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listening speaker1: speaker2: speaker3: speaker4: speaker5:
Citation preview
The operation of an Economy (1)
Sun yijia
what is most important to you when choosing1. an impressive job title2. a good salary3. flexible working hours4. opportunities for promotions5. days off and longer holidays6. training and staff development7. a pension8. oppotunities to travel
listening • speaker1:• speaker2:• speaker3:• speaker4:• speaker5:
opportunity cost opportunity cost is the potential benefit that is
given up when one alternative is selected over another.
e.g.
opportunity cost is not usually entered in the accounting records of an organization, but it is a cost that must be considered in every decision a manager makes.
Sunk cost沉没成本A sunk cost is a cost that has already been inc
urred and that cannot be changed by any decision made now or in the future.
since sunk costs cannot be changed by any present or future decision, and therefore thay can, and should, be ignored when analyzing future courses of action.
Sunk costFor example:Assume that you has paid ¥ 50 for a movie ticket.
Since the cost outlay ( 花费) has been made, the ¥ 50 is a sunk cost. Because no matter how bad the movie is, the ¥ 50 is not able to be taken back. therefore, when you are making the decision for leaving or staying, the ¥ 50 costs are said to be sunk and should be ignored in decisions.
紧急需求Urgent wants生产资料Capital goods资本积累Capital accumulation
经济体制Economic system
Planned economy
Market economy
Economic system
An economy, or economic system, is the structure that a society uses in an attempt to satisfy as many as wants possible.
固定搭配力图;试图
social security低收入人群People with low incomes失业救济金Unemployment payment退休金pension
social security
医疗保险medicare工伤保险work-related injury insurance生育保险maternity insurance
专业化Specialisation社会财富重新分配Redistribute wealth相对价值Relative value
价格机制Price mechanism优先权priority
recipe
原料ingrediente.g. making breadingredient: flour ; yeast ; salt ; water
fertilize
1. 施肥 2. 受孕
dough生面团donut
framework
From wheat to bread sold in marketstage1:
land --------- plough the field
seeds --------- sow the wheat
fertiliser --------- fertilize
pestcide ---------- spray it to protect it from insects
labour ---------- harvest
framework Stage1
stage 2 flour ------ mill where it is ground into flour
transportation
transportationstage 3bread -------- bakerywarehouse
supermarketsliced & packaged & transported
transportation
mill
windmillThe Netherlands
Holland
Dutch
windmill
mill
watermill
specialisation
专业化practical benefits1. people can choose to do things that th
ey like or are good at.2. people get skills and experience throug
h repetition.3 it makes the society as a whole is more
productive.
specialisation
BUTIt brings a relationship called int
er-dependence( 相互依赖) .
bakery -- mill --- farmers--- firms
U.S.dollar & centspound & penceyuan & fenEuro (European Dollar)
Group presentation (50%)
1. "money make the mare go." What do you think this sentence?
2. specialization is a tendency in modern production, what are the advantages and disadvantages of it ?
listening key facts16,000,000,000 978,000,00016055,0001/2465,000,000,0002,000,000,0001906112,000,000,000
listening--planning a seminarbusiness circle conferencingname: Mr Ray_(1)_____________name of event:_(2)_______________________he can't come to the buffet on _(3)___________
_____because his train doesn't arrive until after (4)______________.please send the schedule to his email which is _(5)________________.
listening--planning a seminar note launching your business online3 pm : security__(1)_______________
4:30pm: people with buffet arrive to _(2)_____.
____(3)_: i arrive
number of delegates : ______(4)_________
registration and buffer ends at about ___(5)__________.
listening--planning a seminar1. The buffet ______ ______ ______ up
until four thirty.2. I don't think anyone _____ _____ __
___ before five.3. i assum that we ______ ______ ____
_ bu nine.4. I hope they _____ _____ _______ by t
hen!
taking notes and messages
e.g. "hello,this james speaking and this is a message for lind
a." james called for linda. 1. "I'd be grateful if you could return this call on my home
number;" call him back _________.(4 words) 2." I'm calling to inform you that the next meeting is on th
e 23rd." please note _____________________.(8 words)
taking notes and messages
3. " would you mind checking and letting me know the final dates?"
please confirm _______________.(3 words) 4." i just wanted to say that i'm sorry for any conf
usion." he applogised __________.(3 words) 5." the clienty is asking if it would be possible to
put the meeting back." he called about postponing______.(2 words)
memo writing
you are a seminar( 研讨会) organiser. you want to check details for an event next week with your 2 assistants. write a email to your assistants. 40-50 words.
1. say which rooms you have booked for the event.
2. aks them to confirm the scheule with security.
3. explain that one participant will be late.
memo writing
From: XXXX Subject:confirmation of seminar details Date:XXXX To: Assistant seminar organisers
Please note that i have booked Room 101 and 102 for the seminar next week. I'd be grateful if you would now confirm this booking and the final schedule for the event with security. Also note that Mr Sun will be one hour late on the monday morning.