The Origins of The Origins of American PoliticsAmerican Politics

Liberty vs. OrderLiberty vs. Order

OverviewOverview The first political parties arose because of a The first political parties arose because of a

disagreement over the role of government.disagreement over the role of government. Federalists Federalists

– Trusted the government more than the passions Trusted the government more than the passions of the people.of the people.

– Key Figures--Washington and HamiltonKey Figures--Washington and Hamilton Followers of Jefferson (Jeffersonian Republicans) Followers of Jefferson (Jeffersonian Republicans)

– Trusted the people more than a big government.Trusted the people more than a big government.– Jefferson and MadisonJefferson and Madison

George Washington

Alexander Hamilton

James Madison

Hamilton’s Policy (Sec. of Hamilton’s Policy (Sec. of Treasury)Treasury)

Supported strong governmentSupported strong government Pushed for formation of a national Pushed for formation of a national

bank and assumption of state debt bank and assumption of state debt acquired in the revolution.acquired in the revolution.

Proposed taxes to pay off the debt.Proposed taxes to pay off the debt. Believed if the US Government had Believed if the US Government had

debt, the world would have an debt, the world would have an interest in its survival.interest in its survival.

Favored a loose construction of the Favored a loose construction of the Const.Const.

Thomas JeffersonThomas Jefferson

Had more faith in people than in Had more faith in people than in government.government.

Believed in a strict construction of Believed in a strict construction of the Constitution.the Constitution.

1793 He resigned b/c of his 1793 He resigned b/c of his opposition to Hamilton’s policies opposition to Hamilton’s policies which he saw as an assault on which he saw as an assault on liberty.liberty.

Thomas Thomas JeffersonJefferson

Other Points of ContentionOther Points of Contention

French RevolutionFrench Revolution– Federalists saw it as a democratic Federalists saw it as a democratic

revolution gone wrong.revolution gone wrong.– Jefferson’s supporters saw it as an Jefferson’s supporters saw it as an

extension of the American Revolution. extension of the American Revolution. Whiskey RebellionWhiskey Rebellion

– 1794 Opponents of the whiskey tax in 1794 Opponents of the whiskey tax in Pennsylvania closed courts and attacked Pennsylvania closed courts and attacked tax collectorstax collectors

– Washington sent General Harry Lee and Washington sent General Harry Lee and Hamilton with an army of 12,000 men to Hamilton with an army of 12,000 men to Pennsylvania.Pennsylvania.

– The rebellion dissolvedThe rebellion dissolved– This demonstrated to the world the This demonstrated to the world the

power of the US government.power of the US government.– Jefferson’s followers saw it as Jefferson’s followers saw it as

government overstepping its authority.government overstepping its authority.

General General Harry LeeHarry Lee

Jay’s TreatyJay’s Treaty

Britain and France had been at war.Britain and France had been at war. 1793 Washington had declared 1793 Washington had declared

neutralityneutrality 1794 Washington and Hamilton believed 1794 Washington and Hamilton believed

US should side with Great Britain. US should side with Great Britain. John Jay negotiated a treaty in which:John Jay negotiated a treaty in which:

– Britain agreed to leave the Northwest Britain agreed to leave the Northwest Territory.Territory.

– Both agreed to expand trade.Both agreed to expand trade.

John Jay

The treaty failed to stop the British The treaty failed to stop the British from boarding US ships on the high from boarding US ships on the high seas.seas.

Many Americans, including Jefferson, Many Americans, including Jefferson, opposed it.opposed it.

Jeffersonian RepublicansJeffersonian Republicans

1793 Men began to form “democratic 1793 Men began to form “democratic societies” to oppose the Federalists.societies” to oppose the Federalists.

These groups supported Jefferson These groups supported Jefferson and his ideals.and his ideals.

Election of 1796Election of 1796

Washington did not seek a third Washington did not seek a third term.term.

John Adams ran as a federalist John Adams ran as a federalist against Thomas Jefferson.against Thomas Jefferson.

John Adams was elected President John Adams was elected President and Thomas Jefferson was elected and Thomas Jefferson was elected Vice President.Vice President.

The Federalist CourseThe Federalist Course

The Adam’s AdministrationThe Adam’s Administration– The XYZ AffairThe XYZ Affair

France had been angry about Jay’s Treaty.France had been angry about Jay’s Treaty. Adams sent ambassadors to negotiate with Adams sent ambassadors to negotiate with

France.France. They were met by 3 French agents “X, Y, and Z” They were met by 3 French agents “X, Y, and Z”

who demanded a bribe of $250,000 and a loan of who demanded a bribe of $250,000 and a loan of $10 million before they could see the French $10 million before they could see the French Foreign minister.Foreign minister.

This was commonly done in Europe.This was commonly done in Europe. Outraged, the diplomats returned home and Outraged, the diplomats returned home and

problems b/w US and France continued.problems b/w US and France continued.

Alien and Sedition ActsAlien and Sedition Acts Federalists pushed the acts through Federalists pushed the acts through

CongressCongress Alien ActAlien Act

– Gave the President the right to imprison Gave the President the right to imprison or deport citizens of other countries or deport citizens of other countries residing in the US.residing in the US.

Sedition ActSedition Act– Made it against the law to criticize Made it against the law to criticize

government or its officials unless you government or its officials unless you could prove all you said.could prove all you said.

– Federalists used it to silence Republicans.Federalists used it to silence Republicans.

The Virginia and Kentucky The Virginia and Kentucky ResolutionsResolutions

Jefferson, James Madison and other Jefferson, James Madison and other Republicans believed the Sedition Act Republicans believed the Sedition Act violated freedom of speech.violated freedom of speech.

They believed states had the right to They believed states had the right to determine if a law was constitutional.determine if a law was constitutional.

The VA and KY Resolutions stated they had The VA and KY Resolutions stated they had the right to “nullify” a law that was the right to “nullify” a law that was unconstitutional.unconstitutional.

Neither state enforced the resolutions, but Neither state enforced the resolutions, but both remained defiantboth remained defiant

Election of 1800Election of 1800The Spirit of 1776 vs. the Spirit of 1787The Spirit of 1776 vs. the Spirit of 1787

Tensions between the parties continued to Tensions between the parties continued to rise in the late 1790s.rise in the late 1790s.

Many believed the future of the Republic Many believed the future of the Republic hinged on the election. hinged on the election.

John Adams and Thomas Jefferson ran.John Adams and Thomas Jefferson ran. Neither won a majority in the electoral Neither won a majority in the electoral

college college Jefferson won when the vote went to the Jefferson won when the vote went to the

House of Representatives.House of Representatives.

Electoral Votes for the Election of 1800

The Peaceful Transfer of The Peaceful Transfer of PowerPower

To the shock of the world, the To the shock of the world, the Federalists handed over power to the Federalists handed over power to the Jeffersonian Republicans.Jeffersonian Republicans.

Jefferson’s AdministrationJefferson’s Administration

Reversing Federalist PoliciesReversing Federalist Policies

Less like a KingLess like a King– Refused to give speeches before Refused to give speeches before

CongressCongress– Asked to be called “Mr. President”Asked to be called “Mr. President”

Reduced TaxesReduced Taxes Cut the size of GovernmentCut the size of Government Cut the size of the ArmyCut the size of the Army Was easily reelected in 1804Was easily reelected in 1804

Hamilton v. BurrHamilton v. Burr

Both were rivals of JeffersonBoth were rivals of Jefferson Summer 1804 Burr killed Hamilton in Summer 1804 Burr killed Hamilton in

a duel.a duel.

Aaron Burr

Judicial ReviewJudicial Review

John Marshall was Chief Justice of the John Marshall was Chief Justice of the Supreme Court.Supreme Court.

Marbury V. MadisonMarbury V. Madison– President Adams had appointed William President Adams had appointed William

Marbury Justice of the Peace for D.C.Marbury Justice of the Peace for D.C.– Secretary of State Madison, under Secretary of State Madison, under

Jefferson’s orders refused to deliver the Jefferson’s orders refused to deliver the papers giving Marbury his authority.papers giving Marbury his authority.

John MarshallJohn Marshall

William William MarburyMarbury

– Marbury sued Madison and asked the Marbury sued Madison and asked the court to order him to deliver the papers court to order him to deliver the papers (as allowed by the Judicial act of 1789).(as allowed by the Judicial act of 1789).

Marshall ruled against Marbury saying Marshall ruled against Marbury saying it was against the Constitution for him it was against the Constitution for him to give this order to the Executive to give this order to the Executive branch.branch.

This established “Judicial Review”--This established “Judicial Review”--courts determine constitutionality.courts determine constitutionality.

Louisiana PurchaseLouisiana Purchase Land Act of 1800 had established the Land Act of 1800 had established the

process by which territories could process by which territories could become states.become states.

1803 Jefferson sent James Monroe to 1803 Jefferson sent James Monroe to Paris to buy New Orleans from Paris to buy New Orleans from NapoleonNapoleon

Napoleon refused and offered to sell Napoleon refused and offered to sell all French lands known as Louisiana.all French lands known as Louisiana.

Monroe offered $15 million and Monroe offered $15 million and Napoleon accepted.Napoleon accepted.

James Monroe

Lewis and Clark ExpeditionLewis and Clark Expedition

Jefferson sent his secretary Jefferson sent his secretary Meriwether Lewis to lead an Meriwether Lewis to lead an expedition into the LA Territory.expedition into the LA Territory.

Lewis chose William Clark as his Lewis chose William Clark as his companion.companion.

Goals:Goals:– Search for river routs to the PacificSearch for river routs to the Pacific– Contact Native AmericansContact Native Americans– Gather info about natural resources.Gather info about natural resources.

Meriwether Lewis

William ClarkWilliam Clark

Succeeded with the help of a French-Succeeded with the help of a French-Canadian fur trapper and his wife Canadian fur trapper and his wife Sacajawea.Sacajawea.

Foreign PolicyForeign Policy

Jay’s Treaty expired in 1805.Jay’s Treaty expired in 1805. 1807 Britain attacked the USS 1807 Britain attacked the USS

Chesapeake and boarded it.Chesapeake and boarded it. Jefferson responded with an embargo Jefferson responded with an embargo

of all foreign goods.of all foreign goods. This made him very unpopular at the This made him very unpopular at the

end of his second term.end of his second term.

Natives React to the Natives React to the Growing RepublicGrowing Republic

Native’s ResponsesNative’s Responses

Responded in four general ways:Responded in four general ways:– Accepted white cultureAccepted white culture– Blended Indian and American CulturesBlended Indian and American Cultures– Returned to Indian TraditionsReturned to Indian Traditions– Took military action.Took military action.

Indians AttackIndians Attack

Battle of TippecanoeBattle of Tippecanoe– Indiana Territory Gov. William H. Harrison led Indiana Territory Gov. William H. Harrison led

troops to respond to a threat from Chief troops to respond to a threat from Chief Tecumseh.Tecumseh.

– Harrison won and became a national hero.Harrison won and became a national hero. Indians continued to attack settlements.Indians continued to attack settlements. Many began to believe the British were Many began to believe the British were

encouraging and equipping the Indians.encouraging and equipping the Indians.

William Henry William Henry HarrisonHarrison

The War of 1812The War of 1812

Prelude to WarPrelude to War

President Madison argued that the President Madison argued that the British had equipped and encouraged British had equipped and encouraged the Indians to attack the US.the Indians to attack the US.

The British were still practicing The British were still practicing impressments of US citizens.impressments of US citizens.

June 1812 Congress agreed with June 1812 Congress agreed with Madison and declared war.Madison and declared war.

Course of the WarCourse of the War

LandLand– The US decided to invade Canada, and The US decided to invade Canada, and

did so unsuccessfully.did so unsuccessfully.– The Americans did win some battles The Americans did win some battles

during the war but were largely during the war but were largely unsuccessful.unsuccessful. Battle of Thames led by William Henry Battle of Thames led by William Henry

HarrisonHarrison Battle of Horseshoe Bend against the Creek Battle of Horseshoe Bend against the Creek

led by Andrew Jackson.led by Andrew Jackson.

SeaSea– Initially the US was successful.Initially the US was successful.– In time, the superior British Navy tooke its toll.In time, the superior British Navy tooke its toll.– The British Blockade of the US coast crippled The British Blockade of the US coast crippled

the US Navy and the US economy.the US Navy and the US economy. British Burn WashingtonBritish Burn Washington

– 1814--When the British ended their war with 1814--When the British ended their war with France they turned all their attention to the US.France they turned all their attention to the US.

– In August the British invaded Washington and In August the British invaded Washington and burned the city.burned the city.

– The British then advanced on Baltimore The British then advanced on Baltimore and bombarded Fort McHenry, but the and bombarded Fort McHenry, but the Americans managed to hold out. Americans managed to hold out. (Francis Scott Key watched from the (Francis Scott Key watched from the distance and in the morning penned the distance and in the morning penned the poem titled, “The Star Spangled poem titled, “The Star Spangled Banner.”Banner.”

Francis Scott Francis Scott KeyKey

The War EndsThe War Ends

Treaty of GhentTreaty of Ghent– Both sides began to see tha the war was Both sides began to see tha the war was

pointless.pointless.– December 24, 1814, both sides signed December 24, 1814, both sides signed

the Treaty of Ghent ending the war.the Treaty of Ghent ending the war.

The Battle of New OrleansThe Battle of New Orleans

December 23, 1814--A British force December 23, 1814--A British force of 11,000 tried to take the city of of 11,000 tried to take the city of New Orleans.New Orleans.

Andrew Jackson led a force of 4,500 Andrew Jackson led a force of 4,500 to defend the city.to defend the city.

Jackson won with only 21 casualties. Jackson won with only 21 casualties. The British suffered 2,036 casualties.The British suffered 2,036 casualties.

Jackson became a national hero.Jackson became a national hero.

Missouri CompromiseMissouri Compromise Controversy arose over Missouri’s Controversy arose over Missouri’s

admission to the union as a state.admission to the union as a state. Northern states wanted MO to be a Northern states wanted MO to be a

free state. Southern states wanted it free state. Southern states wanted it to be a slave state.to be a slave state.

The CompromiseThe Compromise– MO was admitted as a slave state and MO was admitted as a slave state and

Maine was carved out of Massachusetts Maine was carved out of Massachusetts as a free state.as a free state.

– All states above 36° 36 ‘ N Lat. would be All states above 36° 36 ‘ N Lat. would be a free statea free state