

O

-•

• 0

0 tn

0

O

OO

O

^b

b

OO

Q

71

0 0

• _

O

O

0 CO

3

3C

3 CD

CD

3

Q.

3 3

§-o>

CQ O

3

C

CO

OO

OO

bb

bi

b 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

vi

0 0

0 *>

. 0

OO

OO

bb

ub

O

O

CD

O

O

O

•£

>•

O

O

O

tn

0

OO

OO

b b

b b

OO

OO

O

OO

O

OO

OO

OO

OO

b b

i>.

b 0

0*

0 0

0 v

i 0

0 0

-^

0

OO

OO

bb

ro

b 0

0 c

o

0 0

0 ->

• 0

O

O

Ol

O

OO

OO

Li

b

'-*

b

00

)0

00

10

01

0 0 0 0 b 0

ro 0

0

CO

O

O

OO

O

bo

b 0

00

ro 0

ro

0

CO

O

C

O

O

OO

OO

^b

bi

b c

o

0 0

0 0

OO

OO

OI

OO

IO

0

OO

O

-••

0 *

. 0

Tl

CQ. sf

5'

CD

3 C

D

CO

•v|

CO

C

D

OS

ro

CO

bi

vl ro

CO

00

01

CD

Ol ro

Ol

CO

CO

0

1 C

O

ro

CD

0

0 ro

ro

ro

03

*•

O

CO

C

O

01

*•

•&

•

CD

Tl

CO

C

Q

ST

CO

'

3'

3 Co

.

0 b 0 0 0 0 b 0 0 0 p b 0 0 0 0 b 0 0 0 0 b 0 0 0 _l

CO

0

1

Tl

Tl

CO

C

O

CQ

C

Q

ST 6

3"

—I

-^

Co'

Co'

CO

a c —\

0 3

CD

O

co

b -•

• 0

*.

0 ro

0

EP

L

L

O

00

°

oi

P

»8

2§ «°

00

0

vi

b

CD

O

ro

0

00

0

CO

O

co

b 0

1 0

ro

0 0

0 0

0 0

'•&.

b

00

0 -&

. 0

0 0

-&

•

0 b 0 0 0

CD

O

CD P

II 00

°

CO

0 0 3 CO

-*

c CD

3 C

O < < C

D

3 f^

CD

—

t

O b 0 0 0 0 b 0 0 0 0 b

CO

ST

c 3 CO

—

T

CO

0 0 3 C

O

«-*

•

c CD

3 C

O

O b 0 0 0 0 b 0 0 0 0 b

0 0

0 0 0 LjL

0 0 0 b •&

• 0

CO

0 0 b 0 0 0 0 b

0 0 0 b 0 0 0 0 b 0

0 0 0 p b 0 0 0

0 0 0 b 0 0 0

Tl

Tl

Tl

CO

CO

CD

CQ

CQ

C

Q

OO

O

CO

CO

CO

T3

T3

T3

c •

• O

<

< 5

' CO

CO

g

^

<

3 °

• 3

Co

?

co

y 3

-•s

-8

3 CO

co

0 0

b b

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

b b

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

b

'-••

0 -•

• O

C

D

0 0

0 0

b

ro

0 co

0

00

0 -

j-

0 p

b

b 0

0 0

0 0

0

0 0

b co

0

ro

O

01

O

vl

0 0

b b

0 0

0 0

0 0

_*

b ro

vl

CO

P

1_L

ro

L

Ol

0 b 0 0

Tl

m

m

*—

•

SJ 5

' CD

so

' Q.

3 v

co']=

i

Lis

-^

»3

CO

. -

L

£0 p L.

•p>-

CD

0

0

0 b 0 0 0 0 b 0 0 0

0

0 b 0 0 0 _,.

b ro

0 •r*

p CD

0

1

Ol

0 b 0 0 0 0 b 0 0 0 0 b 0 0 0

ro

0 bo

ro

C

O

CO

0 0 0 0

0 0

b io

0

to

0 co

O

v

l

0 0

b ro

0

*.

0 co

0

0

0 0

b

'->•

0 -

* O

C

D

O

O

O

-••

b 1&

. 0

co

0 0

0 co

0 0

b

4^

0 co

O

v

l 0

co

0 0

b b

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

b

'-••

0 co

0

en

0 -^

m

5'

5T

•n

3 CD

Q.

Co'

p Ol

00

vl

-T*

O to

•&

•

CO

0 0 b 0 0 0 0 bo

C

O

*>.

ro

p bo

v|

4*.

C

D

_,.

-~L

m

3 5'

—*»

C

D

c 0 CO

C

O

CO

Ol

0 CO

O

l

CO

ro

00

0 v|

CO

ro

•p>.

0

0 C

O

vl i*

Ol

—L

CD

ro

CO

v

l 0 C

O

ro

4*

00

O

CO

4

*.

O

CO

b CO

v

| C

D

_i

.

ro

ro

0

O

0 co"

CO

<5'

CD

Co

O

O

3 0 3"

to'

CO

3 co'

3 CO

O

b b

0 0 0 0 b 0 0 0 0 ro

CO

ro O

O

O

O b 0 0 0 0 «t

—1

CD

0

0

0 b 0 0 0 0 b 0 0 0 0

O b 0 0 0 0 b 0 0 0 0

b b

0 0 0 p b 0 0 0

0 0 0 —k

CO

ro

CD

0

0 C

O O

0 <L

53"

0 0 3 CD

3 C

O

to'

0 b 0 0 0 0

O

0 0 3L

co"

CO

0 3 c CO

0 b 0 0 0 0

b b

0 0 0 0 b 0 0 0 0 b 0 0 0 0 b 0 0 0 0 b 0 0 0 ro

0 b CO

v

| C

D

0 0 0 0 b 0 0 0 0 b 0 0 0 0 b 0 0 0 0 b 0 0 0 0 CD

0

0 ro

CO

O

O

O

O

3 CD

53'

CD

c CO

3 0 b 0

m

3 0 ><

0 3 CD

3 CO

CO

C

D"

CO

Co

' 0 c 3 _..

b ro

O

v

l 0 0 b 0 0 0 p u .

1.

CD

0 0 b 0 0 0 0 b 0 0 0 0

CO

0 b 0 0 0 0 b 0 0 0 ro

CO

0

0 4

* tn

p bo

vl

4=.

CD

O

b

4*

0 0

0 0 0 0 b 0 0 0

00

CD

O b CO

v

j C

D m

3 O

3 CD

3 CO

3 3'

c. 5T

CO

CO

C

D

0 3 0-

52.

Co

"

0 co'

c CO

0 b 0 4

* O

0

0

0 CO

C

D

4*

Ol

_l

CO

v

l ro

ro

CO

v

l ro

Ol

00

CD

01

Ol

CO

0

0 4*.

b v|

_1

vl

O bo

vl

0 0 CO

C

D

4*

Ol

0 b 0 0 0 0 b 0 0 0 0 b 0 0 0 0 b 0 0 0 0 b 0 0

0 0

0 0

rn

>

3 c

3 5"

li.

3^

-\

CO

C

O

0 Co

CD

3

Co

S

^•.

CQ

—

c CO

O

O

b b

0 0

0 0

0 0

-••

0

vi

b

0 0

->•

0 ->

• 0

->•

0

bi

b

0 0

00

0 ->

• 0

0 0

bo

b C

O

O

4*

0 ro

0

P

P

ro

b C

O

O

-»•

0 0

1 0

0 0

b b

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

co

b v

l O

O

l O

C

D

O >

> 0

0 3

" 3

-3

3 CO

C

o

5- 3

-5

31

CD

C

D

CO

C

O

3 1.

3 2

. =

:3 c 3

_* _

». *

- C

O

ro r

o C

D

-••

ro C

D

P

ro

03

bi

ro °

2 c

o0

1

CO

p

o

« m

is*

0 ^ la

0 0

1

0 0

ro r

o v

l C

O

Ji.

-^

v

l O

l

Ol

CO

b b

CO

CO

0

0 4

^ C

D

Ol

ro 4

* C

D

v|

oi

00

0 0

00

oi

H

CO

0 3

ro

0 4^

0 3 ro

CD

O

3 ro

ro

CD

0 3 ro

v

l v

l 0 3 C

O

ro

Ol

0 3 CO

C

D

00

O 3 4j

O

O 3

O

0 3 a CD t> E? a C

O.

0 3 T3

CD

—

n

O

CD

3 C

O

cr

c 3 a.

CO

3 0 C

D

H

CD

Co

•O

O

l~

C0

7T

CD

O

3 0'

zro

oo

zo

OT

iCD

Co

z-o

>-t

i-o

-ri

< 3 3

§

§.

o

g

2.

icula sp1 iphonema sp8 hysira sp1 cula sp4 p

oo

p b

k> b

b

O

CO O

O

O

CO

O

O

O

-si

O

O

o

o

o

o

b

'->•

k>

b

O

M^

O

O

-J-

CO O

o

01 0

0

00

00

0^

04

* o

-'

oa

00

0*

. 0

00

0

00

-^

0

Nb

bb

10

0*

0 00

O

CO

O

-*

O

IV)

O

OO

OO

b b

b b

OO

OO

O

OO

O

OO

OO

OO

OO

bb

bb

•si

O

O

O

-4 O

O

O

IV

) O

O

O

OO

OO

bb

b^

0 0

0

to

O

O

O

0

1

0 0

0

-•

•

avi< cula chiarae

11

bella sp1 iphonema sp6

inn ularia sp6

g-f

ffi ularia sp5

>chia sp7 hanodiscus sp1 hysira microcep I

00

00

00

00

b 0 0 0 0 b 0 0 0 _,.

00

cn

C

O

•"*•

p 1_L

4a

. C

O

0 0 4a.

CO

•v

l C

O

p 1_L

C

D

to

CO

p Lk

CO

C

J1

•"

0 0

0

0

0 0

0

0

0 0

b

b

0 0

0

0

0 0

0 0

b

b

0 0

0

0

0 0

0 0

b

b

0 0

0

0

0 0

0 0

b

b

0 0

0

0

0 0

0 p

^ b 0 0 0 0 0 1_

L

IV)

—J

L

CJ1

0 b 0 0 0 0 b 0 0 0 0 b 0 0 0 0 b o>

0

0

to

0

CO O

0 0

OO

OO

O

OO

O

OO

OO

O

OO

O

OO

OO

b

b

4a.

b

0 0

0

0

0

00

01

0 O

OO

O

OO

OO

co

bb

b 4

* 0

0

0

00

0

0

0

OO

OO

*>•

p

p

p

bb

cn

b M

O

CO

O

C

OO

OI

O

CO

O-

'O

p p p

p

bb

bb

OO

OO

O

OO

O

OO

OO

0 p

p

0

bb

bb

00

00

OO

OO

O

OO

O

p

p

0

0

0

0

0

io b

CO

O

IV

) O

-4

0

0 0 0 0

N>

O

-*

O

CO O

CO

O

IV

) O

CJ

I O

~

J 0

-J

- 0

ragilaria sp4 innularia sp2 innularia sp3 chnanthes holsatic B

) po

op

bo

ok

) 0

0

0

co

0

0

0

co

0

0

0

^1

OO

OO

bb

bb

OO

OO

O

OO

O

OO

OO

OO

OO

bb

bb

OO

OO

O

OO

O

>O

S>

II 8

.1

lanthes lanc.lan dion sp1 iphonema sp5 lanthes saproph =

0

9)

O

O

O

O

b ki k

> b

0

co

co

0

O

MO

O

OI

\3

SO

-»

O

O

O

ws

bb

-'

MO

O

01

co

0

0

-••

0

0

0

TJ UUI

ularia sp1 0 b 0 0 0 0 k>

*>

•

CO

0

00

00

0 4a

. 4*.

co

k>

b

O

) O

) 4a

. CO

4a

. 4

a C

D N

>

00

00

00

00

p p

p p

b

b^

b

0 0

*>

0

0

0

co

0

O

OO

O

OO

OO

bo

ok

) 0

0

0

co

0

0

0

-••

0 0

0

cn

OO

OO

co b

b b O

OO

O

^ bo

b b

* CO

O

O 0 0 0 0 b 0

CO 4

a. O

O

O

O

IV

) O

O

O

-J-

IV)

p

bb

bb

O

IV)

N> O

0

0

co

0

0

* co

0

OO

OO

'<

o 0

'-

L

'0

-J

OO

OO

OC

OO

-

NI

OO

OO

OI

OO

IV

) O

O

O

OO

OO

bb

bb

OO

OO

O

OO

O

OO

OO

0 0

co

0

0 0 b 0 0 0 p !_L

05

IV)

CO

00

00

0

co k

i b

b

CO 0

0 O

O

0 0 0

00

00

IV)

Ol

O

O 0

z itzs ichia sp5 0 b 0 0 0 0 k>

* CO

0 IV

)

01

01

IV)

IV)

0 b 0 0 0 0 b 0 0 0 0 b 0 0 0 0 b 0 0 0

z itzs schia agnita 0 b 0 0 0 0 b 0 0 0 0 b 0 0 0 0 b 0 0 0 p b 0

co

Co

CD

5T

3

C

roneis kriegeri opterobiainterm edia 0

0

b b

0 0

0

0

0 0

0 0

b k>

0

*•

0 co

0

0

0 0

b k>

0

co

O

IV

) 0

0

0 0

^ b

4a.

0

CO O

0

0

0 0

4a

. b

CO

O

O

NI

O

0 0 b 0

CO O

0 0

CO

4a

. -g

00

0

~J 0

0

0 0

IV)

en

0 0

bo

b 0 0

CO O

->

i 0

O

OJ

O

T3

11

22

3 i

1 %

z z z

z

ffffff

ff ichia sp1 schia sp2 ichia sp3 schia perminuta schia perminuta 3la neotropica ularia macilenta )dosa v. robusta 0

00

0

bb

bi

>

00

0*

OO

OO

0

0

0

01

O

O

O

N>

b

b

b

'->•

0 0

0

0

0

0 0

0

^

1

0 0

0

->

•

O

O

O I

V)

bb

b^

0 0

0

0

0

00

0*

. O

O

O

IV

)

p

p

0

co

b b b

k>

0

0

0

-vi

0 0

0

0

0

0 0

0

~

g

0 0

0

tv

>

0 '0

'<

=>'•&

0

0

0

-g

0 0

0

0

0

0 0

0

-*

00

00

0 b

> '

-+ c

o

0 en

03

-<

• to s:

OO

OO

bb

bb

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

ub

bb

05 O

O

O

4*

. O

O

O

O

l O

O

O

->•

O

O

O

k> b

b b

-~i

0

0

0

O)

O

O

O

->•

0

0

0

00

00

bb

bb

00

00

00

00

00

00

p p p

p

bb

bb

00

00

00

00

OO

OO

oo

op

bb

bb

OO

OO

O

-i

KH

iO

OO

O

0 cn

co

co

0 0

0

-*

bb

bb

OO

OO

) 0

0

0

cn

0

0

0

co

OO

OO

-j-

0

0

0

^b

bb

^

10

00

Z eid

z eid

Z eid ium sp1

ium sp2 ium affine 0 b 0 0 0 0 b 0 0 0 0 b 0 0 0 0 b 0 0 0 0 b 0 0 0 _ l

1_

L

A

0 L

0 b 0 0

00

00

0 b 0 0 0 0 b 0 0 0 0 b 0 0 0 0 b 0 0 0 0 b 0 0 0 0 b 0 0 0

0 b 0 0 0 0 b 0 0 0 0 b 0 0 0 0 b 0 0 0 0 b 0 0 0 0 b 0 0 0

0 T3 CD

rwparv.f.saprop hilum 0 k>

CO

C

O

^1

0 k>

* CO

0 0 k>

C

O

N>

0 0 b 0 0 0 0 b 0 0 0 0 4*

00

00

O)

00

0

b 0 0 ^

j 0

0

0

0

0

0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0

0 0 3 iphonema gracil CD

0 b 0 0 0 0 b 0 0 0 0 b 0 0 0 0 b 0 0 0 0 b 0 0 0 0 b 0 0 0 0 b 0 0 0

P

0 /mbelliclinum 0 b 0 0 0 0 b 0 0 0 0 b 0 0 0 0 '*.

4*

-vl

0 b 0 0 0 p CO

-

J -

j IV

)

0 b 0 0 0

O

0 3. acum. v. Turri CO

p L*.

O

0 3 iphonema sp4 0 b 4

* O

O

C

D

O Jo

4a.

CO

0 0 b 0 0 0 0 b 0 0 0 0 b 0 0 0 0 b 0

0 0 0 b 0 0 0 0 b 0 0 0 0 b 0 0 0 0 _*.

4*

01

00

0 b 0 0

0

0 0

0 0

b

b

0 0 0

0 0 0

O

0 3 iphonema sp3 0 to

CO

C

O

-~i

0 b 0 0 0 0 b 0 0 0 0 b 0 0 0 0 b

O

0 3 iphonema sp2 0 «L

4*

O)

00 p b 0 0 0 p LL

—

L

O)

0 0 b 0 0 0 p 1_L

7 0

""t

—-h

0)

•

CO -n

rag. neoproducl ilaria senedra

ft)

0 0

b

b

0 0

0

0

0 0

0 0

b

b

0 0

0

0

0 0

0 p

b b

0 0

0

0

0 0

0 0

b '-*

0

4=.

0 co

0

0

0 0

b

b

0 *

0

0

0 0 0 b 0 0

Ol

03

O b 0 0

0 0

0

0

0 0

b A

0

00

0

00

o

oo

o)

0 b 0 0

0 b 0 0

0 0

b

b

0 0

0

0

OO

OO

•n

im

m . paludosa

ragilaria sp1 ragilaria sp2 ragilaria sp3 0

0

p

0

b

b

'vir

o

0 0

co

co

O

O

4a

. CO

O

OM

vl

OO

OO

bb

bb

OO

OO

O

OO

O

OO

OO

OO

OO

bb

bb

OO

OO

O

OO

O

OO

OO

OO

OO

bb

bb

OO

OO

O

OO

O

OO

OO

OO

OO

bb

b^

>

O

O

O 4

a.

O

O

O cn

0

0

0

00

OO

OO

bb

bb

OO

OO

O

OO

O

OO

OO

OO

OO

bb

bb

OO

OO

O

OO

O

OO

OO

m m

3 onodon total C

O

1_L

unotia incisa _L

4a.

4a.

O)

O

•vl

_j

.

CD

IO

C

D

to

_t ^ CO

C

O

0 0

00

4a.

O

to

4a-

CO

O

O b O

O

O _,.

b

4*.

0 0 0 p b>

to

C

O

CD

0 b)

0 CO

1

0

CO

0 C

O

_».

CO

—

I.

to

0 _,.

CO

0 1

0 C

O

0 0

b 0 0

0 0 0 0

0

-i 0>

X

0 3

IV)

04cm IV)

16cm | IV)

26cm | IV)

77cm | CO

25cm CO

S8cm | 4a-

10cm | Core 5"

£ 3

. 3-

_

g ft)

0 3 0 ercei ntal idance: Te ft)

a lot Lake, O

3 53"

-^

0"

Appendix 9. Teapot Lake Diatom Subsampling Data

Sample Total Wet Total Dry Water Subsample Depth Weight Weight Weight Weight (cm) 1.0 2.0 5.0 7.0 8.0 10.0

12.0

15.0

20.0

25.0

30.0

40.0

50.0

60.0

70.0

75.0

85.0

90.0

95.0

100.0

105.0

110.0

116.0

123.0

129.0

135.0

141.0

148.0

154.0

160.0

166.0

173.0

179.0 185.0

198.0

204.0

216.0

226.0

236.0

277.0

(g) 17.3557

17.6788

17.3383

17.4617

17.6097

17.4191

17.5717

17.3898

17.2731

17.3363

17.3014

17.3321

17.4301

17.3677

18.1764

17.5852

17.7960

17.9518

17.7402

17.7240

17.7276

17.4091

17.6424

17.6953

17.6902

17.6033

17.6843

17.4416

17.6882

17.5672

17.7512

17.7545

17.8211 17.6271

17.6598

17.6971

17.5581

17.7760

17.7474

17.6068

(g) 16.6667

16.7408

16.5396

16.5787

16.6936

16.6732

16.7628

16.6090

16.7179

16.7588

16.6355

16.7578

16.5135

16.5822

17.2684

16.8179

16.7962

16.6205

16.7939

16.6399

16.7014

16.5818

16.7610

16.9717

16.7768

16.7077

16.7465

16.5932

16.7661

16.6945

16.8107

16.8209

16.9586 16.6765

16.566

16.7699

16.7733

16.8767

16.8877

16.6990

(g) 0.6890

0.9380

0.7987

0.8830

0.9161

0.7459

0.8089

0.7808

0.5552

0.5775

0.6659

0.5743

0.9166

0.7855

0.9080

0.7673

0.9998

1.3313

0.9463

1.0841

1.0262

0.8273

0.8814

0.7236

0.9134

0.8956

0.9378

0.8484

0.9221

0.8727

0.9405

0.9336

0.8625

0.9506

1.0938

0.9272

0.7848

0.8993

0.8597

0.9078

(g) 0.0225

0.0266

0.0238

0.0225

0.0212

0.0164

0.0268

0.0228

0.0201

0.0217

0.0263

0.0200

0.0389

0.0200

0.0265

0.0255

0.0239

0.0200

0.0332

0.0200

0.0200

0.0200

0.0307

0.0400

0.0303

0.0300

0.0308

0.0363

0.0309

0.0516

0.0351

0.0410

0.0335 0.0505

0.0351

0.0383

0.0401

0.0400

0.0356

0.0200

126

Sample Total Wet Total Dry Water Subsample Depth Weight Weight Weight Weight

Jem) (g) (g) (a) (g) 325.0 17.7131 16.8997 0.8134 0.0200

368.0 17.6655 16.7468 0.9187 0.0369

410.0 17.5370 16.6172 0.9198 0.0421

127

ake

_i apot CD

1

-dance

r nt Abu rce

CD

0. Pollen

Taxon aceae Cupress ntiated

eae Undiffere

Pinac rentiated nus

•SE

T

3 C

=> c on

Pinus haploxy

Abies <D

QL

Tsuga canadensis

<D -S

-

^ o

<B

t O

Q-

Si

o> i

—

CM

CM

CO

co

CO

O

co

CD

O

O

O

O

00 CO

O

rf w

T

—

CO

m

If) C

O

o o en in

CO

CM

CO

I s-

o

CM

o

in

in

CM

o

o

o o o

o

o

o

o

CO

o I

s-C

M

o o CM

C

M

T—

CO

CM

o

00

o

o

o o

CO

^ o o

o Tf

in

y~

00 o

T

-

I s-

CO

o

o

CO

c

o

•*

O)

•*

I s-o

r--M

-o

I s-o

o

o

o I s-

o

o

o o

CO

o

T—

CO

o •*

in

o

CO

o I s-

CM

o o

o

o

1—

oo

o

If) C

O

CO

•

*

T—

o

o

CO CM

o

o

o

in

CO

I s-CM

CM

00 O

O

o

o I s-

CM

o

o

o

o o

o

o

m

o

,_

0)

CO

o

o

CO CJ) o

CM

Ol

I s-o

o

o

o

CM

If) o

o

o

o CO

CM

o

CO

CM

O

m

CM

C

M

CM

o o CO

I

s-

a-

-o

If)

CM I s-

i- CM

i-

Tt

O

CO

t^

Tt

O

O

i-

CM O

O

CM

CO

O

O

O

O

O) O

•*

00 •* CM

O

O

O

to

o

•* O

O

o

o

o

co o

a>

co o

•*

t- O

O

CM

•>- <» W

CO

O)

O

i- i-

CD I s-

O)

O)

CM

CM

in

I s- io

oo

g

o

o

°.

CM

a!

fc 0

)0

)°

o

00 o

§£

^o

O

•* O

) 00 o

I s-CM

o

o

00 o

I s-CM

o

CO

10 o

o

00 o

CM

I

s-

00

o

o

o

0)

CO

o

o

O

CO

o

m

o

•>-

•* CD

CM

If) O

T

-

t— 00

I s- I s-

o

o

oo a>

T-

CO

T-

O

i- O

) I s- CO

O

O

lO

00 CO

i-

Tf

LO

O

O

O

O

I s- T

" i-

CO CM

•t—

CM

CM

f CM

O

O

O

O

o O

o

O

o CO

o> o

0)

T-

o LO

CM

o

o

CO

CO CM

Tl-CM

i- CO

CD I s-

O

^ CO

If) 1

- in

i-

o

CM O

) 0)

-tf oo

-<3- if) co

-tf o

o

o

o

o T—

i- O

O

i-

o

o

o

o

*C

MO

O

o

o

o

o

i- O

D

) O

CO

CM CO

O

O

O

1

- O

O

CO CO

O)

00 •* CJ) CM

CM

T-

00 LO

If) I s-

O

T-

O

"t

m

if) i-

O)

If) CO

00

t O

CO

I s-CM

T-

O

0 0

)0

O

CO

O

o

o

o

O) •*

i-co

in

i-C

0 CO

CM

"* 00

O o

o

o

o

in

CM

CM

O) I s-

O

CO

oo

oo

oo

oo

o

>* ,_

,_ CM

1_

00

o

o

o

CM

10 O

00 00 O

O

I s-

If) O

o

o

o

o

T-

I s- •*

I s-co

1-

o

in

O

i- i-

O

^c

o^

o

^L

O'

CO

^

O

O

O

O

O

O

O

O

CO O

I s-

•* CO

00 00 O

) CO i-

CO

CM CO

i-

CM CM

O

•* I s- CD

CD

CD 'S

-CM

CO

T-

C0 •*

CO

CO 00 •<*

* I s- CM

O

O

O

o

o

o

T-

•* CO

O

T

- CM

C

M

CM

C

M CO

•

»—

o

00

I s-o

CM

o

I s-

o

o

CM

t CM •

* 0

0 C

M

CO

C

M

CM

CM

i

- T

-

CM

C

O

T-

CO

LO

•

*

1-

CM

O

O

O

O

O

O

O

o

o

o

CO CO

T

- •>* m

T

—

o

o

o

o

o

o

CM

CO O

) •* C

D

o

o

o

o

o

-* o

O

CO

O

o

o

o

CO •*

I s-CO

CD

CM

o

o

o

CO CD

i-

T-

IO-

t CM

CM

O

?^

<°°E

M

o

o

o

o

o

o

O)

CM I s-

•* CO

I s-C

M

CM

CM

If) V

o LO

o

CM

CO

o in

CO

C

M

o

o

T—

o> CM

CM

0

0

T-

CO

O

O

00

CO

"

*

O

i- O

O

CO I s-

CO

O

CO -^

I s- CO

O

O

O

O

O

O

O

O

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

CO <

* CO

CM

CO

0)

O

CM

O

O

i- 1

-

O

O

O

O

O

O

CO

O

O

O

O

O

O

O

CO

CD

o

o

o

•* O

O

1

- O

O

i- CM

CO

O

CO

•* I s-

O

O

CM «

*

Kr

-CO

CO

"

i^

to

co

^

•^

m^

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

in

CM

co

o

O

CM CO

If) CD <tf

CO

LO

T-

CO

CO If)

•>- o

o

o

o

o

o

o

I s- CM

If) •*

CM

O

CO

C

O

Is-

CM

O

O

O

CO

CO

LO

O

O

CM

L

O

Tf

CO

CM

C

M

If) CM

in

•*

o

•*

o

o

o

o

t o

o

o

o If)

LO

o

I s-I s-

' I-

00 0)

•* CD

h- CO

•<t CM

O

O

o

o

CD

r-m

I s-

CO CO

CO CO

CO

CO •*

o

CM

C

O

LO

i

- C

M C

M

o

o

o

CO O

CO

i-

CM

O

o

o

o

•*

o

o

o

o Tj-

T—

o

o

I s-

^ 00 <T>

CM

o

OW

't

O

O

CM

O

O

O If)

CO

o

m

I s-

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

0)

•* CD

CO

•* I s-

O

T-

O

O

CO

CO

O

CM

i-o

o

o

O

CO 00

Or

-C

0 o

o

o

CO O

) CO

•* 1

- t

o

en

if)

CO 00 CO

00 •*

i-S

NO

CM

T-

i-

o

o

o

O

O

O

If) If)

If) CO

co

CD

ffi CO

o

CO

CO

" CM

o LO

o

T*

CM

O

) C

M

CM

t CO

o

LO

T-

CM •*

t -*

"*

LO

•*

T—

o

o

r- co

CO

CO

o

o

O) CM

O

O

i-

o

CO

CO

o

o

CM

" *-1—

o

00

00 o

o ' .

CO

CM

o LO

T

-

t-t

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

I s- 00

CO LO

T

—

T—

00

O

i- O

O

O

T-

CO

O) CO

O

O

OJ

«

I s- 00

CO 00

T~

I s-

O

O

LO LO

00

I s-I s-

0)

-* "*

471.50 478.50 497.50 N

> C

O

cn

-si

en

cn

o

o IO

o 00 o

*.

.&.

4*.

*.

CO

c

n

*.

N>

-v

CO

-s

i C

O

CO

C

O

CO

c

n

In

c

n b

b

o

o o

o o

o CO

C

O

o

o CO

C

O

o

385.00

350.00 356.00 371.00

o o

o

o

o

o

co

cn -

r*. r

o

CO

C

O 0

0

o o

o

O

OO

IO

OO

OO

oo

oc

oo

oo

o

o o

o

N>

O

IO

4S>

CO

IO

o o

o o

o o

o

-»•

CD

-"•

cn

co

o o

o o

o o

CO

00

-••

CO

C

O -

*•

o o

CO

4^

-4

C

D

o o o o no

IO

o o o to

CO

C

O

o —L

o ro

o o o o cn

0

0 o o o cn

03 ro

o CO

cn

o CO

C

O

o o o _L o ro

o o o CO

o cn o

o

o

oc

o-

i o

cn 4

*.

o o

o

o

o

o

o o

o

o o

o

O

*

• C

D

o

O)

cn

o o

o

o

o

o

o o

o

-sj r

o r

o

cn *

. to

ro

ro o

o

-•

ON

co c

o c

n

-•

MO

)

*.

o ro

-4

o •^ o o o ro

00 cn

o o o ^ CO

o CO

cn

-si

->•

00

O

OI

-'

co

co

co

roro

roro

roro

c

oro

oc

o-s

icn

*.^

.ro

cn

roc

n^

^s

iro

co

roo

o b

bb

bb

bb

bb

oo

oo

oo

oo

o

00

0-

"-

-*

00

00

OU

OW

^A

-s

lt

OJ

i

o-'

Oc

oc

oo

oro

-'-c

o

oo

oo

oo

oo

oo

oo

OO

O-

'-

'-

OO

-'

-O

OC

OC

O

oo

oc

nc

no

o4

^o

o*

.-

si

o o

o

oo

co o

*.

o

o

o o

o

o

o

o

o o

o

o o

o

C

D O

C

O

-&. o

o

o o

o

o

o

o

o o

o

cn c

o -

f*

cn c

o -

^ cn

co r

o

^_

_ co

cn o

o

ro -

^ co

oo

oo

oo

oo

o S

OO

UO

f.

-'

OO

cn

oo

-^

oo

oo

oo

o

oo

oo

oo

oo

o o

oo

oo

oo

oo

oo

oo

oo

oo

o

O-

'-

OO

OO

O-

'-

cO

*.

-J

OO

OO

-*

*.

-~

l

cn

ro

oo

oo

cD

oc

o

oo

oo

oo

oo

o o

oo

oo

oo

oo

oo

oo

-^

oo

oo

-i

Cn

-i

CO

UM

OO

l-

sl

oc

no

o-v

-k-s

t^j^

co

oc

o-

'co

ur

or

oo

ji

-j-

ro

oo

-'o

o-

i-o

cn

-i-^

co

oc

oc

n-s

ico

roc

oa

>c

oc

o*>

.4*.

ro-4

201.00 214.00

187.00 194.00

o o

o

o

C

O

O

CO

O

->•

o

-&.

CO

-r*.

oo o

-^

o ro

o o

o

ro

O

CO

o o

o

o

o

o

o o

o o

o

o

o o

o o

o

o

o o

->•

o

o cn

cn

cn

-r*.

cn

cn r

o

00

-si

->•

o

o -*

cn

co o

o

o o

o o

o o

o o

o o

o o

o o

o o

O

00

o

-••

co c

n

4*.

4

^

cn c

o

o o

o

-••

o ro

180.00 o cn

C

O

o -Si

00 o

166.00 o cn

o ro

o o

138.00 152.00 ro

o

O

-

4

ro

-j

o

o

cn -s

i O

-

J

o o

o o

o

o

o

o o

o

o o

o o o o o o ro

o cn

o o o

o o o o o o ro

o ro

o o o

o o

o o

o o

o o

o o

o o

o o

-r*

-••

O

CD

ro o

ro

co

ro c

o

o o

o

o

o o

131.00 117.00

o o

C

O C

O

CO

4

*

o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o -si

CO

o o o

o o o o o o o o o o o o o

110.00 _ 107.00 ro

cn

cn

O

~s

|

o ro

o o o o o o o o o o ro

ro

4*-

-si

^ ro

ro

4*

CO

o o o o o o o o o o 4*.

C

O

cn

co

co

cn

C

O --

J

00

o CO

o cn

CO

ro

99.00 _

CO

o CO

o o o o o o o o o o o ro

o -&

>•

o ro

o o

92.00 _ L

cn

cn

o CO

~s

l

o o o o o o o o o o 4*.

CO

-s

|

o 4*.

4

^

64.00 78.00 ->

• ro

cn -

>•

-si

CO

-«•

o

o cn

cn

cn

o o

o

o

o o

o o

o

o

o o

o o

o

o

o o

o o

o

o

o o

-••

CO

cn o

-s

i -*

•

o o

-si

00

co

ro 50.00 _ L

0

5

_4

k

O

CD

O

22.00 36.00 43.00 C

O

o CO

-n.

-»•

CO

C

O

~s|

-si

o o o

ro

o

ro c

o

CO

C

O

o o

O

O

O

O

o o o

o

o o o o o o o o o 4^ o CO

o o o

o o o o o o o o o 4^ o o o CO

4

^

o o

o

o

o o

o o

o

o

o o

o o

ro

ro

C

O

O

CO

C

O

o

->•

CO

4*.

_ ro c

o

CO

-s

|

8.00 _i o _i

CO

^

4 o o o o o o o o o . C

O

-si ^ C

O

ro

_L o

(cm)

Core Depth 1

2 rum neq undo s * annum > »

co

> cer > cer > CD

c diffe rentiated Quercus Fraxinus

0) xon

Pollen Perc ent Abundanc e: Teapot Lake

Dt Lake

n : Tea

o

c CO

Z3 ent Ab a>

a. alien

D.

Taxon lus Popu Carya

1, 3 m

••

=

H (rya/ CO

U CO

05

LL

0) Cell

CO

-

I Ulm

CD

S

i E:

o.

o

a>

OO

nus Car

„ cm o

o

o

o

o o

on

00

o

o

o

o

•«

•

CM

co

00

o

CM

o

O

O

CO

C

D

CM

O

00

O

O

O

O

O

O

O

O

o

1^

LO

Y—

o

CM

O

CO

•

*

00

CM

O

O

O

LO

•*

O

o

c\i C

M O

h

-o •*

o o

o •*

O

CM

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

CO

'tf

O

CD

T-

O

h-

m

[v.

CO

O

i-

05

i-

LO

"

*

O

CO

C

O

CO

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o o

l*~ C

M

o

^ CO

T_

CO

C

O

CO

C

O

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

oo in

O

C

O

CO

U

)

o

o

o

o o

o

CD

a> C

M

o

o

O

CO

O

C

M

o

o

O

CO

O

C

M

o

o

LO

C

M

LO

L

O

o

o

r co

C

M

CM

o

o

CM

C

M

00

LO

o

o

i- O

co r~~ C

O

CO

C

O

CM

o

o

o

o

o

o

T-

LO

o •*

CO

•

*

o

o

o

o

•* CO

CO h

- M- O

^t

"* CM

o

o

O

T-

O

CM

O

CM

CM

O

C

M

00

o

o

CM

O

C

M

CO

o

o

o

o

o

«t

o

o

LO

C

D

O

00

CD

i

-C

M

CM

o

o

o

o

o

o

h-

CO

oo

o

CM

o O)

•*

o

^J-

CM

o

o r

" T~

CM

T

-

CM

Y

-

T—

CM

o

o

o oo

00

1-^

CM

o

o

oo

o K

CM

o

CO

L

O

o

r*-o

1

—

CO

•

*

CM

C

M

o

o

o

LO

L

O

CD

C

O

CO

^

o

o

o

o

CM

C

D

05

05 o

o

N

-

o

o o

o

T—

o

o

o

C--

o

o

o

o o

o

o

^r C

M

o

CM

Y

-

CM

C

M

o

o

o LO

C

D

LO

o

o

f-~ ym

.

o

o

o

o

o

o

o o

o o

o

o

o

o

o CO

C

M

CO

Y

—

o

o

o 1^

r—

" o

o

T—

CO

o

o

o

o

o

o

00

T-

CO

0

0

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

i- O

C

O

"=t

CM

•<

*• C

M

CM

o

o

o

o

o

o

l~- -3-N

- •*

LO

*

*

o

o

o

o

CO

C

M

CO

L

O o

o

C

M

O

o

o

CM

0

0

00

O)

T-

O

o

o

o

o

o

o

O

05

O

CO

o

o

o

o

O

CM

o

o

O

i-

CO

1

-

LO

C

M

CM

C

M

O

O)

O

CO

CO O

•*

o

o

o

CM

h

-i

- L

O

o

o

CM

(35

i

- C

M

o

o

CM

O

0

5

O

o

o

T-

O

oo

o

o

o

T-

05

o> co

i-

CO

o

o

o

o

CO

C

O

o CO

L

O

o

00

CO

o

LO

T-

CJ5

1

—

o v—

LO

K

o

o

o

o

o

CO

CM

O

)

o

CD

C

O

o

O)

CO

o o

LO

Y-

o

o

O

CO

•

* O

O

i

-L

O

O

o

o o

o

r^

LO

0

>

CM

O

1-

LO

0

0

CD h

-o

o

h-

1-

05

CO

o

o

CO

T

-i

- C

O

i-

O

T-

05

CM

C

M

CO

L

O

Y-

Y—

o

o

o

o

CD

0

0

CO

C

M

O

T-

o

o

o

o

o

o

CM

C

M

r~ co

o

o

CD

0

0

CO

•<

*

o

o

CM

0

0

CO

C

M

LO

C

M

T-

CM

CO

O

C

O

O M

-L

OB

OO

T

—

T—

O

O

•<t co

o

o

•Sf

LO

1

—

T-

o

o

O

CM

O

CD

O

O

^ LO

LO

T

-

o

o

5°

™C

D

o

o

o

o co

o

o

o

o

o

05 Yfr Y-

05 C55 CM

O

O

Y-

O

CO O

O

Y

- CO

o

o

o

05

O

LO

T

fr Y

- Y

"

O

Y-

O

(D

r-

S Y

- T

j- C

O

O

Y"

Y"

1^

LO

C

O

Y-

LO

1

-

CM

•

* C

O

o

o

o

o

o

o

oo

oo

oo

oo

oo

oo

oo

o

LO

1

-O

0

5

CO

t

-i

- O

•<t

CO

•

* C

M

o

o

o

o

CO O

CO

00 o

o

o

o

l*~

•>*

00

05

LO

o

C

D

00

LO

o

o

Y-

o

CM

CO

o

o

•* C

M

05

•*

t-

CM

LO

C

O

o

o

o

o

00

CM

C

M

•<t

CM

C

M o

o

C

- •

*

CM

C

M

o

o

o

o

05

CM

•tf

CD

C

M

CM

CO

L

O

T-

LO

LO

C

O

o

o

o

o

r~- Y

-h

- O

S

CM

C

M

CO

0

5

CO

0

5

CM

O

CM

C

O

CO

O

O

O

o

o

o

O

o

o

05

LO

CM

LO

Y

-

o

Y-

05

O

O

CO

o

CO

Y

—

Y—

o

o o

CO

C

O

co

o

o

LO

C

M

CD

O

LO

Y

-

o

CD

C

O

o

o

o

LO

Y

-

o

LO

•* o

r

LO

o o

o

o

CM

o

CO

o

o

CD

O

C

M

CO

L

O

LO

C

O

CO

C

O

CO

C

O

00

CM

o

CO

o>

^ 00

o

o

1-^

o

CO

C

O

T-

o

CM N

C

M

o ~

CD

" m

o

' 1

00

CO

o

CO

C

D

o

CM

C

O

o •*

o

o

o LO

1

^.

•St-

o o

T—

t^ C

O " o

o

o

00

CD

o

o

o

o

1^ CM

t^ o

CO

•<

t

o

o

o o

CO

C

D

in

" o

o

o

CO

Y

-

co co

o

o in

CO

C

O o

o

CD

C

D

CO

CM

O

T

- O

o

o

CO O

•*

o

o

o

Y-

O

00

O

o

o

CO

O

) •

* C

O

o

o

CO

C

M

CM

0

5

o

o

^~

o ,_:

o

o

o

o

o

o

CO

1

^

O

05

o

o

o

in

CO

0

5 o

o

o

m

CM

o

in C

M

o

CD

oo

o

o

•*

y—

o

CD

o

o

o m

CD

o

LO

o

o

o

o

o

o

CM

o

CM

o

00

o o

1^

d

o

o

o L

O

h-

o in

CO

1

*-

Y-

CM

•

* •

* •

*

LO

o

o

o

o

o

o

Y-

o

CO

C

O

o

00

o CM

CM

C

M

CD

o

o

o CO

C

O

o

in Y

—

f"-•

*•

*•

*

05

O

o

o

o

o

CM

C

O

00

CO

o

o

CD

C

M

O

i-

o

o

(^

'S-

CM

C

M

o

o

m

CD

m

o

.,— .,—

CO CO

•*

o

d

co

LO

O

L

O

O

o

o

•*

CM

C

O

00

o

o

LO

L

O

oo r~-h~

C

D

•*

•*

Pollen Percent Abundance: Teapot Lake Core Depth (cm)

8.00 22.00 36.00 43.00 50.00 64.00 78.00 92.00 99.00 107.00 110.00 117.00 131.00 138.00 152.00 166.00 180.00 187.00 194.00 201.00 214.00 228.00 242.00 249.00 262.00 277.00 291.00 305.00 322.00 336.00 350.00 356.00 371.00 385.00 399.00 413.00 429.50 443.50 457.50 471.50 478.50 497.50

Taxon Morus

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.65 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Com us

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.20 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.13 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Betula

8.11 5.49 2.83 4.47 2.42 3.83 4.71 2.44 3.82 2.91 2.41 3.29 1.95 7.50 6.45 0.61 6.85 3.70 1.72 3.95 4.31 6.48 3.90 1.08 1.12 0.14 0.93 0.16 4.07 3.18 2.74 1.66 3.21 4.23 2.70 1.62 2.10 2.29 2.33 0.33 4.29 1.21

Alnus

0.66 1.18 1.80 1.18 1.61 0.82 0.26 0.67 0.60 1.70 1.34 0.71 0.00 0.00 3.83 1.21 0.78 0.81 1.15 0.56 1.31 0.00 0.31 0.36 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.66 2.82 0.61 0.00 0.45 0.28 0.14 0.14 0.23 0.00 0.25 0.00 0.33 0.00 0.12

Polygonom amphibian

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.41 0.31 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.15 0.28 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.23 0.00 0.00 0.00

Petalostemum

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.40 1.70 0.53 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.18 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.14 0.41 0.28 0.00 0.13 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Rubus

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.16 0.41 0.46 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Rumex

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.23 0.00 0.00 1.05 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.76 0.00 0.45 0.28 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.82 0.00

131

Pollen Percent Abundance: Teapot Lake Core Depth (cm) 8.00 22.00 36.00 43.00 50.00 64.00 78.00 92.00 99.00 107.00 110.00 117.00 131.00 138.00 152.00 166.00 180.00 187.00 194.00 201.00 214.00 228.00 242.00 249.00 262.00 277.00 291.00 305.00 322.00 336.00 350.00 356.00 371.00 385.00 399.00 413.00 429.50 443.50 457.50 471.50 478.50 497.50

Taxon Chenopodiaceae

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.44 0.00 0.49 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.16 0.15 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.09 0.00

Plantago

0.00 0.20 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.18 0.00 0.14 0.00 0.33 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Helianthus

0.00 0.20 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.52 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Ambrosia

0.22 0.00 0.00 0.24 0.27 0.27 0.00 1.11 0.20 0.24 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.20 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.78 0.00 0.00 0.18 0.00 0.14 0.15 0.00 0.00 0.15 0.00 0.30 0.28 0.55 0.57 0.00 0.39 0.13 0.35 0.00 0.27 0.00

Artemisia

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.27 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.20 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.12 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.31 0.36 0.32 0.54 0.00 0.33 0.00 0.00 0.15 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.12 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 .

Portulaca

0.44 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.48 0.00 0.15 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Andropogon

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.39 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.20 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.16 0.00 0.00 0.27 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.14 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Zea

0.44 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.12 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

132

-1^

£.

-^ -

f -

p>

CO -v

l -s

i O

l *.

N

M

-i

N

| OJ

en b

i tn

bi b

i o

o

o o

o

o o

o

o

b b

b

b

o o

o

o

o o

o

'-L

b

b

MO

O

o o

o

b

ob

o o

o

o o

o

b

ob

o o

o

0.33 0.00 0.12

000 OO'O OO'O

0.12

o o

o

o

b b

b

b

o o

o

o

o o

o

b

ob

o o

o

o o

o

b

ob

o o

o

OO'O

0.25

OO'O

0.00 0.13

OO'O OO'O OO'O

0.00 0.00

385.00 399.00 413.00 429.50 o

o o

o

o

ot

o

0.00 0.13

0.00 0.00

0.00 0.00

OO'O OO'O

OO'O OO'O

000 OO'O

0.00 0.00

356.00 371.00

CO C

O 0

3 CO

l\3

l\3

en

co

i\o o

co

-si

p p

ro

pi

^ -s

j b

b

b b

b

b

o o

o

o o

o

o o

o

o o

o

b

b

b

b b

'-•

• o

o o

o

o a

>

000 OO'O

oo

pp

pp

oo

oo

bb

ro

bb

bb

bb

b o

oo

oo

oo

oo

oo

OO'O OO'O

0.00 0.00

0.27 0.00

OO'O OO'O

OO'O OO'O

0.00 0.00

0.00

OO'O

0.42

OO'O

0.00

OO'O OO'O OO'O

0.15

OO'O OO'O

0.00

o o

o

o

b

b

b

b

o o

o

o

o o

o

o

b

b b

b

o

o o

o

-t.

o

O -

>•

a> c

o *

. '-L

O

D O

^

i C

Jl

o o

o

o

b b

b

b

o o

o

o

o o

o

o

b

b

b

b

o o

o

o

o o

o

o

b

b

b

b

o o

o

o

OO'O OO'O

0.14 0.00

0.00 0.15

OO'O OO'O

0.00 0.00

OO'O OO'O

228.00 242.00 249.00 262.00 o

o o

o

b

b c

o b

o

o -

•• o

o o

o

o

o'o

O

'-L

o o

o a

>

o o

o

o

o o

o '

o

o o

o

o

o o

o

o

b b

b

b

o o

o

o

O

-••

-L

O

b b

*-

co

O

00 O

N>

o o

o

o

bu

bo

0 0

)0

0

o o

o

o

b b

b

b

o o

o

o

o o

o

o

'o'o

'o'o

o

o o

o

214.00

OO'O 201.00

OO'O

0.00 0.00

OO'O

0.13 0.92

OO'O

0.00 1.13 0.00 0.00 0.13

OO'O OO'O OO'O

187.00 194.00

OO'O OO'O

000 OO'O

OO'O OO'O

OO'O OO'O

0.12 1.15

OO'O OO'O

OO'O OO'O

OO'O OO'O

166.00 180.00

OO'O OO'O

OO'O OO'O

OO'O OO'O

000 OO'O

1.42 0.98

000 OO'O

0.00 0.00

OO'O OO'O

138.00 152.00

OO'O OO'O

0.00 0.40

OO'O OO'O

0.00 0.00

1.15 0.20

0.00 0.00

0.00 0.00

000 OO'O

117.00 131.00

0.00 0.00

0.24 0.00

0.00 0.00

000 OO'O

107.00 110.00

OO'O OO'O

0.00 0.27

0.00 0.53

0.00 0.27

o o

o

o

^ Ko

b '-

vi

00 -

^ O

CO

OO'O OO'O OO'O OO'O

O

O

O

O

b b

b

b

o o

o

o

0.00 0.00

OO'O OO'O

92.00 99.00

OO'O OO'O

0.00 0.00

000 OO'O

0.22 0.40

0.67 1.00

OO'O 000

OO'O OO'O

OO'O OO'O 78.00

64.00 0.55 0.00

OO'O 000 OO'O

2.62

OO'O OO'O OO'O OO'O OO'O OO'O

0.27

OO'O OO'O OO'O 50.00 0.27

000

0.00 0.00

OO'O OO'O OO'O 000

22.00 36.00 43.00 0.24

OO'O

0.00 0.00 0.24

OO'O OO'O OO'O 0.26 0.51

OO'O

0.00 0.51

OO'O OO'O OO'O OO'O OO'O OO'O

0.39

OO'O OO'O

0.20 0.00

8.00 0.00

OO'O OO'O

0.00 0.22

000 000 OO'O •cT

aquatica Poaceae

Core Depth Zizania Undifferentiated Equisteum Pteridium Pteropsida

cnspa Ulota Lycopodium

lucidulum inundatum Lycopodium

Taxon Pollen Percent Abundance: Teapot Lake

Pollen Percent Abundance: Teapot Lake Core Depth (cm) 8.00

22.00 36.00 43.00 50.00 64.00 78.00 92.00 99.00 107.00 110.00 117.00 131.00 138.00 152.00 166.00 180.00 187.00 194.00 201.00 214.00 228.00 242.00 249.00 262.00 277.00 291.00 305.00 322.00 336.00 350.00 356.00 371.00 385.00 399.00 413.00 429.50 443.50 457.50 471.50 478.50 497.50

Taxon Other/

Unkown 11.18 12.35 14.65 7.76 8.06 10.11 7.33 9.31 9.24 3.88 6.95 3.53 9.34 6.73 5.44 10.12 9.59 4.28 8.62 6.40 6.93 5.83 6.55 15.32 6.09 4.21 1.85

10.53 5.63 8.18 4.27 7.55 2.93 4.91 3.41 1.62 2.76 2.29 1.28 2.19 3.20 1.70

Potamogeton pentin 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.35 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.14 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Potamogeton natans 0.00 0.58 0.25 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.16 0.60 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.20 0.00 0.12 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.24 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.27 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Nuphar

0.00 0.00 0.25 0.23 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.22 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.57 0.00 0.00 0.20 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.13 0.00 0.46 0.18 0.00 0.27 0.15 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.15 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.09 0.00

Cyperaceae

0.00 0.00 0.25 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.22 0.00 0.24 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.29 0.00 0.00 0.32 0.15 0.00 0.00 1.20 1.07 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.12 0.00 0.18 0.00

Nymphaea

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.23 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.70 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.15 0.00 0.16 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.15 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.12 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Typha

0.00 0.77 1.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.76 0.00 0.20 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.32 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Charcoal

0.00 5.49 0.77 6.12 4.84 11.20 14.92 9.09 8.84 26.70 9.36 18.12 5.84 6.73 3.43 11.74 31.31 3.35 17.53 3.39 3.53 10.37 3.28 10.63 5.29 1.63 2.62 1.81 1.41 1.52 1.07 0.76 1.26 0.68 0.28 0.00 0.39 0.25 0.12 0.22 0.91 0.24

134

4*.

•&

>

CO

'-v

t •v

j 0

0

Ol

Cn

o

o

o

o •£

• -£

• -s

i —

L

en

o

o

en

-«j

en

o

o

*.

•&.

*.

CO

en

o

o

IV)

CO

en

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

O

CD

O

-L

iv>

en

-&•

en

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

->•

O

CD

o

o

CD

IV

) -•

• -N

1

o o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o ^ en

CO

o

o .

IV>

O

O

O

O

O

O o

CO

en

o

o

_t

CO

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

•vj

05

o o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

N>

CD

A

—A

CO

o

o

CO

C

O

CO

o

o

o

o

o

o o

o

o

o

o

o

o o

o

CD

o

o

o

_A

f- o o

o

o o

o

CO

O

CO

o

0

0

CO

0

0 en

o

o

o

o

CO

C

O C

O

CO

-s

i en

en

-L

C

D

O

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

-••

o

o

o

o

o

o

~g

o

o

o o

o

o

o

o

o

o

N>

~vl

o

o

o

-P».

C

O

-J.

iv)

o

en

o

o

o C

O

m

o

o

o

o o

o

o

o

o

CO

CO

N

> IV

)

o

o

o

o

o

o

—Jk

CD

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

-*•

o

->•

*.

ow

CO

-

A

O

CO

0

0 J

^

IV)

-^

05

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

iv)

o

IV)

~-l

CO

o

en

o

o o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o o

o

o

o

o

CO

C

O

N>

N>

C

O

-si

->•

"vl

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

-••

o

en

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

O

IV)

o

~g

•&•

->•

*.

CD

C

O C

O

iv)

ro

CD

*

. IV

) C

O

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

CO

O

IV

) O

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

_L

—L

CD

0

0

N>

ro

•^

IV)

IV)

o

o

o o

o

o

o

o o

o o

o

o o

o

o o

00 o

o

o

_L

0) o

_A

CD

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

CO

ro

N>

—1

. **

o

o

o

_k

CO

o

o

o o

o

o

o

ro

o

—L

o

o

o

o

o o

o

o o

o

o

o

CO

-1

^ o

o

o

o

o

o

o o

o

o

o

o

no

•vl

o

o

o

_J

L

ro

o en

00 o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

ro

CD

o

o

_L

CD

o

o r>

o

o

o

o

o

00 o

CD

C

D en

IV

)

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o o

o

o

o

o

o

o o

o

IV)

o

o

o

o

o o

o

o o

o

o

o

o

o

o

rv>

o

o

o

o

o o

o

o o

o

o

o

o o

o

o

o

CO

0

0 o

o

o

o

o o

o

o o

o

o

o

o o

o

_i

CO

CO

-

* -<

• -

J o

o

o

o

o

o

o

ro -»

• o

o

~g

o

o

o

o

o

o C

O

CD

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

*• o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

O

-i

CO

-•

• C

O

00

o

o

O

•£•

O

CD

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

CD

CD

CO

CO

en

-»•

o o

o o

o

o

o

o

o

en

o ro C

O

ro

o

o

o o

o

o

o o

o

o

o o

o

o

IV)

CD

C

D ^

1 <

D

00

£>.

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o°

$s en

o

o

o

o

o

o

o o

o o

ro

^J o

o

o

o

o

o o

o o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o o

o

o o

o

o

o

o

o

ro

o

en

fO

00

o

00 o

o

CD

a>

ro

CO

ro

ro

o

o

o o

o

o o

o

o o

o

o ro

o en

_L o

00 o

o

o

o

o o

o

o o

-p*.

-fc.

o

o

o o

o

o

I*?

—-

g;

CD

:x

Nymphaea hairs s=

i =

• C

D

Ssf

Ust lago T3

edias trum Spict les Tax O

3ollen Percent Abundanc CD

Teapot £ cS

21

0,

App

endi

x 11

. Tea

pot

Lake

P

b d

ata

Loca

tion:

Sci

ence

Mus

eum

of

Min

neso

ta

Top

of

Inte

rval

(c

m)

0 2.

1 3.

1 5.

2 6.

3 8.

4 10

.5

12.6

13

.6

14.7

15

.7

16.8

17

.8

Bas

e of

In

terv

al

(cm

)

1 3.

1 4.

2 6.

3 7.

3 9.

4 11

.5

13.6

14

.7

15.7

16

.8

17.8

18

.9

Cum

. D

ry M

ass

(g/c

m2)

0.07

57

0.23

45

0.31

22

0.48

67

0.55

74

0.73

22

0.90

43

1.06

16

1.14

56

1.20

64

1.26

87

1.31

84

1.37

70

Uns

up.

Err

or o

f A

ctiv

ity

Uns

up. A

ct.

(pC

i/g)

5.38

98

4.52

32

3.69

51

2.87

54

2.51

29

1.63

08

1.63

45

1.51

46

1.21

14

1.22

85

1.22

34

0.87

44

0.39

19

(±s.

d.)

0.24

04

0.13

65

0.14

65

0.11

50

0.11

11

0.06

82

0.07

55

0.07

56

0.05

50

0.06

26

0.05

54

0.05

30

0.04

12 C

um. A

ct. A

ge: B

ase

belo

w I

nt.

(pC

i/cm

2)

2.93

87

2.18

57

1.89

87

1.36

64

1.18

87

0.86

85

0.58

74

0.34

43

0.24

25

0.16

78

0.09

16

0.04

81

0.02

51

of I

nt.

(yr)

4.17

13

.68

18.2

0 28

.77

33.2

4 43

.32

55.8

8 73

.03

84.2

9 96

.11

115.

55

136.

24

157.

12

Err

or o

f A

ge

(±s.

d.)

1.03

1.

10

1.19

1.

27

1.39

1.

13

1.42

2.

07

2.79

3.

90

6.97

13

.10

24.8

9

Dat

e A

.D.

(

2001

.5

1991

.9

1987

.4

1976

.9

1972

.4

1962

.3

1949

.7

1932

.6

1921

.3

1909

.5

1890

.1

1869

.4

1848

.5 S

edim

ent

Err

or o

f A

ccum

. S

ed. A

ccum

. g/

cm2

yr)

0.01

81

0.01

62

0.01

72

0.01

62

0.01

58

0.01

79

0.01

24

0.00

82

0.00

75

0.00

51

0.00

32

0.00

24

0.00

28

(±s.

d.)

0.00

086

0.00

061

0.00

080

0.00

077

0.00

086

0.00

083

0.00

068

0.00

056

0.00

061

0.00

055

0.00

053

0.00

073

0.00

161

Sup

port

ed P

b-21

0: 0

.546

5 ±

0.02

83

pCi/g

N

umbe

r of

Sup

port

ed S

ampl

es:

6 C

um.

Uns

up.

Pb-

210:

3.3

467

pCi/c

m2

Uns

up.

Pb-

210

Flu

x:

0.11

16

pC

i/cm

2yr

136

Appendix 12. Common diatom species images: Teapot Lake, Ontario

These images, as well as subsample material and microscope slides, are archived at the Canadian Museum of Nature, Research Division, Ottawa, Ontario.

Achnanthidium minutissimum var. minutissimum Core Depth: 410 cm

Length: 11 urn; Width: 2.66 um

Cyclotella comensis Core Depth: 410 cm

Length: 6.23 um; Width: 6.23 um

137

Encyonema minuta Core Depth: 10 cm

Length: 13.8 pm; Width: 4.58 \im

Cf. Eolimna minima Core Depth: 410 cm

Length: 9.33 pm; Width: 3.77 pm

138

Eunotia flexuosa Core Depth: 10 cm

Length: 74.7 pm; Width: 3.61 |jm

Eunotia incisa Core Depth: 10 cm

Length: 19.2 pm; Width: 3.73 ^m

Fragilaria tenera Core Depth: 10 cm

Length: 34.5 pm; Width: 2.25 pm

139

Navicula radiosa Core Depth: 10 cm

Length: 39.1 pm; Width: 5.72 pm

Nitzschia perminuta Core Depth: 410 cm

Length: 26.6 |jm; Width: 2.87 pm

140

Appendix 13. Sediment core x-ray images: Teapot Lake, Ontario

Note: The images below are those not included within the text. The top direction is all of these images is to the left.

Teapot Lake CoreTPLC2-1: ~ 0-20 cm depth

10 cm

Teapot Lake Core TPLC2-1: ~ 40-60 cm depth

10 cm

141

10 cm

Teapot Lake CoreTPLC2-1: ~ 60-80 cm depth

10 cm

Teapot Lake Core TPLC2-1: - 80-100 cm depth

10 cm

Teapot Lake Core TPLC2-1: ~ 90-110 cm depth

142

10 cm

Teapot Lake CoreTPLC2-2: ~ 110-130 cm depth

Teapot Lake Core TPLC2-2: - 150-170 cm depth

Teapot Lake Core TPLC2-2: ~ 170-190 cm depth

143

10 cm

Teapot Lake Core TPLC2-3: ~ 206 - 226 cm depth

10 cm

Teapot Lake Core TPLC2-3: ~ 226 - 246 cm depth

10 cm

Teapot Lake Core TPLC2-3: ~ 246 - 266 cm depth

144

10 cm

Teapot Lake Core TPLC2-3: ~ 266 - 286 cm depth

Teapot Lake Core TPLC2-3: ~ 287-307 cm depth

Teapot Lake Core TPLC2-3

10 cm

- 2 9 4 - 3 1 4 cm depth

145

10 cm

Teapot Lake Core TPLC2-4: ~ 314 - 334 cm depth

10 cm

Teapot Lake Core TPLC2-4: ~ 356 cm - 376 cm depth

10 cm

Teapot Lake Core TPLC2-4: ~ 376 - 396 cm depth

146

10 cm

Teapot Lake Core TPLC2-5: ~ 421 - 441 cm depth

Teapot Lake Core TPLC2-5: ~ 44

10 cm

461 cm depth

^ ^ »

10 cm

Teapot Lake Core TPLC2-5: ~ 461 - 481 cm depth

147

10 cm

Teapot Lake Core TPLC2-5: ~ 481 - 497 cm depth

148