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1
The Origins of American Politics
1789-1820
CHAPTER 6
2
SECTION 1
Liberty Versus Order in the 1790s
3
I. Describe Alexander Hamilton’s program for dealing with national and state debts.
A. Hamilton’s Programs 1. strong supporter of strong national power 2. Hamilton’s debt plan consolidated the nation’s war
debts into one debt to be paid off by the national
government
B. Hamilton’s Strategy 1. debt was owed to European banks and American merchants 2. Congress created a tariff – tax on foreign goods 3. Congress placed a tax on whiskey 4. Interest – charge for borrowed money – extra sum that
borrowers pay creditors in return for the loan 5. Congress established the Bank of the United States 1791
4
I. Describe Alexander Hamilton’s program for dealing with national and state debts.
C. Hamilton’s Opponents 1. Dislike of federal government in local and state affairs 2. Dislike of taxes 3. Jefferson was opposed – resigned as Sec. of State
a) Jefferson – Strict Construction – belief that the
Constitution should be interpreted
exactly as it is written
- should not start a national bank
- more faith in people than government
b) Hamilton – Loose Construction – belief that the
Constitution was intended as a
foundation to be freely built upon
5
II. Explain how the French Revolution divided Americans.
A. American Reactions 1. Federalists – opposed it – seeing it as an example of a
democratic revolution gone wrong 2. Jefferson viewed it as an extension of the
American Revolution
B. Choosing Sides 1. Neutral – not taking sides in a dispute
6
III. Describe the causes and effects of the Whiskey Rebellion.
A. Whiskey Rebellion
1. Cause: Occurred in response to Hamilton’s debt plan 2. Closed courts and attacks on debt collectors 3. Government exerted its military force 4. Effect: Government committed to enforcing its laws
7
IV. Summarize the debate over Jay’s Treaty and the resulting rise of political parties.
A. Washington and Hamilton believed long-term interest of U.S.
would be better by siding with Britain B. Chief Justice John Jay sent to negotiate – Jay’s Treaty C. Jay’s Treaty – between United States and Britain
aimed at expanding trade D. Jeffersonian Republican
1. Republicans or Democratic-Republicans –
were critics of Federalists – opposition to Jay’s Treaty 2. Not modern Republicans or Democrats 3. Jeffersonian Republicans and Federalists were the first
political parties – group of people who seek office to control
government policy and programs
8
SECTION 2
The Government Takes a New Course
9
I. Summarize the actions of John Adams as President.
A. John Adams as President 1. Party differences and threat of war from France 2. XYZ Affair – French secret agents’ attempted bribery of American diplomats 3. Americans refused to pay bribe – undeclared war began 4. Increase in the size of the army, higher taxes, support of the army and navy
B. Alien and Sedition Acts 1. Legislation giving the President the power to deport citizens of other countries
and giving the government the right to imprison its critics 2. Used to silence Republican opposition 3. Increased tensions between Federalists and Jeffersonian Republicans
10
I. Summarize the actions of John Adams as President.
C. Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions 1. Jefferson and Madison believed Alien and Sedition Acts violated
freedom of speech 2. Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions
a. Resolutions stating that the states had the right to judge whether a
federal law agreed with the Constitution
b. Defy the federal government’s power
c. Nullification – decision by a state that a federal law is “null and void”
D. Increasing Tensions 1. Jeffersonians – “Spirit of 1776” Declaration of Independence – idea of liberty 2. Federalists – “Spirit of 1787” Constitution – idea of order
11
II. Describe the events of Gabriel Prosser’s Rebellion.
A. Gabriel Prosser’s Rebellion was a
revolt by enslaved people in Virginia
12
III. Explain the outcome and the importance of the election of 1800.
A. Jefferson won the Popular Vote in 1800, but was
unable to get a majority in the Electoral College
B. Jefferson was chosen President in 1800 by the
House of Representatives
C. Peaceful Transfer of Power – 1. Executive and Legislative branches of federal government
controlled by Jeffersonian Republicans 2. Political power could be transferred peacefully
13
SECTION 3
The Jefferson Administration
14
I. Describe how Jefferson both reduced and expanded the power of the national government.
A. Agenda – list of things to accomplish 1. reduced the influence of the national government 2. limit national governments presence in people’s lives
B. Reducing Government 1. cut taxes and reduced size of federal bureaucracy 2. bureaucracy – departments and workers that make up the federal government
C. Jefferson allowed the Bank of the United States to operate
D. Re-elected in 1804 – very popular
15
I. Describe how Jefferson both reduced and expanded the power of the national government.
E. Hamilton and Burr 1. Jefferson’s rivals 2. Burr – Vice-President 3. Burr shot and killed Hamilton in a duel
16
I. Describe how Jefferson both reduced and expanded the power of the national government.
F. Judiciary Acts 1. Judiciary Acts of 1789 and 1801 were
passed by Congress to expand the judicial
branch’s court system
2. Created a national court system with circuit
and district courts, all headed by the
Supreme Court
17
II. Understand the Supreme Court’s power to review laws.
A. John Marshall – Chief Justice of the Supreme Court 1. Appointed by John Adams 2. Marbury v. Madison 1803 –
a. Marshall increased the power of the executive
and judicial branches b. Judicial Review – enables federal courts to
review state laws and state court decisions to
determine if they are in keeping with the
federal Constitution c. Allows federal courts to decide whether laws
passed by Congress are constitutional
18
III. Identify important foreign policies of the Jefferson administration.
A. The Louisiana Purchase
1. Northwest Ordinance of 1787 – process territories
could become states
2. Land Act of 1800 – Americans were able to buy
land in small parcels on credit in the West near the
Mississippi River
19
III. Identify important foreign policies of the Jefferson administration.
A. The Louisiana Purchase
3. Napoleon and the French a. French leader, Napoleon, controlled the Mississippi River
and New Orleans area b. Jefferson sent James Monroe to Paris to buy city of New
Orleans for an offer of $10 Million c. Napoleon refused to sell just New Orleans but offered
Louisiana
20
III. Identify important foreign policies of the Jefferson administration.
A. The Louisiana Purchase
3. Napoleon and the French
21
III. Identify important foreign policies of the Jefferson administration.
A. The Louisiana Purchase
3. Napoleon and the French d. Louisiana Purchase – from France in 1803 of New
Orleans and a huge area of land west of the
Mississippi River e. Significant because it greatly increased the size of the
United States
22
III. Identify important foreign policies of the Jefferson administration.
A. The Louisiana Purchase
23
III. Identify important foreign policies of the Jefferson administration.
B. Lewis and Clark Expedition
1. Meriwether Lewis and William Clark 2. Expedition to explore land included in the
Louisiana Purchase in the Spring of 1804 3. Search river routes to the western ocean 4. Made contact with Native Americas 5. Gather information about natural resources 6. Two-years four-months 7. Later voyages by Zebulon Pike
24
III. Identify important foreign policies of the Jefferson administration.
B. Lewis and Clark Expedition
25
III. Identify important foreign policies of the Jefferson administration.
B. Lewis and Clark Expedition
8. Hired French-Canadian fur trader and his wife as
interpreters
– wife was Shoshone Indian Sacajawea
26
III. Identify important foreign policies of the Jefferson administration.
C. Jefferson’s Foreign Policy
1. Harassment of American ships by British and
French
2. Embargo of 1807 a. Embargo – restriction on trade b. Unpopular and unsuccessful
27
SECTION 4
Native American Resistance
28
I. Describe the condition of Native Americans in the Old Northwest around 1790.
A. After the War for Independence, the Miamis, Delawares,
and Shawnees were able to fight successfully against
American expansion
B. Treaty of Greenville – agreement Native Americans were
forced to accept after the Battle of Fallen Timbers
29
II. Summarize the ideas of Native American leaders about dealing with the United States.
A. Accepting White Culture 1. After his defeat by the Americans, Little Turtle
adopted parts of American culture
B. Blending Indian and American Cultures 1. reservation – area set aside for Native Americans
who lost their homelands 2. Handsome Lake stabilized Seneca society by
urging his people to blend Seneca and European
cultures
30
II. Summarize the ideas of Native American leaders about dealing with the United States.
C. Returning to Indian Traditions 1. assimilation – process by which people of one culture become
part of another culture 2. Tenskwatawa “the Prophet” – called for the Miamis,
Delawares, and Shawnees to completely reject European
culture
D. Taking Military Action 1. Tecumseh led the protest to the Treaty of Fort Wayne in which
Native Americans were tricked into giving up their land 2. Battle of Tippecanoe – military encounter between Governor
William Henry Harrison and Tenskwatawa 3. The Battle of Tippecanoe resulted in a loss of Native American
culture
31
SECTION 5
The War of 1812
32
I. Explain the causes and results of the War of 1812. A. War Breaks Out
1. Anger Toward Britain a. Impressment – forcing people into military service b. War of 1812 – the United States declared war on
Great Britain because of continued
British harassment
2. The Land War a. William Henry Harrison – defeated British and
Native Americans in British-held Canada b. Andrew Jackson – defeated Creek Indians at
Horseshoe Bend in Alabama
33
I. Explain the causes and results of the War of 1812. A. War Breaks Out
3. The Naval War a. U.S.S. Constitution “Old Ironsides” b. “Don’t give up the ship”
4. The burning of Washington, D.C. a. James and Dolly Madison – warned and fled b. British burned the United States Capital and
White House c. All night British bombarded Fort McHenry,
Francis Scott Key wrote the “Star-Spangled Banner”
34
I. Explain the causes and results of the War of 1812. A. War Breaks Out
5. The War Ends a. Mr. Madison’s War had left
1. national treasury empty
2. Capital in ruins
3. British blockade had brought trade to a standstill b. Treaty of Ghent – treaty ending the War of 1812 c. Battle of New Orleans
1. event that took place after the War of 1812 had
officially ended
2. victory for the United States
3. unified the country, restored patriotism, and
made Andrew Jackson a national hero
35
III. Understand the issues that led to the Missouri Compromise.
A. Northern states objected to admitting Missouri as a slave
state because it would increase the power of the southern
states in the Senate
B. Missouri Compromise 1. established 36^ 30’ N latitude as dividing line
between free and slave states 2. slavery would be allowed in Missouri,
but Maine would be admitted as a free state