The Origins of The Origins of American American PoliticsPolitics

Ch 6 NotesCh 6 Notes

Liberty vs. Order in Liberty vs. Order in the 1790’sthe 1790’s

Big problem facing the USA: DEBT!!Big problem facing the USA: DEBT!! Hamilton’s perspective (Sec. of Hamilton’s perspective (Sec. of Treasury)Treasury) He had a lot of faith in the systemHe had a lot of faith in the system Supported a strong national governmentSupported a strong national government Distrusted the people (uneducated bunch)Distrusted the people (uneducated bunch) In order for the economy to grow, the In order for the economy to grow, the government must be actively involved in government must be actively involved in the economy the economy

Against traditional beliefsAgainst traditional beliefs

Hamilton’s PlanHamilton’s PlanFederal government Federal government would assume all of would assume all of the states’ debtsthe states’ debts Strengthened Strengthened national national governmentgovernment

South not happy South not happy with ideawith idea

Agreed with the Agreed with the Residence Act Residence Act of 1790 (new of 1790 (new capital located capital located in the south)in the south)

Two ways for the federal government to Two ways for the federal government to raise money and pay off debtraise money and pay off debt

Tariff: tax on imported goodsTariff: tax on imported goodsBegan in 1789Began in 1789

Whiskey Tax: excise tax on distilled Whiskey Tax: excise tax on distilled liquorsliquors

Began in 1791Began in 1791Public reaction: feared national Public reaction: feared national government was taking too much powergovernment was taking too much power

Hamilton vs. Hamilton vs. Jefferson Jefferson

FederalistFederalist Washington usually Washington usually sided with himsided with him

Loose Construction Loose Construction of the of the ConstitutionConstitution Constitution is Constitution is loose framework of loose framework of laws that laws that government could government could build on as it build on as it deemed deemed fit/necessaryfit/necessary

Found he held the Found he held the minority opinion in minority opinion in the cabinetthe cabinet

Strict Construction Strict Construction of the Constitutionof the Constitution

In 1793 he resigned In 1793 he resigned as the Secretary of as the Secretary of StateState Don’t use implied Don’t use implied powers given in the powers given in the Constitution unless Constitution unless absolutely necessaryabsolutely necessary

Foreign PolicyForeign Policy French Revolution French Revolution broke out in 1789broke out in 1789 Should the US help Should the US help out?out?

Federalists: Federalists: generally opposed generally opposed because of the Reign because of the Reign of Terrorof Terror

Jeffersonians: should Jeffersonians: should help because it’s an help because it’s an extension of the US extension of the US Revolution Revolution

Split opinion in the Split opinion in the USAUSA

Edmond Genêt (1793)Edmond Genêt (1793) French minister to the US who came to French minister to the US who came to US to get our support in a war US to get our support in a war against Englandagainst England

Overstepped his bounds when he tried Overstepped his bounds when he tried to convince private Americans to to convince private Americans to fight with the French against the fight with the French against the BritishBritish

Political power had again changed in Political power had again changed in France and he would’ve been France and he would’ve been guillotined upon his returnguillotined upon his return

Married an American (the governor’s Married an American (the governor’s daughter) and became American citizendaughter) and became American citizen

England and France at WarEngland and France at War Should we get involved? If so, on Should we get involved? If so, on which side?which side?

England: our mother country, we wanted England: our mother country, we wanted an economic relationship with the an economic relationship with the BritishBritish

France: obligated to help because they France: obligated to help because they came to our aid in the American came to our aid in the American RevolutionRevolution

1793: Washington declared US neutrality1793: Washington declared US neutrality

England started taking American ships England started taking American ships trading with the French West Indiestrading with the French West Indies

England helped Native Americans keep England helped Native Americans keep land in the Northwest Territoryland in the Northwest Territory

Americans were becoming more anti-Americans were becoming more anti-BritishBritish

1794: John Jay sent to England to 1794: John Jay sent to England to negotiate an agreement (main concern: negotiate an agreement (main concern: England must stop seizing American England must stop seizing American ships)ships)

Jay’s TreatyJay’s Treaty British would leave the NW TerritoryBritish would leave the NW Territory Arrangements made to expand trade between Arrangements made to expand trade between the US and Englandthe US and England

British wouldn’t agree to stop seizing shipsBritish wouldn’t agree to stop seizing ships

Reaction to Jay’s Reaction to Jay’s TreatyTreaty No protection of No protection of American shipping American shipping led people to call led people to call Jay a sellout to the Jay a sellout to the BritishBritish

Treaty was ratified Treaty was ratified in 1795in 1795

Failed to accomplish Failed to accomplish what he was sent what he was sent there to dothere to do

Whiskey RebellionWhiskey Rebellion In Western PA and some other frontier In Western PA and some other frontier areas, people refused to pay the Whiskey areas, people refused to pay the Whiskey TaxTax

1794 farmers in Western PA began to protest 1794 farmers in Western PA began to protest the excise taxthe excise tax Shut down the courtsShut down the courts Attacked tax collectorsAttacked tax collectors

First real direct challenge to the power of First real direct challenge to the power of the federal governmentthe federal government

Washington sent 12,000 troops in to shut Washington sent 12,000 troops in to shut down the protestdown the protest Showed the government is committed to enforcing Showed the government is committed to enforcing its lawsits laws

At this point in At this point in history…history…

Federalists:Federalists: Economic plan in placeEconomic plan in place Peace with EnglandPeace with England Whiskey Rebellion suppressedWhiskey Rebellion suppressed

BUT…BUT… Lost popularity in US and as early as Lost popularity in US and as early as 1793 Democratic Societies were formed 1793 Democratic Societies were formed (artisans through professional men (artisans through professional men came together to oppose the Fed. came together to oppose the Fed. Government)Government)

What’s Jefferson up to?What’s Jefferson up to? He and some state leaders were writing He and some state leaders were writing letters to each other promoting letters to each other promoting resistance to the Federalistsresistance to the Federalists

Originally these critics were called Originally these critics were called Republicans, but they were also called Republicans, but they were also called Democratic Republicans, or Democratic Republicans, or Jeffersonian RepublicansJeffersonian Republicans

Now: 2 political parties (group of Now: 2 political parties (group of people who want to win elections and people who want to win elections and hold public offices in order to shape hold public offices in order to shape public policy)public policy)

2 Political Parties2 Political Parties Jeffersonian Republicans Jeffersonian Republicans FederalistsFederalists

Election of 1796Election of 1796 George Washington refused to run for a 3George Washington refused to run for a 3rdrd term term

Set a precedent others followed until FDRSet a precedent others followed until FDR Federalist candidates:Federalist candidates:

John Adams (P) and Thomas Pinckney (VP)John Adams (P) and Thomas Pinckney (VP) Republican candidates:Republican candidates:

Thomas Jefferson (P) and Aaron Burr (VP)Thomas Jefferson (P) and Aaron Burr (VP) Results: Adams- 71 Electoral College votes, Results: Adams- 71 Electoral College votes, Jefferson – 68Jefferson – 68

Adams became President and Jefferson the VP since Adams became President and Jefferson the VP since he received second most votes in the election he received second most votes in the election

Obviously a problem in the system nowObviously a problem in the system now

Washington’s Farewell Washington’s Farewell AddressAddress

Gave advice to the young nation Gave advice to the young nation and some warnings…and some warnings… Don’t have competing political Don’t have competing political partiesparties

Stay neutral in foreign affairsStay neutral in foreign affairs

Did we follow either of these??Did we follow either of these??

XYZ AffairXYZ Affair French mad and started seizing French mad and started seizing American ships in French portsAmerican ships in French ports

To avoid war, Adams sent Americans To avoid war, Adams sent Americans to France to negotiateto France to negotiate

Agents “X,Y, and Z” demanded Agents “X,Y, and Z” demanded $250,000 from US before they would $250,000 from US before they would be allowed to meet with France be allowed to meet with France foreign ministerforeign minister

Americans outraged, the American Americans outraged, the American agents returned homeagents returned home

Undeclared naval warUndeclared naval war By 1798 US and By 1798 US and French ships French ships fightingfighting

People were People were happy with Adams happy with Adams (high point of (high point of his popularity)his popularity)

Changes Federalists Changes Federalists MakeMake

Increase size of the armyIncrease size of the army Create more taxes to support the armyCreate more taxes to support the army Four Four Alien and Sedition Acts Alien and Sedition Acts were passed were passed (1798)(1798) Meant to protect Adams from criticsMeant to protect Adams from critics Alien Act and Alien Enemies Act gave the Alien Act and Alien Enemies Act gave the president the power to arrest/deport people president the power to arrest/deport people living in the US who weren’t citizensliving in the US who weren’t citizens

Naturalization Act: 5 yrs to 14 yrs living in USNaturalization Act: 5 yrs to 14 yrs living in US Sedition Act: anyone who wrote, published, or Sedition Act: anyone who wrote, published, or said something against the government of its said something against the government of its officials could be fined or put in jailofficials could be fined or put in jail

**applied to ANYONE in the country****applied to ANYONE in the country**

Reaction to the Alien & Reaction to the Alien & Sedition ActsSedition Acts

Jefferson, Madison, and other Jefferson, Madison, and other RepublicansRepublicans Felt A&S Acts were unconstitutional Felt A&S Acts were unconstitutional because they violated 1because they violated 1stst Amendment rights Amendment rights

Figured judgment was the states’ Figured judgment was the states’ responsibilityresponsibility Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions (state (state laws)laws) Nullified the Sedition Act within their statesNullified the Sedition Act within their states Defiance of federal powerDefiance of federal power

Increasing Tensions and Increasing Tensions and RebellionRebellion

Tensions got so high between the Tensions got so high between the Federalists and Jeffersonian Federalists and Jeffersonian Republicans that the president at times Republicans that the president at times the had to enter the president’s the had to enter the president’s residence through the back door and residence through the back door and members of Congress argued on the floor members of Congress argued on the floor of the Houseof the House

Gabriel Prosser organized a slave Gabriel Prosser organized a slave rebellion which failed before it began rebellion which failed before it began in Virginiain Virginia He and 30 others were executed for itHe and 30 others were executed for it

Adams loses Federalist Adams loses Federalist SupportSupport

Peace negotiated with France and Peace negotiated with France and tensions calmed but he had little tensions calmed but he had little supportsupport More aggressive Federalists stopped More aggressive Federalists stopped supporting himsupporting him

Jeff-Reps’ support of France became a Jeff-Reps’ support of France became a non-issue in the electionnon-issue in the election

Alien and Sedition Acts (VERY Alien and Sedition Acts (VERY unpopular) became even more unpopular unpopular) became even more unpopular now that the country wasn’t going to now that the country wasn’t going to warwar

Election of 1800Election of 1800 Federalists Candidates:Federalists Candidates:

Adams and Pinckney (Hamilton and Adams and Pinckney (Hamilton and other Federalists pushed for Pinckney other Federalists pushed for Pinckney to get more votes than Adams)to get more votes than Adams)

Jeffersonian Republicans Jeffersonian Republicans Candidates:Candidates: Thomas Jefferson and Aaron BurrThomas Jefferson and Aaron Burr Focus was the potential the federal Focus was the potential the federal government has to threaten individual government has to threaten individual libertiesliberties

Campaign of 1800Campaign of 1800 Candidates didn’t campaign for Candidates didn’t campaign for themselves, instead pamphlets and themselves, instead pamphlets and articles were published by their articles were published by their partiesparties

““nasty campaign”nasty campaign” Republicans said Adams was monarchist Republicans said Adams was monarchist not in touch with the people and made not in touch with the people and made Jefferson look like a common manJefferson look like a common man

Federalists said Jefferson was too Federalists said Jefferson was too weak and godless and would lead the weak and godless and would lead the country into chaoscountry into chaos

Election ResultsElection Results Popular Vote:Popular Vote:

Jefferson wonJefferson won Electoral College:Electoral College:

Jefferson and Burr tiedJefferson and Burr tied Now the House of Representatives (still Now the House of Representatives (still and Federalist majority) must decideand Federalist majority) must decide

What happened?What happened? Hamilton supported Jefferson and on the Hamilton supported Jefferson and on the 3636thth vote, he was chosen the next president vote, he was chosen the next president

Peaceful exchange of power between 2 Peaceful exchange of power between 2 political parties on March 4, 1801 as political parties on March 4, 1801 as Jefferson took oath of officeJefferson took oath of office

Jefferson’s AgendaJefferson’s Agenda Reduce influence of Reduce influence of national government on national government on people’s livespeople’s lives Reduce taxesReduce taxes Refused to give speeches Refused to give speeches to Congress because to Congress because that’s too much like a that’s too much like a kingking

Call him “Mr. President”Call him “Mr. President” Cut size of the federal Cut size of the federal bureaucracy (departments bureaucracy (departments in the federal in the federal government)government)

Reduced the size of the Reduced the size of the armed forcesarmed forces

Jefferson and the Jefferson and the CourtsCourts

Judiciary Act of 1789: created Judiciary Act of 1789: created national court systemnational court system 13 district courts, 3 circuit courts, 13 district courts, 3 circuit courts, Supreme CourtSupreme Court

Supreme Court would settle disputes Supreme Court would settle disputes between the states’ laws and federal lawsbetween the states’ laws and federal laws

Judiciary Act of 1801: Judiciary Act of 1801: reduced the reduced the number of Supreme Court justices and number of Supreme Court justices and increased the number of federal judgesincreased the number of federal judges Wanted to “pack” the system with federal Wanted to “pack” the system with federal judgesjudges

The Midnight JudgesThe Midnight Judges Federal judges Adams appointed until Federal judges Adams appointed until midnight the night before he left officemidnight the night before he left office

One of the appointments: John MarshallOne of the appointments: John Marshall Federalist leader who became Chief Justice of Federalist leader who became Chief Justice of the Supreme Court for 34 years and had a HUGE the Supreme Court for 34 years and had a HUGE impact on law in the USAimpact on law in the USA

Marbury vs. Madison (1803): established Marbury vs. Madison (1803): established the power of judicial review for Supreme the power of judicial review for Supreme CourtCourt Can review laws and determine if they are Can review laws and determine if they are unconstitutionalunconstitutional

Jefferson and the WestJefferson and the West Northwest Ordinance of 1787Northwest Ordinance of 1787

Set up process that western territories had Set up process that western territories had to go through to become a stateto go through to become a state

Land Act of 1800: people were able to Land Act of 1800: people were able to buy western land in small parcels on buy western land in small parcels on creditcredit

Napoleon took over in FranceNapoleon took over in France He had control over the mouth of the He had control over the mouth of the Mississippi RiverMississippi River

Concerned western farmers and fur traders Concerned western farmers and fur traders because they needed the MS River for tradebecause they needed the MS River for trade

Louisiana PurchaseLouisiana Purchase Jefferson sent James Monroe and Jefferson sent James Monroe and Robert Livingston to France in Robert Livingston to France in 1803 to buy New Orleans1803 to buy New Orleans

They could spent up to $10 millionThey could spent up to $10 million Instead they bought the Louisiana Instead they bought the Louisiana Purchase for $15 million (see map Purchase for $15 million (see map on p. 216)on p. 216) Doubled the size of the USADoubled the size of the USA

Expanded federal gov powerExpanded federal gov power

Louis and Clarke Louis and Clarke ExpeditionExpedition Spring 1804 group send to Spring 1804 group send to

explore the new territoryexplore the new territory River routes, map to the River routes, map to the Pacific Ocean, contact Pacific Ocean, contact with Native Americans, with Native Americans, natural resourcesnatural resources

They reached the Pacific They reached the Pacific Ocean in 1805 and returned Ocean in 1805 and returned east by Sep of 1806east by Sep of 1806

French-Canadian fur trader French-Canadian fur trader and his wife Sacagawea and his wife Sacagawea were hired to help them were hired to help them and act as their and act as their interpretersinterpreters

Zebulon Pike gathered more Zebulon Pike gathered more information in his information in his expedition in 1806-1807expedition in 1806-1807

Election of 1804Election of 1804 Jefferson was very popular during his first Jefferson was very popular during his first termterm

Federalists were losing supportFederalists were losing support Burr (VP) decided to run for Governor of NY Burr (VP) decided to run for Governor of NY and ran as a Federalistand ran as a Federalist

Hamilton didn’t like Burr and encouraged Hamilton didn’t like Burr and encouraged everyone to NOT support Burreveryone to NOT support Burr

Burr didn’t even receive the Federalist Burr didn’t even receive the Federalist nominationnomination

Burr challenged Hamilton to a duelBurr challenged Hamilton to a duel July 11, 1804 in the duel Burr fatally shot July 11, 1804 in the duel Burr fatally shot HamiltonHamilton

Burr fled NY to avoid murder chargesBurr fled NY to avoid murder charges

Back to the Presidential Back to the Presidential Election…Election…

Jefferson won re-election by a Jefferson won re-election by a landslidelandslide

Defeated Pinckney (Federalist Defeated Pinckney (Federalist candidate)candidate)

Increasing Tensions Increasing Tensions with Europewith Europe

During Jefferson’s first term there During Jefferson’s first term there was peace in Europe but wars resumed was peace in Europe but wars resumed during his second termduring his second term

This led to problems between the US This led to problems between the US and the European nationsand the European nations

The Chesapeake IncidentThe Chesapeake IncidentBritish policy of British policy of impressments impressments (kidnapping Americans and forcing (kidnapping Americans and forcing them to serve in the Navy)them to serve in the Navy)

1807 British attacked the US 1807 British attacked the US ChesapeakeChesapeake

21 casualties21 casualtiesBritish boarded and searched the British boarded and searched the shipship

Americans outraged!!Americans outraged!!

Jefferson Avoids WarJefferson Avoids War Chooses economic weapon instead of warChooses economic weapon instead of war Embargo Act of 1807Embargo Act of 1807

Outlawed almost all US trade with foreign Outlawed almost all US trade with foreign countriescountries

Embargo: restriction on tradeEmbargo: restriction on tradeDidn’t work at punishing European nations Didn’t work at punishing European nations but DID hurt American people who had been but DID hurt American people who had been successful at trading with Europesuccessful at trading with Europe

Smuggling beganSmuggling beganJefferson lost popularity and James Jefferson lost popularity and James Madison became the next president Madison became the next president (another Jeffersonian Republican)(another Jeffersonian Republican)

6.4: Fighting with Native 6.4: Fighting with Native AmericansAmericans

Some Native American Some Native American tribes fought American tribes fought American expansion westexpansion west

British helped them British helped them defeat the US at Fort defeat the US at Fort Wayne, Indiana in 1790Wayne, Indiana in 1790

Also defeated expedition Also defeated expedition led by the governor of led by the governor of the Northwest Territory the Northwest Territory (one of greatest defeats (one of greatest defeats by Indians)by Indians)

British stopped helping British stopped helping the Native Americans so the Native Americans so they were left to fight they were left to fight the US military alonethe US military alone

Native American ActionsNative American Actions Little Turtle tried to persuade the Little Turtle tried to persuade the Indians to make peaceIndians to make peace

1794 1794 Battle of Fallen TimbersBattle of Fallen Timbers: : Native American defeat that forced Native American defeat that forced them to accept the them to accept the Treaty of Treaty of Greenville: Greenville: 1795 agreement where 1795 agreement where Native Americans gave up 2/3 of Native Americans gave up 2/3 of Ohio and accepted that Ohio River Ohio and accepted that Ohio River was no longer boundary between them was no longer boundary between them and the white settlersand the white settlers

Indian Reaction to the Indian Reaction to the TreatyTreaty

4 ways they dealt with Americans4 ways they dealt with Americans Accept white cultureAccept white culture

Little Turtle and the Miami tribe lived Little Turtle and the Miami tribe lived peacefully with white settlers and accepted peacefully with white settlers and accepted some of their culturesome of their culture

Blend white and Native American culturesBlend white and Native American cultures Handsome Lake the leader of the Seneca Handsome Lake the leader of the Seneca encouraged his people to accept American encouraged his people to accept American views on land, agriculture, and family lifeviews on land, agriculture, and family life

Return to Indian traditionsReturn to Indian traditions Tenskwatawa “the prophet” opposed Tenskwatawa “the prophet” opposed assimilation and established Prophetstown in assimilation and established Prophetstown in Indiana in 1808Indiana in 1808

Military ActionMilitary Action TecumsehTecumseh- warrior chief urged Native - warrior chief urged Native Americans to join together to fight Americans to join together to fight American expansionAmerican expansion

Battle of Tippecanoe: Battle of Tippecanoe: Nov. 7, 1811Nov. 7, 1811Battle between Tenskwatawa’s men Battle between Tenskwatawa’s men and the governor of Indiana’s and the governor of Indiana’s troopstroops

2 hours of fighting left no real 2 hours of fighting left no real winnerwinner

Confidence in Tenskwatawa was Confidence in Tenskwatawa was shatteredshattered

Prophetstown was destroyedProphetstown was destroyed

6.5: War of 1812 6.5: War of 1812 (separate quiz)(separate quiz)

Question Question StationsStations

Answer the Answer the questions on questions on your station your station card using the card using the textbook in the textbook in the time allotted to time allotted to each cardeach card