Egypt Exploration Society

The Owner of Tomb No. 282 in the Theban NecropolisAuthor(s): Labib HabachiSource: The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology, Vol. 54 (Aug., 1968), pp. 107-113Published by: Egypt Exploration SocietyStable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/3855913 .Accessed: 23/06/2011 05:40

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THE OWNER OF TOMB No. 282 IN

THE THEBAN NECROPOLIS

By LABIB HABACHI

ONE of the many profitable results of Professor Cerny s visits to the University of Philadelphia in recent years has been the realization of the scheme initiated by Mr. David O'Connor to publish the score of tombs cleared by Clarence Fisher at Dra' Abu el-Naga more than forty-five years ago. At the time only brief descriptions of their decorations were made' and a preliminary report of some of them published.2 The new work of recording, study, and publication was entrusted to Mr. Lanny Bell, a promising Egyptologist from Philadelphia, and he began his work early in I967 under the supervision of Professor Cerny who at that time was simultaneously engaged in recording for UNESCO, with the collaboration of the Centre of Documentation, hieratic graffiti in the area of the Theban Necropolis.

I

By chance some time ago I became interested in Tomb no. 282, one of the tombs

partly cleared by Fisher,3 for the reason that the owner occupied an important post in Nubia during the Ramesside Period. The interest of Professor Cerny in tombs of the Ramesside Period in the Theban Necropolis is demonstrated by his numerous

important writings on these tombs, and it is a pleasure for the present author to write, on the occasion of Cerny's seventieth birthday, about the owner of Tomb 282 who, as will emerge, apparently was quite different from the one proposed by Fisher.

It has to be said at the beginning that the decoration of the tomb is neither clear nor important. The tomb is cut in a part of the cliffs where the rock is of very poor quality. Big breaks and irregularities in the walls were packed with stones and bricks, and the whole covered with a layer of mud, above which a coating of stucco was applied to receive the painted decorations.4 Some parts of this surface have fallen down, and on the surviving parts the representations and texts have now faded so much as hardly to be traced. During my visit to the United States in 1965-6, I was able to visit the University Museum, Philadelphia, and to examine the field-records made by Greenlees at the time of the discovery of the tomb. I am grateful to David O'Connor for enabling

I The cleared tombs are nos. 35, 156-60, 282-9 and 300-7. Short descriptions of their scenes appeared for the first time in Porter and Moss, Top. Bibl. I, 2nd edition.

2 Only one article was published by Fisher, in which our tomb was spoken of more than the others, see Pennsylvania Museum Journal 15 (1924), 35 ff. Only one tomb (no. 158) has subsequently been fully published, in K. Seele, The Tomb of Tjanefer at Thebes.

3 Fisher, op. cit. 35, says that the tomb was lying open; he cleared only the court and the burial chamber. 4 Ibid. 38.

me to make this examination, and also for providing me later with a copy of these records. They proved useful for my studies, but not to the extent I had hoped, for they show clearly how even at the time of discovery the inscriptions were almost as illegible as they are now.

The tomb-chapel is cut in the usual form of the letter T; it is ^ * P'yam' d preceded by a court with walls built of sun-dried bricks, having

a huge gateway or pylon at its entrance. I At both sides of the Hall and at the far end of the Chapel are big niches which formerly

:6 , held pair-statues representing, most probably, the owner of the .":. ... : -.. . tomb and his wife. Above the Chapel was a pyramid, and from

!',· 32 ", the passage in the Chapel opens a corridor leading to the subter- ranean burial chamber in which were found two sarcophagi of red granite and traces of wooden coffins. A stela, the present location of which is unknown, stood in the centre of the south side of the court. It bore a representation of the owner offering to Osiris and a long inscription below.2

- 1 Here we reproduce (in fig. I) the plan of the tomb given in FIG. I. Porter and Moss, Topographical Bibliography, I2, i, 356, and give

a short summary of the scenes numbered as on the plan:3 I. Text over the lost figures of the deceased and his wife; deceased in kiosk in the ceremony of

opening the mouth. 2. Deceased and [wife] before [Osiris]. 3. Deceased. 4. Deceased and wife adoring Thoth. 5. Deceased purified, then introduced by Anubis to the presence of [Osiris]. 6. Six scenes: (a) deceased worshipping [Osiris], (b) deceased and wife before two shrines, each

containing two crouching deities, (c) wife worshipping an unknown deity, (d) wife, (e) shrine with figure(?) inside, (f) a man(?) adoring.

7. Six scenes: (a) table of offerings, (b) destroyed, (c) deceased standing with staff in hand, (d) Horus followed by deceased and wife before an offering table, (e) deceased and wife

approaching the tomb, (f) Thoth approaching the tomb. 8. A list of offerings which must have had a figure of the deceased opposite. 9. Tympanum and double-scene with deceased offering to Osiris.4

Such are the scenes left in the tomb; none can be considered to be of any importance, while no text can be followed with certainty. In many places the name is inscribed simply as Nakhte, but in some cases this element is preceded by some unclear signs which form part of the full name. According to Fisher and Greenlees the owner was Hekanakhte who became viceroy of Kush under Ramesses II. The surviving titles attributed to him in the tomb are:

I. Royal scribe. 2. Fan-bearer on the rzght of the king.

I Ibid. 35. 2 Ibid. 36. 3 For the description of the scenes see pp. 364 f. 4 In preparing the descriptions of these scenes, now much more faded than when they were discovered, we

were much helped by the field-notes of Greenlees, now in the University Museum.

Io8 LABIB HABACHI

THE OWNER OF TOMB No. 282 o9

3. Overseer of the Southern Lands. 4. Head of bowmen, varied occasionally by head of the bowmen of Kush.I

But was Hekanakhte the head of the bowmen of Kush before he was promoted to the important post of Viceroy? It is recorded of hardly any viceroy that he held an inferior rank in the land of Kush before he assumed his functions as head of the whole district.2 Furthermore, viceroys usually retained one or more of the titles they held previously elsewhere; but none of the titles known to have been held by H .ekanakhte

N I

.-I E u

a.

FIG. 2.

reveals that he had a military career like the owner of this tomb.3 It may also be noted that if the viceroy Hekanakhte had come originally from Thebes, he might be expected to have held one or more titles connecting him with the great capital or its main divinity; such was not the case.4

On the contrary the titles of the owner of our tomb fit well with those of a certain Anhernakhte who has left three rock-inscriptions on Siheil Island which clearly demonstrate his connexion with the land of Nubia. These inscriptions read:

I. Fan-bearer on the right of the king, head of bowmen and overseer of Southern Lands, Anher- nakhte, justified (pl. XVII, 2 and fig. 2, a).5

2. Fan-bearer on the right of the king, head of bowmen and overseer of the lands of gold of Amun in Nubia, Anhernakhte (fig. 2, b).

3. Fan-bearer on the right of the king and head of the bowmen of Kush, Anhernakhte, justified (fig. 2, c).6

I For the name and titles see Fisher, op. cit. 36. The Top. Bibl. gives only the name Nakhte (p. 364). 2 It seems that these viceroys were chosen by the king from among those who gained his confidence, cf.

Drioton and Vandier, L'Egypte (4th ed.), 463. 3 For the titles held by HIekanakhte see Reisner, 'The Viceroys of Ethiopia' in yEA 6, 40 f. 4 Among viceroys who came originally from Thebes and who held titles connecting them with its main

divinity, the following can be mentioned: Seni, Amenhotpe, Merimose, Setau, and Herihor, see ibid. 82 f. s mrc hrw is written mir nfr in the original. 6 For these texts see ibid. 74 (v), and Porter and Moss, Top. Bibl. v, 25 .

Thus three of the titles of the owner of Tomb 282 are found also in the inscriptions of Anhernakhte on Siheil Island. The fourth title-Royal scribe-may have been granted late in his career. The title overseer of the lands of gold of Amin in Nubia at Siheil, but not in the tomb, may have been present among the texts now lost.

During a visit which I made to the tomb, I was able to check the name of the owner in several places. In the scene where Anubis is shown introducing the owner of the tomb to Osiris (at 5 on the plan), the name undoubtedly begins with the sign J (in).' This reading and the identity of the titles would justify the attribution of the tomb to the Anhernakhte of the graffiti of Siheil.

FIG. 3.

On the basis of its plan and type of decoration, the tomb has been dated to the Ramesside Period.2 Happily, a fourth inscription on Siheil Island in which Anher- nakhte's name occurs, permits us to establish more closely the period in which he lived. The inscription is made up of three horizontal lines completed by one vertical line on the (spectator's) left and another on the right (pl. XVII, 3 and fig. 3): a figure of Amiin wearing the crown with double plume and with the ws-sceptre in hand carved beside the last line seems to belong to the graffito. The text reads:

The head of the stable, Amenemope, son of the judge, the prophet of Amuin, Amenhotpe (2) of-the- great-stable-of-Ramesses-Miamuin-of-the-Residence, he is on a mission for the Pharaoh, l.p.h. (3) to Kush, together with the head of the bowmen of Kush, Anhernakhte, justified. (4) Born of the chantress

of Amufin, Henutmeter. (5) Born of the chantress of Amufin, Tanedjmet.3

Here we find Anhernakhte, bearing his main title, reported as accompanying the head of one of the stables of Ramesses II, Amenemope, the son of the prophet of

In Greenlees's notes the name here is copied as if beginning with 1, but as he found that many of the titles held by the owner were usually held by viceroys, his mind was directed to Hekanakhte.

2 So in Top. Bibl., but Fisher, op. cit. 36, fixes its date to the reign of Ramesses II without giving any reason.

3 See Top. Bibl. V, 25I. De Morgan, Cat. de mon. et inscr. I, gives the first four lines under no. 63 (p. 88) and the fifth line with an inscription mentioning the first jubilee of Ramesses II celebrated by a governor of Elephantine. The line does not belong with this latter text; the two texts even overlap, which shows that they were carved on different occasions.

IIO LABIB HABACHI

THE OWNER OF TOMB No. 282 III

Amun, Amenhotpe, and the chantress of Amun, Henutmeter. Both parents are known to us from Theban Tomb 1 58, the owner of which was Tjanefer, their son, who was a third prophet of Amiin, and also from Tomb 148, the owner of which was Amenemope, their grandson and a prophet of Amun. Both tombs lie in Dra' Abu el-Naga not far from our tomb.' The Amenemope of Siheil must therefore be the brother of Tjanefer and the uncle of the other Amenemope. In both tombs I58 and 148 our Amenemope is described as god's father and overseer of the cattle of the altar of Amun.2 These titles differ greatly from those in the Siheil graffito but the identity of the parents and of their titles makes it extremely probable that he is the same Amenemope. If this is correct, then it is possible that Amenemope was charged with the work in the Temple of Amiin after having been released from his duties as head of one of the stables of Ramesses II. Tjanefer was born in the last years of Ramesses II and ended his life in the reign of Ramesses III.3 Amenemope, who seems to have been an elder brother,4 must have assumed office, along with Anhernakhte, towards the end of the

reign of Ramesses II, and continued during that of his successors.

II In the ruins of the Temple of Horus of Micam at 'Aniba have been found many

stelae of high officials of Nubia who lived during the Ramesside Period. The upper part of one of these, made of sandstone and measuring 27 cm. high and 29 cm. broad, carries two registers: in the upper is shown the sacred bark of Horus of Micam, the stern of which is in the form of a falcon crowned with the sun-disk; in front is the standard with a ram's head and the text, the standard of Amun,5 and behind comes a table laden with offerings. In the surviving part of the lower register is the upper part of a figure of a man accompanied by an inscription made up of vertical lines of text of which the first is in front of the man. Only the following words remain: made

for the head of bowmen. . . .6 The name of the owner probably followed here, and of it there survive the upper parts of the sign A with which the name Anhernakhte begins. If this is a correct reading then it is probable that our Anhernakhte dedicated a stela in honour of Horus of Micam in the course of one of his visits to the district.

Whether this is true or not, Anihernakhte seems to have been a man of some im-

portance. His title head of the bowmen of Kush identifies him as the military chief of the district, while his other titles, listed above, were ones usually held by viceroys and

rarely by lesser officials.7 In the Siheil graffito of Amenemope and Anhernakhte, the mothers of both men are

named, Anhernakhte's being the chantress of Amun, Tanedjmet. Her title indicates that she was attached to the cult of Amfin, and therefore came originally from Thebes. Anhernakhte's father is not mentioned in the graffito, but in Tomb 282 (in 6(f)) there are traces of his name and titles: son of the judge and head of the bowmen, (Min)-nakhte.

Seele, op. cit. 5 f. Amenhotpe in this text is taken by Lefebvre, Histoire des grands pretres, 252, as 'high priest of Amin'; the stroke being taken by him and others as tpy. Seele retains this opinion, op. cit. 5.

2 Ibid. 8. 3 Ibid. 7. 4 Ibid. 8. 5 p i?t n 'Imn. 6 Steindorff, Aniba, II, 26 (51) and pl. 12 (49). 7 For these titles held by viceroys see Reisner, op. cit. 77 f.; for the title overseer of the lands of gold of Amun,

ibid. 79 f.

The reading of the name and titles is confirmed by a loose fragment found by Green- lees in the tomb which is inscribed-[ovseerer] of the [Southern] Lands, Minnakhte.I Of this man an important inscription exists on the road between Philae and Aswan (fig. 4). There he is shown kneeling before Ramesses II who is seated on a throne under a sun-disk and identified by the inscription in front: Lord of the Two Lands Usimarer-Setpenrer, (2) lord of ceremonies Ramessu-miamun. Minnakhte is shown kneel-

FIG. 4.

ing, holding the fan in his left hand and raising his right hand towards his sovereign in adoration. Two vertical lines of text, one before and one behind him, describe him as fan-bearer on the t he king, (2) the king's messenger to every foreign land, and head of the bowmen of Kush, Minnakhte. A copy of this inscription was made by Petrie, who read the name as Dukhem,2 d a facsimile was made by Lepsius, who rendered the name correctly; this was exactly copied by De Morgan.3 In his enumeration of the heads of the bowmen of Kush Reisner gave a translation of this inscription reading the name as Min, though he refers to De Morgan's publication where the correct reading is given.4

Among the heads of bowmen given by Reisner is one named Pennesuttaui. He must have lived during the long reign of Ramesses II,s for his name is to be found on the strange monument of Amenemone in the Naples Museum, which bears the prenomen of that king, and, below it, the following text: head o the bowmen of Kush, Pennesuttaui, brother of his father.6 The same man was buried in Theban Tomb I56 where he has the titles head of bowmen and overseer of the Southern Lands.7 On the left thickness of the entrance to the shrine of this tomb, Pennesuttaui is shown with his daughter Bekt- werner and his son Nakhtmin. Here the son has the the title head of the stable of his Majesty,8 which indicates that he had a military career. Was he promoted later to the

In both cases the name of the actual owner cannot be read before that of Minnakhte. Perhaps the latter was his father-in-law, and not his father.

2 A Season in Egypt, pI. vi (146), where the copy is signed by Griffith who helped Petrie on this expedition. There the first and third titles are not correctly rendered.

3 Denkmaler, iii, 175 i; in ibid. Text, iv, 122, Lepsius made corrections to the facsimile. For De Morgan's copy from Lepsius see Cat. de mon. et inscr. I, 14 (65).

4 Op. cit. 76 (ix), where he gives a correct translation of the text. 5 Ibid. 74 (vi). 6 Thesaurus, 953. For the tree of the family see Kees, Priestertum, 121 f. 7 Top. Bibl. 1iz, 265 f. 8 Ibid. 266.

II2 LABIB HABACHI

THE OWNER OF TOMB No. 282 I I3

post of his father? If this were the case, he would be the father of our Anhernakhte, and it would appear that three generations of the family succeeded each other as military chief of the land of Kush.

In the tomb Anhernakhte's wife is shown in many places accompanying him. It is most probable that she was buried with him, since two sarcophagi were found in the burial chamber. In the inscriptions her title is clearly chantress of Amun, but nowhere is her name clear. Greenlees seems to have seen the signs kr at the beginning of the name. These cannot now be distinguished, but there are traces of j -signs in some places; perhaps her name began with Anher like that of her husband.