THE OHIO MOTOR VEHICLE INDUSTRY · • Factories in Ohio ranked first in manufacturing both plastic products and rubber products (3261 and 3262) based on the latest Annual Survey

Research Office A State Affiliate of the U.S. Census Bureau

PolymersPlastic Resins, Synthetic Rubber and Related Products

June 2019

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OHIO’S POLYMERS INDUSTRY: Plastic Resins, Synthetic Rubber and Related Products

June 2019

B403: Don Larrick, Principal Analyst, with contributions from James Kell

Office of Research, Ohio Development Services Agency P.O. Box 1001, Columbus, Oh. 43216-1001

Production Support: Steve Kelley, Editor; Robert Schmidley, GIS Specialist

TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Executive Summary 1 Description of Ohio’s Polymers Industry - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 4 Notable Polymers Industry Manufacturers 6 Recent Expansion and Attraction Announcements - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 12 Foreign Investment in Ohio 13 The Advantages of Locating in Ohio - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 17 The Variety of Production in Ohio 20 Polymers Industry Concentration in Ohio- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 22 Employment in Ohio’s Polymers Industry 24 Industry Pay - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 26 The Distribution of Industry Establishments Across Ohio 28 The Distribution of Industry Employment Across Ohio- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 30 Trends 32 Employment - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 34 Establishments 36 Gross Domestic Product- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 38 Value-Added by Group 40

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TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Capital Expenditures by Group 42 Productivity- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 44 Exports from Ohio 46 U.S. Balances of Trade - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 48 Overview and Forecasts 50 An Overview of the Industries- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 52 Forecasts 58 Appendices- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 61

Detailed Tables 62

Table A1: Notable Company Operations in Ohio, 2017- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 63 Table A2: Expansion and Attraction Announcements in Ohio’s Polymers Industry, 2015-2018 69 Table A3: Distribution and Concentration of the Polymers Industry in Ohio – 2017-2012 - - - - - - - - - - - - - 73 Table A4: Establishments and Employment in Polymers Industries, Ohio and U.S., 2016 75 Table A5: Employment and Pay in Polymers Industries, Ohio and U.S., 2016- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 76 Table A6: Establishments and Employment in Ohio’s Polymers Industry, by County, 2016 77 Table A7: Ohio and U.S. Polymers Industry Employment Trends, 2006-2016- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 79 Table A8: Ohio and U.S. Polymers Industry Establishment Trends, 2006-2016 80 Table A9a: Plastic and Rubber Products and Total Gross Domestic Product, Ohio and U.S., 1997-2017

(in Billions of Current Dollars) 81 Table A9b: Plastic and Rubber Products and Total Gross Domestic Product, Ohio and U.S., 1997-2017

(in Billions of Chained Dollars Standardized on 2012) 82 Table A10: Value-Added in Ohio and the U.S.: 2006-2016 83 Table A11: Capital Expenditures in Ohio and the U.S.: 2006-2016- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 84

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TABLE OF CONTENTS Page

Table A12: Plastic and Rubber Products Industry Gross Domestic Product and Employment for Ohio and the U.S.: 1998-2016 85

Table A13: Exports of Plastic and Rubber Products (NAICS 326) from Ohio, 2008-2018 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 86 Table A14: U.S. Exports, Imports and Balance of Trade in Polymers Industries with the Value of the Dollar,

2008-2018 87 Table A15: Industrial Production Indices by Industry, 1972-2018 88 Table A16: Projections for Industry Group Employment, Ohio and the U.S.: 2016-2026 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 89

A Polymers Primer 90 Industry Definition and Examples of Products - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 94 Notes 97

Sources and References Cited- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 103

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY • $6.03 billion worth of plastic and rubber products (NAICS code 326) were made in Ohio, the largest volume of such

goods among all the states as judged by Gross Domestic Product data from the U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis (2019).

• Factories in Ohio ranked first in manufacturing both plastic products and rubber products (3261 and 3262) based on

the latest Annual Survey of Manufactures value-added figures (U.S. Bureau of the Census, 2018a). • Exports are an increasingly important market for plastic and rubber products makers, rising from $1.68 billion 2008 to

$2.42 billion in 2018. NAFTA partners Canada and Mexico are the largest foreign markets, combining for $1.51 billion of purchases in 2018 (U.S. International Trade Administration, 2019).

• 31 companies on Fortune magazine’s U.S.-1,000 or Global-500 lists have polymers industry operations in Ohio; seven

of them have their world headquarters here: Cooper Tire & Rubber, Goodyear Tire & Rubber, Hexion, Owens Corning, Parker-Hannifin, PolyOne [sic] and Transdigm.

• Close to 72,600 people worked in Ohio’s polymers industry (32521, 325991 and 326 combined) according to the latest

County Business Patterns data; 33,500-plus, or 46.2 percent, were employed making the myriad “all other plastic pro-ducts” (326199) (U.S. Bureau of the Census, 2018b).

• 77 counties have at least one of Ohio’s 996 polymers industry establishments; 12 counties account for the majority:

Summit, Cuyahoga, Franklin, Portage, Lorain, Stark, Hamilton, Ashtabula and Montgomery, Butler, Geauga and Lake; the majority of jobs are found in an overlapping list of 14 counties: Summit, Portage, Hancock, Franklin, Geauga, Ash-tabula, Sandusky, Williams, Wood, Cuyahoga, Tuscarawas, Butler, Lorain and Montgomery (U.S. Bureau of the Cen-sus, 2018b).

• Goodyear Tire & Rubber is the largest polymers industry employer in Ohio with 3,000 people (including corporate

headquarters); other companies employing at least 1,000 include Cooper Tire & Rubber, Cornerstone Building Brands, Flex-N-Gate, Grammer’s Toledo Molding and Die, Plastipak, and Teijin’s Continental Structural Plastics.

• International investment is increasingly important; 90 companies from 23 foreign nations employ more than 22,800 in

manufacturing operations making plastic resins, synthetic rubber and a variety of products; 10 of them were on For-tune’s Global-500 list; Teijin is the largest employer with 1,575, followed by Grammer with an estimated 1,025.

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• 113 companies announced 126 major polymers industry investments in Ohio from 2015 through 2018; planned ex-penditures totaled just over $1 billion with more than 4,300 new jobs anticipated upon completion.

• The advantages of locating in Ohio include proximity to customers and suppliers (of both raw materials and production machinery), a well-developed, multi-modal transportation network, and a knowledgeable work force. In addition, the State of Ohio’s Third Frontier program helps in various ways to link the research capabilities of universities with entre-preneurial efforts in developing new materials and technologies.

• People working in Ohio’s polymers industry averaged $49,100-plus in annual pay per the latest County Business Pat-

terns data (the national average was $2,300 more). This is the aggregate result of the higher wages paid in resins and synthetic rubber production and compounding (32521/325991), new tire production (326211) and rubber and plastic hoses and belts (32622) offsetting the lower wages in tire retreading (326212) and other plastic products (32619) (U.S. Bureau of the Census, 2018b).

• The portion of U.S. capital expenditures in Ohio from 2006 through 2016 for manufacturing polymers industry products

is slightly greater than the corresponding portion of value-added from Ohio, indicating companies’ continuing commit-ment to manufacturing here (U.S. Bureau of the Census, 2008a-2018a, 2010c, 2015c).

• The industry has grown through research and development leading to new products, applications, designs and more

efficient processes; nevertheless, companies in most segments are consolidating, globalizing and further automating operations where possible to remain competitive.

• Polymers industry segments are expected to grow at average to slower-than-average paces in the near term, match-

ing the performance of key domestic markets. Exports may continue to grow if the currently low prices of natural gas are maintained, but a high value of the dollar could be a restraining factor. Over the longer term, the broader plastic products and resins-synthetic rubber segments are forecast to grow at a faster rate than are rubber products – but still slower than the overall economy (U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2018). Long-term employment declines are expect-ed in all three industry groups (3252, 3261 and 3262) in Ohio and across the U.S. (ODJFS-LMI, 2019; U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2018).

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DESCRIPTION OF OHIO’S POLYMERS INDUSTRY

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Pike

Wood

Darke

Knox

Licking

SciotoAdams

Gallia

Wayne

Perry

Huron

Clark

Allen

Butler

Lorain

Seneca

Logan

Brown

Athens

Union

Trumbull

Meigs

Ashtabula

Hardin

Henry

Franklin

Preble

Noble

Mercer

Portage

Fulton

Miami

Erie

Belmont

Hancock

Vinton

Fairfield

Putnam

Highland

Lucas

Carroll

Shelby

Richland

Monroe

Clinton

Greene

Muskingum

Fayette

Marion

Medina

Warren

Holmes

Pickaway

Guernsey

Morgan

Madison

Washington

Coshocton

Geauga

Jackson

Hocking

Summit

Ashland

Morrow

Lake

Clermont

Tuscarawas

Delaware

Williams

Harrison

Paulding

Defiance

Lawrence

Auglaize

Van Wert

Cuyahoga

Wyandot

Hamilton

Columbiana

Jefferson

Crawford

Sandusky

Mahoning

Champaign

Ottawa

Montgomery

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Ohio Polymers IndustryNotable Establishments*

R052819A

Sources:

See Table A1

Prepared by:Office of Research

Ohio Development Services AgencyJune 2019

KEY

! Notable Establishment*

Interstate Route

Other Highway

Ohio County

*Establishment believed to employ500 or more

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1. Fortune US 1000 or Gobal 500 company2. Integrated complex of companies employing at least 5003. DowDuPont is splitting into three companies

NOTABLE POLYMERS INDUSTRY MANUFACTURERS

Thirty-one companies on Fortune’s U.S.-1,000 or Global-500 lists have polymers industry establishments in Ohio. The seven maintaining their world headquarters here are Cooper Tire & Rubber, Goodyear Tire & Rubber, Hexion, Owens Corning, Parker-Hannifin, PolyOne [sic] and Transdigm.1 Goodyear is the largest industry employer here with 3,000, followed by Flex-N-Gate with at least 2,400 and Cooper Tire & Rubber with about 2,000. Other companies thought to employ at least 1,000 include Cornerstone Building Brands, Grammer’s Toledo Molding & Die, Plastipak, and Teijin’s Continental Structural Plastics.2 Sixteen more companies, including eight in the Fortune U.S.-1,000 or Global-500, are estimated to employ from 500 to 999. The map above shows the 18 sites thought to employ at least 500 people. The list beginning below includes the Fortune companies with at least 15 people at a site as well as other companies em-ploying 500 or more people in Ohio and having at least 25 people at a site. It is organized by North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) codes and includes the city where the site is located. Producing plastic resins, synthetic rubber3 or products comprised of them may not be the principal business of some listed companies, but those companies’ sites are included because the specific site is part of the industry.4 Appendix Table A1 organizes the list by company.

Primary Jobs Industry Group/Company/Subsidiary or Division1,3 NAICS4 City at Site2

32521 & 325991: Plastic Resins, Synthetic Rubber and Custom Compounding Americas Styrenics LLC (aka AmSty)5 325211 Belpre ~100 DowDuPont, Inc.*/ (fka Rohm & Haas)11 325211 Cincinnati 180 DowDuPont, Inc.*/ (fka Rohm & Haas)12 325211 W. Alexandria 76 DowDuPont, Inc.*/Dow Poly-Carb, Inc.12 325211 Twinsburg 15 DowDuPont, Inc.*/DuPont Electronic Polymers 325211 Dayton 65 DowDuPont, Inc.*/DuPont Specialty Products USA LLC13 325211 Circleville 546 DowDuPont, Inc.*-Corning* (JV)/Multibase, Inc. 325211 Akron 85 Illinois Tool Works, Inc.*/Evercoat Div. 325211 Blue Ash 130 Kraton Corp.*/Kraton Polymers U.S. LLC5 325211 Belpre 400 LyondellBasell Industries NV*/A Schulman, Inc. 325211 Akron 124 LyondellBasell Industries NV*/A Schulman, Inc. 325211 Akron 202 LyondellBasell Industries NV*/A Schulman, Inc. 325211 N. Canton 50 LyondellBasell Industries NV*/Equistar Chemicals LP^ 325211 Fairport Harbor 40 Mitsubishi Chemical Holdings Corp.*/Performance Polymers, Inc.^ 325211 Bellevue 80 PolyOne Corp.* (HQ plus divisions and companies) 325211 Avon Lake ~500

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32521 & 325991: Plastic Resins, Synthetic Rubber and Custom Compounding (continued) PolyOne Corp.* 325211 Massillon 75 PolyOne Corp.* 325211 N. Baltimore 80 Bridgestone Corp.*/Firestone Polymers LLC 325212 Akron 73 DowDuPont, Inc.*/Performance Elastomers LLC12 325212 Stow 30

3261: Plastic Products Automated Packaging Systems, Inc. 326113 Streetsboro 250 Automated Packaging Systems, Inc. 326113 Cleveland 120 Automated Packaging Systems, Inc. 326113 Streetsboro 120 Berry Global Group, Inc.*/Berry Plastics Corp. 326113 Aurora 100 LyondellBasell Industries NV*/A Schulman, Inc. 32613 Perrysburg 59 Transdigm Group, Inc.*/Schneller LLC 32613 Kent 75 Americas Styrenics LLC (aka AmSty)6 32614 Ironton ~100 Flex-N-Gate/Ventra Sandusky15 32615 Sandusky 1,900 Plastipak Holdings, Inc. 32616 Medina 200 Plastipak Holdings, Inc.19 32616 Jackson Center 920 Flex-N-Gate/Ventra Plastics14 32619 Salem >500 Ametek, Inc.*/Westchester Plastics Div. 326199 Wapakoneta 150 Berry Global Group, Inc.* 326199 Ontario 127 Berry Global Group, Inc.*/Berry Plastics Corp. 326199 Streetsboro 100 Berry Global Group, Inc.*/Venture Packaging, Inc. 326199 Monroeville 360 Compagnie de Saint-Gobain*/Performance Plastics Corp.^ 326199 Akron 150 Compagnie de Saint-Gobain*/Performance Plastics Corp.^ 326199 Ravenna 100 Core Molding Technologies, Inc.(HQ and mfg.)9 326199 Columbus 500 Core Molding Technologies, Inc.9 (fka CPI) 326199 Batavia 100 Cornerstone Building Brands, Inc.*/Great Lakes Window, Inc.10 326199 Walbridge >250 Cornerstone Building Brands, Inc.*/Mastic Home Exteriors, Inc.10 326199 Sidney 250 Cornerstone Building Brands, Inc.*/Silver Line Windows & Doors10 326199 Marion 600 Crown Holdings, Inc.*/Crown Cork & Seal USA, Inc. 326199 Lancaster 90 Grammer AG/Toledo Molding & Die, Inc.17 326199 Delphos 328 Grammer AG/Toledo Molding & Die, Inc. (Div. HQ and mfg.) 326199 Toledo n.a.

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3261: Plastic Products (continued) Grammer AG/Toledo Molding & Die, Inc. 326199 Bowling Green n.a. Grammer AG/Toledo Molding & Die, Inc. (fka WEK) 326199 Jefferson n.a. Grammer AG/Toledo Molding & Die, Inc. 326199 Tiffin n.a. Honeywell Intl. Inc.*/Elster Perfection Corp.^ 326199 Geneva 200 Illinois Tool Works, Inc.*/Tomco Div.15 326199 Bryan 150 Intl. Automotive Components Group SA/IAC Huron^ 326199 Huron 750 Kumi Kasei Co., Ltd./Kamco Industries, Inc.^ 326199 W. Unity 545 LyondellBasell Industries NV*/Hadlock Plastics LLC 326199 Geneva 107 Mitsubishi Intl. Corp.*/Cantex, Inc. 326199 Aurora 50 Molded Fiber Glass Cos. 326199 Ashtabula n.a. Molded Fiber Glass Cos./MSG Premier Molded Fiberglass 326199 Ashtabula 300 Moriroku Holdings Co./Greenville Technology, Inc.^ 326199 Greenville 865 Plastipak Holdings, Inc. (fka Constar)20 326199 Hebron 97 Revere Industries, LLC/Plastics Systems Group, LLC22 326199 Clyde 710 SAIC*-Johnson Controls Intl., Inc. (JV)/Yanfeng US Automotive Interiors^ 32619 Bryan 320 Shanghai Shenda Co.-IAC SA (JV)/Auria Solutions (fka IAC Fremont)^ 326199 Fremont 315 Shanghai Shenda Co.-IAC SA (JV)/Auria Solutions (fka IAC Holmesville)^ 326199 Holmesville 300 Shanghai Shenda Co.-IAC SA (JV)/Auria Solutions (fka IAC Sidney)^ 326199 Sidney 285 Silgan Holdings, Inc.*/Silgan Plastics LLC17 326199 Ottawa 136 Sonoco Products Co.*/Sonoco Protective Solutions, Inc. 326199 Findlay 100 Step2 Discovery/Step2 Co. LLC23 326199 Streetsboro 500 Step2 Discovery/Step2 Co. LLC23 326199 Perrysville 270 Teijin Ltd./Continental Structural Plastics, Inc.^ 326199 N. Baltimore 390 Teijin Ltd./Continental Structural Plastics, Inc.^ 326199 Van Wert 90 Teijin Ltd./Continental Structural Plastics, Inc.^ 326199 Carey 855 Teijin Ltd./Continental Structural Plastics, Inc.^ 326199 Conneaut 240

3262: Rubber Products Cooper Tire & Rubber Co., Inc.*7 326211 Findlay 2,212 Continental AG*/ContiTech (fka Veyance)^ 32622 St. Marys 430 Continental AG*/ContiTech (fka Veyance)^ 32622 Marysville 400

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3262: Rubber Products (continued) Cooper-Standard Holdings, Inc.*/Cooper-Standard Automotive, Inc.8 32622 Bowling Green 300 Onex Corp.*/Survitec Group^ 32622 Sharon Center 120 Parker-Hannifin Corp.*/Parflex Div. 32622 Ravenna 315 Sumitomo Riko Co., Ltd./SumiRiko Ohio^ (fka Tokai Rubber/DTR) 32622 Bluffton 610 Yamashita Rubber Co., Ltd./YUSA Corp.^ 32622 Washington CH 630 Bridgestone Corp.*/Bridgestone APM Co. 32629 Findlay n.a. Bridgestone Corp.*/Bridgestone APM Co.^ 32629 Findlay 35 Bridgestone Corp.*/Bridgestone APM Co.^ 32629 Upper Sandusky 800 Carlisle Cos., Inc.*/Ultimate RB, Inc. 326299 Delphos 100 Cooper-Standard Holdings, Inc.*/Lauren Intl., Ltd. 326299 New Philadelphia 200 Eastman Chemical Co.*/Flexsys America LP 326299 Akron 65

Related Establishments (some manufacturing may occur at the site): LyondellBasell Industries NV*/Premix, Inc. 54171 N. Kingsville 197 Molded Fiber Glass Cos. 54171 Ashtabula n.a. Automated Packaging Systems, Inc. (HQ) 551114 Streetsboro n.a. Goodyear Tire & Rubber Co.* (mostly HQ)16 551114 Akron 3,000 Hexion Holdings LLC*/Hexion LLC (HQ only)18 551114 Columbus 275 LyondellBasell Industries NV*/A Schulman, Inc. (Div. HQ) 551114 Fairlawn 77 Owens Corning*/Fiberboard Corp. (Div. HQ only) 551114 Toledo 200

Abbreviations: aka - also known as; CH - Court House; Div. - division; fka - formerly known as; HQ - headquarters; Intl. - International; JV - a joint venture; Mfg. - Manufacturing; n.a. - not available.

Notes: 1 – "Notable" means a company is thought to employ at least 500 people in Ohio or is on the Fortune's U.S.-1,000 or Global-500 list, usually with at least 25 employees here; 2 – all jobs figures should be considered estimates; they are thought to be the best available, but their accuracy cannot be guaranteed; jobs figures are from Hoover's (2019) unless otherwise noted; 3 – some companies are held by private equity firms with different names; the latter do not oversee routine operations, and therefore are not listed; 4 – some manufacturing may occur at sites with non-industry principal NAICS codes; see the Appendices for the industry-defining codes; * – a Fortune U.S.-1,000 or Global 500 company; Dow- DuPont completed its split into three companies in June, 2019, but which Ohio plant will be with which new company is not available at this writing; ^ – jobs figures from Office of Research (2018a); 5 – the AmSty and Kraton plants are inte-

9

Notes (continued): grated with one another; 6 – also includes an on-site R&D facility (Karpus-Romain, 2014); 7 – jobs figure from Wikipedia (2019, Findlay entry); 8 – jobs figure from Rosenberg (2018); 9 – approximate jobs figures from Gearino (2015); 10 – NAICS classification and jobs figures for Great Lakes and Mastic are tentative; only Silver Line – from the Marion Area Chamber of Commerce (2019) – seems fairly reliable; despite these uncertainties, Cornerstone appears to employ at least 1,100 people; 11 – jobs figure from Profile (2019); 12 – jobs figure from Manta (2019); 13 – jobs figure from Williams (2019); 14 – data from the U.S. Census Bureau's (2018b) County Business Patterns record 500 to 999 employees at this establishment; 15 – jobs figure from ELM Analytics (2018); 16 – jobs figure from Crain's Cleve-land Business (2018); 17 – jobs figure from The Lima News (2016); 18 – jobs figure from Feran and Williams (2019); 19 – jobs figure from Sidney-Shelby Economic Partnership (2019); 20 – jobs figure from the Licking County Chamber of Com-merce (2016); 21 – the Avon Lake site probably employs at least 500 because PolyOne’s HQ, Geon and Specialty En-gineered Materials are integrated with Mexichem and Lubrizol activities; 22 - jobs figure from the Sandusky County Eco-nomic Development Corp. (2019); 23 - PRNewsWire (2018) states total employment is over 800, but does not give specific plant figures.

Sources: Bloomberg (2019), Crain's Cleveland Business (2018), ELM Analytics (2018), Feran and Williams (2019), For-tune (2018, 2019), Gearino (2015); Google Earth (2019), Hoover's (2019), Karpus-Romain (2014), LexisNexis (2019), Licking County of Commerce (2016), Manta (2019), Marion Area Chamber of Commerce (2019), Office of Research (2018a), Profile (2019), PRNewsWire (2019), Rosenberg (2018), Sandusky County Economic Development Corp. (2019), Sidney-Shelby Economic Partnership (2019), The Lima News (2016), U.S. Bureau of the Census (2018b), Wikipedia (2019), Williams (2019) and various company websites (2019).

10

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$131.7

$440.2

$278.1

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1,405

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250

500

750

1,000

1,250

1,500

1,750

2,000

2,250

2,500

$0.0

$50.0

$100.0

$150.0

$200.0

$250.0

$300.0

$350.0

$400.0

$450.0

$500.0

2015 2016 2017 2018

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Major Projects in Ohio's Polymers Industry, 2015-2018

Announced Investments Anticipated New Jobs

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Source: Office of Research, ODSA

RECENT EXPANSION AND ATTRACTION ANNOUNCEMENTS

113 companies announced 126 major investments in Ohio’s polymers industry from 2015 through 2018. Altogether, the companies intended to invest just over $1 billion and anticipated 4,321 new jobs upon completion. The chart above illus-trates their fluctuating business plans: announced investments were highest in 2017, while the largest number of antici-pated new jobs was recorded in 2018. 103 of the 126 projects planned spending $884 million for plastic goods production (NAICS 3261) and anticipated 3,830 new jobs. Those figures were 88.0 percent of the total planned investments and 88.6 percent of all new industry jobs. The 14 projects for rubber products (3262) intended to invest $61 million and planned hiring 354 people – 6.1 and 8.2 percent of the corresponding totals, while projects for producing or compounding plastic resins and synthetic rubber (32521 and 325991) intended to invest $59 million and planned hiring 137 people – 5.9 and 3.2 percent, respectively. PureCycle Technologies [sic] announced the largest investment – $120 million – followed by Teijin’s Continental Struc-tural Plastics with $75.7 million and 20/20 Custom Molded Plastics with $74.5 million. Other companies that planned spending at least $20 million included Alpla, Amcor, Cooper Tire & Rubber, Deceuninck, Gateway Plastics, IML Contain-ers, Nox, Ohio Pack, Shin-Etsu, Total Systems Services and Valfilm. JAC Products anticipated the largest number of new jobs – 350 – followed by Nox with 225 and Gateway Plastics at 200. Other companies anticipating hiring at least 100 included 20/20 Custom Molded Plastics, Cooper Tire and Rubber, Corvac Composites, Mar-Bal, Teijin, Total Systems Services and Valfilm. These counts and summary statistics are derived from a list of major investments compiled by the Office of Research (2016b-2019b). A least one of the following minimums must be met for a project to count as a major investment:

• $1,000,000 for land, buildings or equipment for facilities; or

• 20 new jobs; or

• 20,000 square feet of new or added space.

Many of the major investments are phased-in over two or three years with employee counts following project completion. Announced investment figures are not comparable with the Census Bureau’s capital expenditures figures.

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See Table A2

FOREIGN INVESTMENT IN OHIO

Foreign investment in Ohio’s polymers industry is part of the globalization about which analysts have written,5 and it plays an important role here: 90 foreign-based companies have 97 subsidiaries in the state, collectively employing an estimated 22,862 people.6 Ten of the 90 are on Fortune’s Global-500 list. All the companies are listed below, along with the coun-tries where the home offices are located, their Ohio subsidiaries, and their estimated total employment. Some parent companies have more than one subsidiary here or have more than one establishment with the same name. In either in-stance, only total employment by the parent is shown. Teijin is the largest employer with 1,575, followed by Grammer with about 1,025. Bridgestone, Continental, Kasai Kogyo, Kumi Kasei, LyondellBasell [sic], Moriroku, Shanghai Shenda, Sumitomo Riko, and Yamashita Rubber each employ totals between 500 and 1,000. Parent Industry Total Ultimate Foreign Parents Countries Ohio Subsidiaries Sides Jobs^

3i Group plc United Kingdom Q Holding Co. Rubber 360 ABC Group-INOAC Corp. (JV) Canada-Japan ABC Inoac Exterior Systems LLC Plastics 450 Alpla-Werk Lehner GmbH Co. KG Austria Alpla, Inc. Plastics 80 Amcor Ltd. Australia Amcor Rigid Plastics Plastics 385 Ardian Holding France Revere Plastics Systems LLC Plastics 275 Axium Plastics, Inc. Canada Axium Plastics, Inc. Plastics 310 Bridgestone Corp.* Japan Bridgestone APM Co., Firestone Polymers Rubber >800 Certwood Ltd. United Kingdom Certwood Ltd. Plastics 8 Compagnie de Saint-Gobain* France Saint Gobain Performance Plastics Plastics 250 Continental AG* Germany ContiTech (fka Veyance) Rubber 830 Covestro LLC Germany Covestro LLC Rubber 150 Deceuninck NV Belgium Deceuninck N. America LLC Plastics 460 Dometic Group AB Sweden Dometic Sanitation Corp. Plastics 100 Dr. Alexander Wacker Familien GmbH Germany Wacker Chemical Corp. Rubber 30 Fenner plc United Kingdom Fenner Dunlop, Inc. Rubber 100 Fletcher Building Ltd. New Zealand Formica Corp. Plastics 450 Freudenberg & Co. KG-NOK Corp. (JV) Germany-Japan Freudenberg-NOK Sealing Technologies Plastics 65 Fujikura Rubber Group Japan IER Fujikura, Inc. Rubber 135 Fukuvi Chemical Industry Co., Ltd. Japan Fukuvi USA, Inc. Plastics 50 Gerresheimer AG Germany Centor, Inc. Plastics 228 Grammer AG Germany Toledo Molding & Die, Inc. Plastics ~1,025 Grupo Empresarial Kaluz, SA de CV Mexico Mexichem Specialty Resins, Inc. Rubber 30 Hexa Chemical-Mitsui* (JV) Japan Hexa Americas, Inc. Plastics 40 Hexpol AB Sweden GoldKey Processing, Inc., Hexpol Polymers and Hexpol Silicone Compounding Rubber 270

13

Parent Industry Total Ultimate Foreign Parents Countries Ohio Subsidiaries Sides Jobs^

Huhtamaki Oyj Finland Huhtamaki, Inc. Plastics 350 Hunter Douglas NV Netherlands Eclipse Blind Systems, Inc. Plastics 165 INEOS AG Switzerland INEOS Styrolution Plastics 270 Intl. Automotive Components SA Luxembourg IAC Huron Plastics 750 Intl. Petroleum Investment Co. UAE Nova Chemicals, Inc. Plastics 40 Kasai Kogyo Co., Ltd. Japan Kasai N. America, Inc. Plastics 650 Kenda Rubber Industrial Co., Ltd. Taiwan Martin Wheel Co., Inc. Rubber 100 Klockner Pentaplast GmbH Germany Witt Plastics Plastics 80 Kumi Kasei Co., Ltd. Japan Kamco Industries, Inc. Plastics 545 Laird plc United Kingdom Laird Technologies, Inc. Plastics 75 Lanxess AG Germany Rhein Chemie Corp. Rubber 135 LyondellBasell NV* Netherlands A Schulman, Inc., Equistar Chemicals LP, Hadlock Plastics LLC, and Premix, Inc. Plastics 856 Magna Intl., Inc.* Canada Magna Seating of America, Inc. Plastics 30 Mexichem, SAB de CV Mexico Dura-Line Corp. and

Mexichem Specialty Resins# Plastics 150 Mitsubishi Chemical Holdings Corp.* Japan Mitsubishi Chemical Performance Polymers Plastics 80 Mitsubishi Intl. Corp.* Japan Cantex, Inc. Plastics 50 Mitsui Chemicals, Inc. Japan Advanced Composites, Inc. Plastics 325 Molten Corp. Japan Molten (N. America) Corp. Rubber 180 Moriroku Holdings Co. Japan Greenville Technology, Inc. Plastics 865 MSW Plastics, Inc. Canada MSW Plastics, Inc. Plastics 20 Nanogate AG Germany Nanogate Jay Systems LLC Plastics 450 Nifco, Inc. Japan Nifco America Corp. Plastics 300 Nissen Chemitec Corp. Japan Nissen Chemitec America, Inc. Plastics 380 Novatex GmbH Germany Novatex N. America, Inc. Rubber 30 NOX Corp. South Korea NOX US LLC Plastics 105 Octal Holding SAOC Oman Octal Extrusions Corp. Plastics 50 Okamoto Industries Japan Okamoto Sandusky Mfg., LLC Rubber 100 One51 plc Ireland Encore Plastics Corp. Plastics 225 Onex Corp.* Canada Survitec Group Rubber 120 Pavaco Plastics, Inc. Canada Hematite, Inc. Plastics 20 PVS-Kanststofftechnik GmbH & Co. KG Germany PVS Plastics Technology Corp. Plastics 35 Quilvest SA Luxembourg Creative Extruded Products, Inc. Plastics 250 Radici Partecipazioni SpA Italy Radici Plastics, USA, Inc. Plastics 130 Rank Group New Zealand Graham Packaging Co., Inc. and Pactiv Corp. Plastics 420 Ravago SA Luxembourg Goldsmith & Eggleton, Inc. and Ravago Americas LLC Both 115

14

Parent Industry Total Ultimate Foreign Parents Countries Ohio Subsidiaries Sides Jobs^

Rayonier AM Global Luxembourg Tembec BTLSR, Inc. Plastics 35 Röchling SE & Co. KG Germany Roechling Automotive Corp. USA LLP and Roechling Glastic Composites Plastics 300 RTS Cos., Inc. Canada RTS Cos. US, Inc. Plastics 50 Sangetsu Corp. Japan Koroseal Interior Products Holdings, Inc. Plastics 130 Schill + Seilacher GmbH Germany SNS Nano Fiber Technology LLC Plastics 8 Schutz GmbH & Co. Germany Schutz Container Systems, Inc. Plastics 80 Sekisui Chemical Co., Ltd. Japan Sekisui Plastics USA, Inc. Plastics 50 Shanghai Automotive Industry Corp. (SAIC)*-Johnson Controls Intl. (JV) China-U.S. Yanfeng US Automotive Interior Systems ll LLC Plastics 320 Shanghai Shenda Co., Ltd.-Intl. Automotive Components SA (JV) China-Luxembourg Auria Solutions Ltd. (fka IAC N. America) Plastics 900 Shin-Etsu Chemical Co., Ltd. Japan Shin-Etsu Silicones of America Rubber 200 Solvay NV Belgium Solvay Specialty Polymers USA LLC Plastics 300 Soprema Holdings France Soprema USA, Inc. Rubber 70 Specialized Packaging Group LP (aka Groupe IndusPac Emballage, Inc. and/or Groupe Emballage Spécialisé SEC) Canada iVEX [sic] Protective Packaging, Inc. Plastics 35 Storopack Deutschland GmbH & Co. KG Germany Storopack, Inc. Plastics 130 Sumitomo Bakelite Co., Ltd. Japan Sumitomo Bakelite N. America, Inc. Plastics 60 Sumitomo Riko Co., Ltd. (fka Tokai Rubber) Japan SumiRiko Ohio (fka DTR) Rubber 610 Tarkett SA France Tarkett USA Plastics 310 Teijin Ltd. Japan Continental Structural Plastics, Inc. Plastics 1,575 Tigers Polymer Corp. Japan Tigerpoly Mfg., Inc. Plastics 300 Toyoda Gosei Co., Ltd. Japan Meteor Sealing Systems, LLC Rubber 300 Toyoda Gosei Co., Ltd.-Lauren Intl. Ltd. (JV) Japan-U.S. LMI Custom Mixing LLC Rubber 80 TS Tech Co., Ltd. Japan TriMold LLC Plastics 290 ValGroup Packaging Solutions Brazil Valfilm N. America, Inc. Plastics 100 Windsor Mold, Inc. Canada Autoplas, Inc. Precision Automotive Plastics Plastics 345 Woodbridge Foam Corp. Canada Woodbridge Corp. Plastics 200 Yama SpA Italy Speed N. America, Inc. Plastics 35 Yamashita Rubber Co., Ltd. Japan YUSA Corp. Rubber 630 Yokohama Rubber Co., Ltd. Japan Yokohama Industries Americas, Inc. Rubber 92

Abbreviations: aka – also known as; Intl. – International; JV – a joint venture; Mfg. – manufacturing. Notes: ^ – Jobs figures are principally from the Office of Research (2018a) and secondarily Hoovers (2019); they are thought to be the best available, but their accuracy cannot be guaran-teed; * – a Fortune Global-500 company; # – appears integrated with the PolyOne facility. Sources: Bloomberg (2019), ELM Analytics (2019), Fortune (2018), Google Earth (2019), Hoovers (2019), LexisNexis (2019), Office of Research (2018a), Wikipedia (2019) and company websites.

15

The foreign parent companies are headquartered in 23 nations. Twenty-eight parents are Japanese, 15 are German, 10 are Canadian, five are Luxembourgian, four each are British or French, three are Chinese (two from the People’s Republic of China and one from Taiwan), and two each are Belgian, Dutch, Italian, Mexican, New Zealander or Swedish. Australia, Austria, Brazil, Finland, Ireland, Oman, S. Korea, Switzerland and the United Arab Emirates (UAE) are world headquar-ters to one each. Sixty-eight own companies on the plastics side of the industry, 21 work on the rubber side, and one has operations on both sides.

16

THE ADVANTAGES OF LOCATING IN OHIO

The polymers industry is concentrated in Ohio for reasons beyond the origin of the modern rubber industry in its Northeast (Prat, 1998), notably:

• The suppliers are close. Ohio became the 6th-ranked producer of natural gas with 6.4 percent of the U.S. total in 2018 mostly due to the development of the Utica shale (U.S. Energy Information Administration, 2019), and a substantial portion oil and natural gas refinery output occurs in the region from New Jersey through Illinois (U.S. Bureau of the Census, 2018b); coal and coal-products, secondary sources for resin and synthetic rubber production, also are pro-duced in the region stretching from Virginia and Pennsylvania in the east to Illinois in the west (U.S. Energy Informa-tion Administration, 2019).

• Historically, Ohio has been the largest supplier of plastics- and rubber-working machinery in the nation based on the number of such establishments, their employment and their collective value-added (U.S. Bureau of the Census, 2010c, 2013b).7

• The polymers industry in Ohio is close to its major customers, which often are other manufacturers. Manufacturing is a relatively large part of Ohio’s economy, and industries that are larger consumers of polymer-based products – motor vehicles, food processing, printing, and industrial machinery (Prat, 1990) – are concentrated in Ohio (U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis, 2019).

• Ohio’s central location, concentration of rail and major highways, and borders on major waterways make it well suited for distributing raw materials and intermediate and final polymeric products to customers by truck, rail, water, air, pipe-line and related intermodal facilities – all as appropriate for the product form (see Muir, 2014: 29).

• Innovations from research and development (R&D) activities have expanded markets for plastic and rubber products, and private sector R&D organizations may work with universities to develop new or improved products and processes. The recently established collaboration of the University of Akron’s internationally recognized College of Polymer Sci-ence and Polymer Engineering with Sandia National Laboratories (a Lockheed-Martin subsidiary) researching and developing new polymeric materials, applications and manufacturing techniques is one example (Esposito, 2016). Crain’s Cleveland Business (2016) also cited connections with the College as a reason why eight private sector tire R&D centers located in Stark and Summit Counties.

• Similarly, much R&D is done near corporate headquarters, particularly research that is basic and not related to product lines (Shanahan, et.al., 1985), and regions in which industrial R&D activities are concentrated have a comparative ad-vantage over other regions for future technological change as well as new products and industries (Malecki, 1981). Furthermore, the concentration of R&D activity in a small geographic area is a social environment conducive to entre-

17

preneurial ventures. “Many of the small to medium-size polymer manufacturing firms in the [Akron] region were estab-lished by people previously employed in polymer-related… industries” (Shanahan, et.al., 1985: 168).

• R&D at universities may focus on industrial applications as well as basic research. This is evident from the many pro-grams at over a dozen universities covering all aspects of polymer-related expertise from basic science through indus-trial applications and process engineering to technical training and quality control. Training in these fields extends from universities to community colleges, vocational centers, and even some secondary schools.

• The State of Ohio’s Third Frontier program helps link the research capabilities and activities at universities with private sector entrepreneurs interested in commercial development of new materials and technologies. Support may take the form of grants, loans or tax incentives. The new companies may initially be located at various local centers.

• PolymerOhio [sic] is a non-profit organization facilitating connections between government programs, educational institutions and private sector businesses to further polymers industry innovations and growth. See the company’s website, https://polymerohio.org/, for specific details.

18

325/21+991: RRPC, $1.81, 18%

32611: Films-Sheets-Bags, $1.00, 10%

32612+3: Forms & Laminates, $0.56, 5%

32614+5: Foam Prdcts., $0.34, 3%

32616: Bottles, $0.54, 5%

32619: Other Plastic Prdcts., $3.87, 38%

32621: Tires, $0.58, 6%

32622: Hoses-Belts, $0.29, 3% 32629: Other Rubber Prdcts., $1.29, 12%

The Variety of Polymers Industry Production in Ohio, 2012in Billions of Dollars of Value-Added

Total: $10.29

19

Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census

THE VARIETY OF PRODUCTION IN OHIO

The chart above illustrates the variety and distribution of polymers industry production in Ohio. (The 19 specific constitu-ent industries are grouped for easier presentation.) Overall, $10.29 billion of value was added during 2012 by establish-ments producing or compounding plastic resins or synthetic rubber, or making products from those materials. The value-added by resin and rubber production and compounding (RRPC, NAICS 32521 plus 325991, brown) was $1.81 billion, or 17.6 percent of the industry total. Plastic materials and resins (325211) comprised the overwhelming majority of this pro-duction at $1.45 billion – 14.5 percent of the industry total. The other 82.4 percent – $8.48 billion – was value-added by making products from those materials (326). The larger por-tion of output – $6.32 billion, or 61.4 percent – was plastic products (3261, reds and orange in the pie chart). In turn, plas-tic products manufacturing is largely comprised of other plastic products (32619), specifically the myriad all other plastic products (326199) not named in other industries (326111 through 326191). At $3.83 billion, this specific industry contri-buted 60.7 percent of plastic products (3261) value-added and 37.2 percent of the polymers industry total. Rubber products (3262, charcoal patterns) made up the smaller portion of the products industry (326) at $2.16 billion, which, in the big picture, was 21.0 percent of Ohio’s polymers industry total. While other rubber products (32629) is the largest of the three rubber subgroups, rubber products for mechanical use (326291) was the third largest specific poly-mers industry in Ohio (after all-other-plastic-products and plastic-materials-and-resins) with $803 million in value-added – 7.8 percent of the total.

20

See Table A3

3.31%

7.28%

5.10%

8.53%

7.96%

11.25%

0.00%

2.00%

4.00%

6.00%

8.00%

10.00%

12.00%

Total GDP Plastics/Rubber GDP(326)

Resins & SyntheticsVA (3252)*

Plastics/Rubber VA(326)

Plastics VA (3261) Rubber VA (3262)

Oh

io a

s a

Pe

rce

nta

ge

of

the

U.S

. T

ota

ls

Polymers Industry Concentrations in Ohio, 2017 and 2016

21

Sources: U.S. Bureaus of the Census and Economic Analysis

2017 Gross Domestic Product 2016 Value-Added

* - A proxy for 32521+325991

POLYMERS INDUSTRY CONCENTRATION IN OHIO Figures on the left in the chart above show 7.28 percent of the U.S. plastic and rubber products industry’s gross domestic product (GDP for NAICS 326) came from Ohio during 2017. This contrasts with 3.31 percent of the net value of all goods and service originating in Ohio (U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA), 2019). The greater portion of national plastic-and-rubber-products output compared to total output indicates the industry’s concen-tration here. Value-added (VA) data (from which GDP figures are derived), shown on the right in the chart, illustrate how the industry’s concentration varied by group during 2016. While the summary VA concentration (326) was 8.53 per-cent, rubber products output (3262) was notably con-centrated with Ohio’s plants producing 11.25 percent of the U.S. total, while plastic products output (3261) was less concentrated at 7.96 percent.8 Resins and synthet-ics production (3252, a proxy for 32521 and 325911 com-bined) also was somewhat concentrated at 5.10 percent.9 2012 Census of Manufactures data in Appendix Table A3 indicated resin and synthetic rubber production and com-pounding (RRPC, 325p) was moderately concentrated in Ohio with 5.40 percent of U.S. value-added. 2012 Census of Manufactures data, shown on the right half of this page, indicate these summary concentration figures mentioned above are broadly based with output from 17 of the 19 specific constituent industries more or less concentrated in Ohio. Ohio ranked first in five indus-tries, second in three, and third in six.

2012 U.S. Industry Value-Added Originating in Ohio

NAICS: Title Percent Rank

326291: Rubber Prdcts. Mech. Use 23.4% 1st 32622: Rubber & Plastic Hose & Belts 12.8% 1st 32616: Plastic Bottles 11.2% 1st 326299: All Other Rubber Prdcts. 11.1% 2nd 32613: Laminates 10.9% 2nd 326199: All Other Plastic Prdcts. 9.2% 1st 326113: Uns. Plastics (Exc. Packaging) 7.5% 2nd 326211: Tires (Exc. Retreading) 7.5% 3rd 325911: Custom Compounding 7.1% 3rd 32615: Urethane & Foam (Exc. PS) 5.7% 6th 326212: Tire Retreading 5.6% 1st 326112: Uns. Plastic Packaging Etc. 5.6% 3rd 325211: Plastic Materials & Resins 5.3% 3rd 326121: Uns. Plastic Profiles 4.9% 3rd 326122: Plastic Pipes & Fittings 4.9% 5th 325212: Synthetic Rubber 4.3% 3rd 326111: Uns. Plastic Bags 3.5% 6th Ohio’s Total GDP 3.4% 7th 32614: PS Foam Prdcts. 3.1% 9th 326191: Plastic Plumbing Fixtures 0.4% 9th

Abbreviations: Exc. – Except; Mech. – Mechanical; Prdcts. – Products; PS – Polystyrene; Uns. – Unsupported.

22

See Table A3

325/21+991: RRPC, 7,589, 11%

32611: Films-Bags-Sheets, 5,883, 8%

32612+3: Forms & Laminates, 3,862, 5%

32614+5: Foam Prdcts., 2,447, 3%

32616: Bottles, 3,044, 4%

32619: Other Plastic Prdcts., 33,945, 47%

32621: Tires, 3,445, 5%

32622: Hoses-Belts, 1,418, 2%

32629: Other Rubber Prdcts., 10,948, 15%

Distribution of Employment in Ohio's Polymers Industry, 2016

23

Total: 72,581

Source: U.S. Census Bureau

EMPLOYMENT IN OHIO’S POLYMERS INDUSTRY

72,581 people were employed at 996 establishments in Ohio’s polymers industry according to the latest comprehensive data from the U.S. Bureau of the Census (2018b).10 49,181, or 67.8 percent of industry employees, worked at 675 estab-lishments in the plastic products group (NAICS 3261, reds and orange). That group is, in turn, largely comprised of the other plastic products industry (32619) with 33,945 people – 46.7 percent – at 418 establishments. In turn, all but about 400 these worked in the all-other-plastic-products industry (326199, 46.2 percent). The size of this one industry dwarfs all other constituent industries. 15,811 people, or 21.8 percent of industry employees, worked at 190 establishments in the rubber products group (3262, charcoal patterns). The largest industry in this group (and exceeded only by other plastic products) is other rubber pro-ducts (32629) with 10,948 employees; 7,070 of them made rubber products for mechanical use (326291) principally in machinery or transportation equipment. (Both machinery and transportation equipment production and employment are concentrated in Ohio (U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis, 2019; U.S. Bureau of the Census, 2018b).) The production and custom compounding of plastic resins and synthetic rubber (32521 plus 325991, brown) occupied 7,589 workers, or 10.5 percent of industry employment here, with 5,348 producing plastic resins (325211). Consistent with production statistics, 7.2 and 8.5 percent of U.S. polymers industry establishments and jobs are concen-trated in Ohio. (Ohio’s portions of all private sector employees, excluding those in farming and railroad industries, are 3.3 percent and 3.8 percent, respectively.) While the rubber products group is the second largest portion of industry employ-ment, it is the most concentrated portion of the industry workforce with 10.5 and 12.0 percent of U.S. establishments and employment. Rubber products for mechanical use (326291) is the most-concentrated specific industry with corresponding percentages of 17.6 and 22.6. While plastic products employment is concentrated in Ohio with 7.9 percent of the U.S. total, some specific industries within the group are more concentrated than others: notably laminates (32613), bottles (32616) and all other products (326199) at 11.2, 9.8 and 9.4 percent of the corresponding U.S. totals. Among resin and rubber producers and compounders, custom compounders of purchased resins are the most concentrated at 8.8 percent of the U.S. total.

24

See Table A4

$45,607

$49,134

$64,697

$54,245

$42,624

$66,850

$51,068

$45,589

89.8%

95.5%

83.9%

106.9%

95.1%

114.6%

108.6%

96.1%

0.0%

10.0%

20.0%

30.0%

40.0%

50.0%

60.0%

70.0%

80.0%

90.0%

100.0%

110.0%

120.0%

$0

$10,000

$20,000

$30,000

$40,000

$50,000

$60,000

$70,000

$80,000

As a

Perc

en

tag

e o

f C

orr

esp

on

din

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.S. In

du

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An

nu

al

Pay

Pay in Ohio's Polymers Industry and Segments, 2016

25

Source: U.S. Census Bureau

INDUSTRY PAY

The chart above shows that annual pay in Ohio for private sector employees (excluding those in the farming and railroad industries) averaged $45,607. People employed in the polymers industry averaged $49,134, but there is much variation within this summary figure. Pay was greatest in the resin and rubber production and compounding cluster (RRPC, NAICS 325p, $64,697). Overall pay in the rubber products group (3262) was higher than overall pay in the plastic products group (3261): $50,713 vs. $46,224. The higher average of the former reflects the higher pay in tires (32621, $66,850) and rub-ber and plastic hose and belt production (32622, $51,068). Pay varies by specific industry within the plastic products group, ranging from $37,065 in plumbing fixtures (326191) to $64,797 in unsupported film and sheet production (326113). Generally, though, pay in the specific subgroups (32611-6) averaged more than pay in residual-but-huge other plastic products (32619): $54,245 vs. $42,624. Similarly, specific in-dustry pay in rubber products group ranged from $40,933 for tire retreading (326212) to $69161 for new tire production (326211). Synthetic rubber production (325212) was the highest-paying specific industry at $71,819. Appendix Table A5 provides details for all specific industries. Mean polymers industry pay in Ohio was 95.5 percent of the national average. This largely reflects comparable pay in the two largest subgroups: other plastic products (32619) and other rubber products (32629) at 95.1 and 96.1 percent of the respective national averages. Nevertheless, there was considerable variation across specific industries. While the chart above shows specific plastic industries (32611-6) averaged 106.9 percent of the national aggregate, individual industries within the cluster ranged from 89.6 percent (326112, unsupported plastic film and sheet) to 129.1 percent (32614, polysty-rene foam products) of the corresponding national averages. Pay in Ohio’s tire manufacturing establishments was 114.6 percent of the national average, while the high pay in resin and rubber production and compounding was just 83.9 percent of the national average. Again, Appendix Table A5 shows details of variability for all the industries.

26

See Table A5

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Scioto2

Licking15

Adams2

Wayne15

Clark8

Huron13

Allen9

Butler28

Lorain35

Seneca4

Logan4

Athens1

Union5

Trumbull11

Ashtabula29

Hardin3

Henry5

Franklin57

Noble1

Preble2

Mercer4

Portage50

Miami24

Fulton5

Erie7

Belmont1

Hancock16

Fairfield4

Putnam4

Highland3

Lucas25

Carroll5

Shelby10

Richland8

Clinton1

Greene2

Muskingum4

Marion2

Medina24

Warren9

Fayette4

Holmes18

Guernsey10

Pickaway4

Madison3

Washington6

Geauga27

Summit100

Jackson2

Hocking1

Ashland6

Morrow2

Tuscarawas23

Delaware5

Williams18

Paulding5

Defiance1

Lawrence1

Van Wert4

Auglaize9

Cuyahoga71

Wyandot5

Hamilton31

Columbiana4

Crawford5

Sandusky15

Mahoning21

Champaign2

Ottawa2

Lake26

Clermont12

Montgomery29

Pike

Gallia

Perry

Brown

Meigs

Vinton

Monroe

Morgan

Coshocton Harrison

Jefferson

Ohio Polymers IndustryEstablishments by County

Statewide: 996

R052819A

Source:

2016 County Business Patterns,U.S. Census Bureau

Prepared by:

Office of ResearchOhio Development Services Agency

June 2019

Number of Establishmentsin County

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30 - 100

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20 - 29

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None

27

THE DISTRIBUTION OF INDUSTRY ESTABLISHMENTS ACROSS OHIO

The map above illustrates the distribution of the 996 polymers industry establishments across Ohio based on the latest County Business Patterns data. Seventy-seven counties had at least one industry establishment. However, the 18 coun-ties with at least 20 establishments accounted for 65.6 percent of the state total. Listed in descending order (with some ties) they were Summit, Cuyahoga, Franklin, Portage, Lorain, Stark, Hamilton, Ashtabula and Montgomery, Butler, Geau-ga, Lake, Lucas, Medina and Miami, Tuscarawas, and Mahoning and Wood. The top 12 counties accounted for the ma-jority of establishments. Eleven counties ranged from 10 to 18 establishments, 17 counties each counted five to nine establishments, and 31 had from one to four. Counties with an establishment making plastic or rubber products (NAICS 326) were more likely than not to have a resin- or synthetic rubber- producing or compounding plant (32521 or 325991) by a 4::3 ratio; but the 44 with at least one pro-ducing or compounding establishment almost always had at least one establishment making plastic or rubber products. Defiance and Lawrence Counties are the only exceptions to the latter. Another way to look at the map is to focus on Summit and the surrounding counties, plus Ashtabula, Lake and Lorain. These 10 collectively form an area with 410 establishments, or 41.2 percent of all polymers industry establishments in Ohio. More specifically, the 10 have 46.6 percent of the state’s 131 plants producing or compounding resins or synthetic rubber. While polymers industry establishments are widely diffused across the state, this concentration, combined with local university and private sector research and development activities, lends credence to northeastern Ohio’s Polymer Valley moniker (also see Shingler, 2016).

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See Table A6

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Ross34

Stark1,582

Wood2,153

Darke1,484

Knox637

Scioto311

Licking1,443

Adams36

Wayne585

Clark516

Huron889

Allen981

Butler1,858

Lorain1,813

Seneca936

Logan341

Athens7

Union458

Trumbull492

Ashtabula2,534

Hardin159

Henry353

Franklin3,031

Noble71

Preble36

Mercer191

Portage3,421

Miami1,274

Fulton88

Erie400

Belmont7

Hancock3,393

Fairfield631

Putnam296

Highland313

Lucas796

Carroll251

Shelby1,532

Richland987

Clinton249

Greene28

Muskingum183

Marion638

Medina1,309

Warren471

Fayette444

Holmes1,138

Guernsey716

Pickaway846

Madison440

Washington1,108

Geauga2,912

Summit6,013

Jackson68

Hocking34

Ashland527

Morrow9

Tuscarawas1,934

Delaware196

Williams2,372

Paulding321

Defiance14

Lawrence37

Van Wert449

Auglaize696

Cuyahoga2,145

Wyandot1,692

Hamilton1,514

Columbiana689

Crawford71

Sandusky2,434

Mahoning751

Champaign366

Ottawa170

Clermont408

Lake1,153

Montgomery1,759

Pike

Gallia

Perry

Brown

Meigs

Vinton

Monroe

Morgan

Coshocton Harrison

Jefferson

Ohio Polymers IndustryEmployment by County*

Statewide: 72,581

R052819A

Source:

2016 County Business Patterns,U.S. Census Bureau

Prepared by:

Office of ResearchOhio Development Services Agency

June 2019

Number of Employeesin County*

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

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3,000 - 6,013

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1,000 - 2,999

! ! ! !

! ! ! !

! ! !

! ! !

500 - 999

! !

! !

! !

1 - 499

None

*All county employmentfigures are estimates

29

THE DISTRIBUTION OF INDUSTRY EMPLOYMENT ACROSS OHIO

Fourteen counties accounted for the majority of the industry employment in Ohio. Summit topped the list with about 6,000 (which excludes employment at Bridgestone’s research facility and Goodyear’s headquarters). It was followed by Portage with 3400-plus, Hancock – home to Cooper Tire and Rubber – with almost 3,400 and Franklin with 3,000-plus. Ashtabula, Cuyahoga, Geauga, Sandusky, Williams and Wood each had between 2,000 and 3,000 employees; Butler, Darke, Hamil-ton, Holmes, Lake, Licking, Lorain, Medina, Miami, Montgomery, Stark, Shelby, Tuscarawas, Washington and Wyandot ranged between 1,000 and 2,000 each. Sixteen counties had between 500 and 1,000, and 36 counties had from 7 to 492.11 Similar to the preceding section, the 10-county Polymer Valley cluster in Northeastern Ohio had more than 23,400, or 32.3 percent of industry employment in the state.

30

See Table A6

Intentionally blank

31

TRENDS

32

6.5 6.6 8.4 7.0 6.5 6.1 7.0 7.2 7.5 7.5 7.6

58.856.3 54.5

44.1 43.3 44.444.6

46.648.6 50.1 49.2

21.1

18.2 18.5

14.512.8

13.714.0

14.915.1

15.8 15.8

8.7% 8.6%8.8%

8.4% 8.3% 8.3% 8.3%8.6%

8.7% 8.8%8.5%

0.0%

1.0%

2.0%

3.0%

4.0%

5.0%

6.0%

7.0%

8.0%

9.0%

10.0%

0.0

10.0

20.0

30.0

40.0

50.0

60.0

70.0

80.0

90.0

100.0

2006 2007 2008* 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016

Oh

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ota

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en

tag

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.S.

Em

plo

ym

en

t(i

n t

ho

us

an

ds

)Employment in Ohio's Polymers Industry, 2006-2016

in thousands, except percentages

325p: PSRPC 3261: Plastic Prdcts. 3262: Rubber Prdcts. Polymer Total as Percent of U.S.

68.771.2

73.4 72.6

86.4

81.1 81.4

65.6

62.664.1

65.6

33

Source: U.S. Census Bureau * - 2007 NAICS implemented; 325p figures not entirely comparable with earlier years.

EMPLOYMENT

The chart above illustrates the broader polymer industry employment changes in Ohio over the latest available decade. Total employment fell 27.6 percent from 86,400 in 2006 to 62,600 in 2010 as the effects of hurricane Katrina, record-high oil prices and the Great Recession took their tolls. The industry has since seen a net addition of 10,000 jobs, a 16.0 percent increase, as oil and gas prices fell and the economy recovered. Nevertheless, industry jobs in 2016 numbered 13,800 less than in 2006, a net decrease of 16.0 percent.12 This is only slightly worse than the net 14.1 percent decline in national polymers industry employment. During this time, however, the portion of industry jobs in Ohio fluctuated around 8.5 percent. This relative consistency during dramatic changes in absolute numbers suggests that what happened in Ohio was largely part of what happened throughout the national industry. The chart above shows the employment changes occurred principally in the plastic products group (NAICS 3261, red) and secondarily in the rubber products group (3262, charcoal pattern). The absolute magnitude of the 2006-2010 drop in the former was larger than in the latter – 15,500 (from 58,800 to 43,300) vs. 8,300 (from 21,100 to 12,800), and the absolute magnitude of the recovery has been greater in the former than in the latter – 5,900 vs. 3,000. However, the relative per-centage changes have been greater in the rubber products group than in the plastic products group: declines of 39.6 vs. 26.4 percent, and recoveries of 24.0 vs. 13.6 percent. These contrast with the changes seen in the in the resin-rubber-production-compounding cluster (325p, RRPC, brown). While percentage changes up and down are substantial, they are based on relatively small absolute numbers, which ranged from 6,100 to 8,400 with no consistent trend. While the chart above illustrates the broader overall industry changes, Appendix Table A7 shows some specific industry exceptions, nota-bly the net employment growth in plastic resin production (325211), unsupported plastic films, sheets and bags (32611), laminated plastic plates, sheets and shapes (32613) and tires (32621).13 Current data from the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (2019) indicate plastic and rubber products industry (326) employ-ment in Ohio expanded 1.1 percent from 2016 to 2017 and continued into 1918.14

34

See Table A7

127 122 135 133 129 128 132 131 128 134 131

821792 780 759

730 717 716 704 708 701675

253

236 232228

209 207 199 203 199 194190

7.4%7.3% 7.3%

7.5%7.3% 7.3% 7.2% 7.3% 7.3% 7.4%

7.2%

0.0%

1.0%

2.0%

3.0%

4.0%

5.0%

6.0%

7.0%

8.0%

0

200

400

600

800

1,000

1,200

1,400

1,600

2006 2007 2008* 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016

Oh

io T

ota

l a

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tag

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Es

tab

lis

hm

en

tsEstablishments in Ohio's Polymers Industry, 2006-2016

325p: RRPC 3261: Plastic Prdcts. 3262: Rubber Prdcts. Polymers Total as Percent of U.S.

1,038

35

Source: U.S. Census Bureau * - 2007 NAICS implemented; 325p figures not entirely comparable with earlier years.

1,035 1,029996

1,201

1,150 1,1471,120

1,068 1,052 1,047

ESTABLISHMENTS

The chart above shows the number of polymers industry establishments in Ohio fell 17.1 percent from 1,201 in 2006 to 996 in 2016. Unlike employment, this summary number has not increased during the current recovery. This change in Ohio is part of a national trend that saw a 14.6 percent decline. The slightly greater rate of decline in Ohio than in the U.S. means that the portion of industry establishments here has drifted down from 7.4 to 7.2 percent. The chart above shows declines in both the plastics and rubber products groups (NAICS 3261 and 3262). The former saw more establishments close or leave the industry than did the latter – 146 vs. 63, but the proportional decline in the latter was steeper than in the former – 24.9 vs. 17.8 percent. Data in Appendix Table A8 show most of most of the de-clining numbers occurring in the other plastic products and other rubber products subgroups (32619 and 32629): 126 and 51, respectively. Losses in these and other specific industries contrast with little or no change in a few specific plastic products industries (32611,3-6). As with employment, the broader or substantial changes were part of national trends. The chart above shows little overall change in the resin and rubber production and compounding cluster (325p, RRPC). However, the summary figures mask divergent histories among the three specific industries. Appendix Table A8 shows growing numbers of plastic resins production establishments (325211) offsetting declining numbers of custom compound-ers (325991); synthetic rubber establishments (325212) fluctuated but showed little net change while custom compound-ers of purchased resins (325991) decreased. Again, these changes were part national trends.15 Analysts believe the overall long-term decrease in the number of industry establishments may be explained by competi-tion. In mature-but-competitive markets, companies often seek to reduce overhead, increase market share and attain greater economies of scale through mergers. (Mergers also may broaden product offerings, which provide greater finan-cial stability, and increase funds available for research and the development of innovative technologies and products.) Older or less efficient plants may be closed, and less competitive companies may be forced out of specific businesses. On the other hand, high barriers to entry, companies specializing in and dominating the manufacture of very specific pro-ducts, and strong producer-client relationships may blunt competitive pressures and keep their establishments in business for many years. These counter-vailing factors have been invoked to explain both the relative stability and the declines in establishment number described above and in Appendix Table A8. (Compare Kalyani, 2018; Lifschutz, 2018; Moses, 2018; Roth, 2018a-b, Sanders, 2018a-b, 2019a-c; Spitzer, 2019).

36

See Table A8

`97 `98 `99 `00 `01 `02 `03 `04 `05 `06 `07 `08 `09 `10 `11 `12 `13 `14 `15 `16 `17*

P&RP GDP $6.42 $6.38 $6.92 $7.02 $5.95 $6.34 $6.49 $6.76 $6.73 $5.92 $6.09 $4.86 $4.94 $5.10 $5.29 $5.45 $5.33 $5.25 $5.49 $5.42 $5.60

As Pct. of Ohio Total 1.36% 1.31% 1.39% 1.38% 1.19% 1.23% 1.24% 1.26% 1.24% 1.09% 1.13% 0.91% 0.97% 0.98% 0.98% 1.01% 0.97% 0.92% 0.95% 0.93% 0.95%

As Pct. of U.S. Industry 9.81% 9.63% 9.54% 9.08% 8.27% 8.93% 8.82% 8.49% 8.53% 8.06% 8.18% 7.52% 7.73% 7.54% 7.99% 8.08% 7.92% 7.88% 7.65% 7.35% 7.28%

0.00%

1.00%

2.00%

3.00%

4.00%

5.00%

6.00%

7.00%

8.00%

9.00%

10.00%

$0.00

$1.00

$2.00

$3.00

$4.00

$5.00

$6.00

$7.00

$8.00

$9.00

$10.00

P&

RP

GD

P a

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Ind

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y &

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Pla

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01

2)

Ohio's Plastic and Rubber Products Industry Gross Domestic Productand Its Contributions to the U.S. Industry and Ohio's Economy, 1997-2017

37

Source: U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis * - Preliminary; earlier years may have been revised

GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT The gross domestic product (GDP) is the net value of goods and services produced and provided by people using capital in the United States. The U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA) publishes estimates of each state’s contribution to the national total by industry. The chart above illustrates three points about the plastic and rubber products industry’s output from Ohio beginning in 1997:

• The now-lower volumes output from Ohio (gold columns) after adjusting for inflation and deflation; output peaked at $7.02 billion in 2000, fell with the 2001 recession, rose with the recovery only to be constrained in 2006 in the after-math of hurricane damage to Gulf Coast-area wells and refineries (Muir, 2014), fell to $4.86 billion with the 2008 re-cession but rose with the recovery to $5.60 billion in 2017;16

• The lower output levels mean the industry’s role in Ohio’s economy (red dots) decreased from 1.39 percent of its total in 1999 to 0.95 percent in 2017;

• The lower output levels also mean a lower portion of U.S. industry output (blue squares) came from Ohio in 2017 than in 1997: 7.28 vs. 9.81 percent.

Data in Appendix Table A9b show what happened in Ohio is similar to what has happened across the U.S.: national in-dustry output was stymied in 2006, fell with the 2001 and 2008 recessions and rose in the recoveries. Although national industry output was greater in 2017 than in 1997, the overall U.S. economic growth was at least three times faster. Con-sequently, the national industry plays a smaller role in the American economy now than in 1997. Ohio’s economy grew at a slower rate than the nation’s, but it expanded faster than the national industry over these 21 years. Given these similar trends, the plastic and rubber products industry remains concentrated in Ohio.17 And despite these changes, Ohio re-mains the top-ranked source for plastic and rubber products.

38

See Tables A9a and A9b

$1,262$1,617 $1,598 $1,491 $1,669 $1,699 $1,570 $1,573 $1,646 $1,637 $1,827

$5,911

$6,046$5,465

$4,850

$5,372 $5,493$6,316

$6,644

$7,483$7,167

$7,782

$2,403

$2,146

$1,788

$1,798

$1,846$2,117

$2,163

$2,220

$2,419$2,461

$2,303

7.3% 7.3%

7.5%7.4%

7.3%

7.7%7.5% 7.5%

8.0%

7.7% 7.7%

0.0%

3.0%

6.0%

9.0%

$0

$5,000

$10,000

$15,000

2006* 2007^ 2008 2009 2010 2011* 2012^ 2013 2014 2015 2016*

Oh

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Valu

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dd

ed

(in

mil

lio

ns

)Value-Added by Group in Ohio, 2006-2016

3252: Resins & Synthetics~ 3261: Plastic Prdcts. 3262: Rubber Prdcts. 3252+326: 3-Group Sum as Pct. of U.S.

39

$11,911

$9,576$9,808

$8,851

$8,140

$8,888

$9,309

$10,049

$10,436

$11,548$11,265

Source: U.S. Census Bureau Notes: ~ - A proxy for 32521+325991; ^ - Census of Manufactures data; * - Unrevised Annual Survey data

VALUE-ADDED BY GROUP Value-added (VA) data provide additional polymers industry insights that are unavailable with gross domestic product (GDP) data alone. Using VA data for resins-and-synthetics (NAICS 3252, a proxy for 32521, brown), plastic products (3261, red) and rubber products (3262, charcoal) furthers understanding of changes within the industry. The chart above illustrates how output from the three appears to rise and fall almost in lock-step: the rises from 2006 to 2007, the falling amounts in the recession years of 2008 and 2009, and subsequent recovery growth seen from 2009 through 2015 or 2016. Most year-to-year polymers industry changes reflect the changes in the plastics group, which averaged 62.4 per-cent of the summary VA. Nominal output fell $1.67 billion from $9.81 billion in 2007 to $8.14 billion in 2009; the plastics group portion of that decrease was nearly $1.2 billion – from $6.05 down to $4.85 billion. Similarly, nominal growth of $3.41 billion – from $8.14 to $11.91 billion – was largely comprised of the $2.93 billion – from $4.85 to $7.78 billion – add-ed by the plastic products group. (These figures have not been adjusted for inflation, and so are not measuring real changes in output volumes.) These patterns of apparent growth, recession and recovery in Ohio are very similar to the patterns seen for the nation as a whole. Consequently, the U.S. portion of the three-groups summary VA in Ohio remained relatively stable with sum-mary portions ranging from 7.3. to 8.0 percent of the corresponding national totals. While rubber products are a lesser portion of total VA added in Ohio, figures in Appendix Table A10 show their manu-facture consistently has been the more-concentrated in Ohio. On average, 12.1 percent of the nation’s VA in the rubber products group originated in Ohio compared with 7.6 and 4.9 percent of its VA in plastic products and resins-and-synthet-ics. The percentages fluctuated during this time period, with Ohio’s portion of rubber products VA ranging from 11.0 to 14.4 percent while its portion of plastic products output ranged from 7.1 to 8.5 percent and its portion of resins-and-syn-thetics ranged from 4.0 to 6.1 percent. Ohio ranked first in the U.S. in 2016 in rubber products output, first in plastic products output, first in combined output of the two (326), fifth in resins-and-synthetics, and second in combination of the three groups.

40

See Table A10

$152 $147$91 $54 $98

$151 $136 $154 $197$130 $109

$417 $432$478

$302

$347

$577 $563 $510

$831 $949

$1,777

$133$170 $213

$80

$80

$107 $129$140

$123$122

$122

7.0%6.8%

7.3%

5.6%

6.3%

7.5% 7.6%

7.1%

8.6%8.9%

12.7%

0.0%

2.5%

5.0%

7.5%

10.0%

12.5%

15.0%

$0

$400

$800

$1,200

$1,600

$2,000

$2,400

2006* 2007^ 2008 2009 2010 2011* 2012^ 2013 2014 2015 2016*

Oh

io S

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tag

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f th

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Cap

ital E

xp

en

dit

ure

s(i

n m

illi

on

s)

Capital Expenditures by Group in Ohio, 2006-2016

3252: Resins & Synthetics~ 3261: Plastic Prdcts. 3262: Rubber Prdcts. 3252+326: 3-Group Sum as Pct. of U.S.

41

Source: U.S. Census BureauNotes: ~ - A proxy for 32521+325991; ^ - Census of Manufactures data; * - Unrevised Annual Survey data

$2,008

$701

$750 $782

$435

$525

$835 $829$804

$1,151$1,201

CAPITAL EXPENDITURES BY GROUP Capital expenditures (CE) are funds spent for land, buildings and equipment used in manufacturing. The chart above shows that they can vary widely over the years. Annual CE in Ohio by plastics products manufacturers (NAICS 3261, red) ranged from $302 million to $1.777 billion (the latter is 588.4 percent of the former), while those by rubber products manu-facturers (3262, charcoal) ranged from $80 to $213 million (the latter is 266.3 percent of the former) and those for resins-and-synthetics makers (3252, brown) ranged from $54 to $197 million (the latter is 364.8 percent of the former). Com-bined CE ranged from $435 million to about $2.0 billion. (No adjustments have been made for inflation.) On average, 71.7 percent of the three groups summary CE in Ohio were made in the plastics group, although that portion varied from 57.6 to 88.5 percent. The wide ranges of absolute CE in Ohio convert into wide-ranging portions of industry CE here. Data in Appendix Table A11 show those portions ranging from 6.8 to 21.2 percent of the U.S. plastic products group total, 5.8 to 14.3 percent of the U.S. rubber products group total, and 1.8 to 5.4 percent of the resins-and-synthetics total. The respective group aver-ages were 10.6, 9.3 and 3.5 percent of national totals during 2006 through 2016. The graph above shows the combined portions fluctuating from 5.6 to 12.7 percent around the average of 8.1 percent. This variability probably indicates the occasional character of major CE at the state level. Comparing the national portions of value-added (VA) and CE in Ohio yields further insights into the polymers industry. On average 7.6 percent of national plastic products VA came from Ohio, while Ohio received 10.6 percent of the correspond-ing CE – a ratio of .72::1.00. Such a ratio may be one indicator of companies’ intentions for new, expanded or improved production in Ohio. This contrasts with corresponding ratios of 1.30::1.00 for the rubber products and 1.41::1.00 for res-ins-and-synthetics, consistent with the notion that such companies have been emphasizing production from existing as-sets. The summary combining the three groups is .93::1.00, suggesting an approximate overall balance between invest-ment and production.

42

See Tables A10 & A11

1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016*

GDP $63.8 $69.2 $70.2 $59.5 $63.4 $64.9 $67.6 $67.3 $59.2 $60.9 $48.6 $49.4 $51.0 $52.9 $54.5 $53.3 $52.5 $54.9 $54.2

Jobs 91.2 92.4 94.0 82.5 79.2 76.6 74.1 72.5 69.6 65.7 61.8 50.9 51.4 52.3 53.7 55.0 56.0 57.0 57.7

GDP/Job $70.0 $74.9 $74.8 $72.1 $80.0 $84.8 $91.2 $92.7 $85.1 $92.8 $78.7 $97.0 $99.1 $101.2 $101.6 $96.9 $93.8 $96.4 $93.9

$0.0

$20.0

$40.0

$60.0

$80.0

$100.0

$120.0

0.0

20.0

40.0

60.0

80.0

100.0

120.0

GD

P/J

ob

(in

th

ou

sa

nd

s)

GD

P (

hu

nd

red

s o

f m

illi

on

s)

an

d J

ob

s (

tho

us

an

ds

)

Productivity in Ohio's Plastic and Rubber Products Industry (NAICS 326), 1998-2016(GDP in hundreds of millions, standardized on 2012; jobs and GDP per job in thousands)

43

Source: U.S. BEA Note: * - Initial; earlier years may have been revised

PRODUCTIVITY IN OHIO The chart above illustrates what is not obvious in the earlier separate and shorter-period discussions of plastic and rubber product industry output and employment (NAICS 326): the increase and maintenance of higher productivity over the 19 years for which data are available. Productivity was calculated by dividing the inflation-adjusted gross domestic product from Ohio (GDP, measuring the aggregate volume of goods produced, and shown as gold columns) by the total number of industry jobs here (red columns).18 The resulting GDP per job (gold-and-red dots) shows productivity rising fairly stead-ily from $70,000 per job in 1998 to $92,800 per job in 2007. The increased productivity reflects the decreasing need for labor even as aggregate output fluctuated in these 10 years. The slight decrease in productivity from 2000 to 2001 occur-red with the relatively short and mild recession in 2001, while the sharper drop in 2006 probably resulted from impact of hurricanes on resource availability for goods producers. Productivity fell from 2007 to 2008 as the record high oil prices of the time made alternative materials more attractive and the impact of the Great Recession reduced demand faster than the number of workers declined. Productivity jumped in 2009 as aggregate output began to recover but the number of jobs continued to fall. (In general, employment gains tend to lag increased output as employers add workers after sustained growth in demand.) Aggregate demand and jobs have gradually increased since 2009. Consequently, productivity in the 2009-2016 period remains higher than even the pre-Great Recession peaks of 2005 and 2007. Data in Appendix Table A12 show the trends illustrated above are similar to national trends, consistent with the idea that what happened in Ohio has been part of national industry changes. Increased productivity was facilitated at least in part by continuing capital expenditures, most of which went for improved production equipment as opposed to land or buildings.19 Industry analysts often cite competition as a factor spurring the drive for improved production efficiencies (see Kalyani, 2018; Lifschutz, 2018; Moses, 2018; Roth, 2018a-b; Sanders, 2018a-b, 2019a-c; Spitzer, 2019).

44

See Table A12

$760 $710

$898$1,006 $1,005 $961

$1,082 $1,046$955 $986

$1,050

$262$234

$288

$341 $346 $462

$664 $766

$638$515

$458

$280

$214

$245

$240 $211

$210

$233

$257

$244

$269 $275

$89

$85

$129

$144 $139

$147

$205

$282

$292 $418 $385

$31

$25

$39

$36 $54

$54

$39

$40

$28$34 $34

$258

$215

$236

$301 $345$264

$231

$214

$200

$246$221

$0

$500

$1,000

$1,500

$2,000

$2,500

$3,000

2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

Exports of Plastic & Rubber Products (NAICS 326) from Ohioin millions, standardized on 2018*

Canada Mexico European Union China, inc. Taiwan Japan Remainder

45

* - More recent figures may be subject to revisionSources: International Trade Administration, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics

$1,679

$1,483

$1,835

$2,067$2,099 $2,097

$2,455

$2,604

$2,356

$2,469$2,422

EXPORTS FROM OHIO Export markets have become more important for plastic and rubber products manufacturers (NAICS 326) in Ohio. The chart above illustrates their inflation-adjusted net aggregate growth from $1.679 to $2.422 billion, a 44.3 percent increase from 2008 to 2018.20 Many factors may have contributed to this growth: the dollar’s relative stability (based on exchange index values between 97 and 106 during 2008-2014 (Federal Reserve Board, 2019)), generally low trade barriers, eco-nomic development and real growth in various areas of the world as well as technological advances, etc., probably played important roles. The generally lower prices for oil and natural gas (key resources for manufacturing plastic resins and synthetic rubber) beginning in 2015 may have offset the dollar’s higher index values (between 117 and 123) in 2015-2018. The chart also illustrates where exports are going as well as how they have grown and waned. At least 43.4 percent of plastic and rubber product exports from Ohio went to Canada in 2018, followed by Mexico with 18.9. While exports to both have trended higher, those to Mexico grew more rapidly: 74.7 vs. 38.3 percent. Collectively, these two N. American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) partners account for 62.3 percent of industry exports in 2018. While the greatest absolute increase in industry exports from Ohio has been to our NAFTA partners (an inflation-adjusted $486 million), higher rates of growth have been seen elsewhere. The most notable example is China and Taiwan com-bined, with exports rising 331.2 percent after adjusting for inflation and deflation. The $385 million exported in 2018 was the largest amount after our NAFTA partners. It reflects $292 million to mainland China (which includes Hong Kong and Macau) and $92 million to Taiwan (figures have been rounded) – increases of 370.0 and 241.7 percent from 2008, res-pectively. Collectively, 15.9 percent of Ohio’s plastic and rubber product export went to China and Taiwan in 2018. These contrast with the trends seen with the 28-nation European Union (EU), Japan and the Remainder of the World. Ex-ports to the three fluctuated from 2008 to 2018, with a net rise of 9.1 percent to Japan, little net change to the EU, and a 14.3 percent net decline to the Remainder of the World. 11.4 percent of plastic and rubber exports from Ohio went to the EU in 2018, with 1.4 percent to Japan and 9.1 percent to the Remainder of the World. Finally, the chart shows the global impact of the last recession. Exports to all areas declined, with the total falling 11.7 percent from 2008 to 2009. Growth rebounded 23.7 percent in 2010 and continued almost uninterrupted to a peak in 2015.

46

See Table A13

2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

Resins, SR, SF (3252) 223.5% 263.1% 252.8% 236.6% 226.0% 225.9% 205.7% 202.4% 199.9% 197.1% 189.8%

Plastic Prdcts. (3261) 87.6% 89.0% 89.8% 85.6% 82.5% 82.3% 81.3% 76.7% 74.7% 71.2% 66.1%

Rubber Prdcts. (3262) 56.2% 60.8% 55.3% 53.0% 52.8% 51.4% 51.1% 49.9% 49.1% 49.6% 48.3%

Index Value of the Dollar 99.90 105.66 101.82 97.15 99.81 101.00 104.14 117.04 122.45 122.10 122.91

0.00

50.00

100.00

150.00

200.00

250.00

300.00

0.0%

50.0%

100.0%

150.0%

200.0%

250.0%

300.0%

Ind

ex V

alu

e o

f th

e D

ollar

Exp

ort

s a

s P

erc

en

tag

es o

f Im

po

rts

U.S. Exports, Imports and the Value of the Dollar, 2008-2018*

Sources: Federal Reserve Board & U.S. ITA Note: * - More recent data subject to revisions

47

U.S. BALANCES OF TRADE Trade is very important to the polymers industry and consumers of its products; 20.3 percent of industry revenue came from exports while imports met 21.5 percent of consumer demand – both in 2018. Some specific industries within the polymers industry are even more dependent on exports for revenue, notably rubber and plastic hoses and belts (NAICS 32622 – 50.3 percent), resins and synthetic rubber production (32521 – 39.4 percent) and tires (32621 – 23.6 percent). Similarly imports now meet at least one-half of consumer demand for tires and rubber and plastic hoses and belts (drawn from Kalyani, 2018; Lifschutz, 2018; Moses, 2018; Roth, 2018a-b; Sanders, 2018a-b, 2019a-c; and Spitzer, 2019). The chart above illustrates the different trade experiences of three industry groups. The U.S. has a trade surplus in plas-tic resin and synthetic rubber and fiber production (3252, brown triangles), indicated by the fact export values ranged be-tween 189 and 264 percent of the import values. This contrasts with trade deficits in plastic and rubber products (3261, 3262, red squares and black dots), with export values between 48 and 90 percent of import values. The deficit is rela-tively greater in rubber products than in plastic products. When all three are combined (see data in Appendix Table A14), the polymers industry probably had a net trade surplus until 2016.21 The overall trade deficit for plastic products (3261) does not characterize every industry within the group. Roth (2018b) and Spitzer (2019) report net trade surpluses in the pipes-and-fittings, and other foam products industries (32612 and 32615). According to Sanders (2019a, 2019c), trade in laminates and polystyrene foam products (32613 and 32614) is so low – due to prohibitively high transportation costs for bulky products – that separate statistics are not reported. The net trade deficit for the group appears specified principally to the other products industries (32619) and secondarily to the relatively smaller films-sheets-bags and bottles industries (32611 and 32616) (Moses, 2018; Sanders, 2018b, 2019b). On the other hand, the overall trade deficit for rubber products (3262) characterizes all three subgroups: tires, hoses and belts, and other products (32621, 32622 and 32629, respectively). Tariffs have not slowed the flood of low-cost imported tires (Lifschutz, 2018; Roth, 2018a; Sanders, 2018a). The reduced surplus in resins and synthetics (3252) and the increasing deficits in products (3261 and 3262) are due at least in part to the recent high values of the dollar, which makes exports more expensive for foreign buyers and imports less expensive for American customers; a low value has the opposite effect. The chart above shows this is often the case; as the dollar has risen – particularly since 2011 – the export to import ratios for all three groups have declined. It also should be noted that an increasing value of the dollar may counter the intended effects of import tariffs.

48

See Table A14

Intentionally blank

49

OVERVIEW AND FORECASTS

50

`88 `89 `90 `91 `92 `93 `94 `95 `96 `97 `98 `99 `00 `01 `02 `03 `04 `05 `06 `07 `08 `09 `10 `11 `12 `13 `14 `15 `16 `17 `18

32521: Resins & SR 75.2 75.7 76.7 74.0 80.0 79.6 89.4 89.8 87.1 96.8 102.1 106.4 104.8 94.8 99.7 96.9 101.3 110.2 107.7 115.0 97.6 85.8 98.1 95.1 100.0 100.8 98.8 94.3 95.1 95.7 100.7

3261: Plastic Prdcts. 66.7 69.7 72.1 72.2 78.5 84.0 92.4 94.0 97.6 103.4 107.8 114.6 115.7 110.0 114.9 114.9 116.1 117.7 119.3 114.8 104.4 87.0 94.3 94.5 100.0 102.0 105.0 107.2 109.8 112.8 113.2

3262: Rubber Prdcts. 90.5 90.8 91.9 87.7 91.4 98.3 101.2 106.9 108.4 115.8 117.5 119.4 121.0 110.1 109.6 109.9 112.4 112.3 108.9 111.5 99.3 83.9 94.1 100.1 100.0 97.9 99.3 99.3 95.6 93.5 93.2

0.0

20.0

40.0

60.0

80.0

100.0

120.0

140.0In

dex V

alu

es

(2012=

100)

Industrial Production Trends in the U.S. Polymers Groups, 1988-2018(Indexed to 2012 Production Levels)

Source: Federal Reserve Board

51

AN OVERVIEW OF THE INDUSTRIES Plastic resins, synthetic rubber and products made with them are derived from the same set of raw materials and share chemical and production characteristics. (See A Polymers Primer in the Appendices for a more in-depth discussion.) However, companies creating and using those resins and goods have had somewhat different experiences over the years due, at least in part, to differences in the markets that they serve. These different experiences are reflected in the chart above, which illustrates the changing output volumes for the three groups – all indexed to their 2012 output volumes. In other words, the chart illustrates their relative expansions and con-tractions in production over three decades. (Absolute output levels differed, as indicated by different value-added figures elsewhere in this report.) Output of plastic products (red squares) grew 78.9 percent from 66.7 in 1988 to 119.3 in 2006; the 3.3 percent average annual growth rate was greater than the overall rate of real economic growth of that time. This contrasts with rubber products output (black dots), which peaked in 2000, but had a 1.1 percent average annual growth rate from 1988 to 2007. Plastic resin and synthetic rubber production (PR&SR, brown triangles), comprised more of the former than the latter, grew at a 2.3 percent average annual rate from 1988 to 2007. Data in Appendix Table A15 break down these summary trends into constituent industries and extend the record back to 1972. Those figures show the plas-tics side of the industry (NAICS 325211 and 3261) grew rapidly and fairly steadily from 1972 to 2006, but the net growth on the rubber side (325212, 32621 and 32622+9) was slower over the long term, experienced more erratic changes, and was driven by non-tire products (32622+9); overall, rubber side production peaked around the turn of the century. Plastic products and resins output grew at faster-than-average rates for many years as they replaced metal, glass, wood and paper in myriad products due to superior performance characteristics such as moisture- corrosion- fracture- and tem-perature-resistance (within limits). Other advantages include a high strength-to-weight ratio, malleability, ease of design and fabrication, recyclability, safety and parts consolidation. These characteristics have meant reduced costs of one kind or another for producers, and ultimately consumers: capital requirements, material and energy consumption, greater flexi-bility in production set-ups, and longer service life (Kalyani, 2018; National Bureau of Standards and Battelle Columbus Laboratories, 1983; Office of Technology Assessment, 1988; Shea, 1990; Weizer and Hayes, 1998).22 Things changed after 2000. The chart above shows output from all three groups contracting in the 2001 recession. While PR&SR and plastic products output expanded with the overall economic recovery, rubber products output was essentially unchanged. Appendix Table A15 figures show the overall industry expansion was due to growth on the plastics side, while rubber-side output fluctuated. Output for the three groups fell around 25 percent in the 2008-2009 recession, with specific industry contractions ranging from 22 to 30 percent. All three groups grew rapidly for a few years in the initial stage of the current expansion, but only plastic products output has continued to grow in recent years, with PR&SR pro-

52

duction fluctuating and rubber products group output drifting lower. Output for the three groups and all specific industries remain below their pre-recession peaks (consistent with real GDP data shown in Appendix Table A9). These more recent patterns of change are characteristic of industries analysts describe as mature (see Kalyani, 2018; Lifschutz, 2018; Moses, 2018; Roth, 2018a-b; Sanders, 2018a-b, 2019a-c; Spitzer, 2019). Plastic products growth has become more closely tied to the cycles of national and international economic growth. Consequently, commodity resin production also has become more cyclical due to the highly cyclical nature of some markets ultimately served – notably motor vehicle production and housing construction. Smaller-volume specialty resins are niche products less subject to cyclical changes (Muir, 2014: 27-28). The widely varied uses of plastics mean that no one market is overwhelmingly important for the plastics group (unlike motor vehicles for the rubber products group). Some analysts have subdivided the market into segments. The four larg-est are:

1. packaging (e.g., bags, bottles, food and medicine containers, etc.) – 34 percent; 2. consumer-and-institutional goods (e.g., kitchenware, toys, sporting goods, medical products, etc.) – 20 percent; 3. exports – 18 percent; and 4. building-and-construction materials (e.g., structures, pipes, conduits, fittings, insulation, etc.) – 17 percent.

Other notable segments are transportation equipment, furniture-and-furnishings, electrical and electronic goods, and ma-chinery, each using one to four percent of the 39.5 million tons of common plastic resins produced in 2017.23 (Adhesives, inks and coating consumed less than one-half of one percent.) The steady demand of the packaging, consumer and institutional segments, which comprise 54 percent of the market, counters the more-variable demand from the building-and-construction, transportation equipment, export and furniture and furnishings segments, making aggregate demand less cyclical (American Chemistry Council, 2019; Larkin, 2012: 7; Muir, 2014: 34-35; O’Reilly, 2010: 31). Uses of commodity resins varied by market segment, with some segments core users of specific resins. For example, the building-and-construction segment uses the substantial majority of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and thermoset production. The consumer-and-institutional segment uses about one-half of polystyrene (PS) production, while packaging uses the plurality of polyethylene (PE) production. On the other hand, polypropylene (PP) usage was not dedicated to any one segment. The converse also was true: market segments used more than one type of resin. For example, the packaging, and consumer-and-institutional segments use PE, PP, and PS, and construction uses PS as well as PVCs and thermo-sets (Larkin, 2012: 29-30). These observations may be recast by industries within the plastic products group. The film-sheet-bag industry (32611) is

53

a notable user of PP and low-density PE; the pipe-fittings-unsupported-profile-shapes industry (32612) uses PVC and high-density PE; the plastic bottles industry (32616) uses PE, PVC, PS and the polyesters polyethylene terephthalate (PET and PETE); and the fixtures and floor coverings industry (now part of 326199) uses PE, PP, PVC, and PS. The “Polymers Primer” and “Industry Definition…” sections in the Appendices have more details and examples. The plastic resins industry appears fragmented (Kalyani, 2018) with various resins made to serve diverse product mar-kets, and Larkin noted “There are numerous plastics producers, with many focusing on just one or two product lines” (2012: 29). However, Muir (2014: 35-36) listed only three to six companies as significant producers for anyone of the five largest volume resins: PE, PP, PS, PVC and polyesters. The combination of these two observations appears in the fol-lowing list, highlighting the names of major manufacturers found more than once:

PE: Chevron Phillips Chemical (the Chevron-Phillips 66 joint venture), DowDuPont, ExxonMobil’s ExxonMobil Chemi-cal, the INEOS Group, LyondellBasell and Westlake Chemical – a total of six;

PP: Braskem SA, ExxonMobil Chemical, Formosa Plastics, the INEOS Group, LyondellBasell and Total SA – a total of six;

PS: the INEOS-NOVA Chemicals joint venture, Styron, and Total SA – a total of three; PVC: Formosa Plastics, Westlake Chemical’s Georgia Gulf, Occidental Petroleum, and Shin-Etsu Chemical’s Shintech –

a total of four; Polyesters: DAK Americas (the Alfa SAB de CV subsidiary), Formosa Plastics’ Nan Ya Plastics division, Koch Industries’

Invista, Gruppo Mossi & Ghisolfi, and Wellman – a total of five (also see LexisNexis, 2019).24 Overall thermoplastic resin production is not truly oligopolistic, with at least 17 different producers listed (19, if Georgia Gulf and Nan Ya are treated as direct producers and not subsidiaries). Nevertheless, the dominance of specific product lines by a relatively small number of large, vertically integrated, multinational companies is apparent, and some com-panies were prominent producers of more than one resin. ExxonMobil Chemical, LyondellBasell, Total and Westlake each appear twice, and INEOS and Formosa Plastics appear three times. (Recall the preceding “Notable…” and “Foreign Investment…” sections mentioned INEOS, Nova Chemicals, LyondellBasell and Shin-Etsu operations in Ohio, either directly or through their subsidiaries.) The tendency towards oligopoly in specific commodity resin production is partially due to production requirements: it is capital- and energy-intensive, the technology is complex, and large plant sizes are necessary for economies of scale in production. Investments in utilities, storage, and distribution also are required, as are sophisticated safety and environ-mental equipment given the hazardous nature of the raw materials and unwanted byproducts. Long lead times usually are needed when establishing new facilities or upgrading old ones, and production is subject to extensive governmental regulation.25 After local authorities have been notified and zoning and environmental approval obtained, there is the time

54

required for design, construction and start-up. (Long lead times make it difficult for companies to make short-term capital spending changes to match significant changes in demand). Furthermore, customer loyalty may deter even established producers considering entering a new field. Customers often are reluctant to change suppliers or raw materials because a new product must be tested, and testing may be expensive (Kalyani, 2018; Larkin, 2012: 22-24; Muir, 2014: 29-30). These factors comprise a set of high – but not insurmountable – entry barriers for any would-be competitor. One example in Ohio is PTT’s and Daelim Industrial’s $6-10 billion-dollar investment for a world-scale ethylene production plant in Bel-mont County. First proposed in 2013, design work began in 2015. Land for the plant has been purchased, and air-emis-sion and water-discharge permits were issued in 2018, but the decision is being appealed by environmental groups. Ac-tual construction is permitted but has yet to start and may take 3.5 years to complete (drawn from Schneider, 2019; Web Archive, 2015; Wilkinson, 2019). Producers of specialty resins face the same requirements as commodity producers regarding regulations and long lead times for plant design and construction. They also may be on the forefront of technical sophistication, but their capital requirements are lower due to smaller plant sizes and ultimately lower production volumes. However, specialty com-panies making a variety of products may have many plants (Muir, 2014: 28-29). High entry barriers have not made for a lack of competition within the industry. Commodity resin producers have taken steps to reduce costs, grow, and remain competitive as the industry matured. Initial cost reduction efforts in the 1990s focused on closing plants, cutting jobs, improving production processes by refining how materials are handled at every step, and working with customers from order-placement through shipment (O’Reilly, 1997a). More recently, companies grew by acquiring facilities or product lines of others. Such moves can reduce administrative and manufacturing costs, lead to increased efficiency in procurement (and greater bargaining power in transactions) and establish better practices for manufacturing and logistics. The divesting companies sell because they may be unwilling or unable to make invest-ments needed to remain competitive, want to exit a geographic area, or want to focus on other businesses where oppor-tunities are believed to be greater (Larkin, 2012: 13).26 “Most transactions [were] relatively small, involving individual pro-duct lines or plants” (Muir, 2014: 17). It should be noted that any one company may make both acquisitions and dives-titures; recent examples in Ohio are the Dow-DuPont merger and split, and PolyOne’s purchase and sale of Spartech’s assets. Other factors that drove industry consolidation include increasing capital requirements for technology, quality controls, meeting environmental standards, and the higher research and development costs (O’Reilly, 2010: 26). Resin production also became a global industry as companies pursued opportunities in rapidly growing emerging markets, often following the companies they supplied. Consolidation facilitated such moves because large, geographically diversi-fied suppliers were better able to meet their customers’ global needs (and circumvent trade barriers). The largest resin companies now have operations in many countries (Kalyani, 2018; Muir, 2014: 30; O’Reilly, 1997a; 2010: 10-13). How-

55

ever, globalization led to competition here as well as abroad, as foreign-based companies invested in America. (Again, recall the important role of foreign investment in Ohio’s polymers industry.) Under these circumstances, the consolidation via mergers and acquisitions engendered by competition has pushed commodity resin production towards oligopoly. Plastic products makers share some characteristics with resin producers but differ in other ways. Like resin producers, products companies engage in research and development (R&D), emphasizing improved products and efficiency more than new products. They also are subject to federal, state and local environmental and safety regulations. In contrast to commodity resin producers, manufacturing specific plastic products is diffused among many establishments of varying sizes. Analysts generally describe products industries as less concentrated due to myriad uses and products. Even relatively large or industry-leading companies may have, at best, dominance in only a few specific products. Products industries also tend to be less capital intensive – film-sheet-bag and bottles (32611 and 32616) excepted; they also are less likely to have multinational operations, with trade limited for some due to high costs for long-distance transportation. Consequently, barriers to entry are not as high. These factors keep products industries (326) open to competition (Moses, 2018; Roth, 2018b; Sanders, 2018b, 2019a-c; Spitzer, 2019). The plastics and rubber sides of the polymers industry (325211 and 3261 vs. 325212 and 3262) ultimately serve many markets, but the rubber side differs in that it is highly dependent on one: motor vehicles (3361-3). Consider:

• 60.2 percent of percent of synthetic rubber production (325212) went for new tires (326211) (U.S. Bureau of the Census, 2015c);

• new tire production was the largest specific industry in the rubber group, based on national value-added in 2012, and 83.8 percent of new tire production was for motor vehicles, either as original equipment or as replacements (U.S. Bureau of the Census, 2015c; also see Lifschutz, 2018); and

• the motor vehicle industry constitutes the plurality of demand for the belts, bumper parts, bushings, gaskets, hoses, motor mounts, suspension components, window and door moldings and seals, etc., made by the other rubber pro-ducts industries (32622-9) (Roth, 2018a; Sanders, 2018a).27

The key advantages for synthetic rubber (SR) use in tires, motor vehicle parts, other transportation equipment and ma-chinery are its thermal stability and compatibility with petroleum products; by contrast, natural rubber and most plastics deteriorate when exposed to oils, fuels, solvents and hydraulic fluids, and have poor resistance to sunlight, oxygen and ozone. SR now accounts for two-thirds of world rubber production for these reasons and more. Additional notable uses for SR include construction and healthcare products as well as non-automotive hoses, belts, mechanical goods compo-nents, etc. (drawn from Roth, 2018a; Sanders, 2018a; Wikipedia, 2019). The SR and tire industries share some characteristics. Start-up cost may be high (although subsequent capital expendi-

56

tures may be relatively low), and research and development (R&D), production technologies and operations can be very expensive while profit margins frequently are low.28 They are mature in technical senses: advancements in SR since the 1980s have involved existing polymers more often than new ones, and the technology for making standard tires has not changed much in the last 20 years despite technical improvements and R&D efforts to create marketable differences.29 Competitive pressures to reduce costs and improve efficiency and products led to globalized industries dominated by a small number of vertically integrated giants. Bridgestone, Goodyear and Michelin came to account for about one-half of worldwide tire production years ago; those three plus Cooper also received 62.1 percent of revenue in the U.S. market in 2018.30 Foreign investment also plays a significant role in U.S. tire production; Goodyear and Cooper are the only pub-licly-held tire companies based in America (drawn from Levy, 2014; Lifschutz, 2018; Yoder, 2000). Regardless in which specific polymer industry firms work, competition has compelled many to pursue various strategies to survive. These include consolidation with others to reduce overhead, broaden product and customer bases and/or pool resources; production automation to reduce costs; and shifting from low-end or commodity goods to high-end or specialty products. Firms with multinational operation have been known to move commodity production to low cost areas and shift domestic production to premium products. Other firms still producing commodity goods in America rely on quality, reliabil-ity and quick turnaround times to remain competitive. These strategies do not characterize every specific industry, but they are common to a number and applicable to all (see Kalyani, 2018; Lifschutz, 2018; Moses, 2018; Roth, 2018a-b; Sanders, 2018a-b, 2019a-c; Spitzer, 2019).

57

See Table A15

FORECASTS Industry analysts persevere in forecasting – despite the known difficulties – because there is a demand for it. IBIS World analysts focus on the national industry prospects for revenue growth, the balance of trade, organizational trends, and em-ployment-and-wages.31 During the next five years they predict: 1) The polymers industry’s summary outlook is real economic growth is expected to be slower than the overall average

rate for the U.S. economy, reflecting the industry’s general maturity. This characterizes the plastic and rubber pro-ducts groups (NAICS 3261 and 3262) as well as resin and synthetic rubber production (32521). This slower-than-average forecast characterizes most specific polymers industries, but the slowest growth rates are predicted for the other-plastic-products and tires industries (32619 and 32621).

2) The bright spot in the polymers industry forecast, and supporting any expansion, are the predicted growing export and

declining import volumes, with the balance of trade returning to a surplus. This summary results from aggregating somewhat different expectations for the constituent industries:

• exports are predicted to grow and imports to decline in resins and synthetic rubber production (32521), increasing the trade surplus;

• exports are predicted to grow and imports to decline in the films-sheets-bags, tires, and hose-and-belts industries (32611, 32621, 32622), diminishing their trade deficits;

• exports are predicted to grow faster than imports in the pipes-fittings, bottles, urethane-plus, and other rubber pro-ducts industries (32612, 32616, 32615 and 32629), increasing the trade surplus in the former two and decreasing the deficit in the latter two;

• slightly growing exports are predicted to edge out fluctuating imports of other plastic products, barely diminishing the trade deficit in this industry (32619).

3) The modest overall expansion of the polymers industry may be accompanied by a very gradual increase in the number of companies and establishments. Again, this summarizes varying trends among constituent industries. Those range from organizations in the bottles and urethane-plus industries (32616 and 32615) possibly increasing at a pace roughly comparable with expectations for the American economy to ones in the tires and other rubber and plastic products in-dustries (32621, 32629 and 32619) more or less decreasing (as companies consolidate or leave). Numbers for re-maining specific industries are expected to grow at relatively modest rates.

4) Overall polymers industry employment is predicted to increase at a relatively moderate pace when compared with

expectations for the American economy. Employment growth in some specific industries – pipes-and-fittings, lami-

58

5,558 5,206

43,42339,889

13,262

10,210

7.9%7.7%

0.0%

1.0%

2.0%

3.0%

4.0%

5.0%

6.0%

7.0%

8.0%

9.0%

0

10,000

20,000

30,000

40,000

50,000

60,000

70,000

80,000

90,000

2016 2026

Oh

io T

ota

l a

s a

Pe

rce

nta

ge

of

U.S

. T

ota

l

Em

plo

ym

en

tOhio Employment for Selected Groups in 2016 Projected to 2026

3252: Resins, Rubber & Fibers 3261: Plastic Products 3262: Rubber Products Sum as Percent of U.S.

59

Sources: ODJFS-LMI & U.S. BLS

62,243

55,305

nates, bottles and polystyrene and urethane products (32612-32616) – may keep pace with the overall economy, but is expected to be slow or modest in the rest. Real wage growth is predicted to be less than one percent, with very slight increases or declines in some industries and virtually no change in others.

Most changes are not expected to be dramatic. These four points (drawn from Kalyani, 2018; Lifschutz, 2018; Moses, 2018; Roth, 2018a-b; Sanders, 2018a-b, 2019a-c; and Spitzer, 2019) depend on many assumptions, notably: 1) stable prices for raw materials – mainly natural rubber, oil and natural gas (the last two also are fuel for the resins and synthetic rubber industry); these in turn means stable prices for the products industry (326); 2) the value of the dollar declines; 3) stable demand from industrial and household consumers; and 4) international trade is not disrupted. Changes in any of these conditions could alter these forecasts. For example, oil and natural gas prices can be volatile; high prices make resins, synthetic rubber, and products made from them less competitive, while low prices favor them. Similarly, demand from key consuming construction and durable goods industries is cyclical – an important consideration given the current expansion is about 10 years old. Furthermore, some industries may be more sensitive to changing dollar values, notably film-sheet-bags (32611), pipes-and-fittings (32612), bottles (32616), tires (32621), hoses and belts (32622), and other plastic products (32619). Firms engaged in research and development, whether for improved pro-cesses and products or innovative uses of existing materials, may have a competitive advantage. Finally, companies must respond to demands for reduced environmental impacts (Editors, 2019).32 These mostly slower-than-average growth rates may extend into the longer term (i.e., from 2016 to 2026). The U.S. eco-nomy is predicted to expand at an average annual rate of 2.1 percent compared with forecast rates of 0.2 percent for rub-ber products (3262) and 1.4 percent for the plastic products (3261) and resins and synthetics groups (3252, the vast majority of which is plastic resins and synthetic rubber production) (U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2018).33 The gradual, long-term output growth for the three groups is not expected generate more jobs. The chart above shows employment in Ohio’s in all three groups is expected to decrease by 11.1 percent from 62,200-plus in 2016 to 55,300 in 2026. Although the plurality of job reductions may occur in the plastic products group – about 3,500, the steepest per-centage reduction may happen in the rubber group – 23.0 percent. Roughly comparable employment declines are fore-cast across the nation for all three groups. The net effect of the U.S. BLS and ODJFS-LMI predictions is a slight decrease in the portion of U.S. industry employment in Ohio – from 7.9 to 7.7 percent (ODJFS-LMI, 2019; U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2018).

60

See Table A16

APPENDICES

61

DETAILED TABLES

62

Table A1: Notable1 Company Operations in Ohio

Principal

NAICS

Parent/Company/Branch or Subdivision(s)3

Code4

City Total Site

Ametek, Inc.*/Westchester Plastics Div. 326199 Wapakoneta 150

Automated Packaging Systems, Inc. >500

Automated Packaging Systems, Inc. (HQ) 551114 Streetsboro n.a.

Automated Packaging Systems, Inc. 326113 Streetsboro 250

Automated Packaging Systems, Inc. 326113 Cleveland 120

Automated Packaging Systems, Inc. 326113 Streetsboro 120

Berry Global Group, Inc.* 687

Berry Global Group, Inc. 326199 Ontario 127

Berry Plastics Corp. 326113 Aurora 100

Berry Plastics Corp. 326199 Streetsboro 100

Venture Packaging, Inc. 326199 Monroeville 360

Bridgestone Corp.* >835

Bridgestone APM Co.^ 32629 Upper Sandusky 800

Bridgestone APM Co.^ 32629 Findlay 35

Bridgestone APM Co. 32629 Findlay n.a.

Carlisle Cos., Inc.*/Ultimate RB, Inc. 326299 Delphos 100

Chevron*-Phillips* Chemical Co.-DowDuPont, Inc.*-Trinseo (JV) ~200

Americas Styrenics LLC (aka AmSty)5

325211 Belpre ~100

Americas Styrenics LLC (aka AmSty)6

32614 Ironton ~100

Compagnie de Saint-Gobain* 250

Saint-Gobain Performance Plastics Corp.^ 326199 Akron 150

Saint-Gobain Performance Plastics Corp.^ 326199 Ravenna 100

Continental AG* 830

ContiTech (fka Veyance)^ 32622 St. Marys 430

ContiTech (fka Veyance)^ 32622 Marysville 400

Cooper Tire & Rubber Co., Inc.*7

326211 Findlay 2,212

Jobs2

63


Principal

NAICS


Code4

City Total Site

Jobs2

Cooper-Standard Holdings, Inc.* 500

Cooper-Standard Automotive, Inc.8

32622 Bowling Green 300

Lauren Intl., Ltd. 326299 New Philadelphia 200

Core Molding Technologies, Inc.9

~600

Core Molding Technologies, Inc. (HQ and mfg.) 326199 Columbus ~500

Core Molding Technologies, Inc. (fka CPI) 326199 Batavia ~100

Cornerstone Building Brands, Inc.* (fka Ply Gem)10

>1,100

Great Lakes Window, Inc. 326199 Walbridge >250

Mastic Home Exteriors, Inc. 326199 Sidney 250

Silver Line Windows & Doors 326199 Marion 600

Crown Holdings, Inc.*/Crown Cork & Seal USA, Inc. 326199 Lancaster 90

DowDuPont, Inc.* 997 Dow Chemical Co. (fka Rohm & Haas)

11325211 Cincinnati 180

Dow Chemical Co. (fka Rohm & Haas)12

325211 W. Alexandria 76

Dow Poly-Carb, Inc.12

325211 Twinsburg 15

DuPont Electronic Polymers 325211 Dayton 65

DuPont Specialty Products USA LLC13

325211 Circleville 546

Multibase, Inc. (JV with Corning*) 325211 Akron 85

Performance Elastomers LLC12

325212 Stow 30

Eastman Chemical Co.*/Flexsys America LP 326299 Akron 65

Flex-N-Gate >2,400

Ventra Plastics14

32619 Salem >500

Ventra Sandusky15

32615 Sandusky 1,900

Goodyear Tire & Rubber Co.* (mostly HQ)16

551114 Akron 3,000

Grammer AG12

326199 ~1,025

Toledo Molding & Die, Inc. (Div. HQ and mfg.) 326199 Toledo n.a.

64


Principal

NAICS


Code4

City Total Site

Jobs2

Grammer AG (continued)

Toledo Molding & Die, Inc. 326199 Bowling Green n.a.

Toledo Molding & Die, Inc.17

326199 Delphos 328

Toledo Molding & Die, Inc. 326199 Tiffin n.a.

Toledo Molding & Die, Inc. (fka WEK) 326199 Jefferson n.a.

Hexion Holdings LLC*/Hexion LLC (HQ only)18

551114 Columbus 275

Honeywell Intl. Inc.*/Elster Perfection Corp.^ 326199 Geneva 200

Illinois Tool Works, Inc.* 280

Evercoat Div. 325211 Blue Ash 130

Tomco Div.15

326199 Bryan 150

Intl. Automotive Components Group SA/IAC Huron^ 326199 Huron 750

Kasai Kogyo Co., Ltd./Kasai N. America, Inc.^ 326199 Upper Sandusky 650

Kraton Corp.*/Kraton Polymers U.S. LLC5

325211 Belpre 400

Kumi Kasei Co., Ltd./Kamco Industries, Inc.^ 326199 W. Unity 545

LyondellBasell Industries NV* 856

A Schulman, Inc. (Div. HQ) 551114 Fairlawn 77

A Schulman, Inc. 325211 Akron 124

A Schulman, Inc. 325211 Akron 202

A Schulman, Inc. 325211 N. Canton 50

A Schulman, Inc. 32613 Perrysburg 59

Equistar Chemicals LP^ 325211 Fairport Harbor 40

Hadlock Plastics LLC 326199 Geneva 107

Premix, Inc. 54171 N. Kingsville 197

Mitsubishi Chemical Holdings Corp.*

Mitsubishi Chemical Performance Polymers, Inc.^ 325211 Bellevue 80

Mitsubishi Intl. Corp.*/Cantex, Inc. 326199 Aurora 50

65


Principal

NAICS


Code4

City Total Site

Jobs2

Molded Fiber Glass Cos. 685

Molded Fiber Glass Cos. 326199 Ashtabula n.a.

Molded Fiber Glass Cos. 54171 Ashtabula n.a.

MSG Premier Molded Fiberglass 326199 Ashtabula 300

Moriroku Holdings Co./Greenville Technology, Inc.^ 326199 Greenville 865

Onex Corp.*/Survitec Group^ 32622 Sharon Center 120

Owens Corning*/Fibreboard Corp. (Div. HQ only) 551114 Toledo 200

Parker-Hannifin Corp.*/Parflex Div. 32622 Ravenna 315

Plastipak Holdings, Inc. 1,217

Plastipak Packaging, Inc.19

32616 Jackson Center 920

Plastipak Packaging, Inc. 32616 Medina 200

Plastipak Packaging, Inc. (fka Constar)20

326199 Hebron 97

PolyOne Corp.* ~650

PolyOne Corp. (HQ, Geon Compound and

Specialty Engineered Materials)21

325211 Avon Lake ~500

PolyOne Corp. 325211 Massillon 75

PolyOne Corp. 325211 N. Baltimore 80

Revere Industries, LLC/Revere Plastics Systems Group, LLC22

326199 Clyde 710

Shanghai Automotive Industry Corp. (SAIC)*-Johnson Controls Intl., Inc. (JV)

Yanfeng US Automotive Interior Systems ll LLC^ 32619 Bryan 320

Shanghai Shenda Co., Ltd.-Intl. Automotive Components SA (JV) 900

Auria Solutions Ltd. (fka IAC Fremont)^ 326199 Fremont 315

Auria Solutions Ltd. (fka IAC Holmesville)^ 326199 Holmesville 300

Auria Solutions Ltd. (fka IAC Sidney)^ 326199 Sidney 285

Silgan Holdings, Inc.*/Silgan Plastics LLC17

326199 Ottawa 136

Sonoco Products Co.*/Sonoco Protective Solutions, Inc. 326199 Findlay 100

66


Principal

NAICS


Code4

City Total Site

Jobs2

Step2 Discovery23

770

Step2 Co. LLC 326199 Streetsboro 500

Step2 Co. LLC 326199 Perrysville 270

Sumitomo Riko Co., Ltd./SumiRiko Ohio^ (fka Tokai Rubber/DTR) 32622 Bluffton 610

Teijin Ltd.^ 1,575

Continental Structural Plastics, Inc. 326199 N. Baltimore 390

Continental Structural Plastics, Inc. 326199 Van Wert 90

Continental Structural Plastics, Inc. 326199 Carey 855

Continental Structural Plastics, Inc. 326199 Conneaut 240

Transdigm Group, Inc.*/Schneller LLC 32613 Kent 75Yamashita Rubber Co., Ltd./YUSA Corp.^ 32622 Washington CH 630

Abbreviations: aka - also known as; CH - Court House; Div. - division; fka - formerly known as; HQ - headquarters; Intl. -

International; JV - a joint venture; Mfg. - Manufacturing; n.a. - not available.

Notes: 1 - "Notable" means a company is thought to employ at least 500 people in Ohio or is on the Fortune's U.S.-1,000

or Global-500 list; 2 - all jobs figures should be considered estimates; they are thought to be the best available,

but their accuracy cannot be guaranteed; jobs figures are from Hoover's (2019) unless otherwise noted; 3 - some

companies are held by private equity firms with different names; the latter do not oversee routine operations, and

therefore are not listed; 4 - some manufacturing may occur at sites with non-industry principal NAICS codes; see

the Appendices for the industry-defining codes; * - a Fortune U.S.-1,000 or Global 500 company; ^ - jobs figures

from Office of Research (2018a); 5 - the AmSty and Kraton plants are integrated with one another; 6 - also in-

cludes an on-site R&D facility (Karpus-Romain, 2014); 7 - jobs figure from Wikipedia (2019, Findlay entry); 8 -

jobs figure from Rosenberg (2018); 9 - approximate jobs figures from Gearino (2015); 10 - NAICS classification

and jobs figures for Great Lakes and Mastic are tentative; only Silver Line - from the Marion Area Chamber of

Commerce (2019) - seems fairly reliable; despite these uncertainties, Cornerstone appears to employ at least

67


Principal

NAICS


Code4

City Total Site

Jobs2

1,100 people; 11 - jobs figure from Profile (2019); 12 - jobs figure from Manta (2019); 13 - jobs figure from Wil-

liams (2019); 14 - data from the U.S. Census Bureau's (2018b) County Business Patterns records 500 to 999

employees at this establishment; 15 - jobs figure from ELM Analytics (2018); 16 - jobs figure from Crain's Cleve-

land Business (2018); 17 - jobs figure from The Lima News (2016); 18 - jobs figure from Feran and Williams

(2019); 19 - jobs figure from Sidney-Shelby Economic Partnership (2019); 20 - jobs figure from Licking County

Chamber of Commerce (2016); 21 - the Avon Lake site probably employs at least 500 because PolyOne's HQ,

Geon and Specialty Engineered Materials are integrated with Mexichem and Lubrizol activities; 22 - jobs figure

from the Sandusky County Economic Development Corp. (2019); 23 - PRNewsWire (2018) states total employ-

ment is over 800, but does not give specific plant figures.

Sources: Bloomberg (2019), Crain's Cleveland Business (2018), ELM Analytics (2018), Feran and Williams (2019),

Fortune (2018, 2019), Gearino (2015); Google Earth (2019), Hoover's (2019), Karpus-Romain (2014),

Lexis-Nexis (2019), Licking County of Commerce (2016), Manta (2019), Marion Area Chamber of Commerce

Office of Research (2018a), Profile (2019), PRNewsWire (2019), Rosenberg (2018), Sandusky County Econ-

omic Development Corp. (2019), Sidney-Shelby Economic Partnership (2019), The Lima News (2016), U.S.

Bureau of the Census (2019), Wikipedia (2018), Williams (2019) and company websites.

Prepared by: Office of Research, Ohio Development Services Agency. Telephone 614/466-2116 (DL, 6/19).

68

Table A2: Expansion and Attraction Announcements in Ohio's Polymers Industry, 2015-2018

NAICS Announced Anticipated

Year Company Area Code Product Investment New Jobs

2015 20/20 Custom Molded Plastics LP Holiday City 3261 Structural molded plastics $17,000,000 50

2015 Akro-Mils, Inc. Wadsworth 3261 Plastic products $10,000,000 39

2015 Axium Plastics, Inc. New Albany 3261 Plastic bottles $10,400,000 20

2015 Champion Window Co. Cincinnati 3261 Windows and doors $2,000,000 30

2015 Core Molding Technologies, Inc. Columbus 3261 Plastic auto products $2,000,000

2015 Corvac Composites LLC Greenfield 3261 Plastic auto parts $12,500,000 175

2015 Dayton Molded Urethanes LLC Harrison Twp. 3261 Plastic foam products $2,400,000 20

2015 Deflecto LLC Dover 3261 Floor mats $2,000,000 25

2015 Dinesol Plastics, Inc. Austintown Twp. 3261 Plastic products $4,700,000 40

2015 ECP-Polycase Co. Avon 3261 Plastic enclosures $1,200,000

2015 Encore Industries, Inc. Cambridge 3261 Plastic products 35

2015 Engineered Profiles LLC Columbus 3261 Plastic products $3,700,000

2015 Entrotech, Inc. Hilliard 3261 Polymer coatings $6,000,000 18

2015 Genpak LLC Columbus 3261 Food trays $9,000,000 14

2015 Goodyear Tire & Rubber Co. Akron 3262 Tires 45

2015 International Technical Polymer Systems Niles 32521 Polymer additives $1,400,000

2015 Liqui-Box Corp. Ashland 3261 Plastic packaging $175,000 67

2015 Molten Corp./Molten (N. America) Corp. Findlay 3261 Plastic auto parts $3,500,000 14

2015 Nox Corp. Fostoria 3261 Vinyl tile $10,000,000 150

2015 Phoenix Technologies Intl. LLC Bowling Green 32521 Recycled resin $18,000,000 30

2015 PolyOne Corp. Greenville 32521 Polymer materials $5,000,000 20

2015 PolyOne Corp. Paulding 3261 Plastic film $2,100,000 7

2015 Remington Products Co. Wadsworth 3261 Plastic foam products $7,700,000 10

2015 Solvay NV/Solvay Specialty Polymers USA LLC Marietta 3261 Polymers $2,000,000

2015 Tigers Polymer Corp./Tigerpoly Mfg., Inc. Grove City 3261 Plastic auto parts $5,000,000

2015 Univenture Inc/EnvyPak Marysville 3261 Plastic packaging $3,600,000

2015 Valfilm LLC Findlay 3261 Packaging film $9,500,000 80

2015 Versa-Pak Ltd. Celina 3261 Plastic bags $1,000,000 10

2015 Totals $151,875,000 899

2016 Advanced Composites, Inc. Sidney 3261 Plastic materials $2,800,000

2016 Advanced Drainage Systems, Inc. Hamilton 3261 Plastic pipe $850,000

2016 Associated Plastics Corp. Ada 3261 Plastic products $2,800,000 15

2016 B&B Molded Products, Inc. Defiance 3261 Plastic products $2,500,000 10

2016 Blair Rubber Co. Seville 3262 Rubber products $5,000,000

2016 Centrex Plastics LLC Findlay 32619 Injection molded plastics $2,600,000 40

2016 Chem Technologies Ltd. Middlefield 325991 Rubber mixing

2016 Comfort Line Ltd. Toledo 3261 Windows $1,500,000

2016 Electro-General Plastics Corp. Grove City 3261 Plastic products $1,200,000 15

2016 Evanston Investments LLC Bath Twp. 3262 Rubber products $1,850,000 14

69




2016 Freeman Co. Fremont 3261 Plastic products $5,000,000 6

2016 Gateway Plastics, Inc. Tipp City 3261 Plastic products $30,000,000 200

2016 I-Care Solutions Shawnee Twp. 3261 Plastic pellets $5,000,000 35

2016 Liqui-Box Corp. Upper Sandusky 3261 Food packaging $2,800,000 7

2016 Mantaline Corp. Hiram 3262 Rubber products $2,600,000 18

2016 Mar-Bal, Inc. Painesville 3261 Plastic products $15,200,000 107

2016 Meteor Sealing Systems Dover 3262 Rubber auto parts $5,000,000

2016 Mexichem, SAB de CV/Dura-Line Corp. Elyria 3261 Plastic pipe $3,000,000 60

2016 Nanogate AG/Nanogate Jay Systems LLC Mansfield 3261 Plastic products $3,400,000 25

2016 Performance Plastics Cincinnati 3261 Plastic compounds $1,800,000 10

2016 Philpott Industrial Plastics Aurora 3261 Plastic products $1,600,000 8

2016 Plastic Packaging Technologies LLC Columbus 3261 Plastic packaging $1,100,000 24

2016 Polychem Corp. Mentor 3261 Plastic strapping $500,000 31

2016 Polyfill LLC Sidney 3261 Plastic sheeting $4,100,000 30

2016 PolyOne Corp. Massillon 32521 Plastic materials 20

2016 Progressive Foam, Inc. Gnadenhutten 32521 Plastic materials $5,400,000 12

2016 PVS Plastics Technology Corp. Huber Heights 3261 Plastic products $600,000 20

2016 Rowmark LLC Findlay 3261 Plastic products $9,000,000 27

2016 Schutz Container Systems, Inc. Perrysburg 32521 Plastic containers $6,000,000 5

2016 Simplay3 Streetsboro 3261 Plastic products 30

2016 Tangible Solutions LLC Fairborn 3261 3D printer production $3,500,000 55

2016 Uni-Grip, Inc. Upper Sandusky 3262 Extruded rubber $1,500,000 13

2016 Universal Windows Direct, Inc. Bedford Heights 3261 Windows $3,500,000 40

2016 Totals $131,700,000 877

2017 20/20 Custom Molded Plastics LLC Holiday City 3261 Plastic products $15,500,000 100

2017 Alpla, Inc. Shawnee Twp. 3261 Plastic products $14,000,000 35

2017 Amcor Ltd./Amcor Rigid Plastics Bellevue 3261 Plastics bottles $40,000,000

2017 Complete Filter Media LLC Lancaster 3261 Polyester fibers $6,000,000 45

2017 Composite Advantage LLC Dayton 3261 Composite decking $2,100,000 90

2017 CPG - Ohio LLC Cincinnati 3261 Coated paper products $8,500,000 30

2017 Deceuninck N. America LLC Monroe 3261 Vinyl windows $27,000,000 85

2017 deSter Corp. Lima 3261 Plastic cutlery $5,300,000 70

2017 Elyria Plastic Products Elyria 3261 Plastic products $1,300,000 5

2017 Federal Supply Services Intl. Lucasville 3261 Shipping containers $2,000,000 31

2017 Grand River Rubber & Plastics Co. Ashtabula 3262 Rubber products $1,300,000

2017 MSW Plastics Inc. Vandalia 3261 Plastic products $11,000,000 50

2017 Nifco Corp./Nifco America Corp. Canal Winchester 3261 Plastic auto parts $3,100,000 12

2017 Octal Holding SAOC/Octal Extrusions Corp. West Chester Twp. 3261 Plastic products $7,500,000 20

2017 Ohio Pack LLC Heath 3261 Plastic film $25,400,000 55

70




2017 PureCycle Technologies Green Twp. 3261 Recycled plastics $120,000,000 60

2017 Rochling Automotive USA LLP Springfield Twp. 3261 Plastic auto parts $3,500,000 12

2017 Shin-Etsu Chemical Co., Ltd./Shin-Etsu Silicones of America, Inc. Akron 32521 Silicone products $21,300,000 25

2017 Synergy Mfg., LLC Piketon 3261 Plastic auto parts $1,300,000 49

2017 Techni-Plex, Inc. Holland 3261 Plastic products $7,000,000 3

2017 Teijin Ltd./Continental Structural Plastics, Inc. North Baltimore 3261 Plastic auto parts $75,700,000 186

2017 TH Plastics, Inc. Bowling Green 3261 Plastic products $6,500,000

2017 Total System Services, Inc. Columbus 3261 Credit cards $21,000,000 145

2017 Transcendia, Inc. Hebron 3261 Plastic film $1,300,000 12

2017 Valfilm LLC Findlay 3261 Packaging film $6,900,000 20

2017 Venture Plastics, Inc. Newton Twp. 3261 Plastic products $3,000,000

2017 Weidmann Electrical Technology, Inc. Urbana 3261 Electrical insulation $2,700,000

2017 Totals $440,200,000 1,140

2018 20/20 Custom Molded Plastics LLC Holiday City 3261 Plastic products $42,000,000

2018 Advanced Composites, Inc. Sidney 3261 Plastic auto parts $14,100,000 8

2018 Advanced Drainage Systems, Inc. Findlay 3261 Plastic pipes $1,200,000

2018 Alpla, Inc. Dayton 3261 Plastic packaging $21,000,000 50

2018 Blade-Tech Industries, Inc. Streetsboro 3261 Holsters $1,700,000 30

2018 Cell-O-Core Co. Wadsworth 3261 Plastic products $500,000 5

2018 Chapin Custom Molding, Inc. Carlisle Twp. 3261 Molded plastic products $115,000 30

2018 Cooper Tire & Rubber Co., Inc. Findlay 3262 Tires $22,000,000 140

2018 CPG/AZEK Building Products, Inc. Wilmington 3261 Plastic building products $13,000,000 35

2018 Decked LLC Defiance 3261 Tool boxes $5,500,000 30

2018 Deflecto LLC Dover 3261 Air distribution products $740,000 25

2018 Freudenberg-NOK General Partnership Findlay 3262 Sealing products $3,700,000

2018 IML Containers Ohio, Inc. Plain Twp 3261 Plastic containers $21,400,000 80

2018 JAC Products, Inc. Napoleon 3261 Plastic auto parts $5,500,000 350

2018 Kent Elastomer Products, Inc. Kent 3262 Latex tubing $1,400,000

2018 Maverick Corp. Springboro 3261 Plastic products $2,000,000

2018 Mitsubishi Chemical Performance Polymers, Inc. Bellevue 32521 Plastics materials $2,000,000 25

2018 Nox Corp./Nox US LLC Fostoria 3261 Vinyl tile $25,000,000 75

2018 Option Care Enterprises, Inc. Hudson 3261 Plastic compounding $2,200,000 16

2018 Orbis Corp. Mentor 3261 Pallets $17,000,000 25

2018 P3 Infrastructure, Inc. Stow 3261 Adhesives and coatings $1,600,000 5

2018 Plastic Suppliers, Inc. Columbus 3261 Plastic film $1,700,000 18

2018 Plastpro 2000, Inc. Saybrook Twp. 3261 Fiberglass doors $11,600,000 30

2018 Polychem Corp./Evergreen Clyde 3261 Plastic products $1,100,000

2018 Rank Group/Graham Packaging Co., Inc. Findlay 3261 Plastics $5,000,000

2018 Remram Recovery LLC Orange Twp. 3261 Plastics $3,000,000 12

71




2018 Roppe Corp. Fostoria 3262 Flooring tiles $1,300,000

2018 Sare Plastics/Stuchell Lexington Twp. 3261 Plastic products $500,000 20

2018 Simona PMC, LLC Findlay 3261 Plastic products 36

2018 Tahoma Enterprises, Inc. Ashland 3262 Rubber products $1,800,000 18

2018 Tarkett SA/Tarkett USA, Inc. Auburn Twp. 3262 Flooring materials $12,050,000 76

2018 Trans-Foam Inc. Tallmadge 3261 Foamed plastics 60

2018 TravelCenters of America LLC Bowling Green 3262 Tire recycling $1,850,000 30

2018 Trelleborg Sealing Profiles U.S. Inc. Aurora 3261 Plastic and rubber products $15,500,000 32

2018 USA Vinyl LLC Groveport 3261 Vinyl fencing $3,050,000 37

2018 Valfilm LLC Findlay 3261 Plastic film $5,500,000 19

2018 Wilbert Plastic Services Bellevue 3261 Plastic products $8,600,000 88

2018 Zehrco-Giancola Composites, Inc. Jefferson 3261 Plastic products $1,900,000

2018 Totals $278,105,000 1,405

Grand Totals $1,001,880,000 4,321

Source: Office of Research, Ohio Development Services Agency (2016b-2019b).

Prepared by: Office of Research, Ohio Development Services Agency. Telephone 614-466-2116 (DL, 3/19).

72

Table A3: Distribution and Concentration of the Polymers Industry in Ohio - 2017-2012

Ohio as Ohio's

Amount Distribution U.S. Totals a Percent Rank inNAICS Codes Industry Title

1(millions) in Ohio (millions) of the U.S. the U.S.

2017 GDP:2

Total $645,820 100.00% $19,485,394 3.31% 7th

326 Plastic & Rubber Products $6,029 0.93% $82,812 7.28% 1st

2016 Value-Added:

3252+326 3-Group Sum $11,911 100.00% $154,089 7.73% 2nd

3252 Resins & Synthetics~

$1,827 15.34% $35,818 5.10% 5th

326 Plastic & Rubber Products3

$10,085 84.66% $118,271 8.53% 1st

3261 Plastic Products $7,782 65.33% $97,809 7.96% 1st

3262 Rubber Products $2,303 19.33% $20,462 11.25% 1st

2012 Data:4

Value-Added: Polymer Industries Total $10,290 100.00% $133,473 7.71% 2nd

32521+325991 Resins & Rubber Production & Compounding $1,811 17.60% $33,554 5.40% 4th

32521 Resins & Synthetic Rubber $1,557 15.14% $29,996 5.19% 4th

325211 Plastic Materials & Resins $1,449 14.08% $27,497 5.27% 3rd

325212 Synthetic Rubber $108 1.05% $2,499 4.34% 3rd

325991 Custom Compounding of Purchased Resins $254 2.47% $3,557 7.13% 3rd

326 Plastic & Rubber Products $8,479 82.40% $99,920 8.49% 1st

3261 Plastic Products $6,316 61.38% $82,043 7.70% 1st

32611 Uns. Plastic Films, Sheets & Bags $997 9.69% $16,643 5.99% 4th

326111 Uns. Plastic Bags $138 1.35% $3,914 3.54% 6th

326112 Uns. Plastic Packaging Film & Sheet $283 2.75% $5,018 5.64% 3rd

326113 Uns. Plastic Film & Sheet (Exc. Packaging) $576 5.59% $7,711 7.46% 2nd

32612 Plastic Pipe, Pipe Fitting & Uns. Profile Shapes $367 3.57% $7,476 4.91% 4th

326121 Uns. Plastic Profile Shapes $175 1.70% $3,577 4.89% 3rd

326122 Plastic Pipes & Pipe Fittings $193 1.87% $3,899 4.94% 5th

From Ohio

73

Table A3: Distribution and Concentration of the Polymers Industry in Ohio - 2017-2012

Ohio as Ohio's

Amount Distribution U.S. Totals a Percent Rank inNAICS Codes Industry Title

1(millions) in Ohio (millions) of the U.S. the U.S.

From Ohio

2012 Data (continued):4

32613 Laminated Plastic Plate, Sheet & Shapes $196 1.91% $1,795 10.93% 2nd

32614 Polystyrene Foam Products $119 1.16% $3,890 3.06% 9th

32615 Urethane & Foam Products (Exc. Polystyrene) $224 2.17% $3,933 5.69% 6th

32616 Plastic Bottles $544 5.28% $4,864 11.18% 1st

32619 Other Plastic Products $3,868 37.60% $43,441 8.91% 1st

326191 Plastic Plumbing Fixtures $37 0.36% $1,705 2.17% 9th

326199 All Other Plastic Products $3,831 37.24% $41,737 9.18% 1st

3262 Rubber Products $2,163 21.02% $17,876 12.10% 2nd

32621 Tires $579 5.63% $7,748 7.48% 3rd

326211 Tires (Exc. Retreading) $552 5.37% $7,265 7.60% 2nd

326212 Tire Retreading $27 0.26% $484 5.58% 1st

32622 Rubber & Plastic Hoses & Belts $295 2.87% $2,309 12.77% 1st

32629 Other Rubber Products $1,289 12.53% $7,819 16.48% 1st

326291 Rubber Products for Mechanical Use $803 7.81% $3,438 23.37% 1st

326299 All Other Rubber Products $486 4.72% $4,381 11.08% 2nd

Notes: 1 - Abbreviations: Exc. - Except; GDP - Gross Domestic Product; Uns. - Unsupported. 2 - State GDP is analogous to -

but not identical with - national GDP due to minor technical differences. 3 - The Value-Added figure for Plastic & Rubber

Products is greater than the GDP figure because the Bureau of Economic Analysis subtracts the cost of purchased ser-

vices from Value-Added; both are subject to revision. 4 - Data from the 2012 Census of Manufactures (2017 Census

Manufactures data will be available in 2020); ~ - A proxy for the combination of resins and synthetic rubber (32521) and

custom compounding (325991).

Sources: U.S. Bureau of the Census (2015c, 2018a); U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis (2019).

Prepared by: Office of Research, Ohio Development Services Agency. Telephone 800/848-1300 or 614/466-2116 (DL, 5/19).

74

Table A4: Establishments and Employment in Polymers Industries, Ohio and U.S., 2016

Mean per Mean per

NAICS Estab- Employ- Estab- Estab- Employ- Estab- Estab- Employ-

Codes Short Title lishments ment* lishment lishments ment* lishment lishments ment

Total Covered Employment 252,201 4,790,178 19.0 7,757,807 126,752,238 16.3 3.3% 3.8%

Polymers Industry 996 72,581 72.9 13,773 852,419 61.9 7.2% 8.5%

32521+325991 Resin & Rubber Production & Compounding 131 7,589 57.9 1,690 102,086 60.4 7.8% 7.4%

32521 Resin & Synthetic Rubber 96 5,795 60.4 1,266 81,729 64.6 7.6% 7.1%

325211 Plastic Materials & Resins 86 5,348 62.2 1,118 72,257 64.6 7.7% 7.4%

325212 Synthetic Rubber 10 447 44.7 148 9,472 64.0 6.8% 4.7%

325991 Custom Compounding of Purchased Resins 35 1,794 51.3 424 20,357 48.0 8.3% 8.8%

326 Plastic & Rubber Products 865 64,992 75.1 12,083 750,333 62.1 7.2% 8.7%

3261 Plastic Products 675 49,181 72.9 10,266 618,793 60.3 6.6% 7.9%

32611 Uns. Plastic Films, Sheets & Bags 86 5,883 68.4 1,303 102,527 78.7 6.6% 5.7%

326111 Uns. Plastic Bags 17 1,318 77.5 345 29,511 85.5 4.9% 4.5%

326112 Uns. Plastic Packaging Film & Sheet 24 2,067 86.1 394 33,491 85.0 6.1% 6.2%

326113 Uns. Plastic Film & Sheet (Exc. Packaging) 45 2,498 55.5 564 39,525 70.1 8.0% 6.3%

32612 Plastic Pipe, Pipe Fitting & Uns. Profile Shapes 60 2,603 43.4 839 43,504 51.9 7.2% 6.0%

326121 Uns. Plastic Profile Shapes 32 1,484 46.4 387 19,612 50.7 8.3% 7.6%

326122 Plastic Pipes & Pipe Fittings 28 1,119 40.0 452 23,892 52.9 6.2% 4.7%

32613 Laminated Plastic Plate, Sheet & Shapes 24 1,259 52.5 237 11,197 47.2 10.1% 11.2%

32614 Polystyrene Foam Products 23 673 29.3 426 25,247 59.3 5.4% 2.7%

32615 Urethane & Foam Products (Exc. Polystyrene) 37 1,774 47.9 647 31,000 47.9 5.7% 5.7%

32616 Plastic Bottles 27 3,044 112.7 448 30,662 68.4 6.0% 9.9%

32619 Other Plastic Products 418 33,945 81.2 6,366 374,656 58.9 6.6% 9.1%

326191 Plastic Plumbing Fixtures 16 397 24.8 360 17,183 47.7 4.4% 2.3%

326199 All Other Plastic Products 402 33,548 83.5 6,006 357,473 59.5 6.7% 9.4%

3262 Rubber Products 190 15,811 83.2 1,817 131,540 72.4 10.5% 12.0%

32621 Tires 30 3,445 114.8 482 51,098 106.0 6.2% 6.7%

326211 Tires (Exc. Retreading) 9 3,163 351.4 110 44,843 407.7 8.2% 7.1%

326212 Tire Retreading 21 282 13.4 372 6,255 16.8 5.6% 4.5%

32622 Rubber & Plastic Hoses & Belts 20 1,418 70.9 264 18,845 71.4 7.6% 7.5%

32629 Other Rubber Products 140 10,948 78.2 1,071 61,597 57.5 13.1% 17.8%

326291 Rubber Products for Mechanical Use 76 7,070 93.0 432 31,257 72.4 17.6% 22.6%

326299 All Other Rubber Products 64 3,878 60.6 639 30,340 47.5 10.0% 12.8%

Notes: * - Employment figures may not be exact due to confidentiality requirements; Exc. - excluding; Uns. - unsupported.

Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census (2018b).

Prepared by: Office of Research, Ohio Development Services Agency. Telephone 800/848-1300, or 614/466-2116 (DL, 5/19).

75

Ohio as a Per-

cent of the U.S.

Ohio U.S.

Table A5: Employment and Pay in Polymers Industries, Ohio and U.S., 2016

Mean Mean Ohio Means as

NAICS Employ- Annual Pay per Employ- Annual Pay per Percentages

Codes Short Title ment Payroll (000) Worker ment Payroll (000) Worker of U.S. Means

Total Covered Employment 4,790,178 $218,466,744 $45,607 126,752,238 $6,435,142,055 $50,769 89.8%

Polymers Industry 72,581 $3,566,170 $49,134 852,419 $43,841,498 $51,432 95.5%

32521+325991 Resin & Rubber Production & Compounding 7,589 $490,984 $64,697 102,086 $7,870,837 $77,100 83.9%

32521 Resin & Synthetic Rubber 5,795 $394,685 $68,108 81,729 $6,612,047 $80,902 84.2%

325211 Plastic Materials & Resins 5,348 $362,582 $67,798 72,257 $5,806,947 $80,365 84.4%

325212 Synthetic Rubber 447 $32,103 $71,819 9,472 $805,100 $84,998 84.5%

325991 Custom Compounding of Purchased Resins 1,794 $96,299 $53,678 20,357 $1,258,790 $61,836 86.8%

326 Plastic & Rubber Products 64,992 $3,075,186 $47,316 750,333 $35,970,661 $47,940 98.7%

3261 Plastic Products 49,181 $2,273,360 $46,224 618,793 $29,184,415 $47,163 98.0%

32611 Uns. Plastic Films, Sheets & Bags 5,883 $332,084 $56,448 102,527 $5,583,285 $54,457 103.7%

326111 Uns. Plastic Bags 1,318 $65,972 $50,055 29,511 $1,405,185 $47,616 105.1%

326112 Uns. Plastic Packaging Film & Sheet 2,067 $104,250 $50,435 33,491 $1,884,661 $56,274 89.6%

326113 Uns. Plastic Film & Sheet (Exc. Packaging) 2,498 $161,862 $64,797 39,525 $2,293,439 $58,025 111.7%

32612 Plastic Pipe, Pipe Fitting & Uns. Profile Shapes 2,603 $127,655 $49,041 43,504 $2,127,850 $48,912 100.3%

326121 Uns. Plastic Profile Shapes 1,484 $72,714 $48,999 19,612 $1,009,842 $51,491 95.2%

326122 Plastic Pipes & Pipe Fittings 1,119 $54,941 $49,098 23,892 $1,118,008 $46,794 104.9%

32613 Laminated Plastic Plate, Sheet & Shapes 1,259 $82,963 $65,896 11,197 $648,168 $57,888 113.8%

32614 Polystyrene Foam Products 673 $39,856 $59,221 25,247 $1,158,470 $45,885 129.1%

32615 Urethane & Foam Products (Exc. Polystyrene) 1,774 $84,247 $47,490 31,000 $1,432,220 $46,201 102.8%

32616 Plastic Bottles 3,044 $159,677 $52,456 30,662 $1,436,617 $46,853 112.0%

32619 Other Plastic Products 33,945 $1,446,878 $42,624 374,656 $16,797,805 $44,835 95.1%

326191 Plastic Plumbing Fixtures 397 $14,715 $37,065 17,183 $696,922 $40,559 91.4%

326199 All Other Plastic Products 33,548 $1,432,163 $42,690 357,473 $16,100,883 $45,041 94.8%

3262 Rubber Products 15,811 $801,826 $50,713 131,540 $6,786,246 $51,591 98.3%

32621 Tires 3,445 $230,299 $66,850 51,098 $2,979,472 $58,309 114.6%

326211 Tires (Exc. Retreading) 3,163 $218,756 $69,161 44,843 $2,727,324 $60,819 113.7%

326212 Tire Retreading 282 $11,543 $40,933 6,255 $252,148 $40,311 101.5%

32622 Rubber & Plastic Hoses & Belts 1,418 $72,415 $51,068 18,845 $885,772 $47,003 108.6%

32629 Other Rubber Products 10,948 $499,112 $45,589 61,597 $2,921,002 $47,421 96.1%

326291 Rubber Products for Mechanical Use 7,070 $295,721 $41,828 31,257 $1,392,791 $44,559 93.9%

326299 All Other Rubber Products 3,878 $203,391 $52,447 30,340 $1,528,211 $50,370 104.1%

Notes: * - Employment and payroll figures may not be exact due to confidentiality requirements; Exc. - excluding; Uns. - unsupported.



Ohio* U.S.*

76

Table A6: Establishments and Employment in Ohio's Polymers Industry, by County, 2016

Estab- Employ- Estab- Employ- Estab- Employ-

Area Name lishments ment* Area Name lishments ment* Area Name lishments ment*

Ohio 996 72,581 Greene 2 28 Morrow 2 9

Guernsey 10 716 Muskingum 4 183

Adams 2 36 Hamilton 31 1,514 Noble 1 71

Allen 9 981 Hancock 16 3,393 Ottawa 2 170

Ashland 6 527 Hardin 3 159 Paulding 5 321

Ashtabula 29 2,534 Harrison 0 0 Perry 0 0

Athens 1 7 Henry 5 353 Pickaway 4 846

Auglaize 9 696 Highland 3 313 Pike 0 0

Belmont 1 7 Hocking 1 34 Portage 50 3,421

Brown 0 0 Holmes 18 1,138 Preble 2 36

Butler 28 1,858 Huron 13 889 Putnam 4 296

Carroll 5 251 Jackson 2 68 Richland 8 987

Champaign 2 366 Jefferson 0 0 Ross 1 34

Clark 8 516 Knox 4 637 Sandusky 15 2,434

Clermont 12 408 Lake 26 1,153 Scioto 2 311

Clinton 1 249 Lawrence 1 37 Seneca 4 936

Columbiana 4 689 Licking 15 1,443 Shelby 10 1,532

Coshocton 0 0 Logan 4 341 Stark 33 1,582

Crawford 5 71 Lorain 35 1,813 Summit 100 6,013

Cuyahoga 71 2,145 Lucas 25 796 Trumbull 11 492

Darke 8 1,484 Madison 3 440 Tuscarawas 23 1,934

Defiance 1 14 Mahoning 21 751 Union 5 458

Delaware 5 196 Marion 2 638 Van Wert 4 449

Erie 7 400 Medina 24 1,309 Vinton 0 0

Fairfield 4 631 Meigs 0 0 Warren 9 471

Fayette 4 444 Mercer 4 191 Washington 6 1,108

Franklin 57 3,031 Miami 24 1,274 Wayne 15 585

Fulton 5 88 Monroe 0 0 Williams 18 2,372

Gallia 0 0 Montgomery 29 1,759 Wood 21 2,153

Geauga 27 2,912 Morgan 0 0 Wyandot 5 1,692

Note: * - All employment figures should be considered estimates. The fact that the sum of county employment figures - 72,624 - is slightly greater than the

state total - 72,581 - suggests county estimates tend to be slightly high.



77

Intentionally blank

78

Table A7: Ohio and U.S. Polymers Industry Employment Trends, 2006-2016^

NAICS

Code Shorter Industry Title 2006 2007 2008* 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Number Percent

Ohio: Polymer Industry Total 86,394 81,144 81,353 65,626 62,579 64,126 65,643 68,692 71,226 73,404 72,581 -13,813 -16.0%

32521+991 Resin & Rubber Production & Compounding 6,490 6,627 8,389 7,011 6,538 6,093 6,995 7,200 7,516 7,523 7,589 1,099 16.9%

325211 Plastic Materials & Resins 3,507 3,676 5,310 4,526 4,263 4,127 5,044 4,870 5,166 5,328 5,348 1,841 52.5%

325212 Synthetic Rubber 580 494 649 724 633 697 772 739 738 471 447 -133 -22.9%

325991 Custom Compounding of Purchased Resins 2,403 2,457 2,430 1,761 1,642 1,269 1,179 1,591 1,612 1,724 1,794 -609 -25.3%

326 Plastic & Rubber Products 79,904 74,517 72,964 58,615 56,041 58,033 58,648 61,492 63,710 65,881 64,992 -14,912 -18.7%

3261 Plastic Products 58,792 56,310 54,459 44,096 43,290 44,370 44,632 46,607 48,591 50,078 49,181 -9,611 -16.3%

32611 Uns. Plastic Films, Sheets, & Bags 4,910 4,937 5,068 4,620 5,005 4,835 4,917 4,797 5,187 5,690 5,883 973 19.8%

32612 Plastic Pipe, Pipe Fitting, & Uns. Profile Shapes 4,198 3,835 3,204 2,661 2,277 2,596 2,446 2,590 2,557 2,702 2,603 -1,595 -38.0%

32613 Laminated Plastic Plate, Sheet, & Shapes 886 1,011 1,239 1,076 984 1,067 1,428 1,429 1,442 1,465 1,259 373 42.1%

32614 Polystyrene Foam Products 1,070 1,073 1,154 983 723 708 548 615 628 675 673 -397 -37.1%

32615 Urethane & Foam Products (Exc. Polystyrene) 2,402 2,231 1,708 1,533 1,472 1,543 1,746 1,665 1,787 1,847 1,774 -628 -26.1%

32616 Plastic Bottles 3,899 3,886 3,635 3,598 3,453 3,050 3,180 3,098 3,136 3,066 3,044 -855 -21.9%

32619 Other Plastic Products 41,427 39,337 38,451 29,625 29,376 30,571 30,367 32,413 33,854 34,633 33,945 -7,482 -18.1%

3262 Rubber Products 21,112 18,207 18,500 14,519 12,751 13,663 14,016 14,885 15,119 15,803 15,811 -5,301 -25.1%

32621 Tires 3,138 3,335 3,452 3,268 2,715 2,895 3,048 3,281 3,185 3,497 3,445 307 9.8%

32622 Rubber & Plastic Hoses & Belts 2,376 2,066 1,802 1,521 1,285 1,522 1,424 1,406 1,451 1,508 1,418 -958 -40.3%

32629 Other Rubber Products 15,598 12,806 13,251 9,730 8,751 9,246 9,544 10,198 10,483 10,798 10,948 -4,650 -29.8%

U.S.: Polymer Industry Total 991,856 947,079 925,058 783,812 755,532 773,230 791,729 803,332 821,986 838,285 852,419 -139,437 -14.1%

32521+991 Resin & Rubber Production & Compounding 91,014 91,596 102,932 90,331 87,917 89,193 93,931 95,968 98,361 98,577 102,086 11,072 12.2%

325211 Plastic Materials & Resins 60,912 61,199 72,878 64,017 62,035 62,629 69,352 69,660 70,892 71,251 72,257 11,345 18.6%

325212 Synthetic Rubber 8,549 8,455 9,638 8,841 8,573 9,329 8,316 8,506 9,530 8,627 9,472 923 10.8%

325991 Custom Compounding of Purchased Resins 21,553 21,942 20,416 17,473 17,309 17,235 16,263 17,802 17,939 18,699 20,357 -1,196 -5.5%



32611 Uns. Plastic Films, Sheets, & Bags 101,725 97,545 98,090 91,423 91,259 91,380 96,046 95,864 97,300 100,228 102,527 802 0.8%

32612 Plastic Pipe, Pipe Fitting, & Uns. Profile Shapes 50,957 49,680 44,420 38,983 36,363 37,578 39,212 39,678 40,309 42,345 43,504 -7,453 -14.6%

32613 Laminated Plastic Plate, Sheet, & Shapes 11,063 10,718 12,853 10,770 10,374 10,682 10,555 10,343 11,188 11,675 11,197 134 1.2%

32614 Polystyrene Foam Products 32,756 32,229 28,026 25,330 25,047 24,947 23,492 24,151 22,861 23,797 25,247 -7,509 -22.9%

32615 Urethane & Foam Products (Exc. Polystyrene) 36,765 34,825 33,283 26,985 25,977 27,086 28,814 28,437 29,456 30,450 31,000 -5,765 -15.7%

32616 Plastic Bottles 32,773 32,863 36,028 33,746 32,717 31,054 32,347 31,899 31,316 30,812 30,662 -2,111 -6.4%


3262 Rubber Products 160,588 147,511 146,309 126,619 118,589 124,046 125,633 127,771 129,778 130,805 131,540 -29,048 -18.1%

32621 Tires 62,478 57,964 58,207 53,415 48,148 50,044 50,480 49,078 49,920 50,739 51,098 -11,380 -18.2%

32622 Rubber & Plastic Hoses & Belts 21,307 19,781 19,898 16,578 15,606 16,433 17,494 18,140 18,713 18,766 18,845 -2,462 -11.6%

32629 Other Rubber Products 76,803 69,766 68,204 56,626 54,835 57,569 57,659 60,553 61,145 61,300 61,597 -15,206 -19.8%

Notes: ̂- Employment figures may not be exact due to confidentiality requirements; * - Implementation of the 2007 N. American Industry Classification System (NAICS) added establishments and employees

to industry 325211; consequently, earlier figures are not entirely comparable with this and later figures; Exc. - Except; Uns. - Unsupported.

Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census (2008b-2018b).


79

Changes:

2006-2016

Table A8: Ohio and U.S. Polymers Industry Establishment Trends, 2006-2016

NAICS

Code Shorter Industry Title 2006 2007 2008* 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Number Percent

Ohio: Polymers Industry Total 1,201 1,150 1,147 1,120 1,068 1,052 1,047 1,038 1,035 1,029 996 -205 -17.1%

32521+991 Resin & Rubber Production & Compounding 127 122 135 133 129 128 132 131 128 134 131 4 3.1%

325211 Plastic Materials & Resins 65 63 84 79 76 78 86 81 82 88 86 21 32.3%

325212 Synthetic Rubber 9 6 6 9 10 12 13 15 13 13 10 1 11.1%

325991 Custom Compounding of Purchased Resins 53 53 45 45 43 38 33 35 33 33 35 -18 -34.0%

326 Plastic & Rubber Products 1,074 1,028 1,012 987 939 924 915 907 907 895 865 -209 -19.5%

3261 Plastic Products 821 792 780 759 730 717 716 704 708 701 675 -146 -17.8%

32611 Uns. Plastic Films, Sheets, & Bags 89 82 81 81 83 86 89 87 90 87 86 -3 -3.4%

32612 Plastic Pipe, Pipe Fitting, & Uns. Profile Shapes 80 77 73 63 64 61 63 61 63 63 60 -20 -25.0%

32613 Laminated Plastic Plate, Sheet, & Shapes 23 24 21 23 23 22 27 26 26 25 24 1 4.3%

32614 Polystyrene Foam Products 25 24 27 27 25 24 22 23 21 22 23 -2 -8.0%

32615 Urethane & Foam Products (Exc. Polystyrene) 37 38 40 41 36 37 37 34 37 37 37 0 0.0%

32616 Plastic Bottles 23 23 27 28 27 24 28 29 29 28 27 4 17.4%

32619 Other Plastic Products 544 524 511 496 472 463 450 444 442 439 418 -126 -23.2%

3262 Rubber Products 253 236 232 228 209 207 199 203 199 194 190 -63 -24.9%

32621 Tires 38 39 38 36 30 25 28 29 27 29 30 -8 -21.1%

32622 Rubber & Plastic Hoses & Belts 24 21 22 23 22 23 19 19 19 19 20 -4 -16.7%

32629 Other Rubber Products 191 176 172 169 157 159 152 155 153 146 140 -51 -26.7%

U.S.: Polymers Industry Total 16,123 15,770 15,673 15,024 14,611 14,383 14,444 14,187 14,127 13,996 13,773 -2,350 -14.6%

32521+991 Resin & Rubber Production & Compounding 1,531 1,537 1,740 1,673 1,642 1,639 1,756 1,719 1,729 1,720 1,690 159 10.4%

325211 Plastic Materials & Resins 791 799 1,070 1,036 1,014 1,024 1,161 1,131 1,136 1,135 1,118 327 41.3%

325212 Synthetic Rubber 153 150 147 140 142 147 149 152 152 153 148 -5 -3.3%

325991 Custom Compounding of Purchased Resins 587 588 523 497 486 468 446 436 441 432 424 -163 -27.8%



32611 Uns. Plastic Films, Sheets, & Bags 1,402 1,363 1,368 1,319 1,300 1,310 1,340 1,329 1,278 1,289 1,303 -99 -7.1%

32612 Plastic Pipe, Pipe Fitting, & Uns. Profile Shapes 1,027 1,031 1,024 894 892 878 883 881 866 878 839 -188 -18.3%

32613 Laminated Plastic Plate, Sheet, & Shapes 279 284 246 243 240 238 238 225 250 239 237 -42 -15.1%

32614 Polystyrene Foam Products 543 554 524 478 457 460 436 478 420 412 426 -117 -21.5%

32615 Urethane & Foam Products (Exc. Polystyrene) 653 648 671 655 622 636 637 631 653 654 647 -6 -0.9%

32616 Plastic Bottles 407 394 458 450 445 443 458 456 446 452 448 41 10.1%


3262 Rubber Products 2,251 2,179 2,154 2,055 1,983 1,941 1,930 1,885 1,896 1,849 1,817 -434 -19.3%

32621 Tires 663 649 643 580 535 514 529 500 528 508 482 -181 -27.3%

32622 Rubber & Plastic Hoses & Belts 260 256 263 266 261 262 253 254 260 260 264 4 1.5%

32629 Other Rubber Products 1,328 1,274 1,248 1,209 1,187 1,165 1,148 1,131 1,108 1,081 1,071 -257 -19.4%

Notes: * - Implementation of the 2007 N. American Industry Classification System (NAICS) added establishments and employees to industy 325211; consequently, earlier figures are not entirely comparable

with this and later figures; Exc. - Except; Uns. - Unsupported.

Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census (2008b-2018b).


80

Changes:

2006-2016

Table 9a: Plastic and Rubber Products and Total Gross Domestic Product, Ohio and U.S., 1997-2017

(in Billions of Current Dollars)

Percent Percent Concentra-

Year NAICS 326 Total of Total NAICS 326 Total of Total NAICS 326 Total tion Ratio

1997 $5.65 $343.47 1.65% $57.6 $8,577.6 0.67% 9.81% 4.00% 2.45

1998 $5.95 $361.63 1.65% $61.8 $9,062.8 0.68% 9.63% 3.99% 2.41

1999 $6.30 $376.03 1.67% $66.0 $9,630.7 0.69% 9.54% 3.90% 2.44

2000 $5.95 $391.14 1.52% $65.5 $10,252.3 0.64% 9.08% 3.82% 2.38

2001 $5.26 $395.62 1.33% $63.5 $10,581.8 0.60% 8.27% 3.74% 2.21

2002 $5.63 $411.97 1.37% $63.0 $10,936.4 0.58% 8.93% 3.77% 2.37

2003 $5.53 $424.92 1.30% $62.7 $11,458.2 0.55% 8.82% 3.71% 2.38

2004 $5.42 $445.54 1.22% $63.9 $12,213.7 0.52% 8.49% 3.65% 2.33

2005 $5.37 $465.81 1.15% $62.9 $13,036.6 0.48% 8.53% 3.57% 2.39

2006 $5.16 $477.18 1.08% $64.0 $13,814.6 0.46% 8.06% 3.45% 2.33

2007 $5.18 $490.97 1.05% $63.3 $14,451.9 0.44% 8.18% 3.40% 2.41

2008 $4.22 $495.74 0.85% $56.0 $14,712.8 0.38% 7.52% 3.37% 2.23

2009 $4.67 $480.32 0.97% $60.4 $14,448.9 0.42% 7.73% 3.32% 2.33

2010 $4.66 $497.21 0.94% $61.8 $14,992.1 0.41% 7.54% 3.32% 2.27

2011 $5.03 $525.39 0.96% $62.9 $15,542.6 0.40% 7.99% 3.38% 2.36

2012 $5.45 $540.82 1.01% $67.5 $16,197.0 0.42% 8.08% 3.34% 2.42

2013 $5.46 $561.05 0.97% $69.0 $16,784.9 0.41% 7.92% 3.34% 2.37

2014 $5.28 $593.03 0.89% $67.0 $17,521.7 0.38% 7.88% 3.38% 2.33

2015 $5.93 $609.75 0.97% $77.6 $18,219.3 0.43% 7.65% 3.35% 2.29

2016 $5.92 $621.36 0.95% $80.5 $18,707.2 0.43% 7.35% 3.32% 2.21

2017* $6.03 $645.82 0.93% $82.8 $19,485.4 0.42% 7.28% 3.31% 2.20

Net Change: -0.71% -0.25% -2.53% -0.69% -0.25

Notes: * - Initial; more recent prior years may have been revised.

Source: U.S. Bureau Economic Analysis (2019).


Ohio U.S. Ohio as a Percentage of U.S.

81

Table 9b: Plastic and Rubber Products and Total Gross Domestic Product, Ohio and U.S., 1997-2017

(in Billions of Chained Dollars Standardized on 2012)

Percent Percent Concentra-

Year NAICS 326 Total of Total NAICS 326 Total of Total NAICS 326 Total tion Ratio

1997 $6.42 $471.89 1.36% $65.4 $11,521.9 0.57% 9.81% 4.10% 2.39

1998 $6.38 $487.90 1.31% $66.3 $12,038.3 0.55% 9.63% 4.05% 2.38

1999 $6.92 $499.06 1.39% $72.5 $12,610.5 0.58% 9.54% 3.96% 2.41

2000 $7.02 $508.99 1.38% $77.3 $13,131.0 0.59% 9.08% 3.88% 2.34

2001 $5.95 $501.82 1.19% $71.9 $13,262.1 0.54% 8.27% 3.78% 2.19

2002 $6.34 $514.75 1.23% $71.0 $13,493.1 0.53% 8.93% 3.81% 2.34

2003 $6.49 $522.65 1.24% $73.6 $13,879.1 0.53% 8.82% 3.77% 2.34

2004 $6.76 $534.36 1.26% $79.6 $14,406.4 0.55% 8.49% 3.71% 2.29

2005 $6.73 $543.74 1.24% $78.8 $14,912.5 0.53% 8.53% 3.65% 2.34

2006 $5.92 $541.18 1.09% $73.5 $15,338.3 0.48% 8.06% 3.53% 2.28

2007 $6.09 $541.41 1.13% $74.5 $15,626.0 0.48% 8.18% 3.46% 2.36

2008 $4.86 $537.20 0.91% $64.6 $15,604.7 0.41% 7.52% 3.44% 2.18

2009 $4.94 $509.22 0.97% $63.9 $15,208.8 0.42% 7.73% 3.35% 2.31

2010 $5.10 $521.09 0.98% $67.6 $15,598.8 0.43% 7.54% 3.34% 2.26

2011 $5.29 $538.70 0.98% $66.2 $15,840.7 0.42% 7.99% 3.40% 2.35

2012 $5.45 $540.82 1.01% $67.5 $16,197.0 0.42% 8.08% 3.34% 2.42

2013 $5.33 $550.80 0.97% $67.2 $16,495.4 0.41% 7.92% 3.34% 2.37

2014 $5.25 $570.36 0.92% $66.6 $16,899.8 0.39% 7.88% 3.37% 2.33

2015 $5.49 $577.28 0.95% $71.8 $17,386.7 0.41% 7.65% 3.32% 2.30

2016 $5.42 $581.59 0.93% $73.7 $17,659.2 0.42% 7.35% 3.29% 2.23

2017* $5.60 $590.88 0.95% $77.0 $18,050.7 0.43% 7.28% 3.27% 2.22

Net Change: -12.71% 25.22% -0.41% 17.60% 56.66% -0.14% -2.53% -0.82% -0.17

Notes: * - Initial; more recent prior years may have been revised.



82

Ohio U.S. Ohio as a Percentage of U.S.

Table A10: Value-Added in Ohio and the U.S.: 2006-2016 (in millions of current dollars)

`06-`16

Area Name / NAICS: Title 2006* 2007^ 2008 2009 2010 2011* 2012^ 2013 2014 2015 2016* Averages

Ohio:

3252+326: Three-Group Sum $9,576 $9,808 $8,851 $8,140 $8,888 $9,309 $10,049 $10,436 $11,548 $11,265 $11,911 $9,980

3252: Resins & Synthetics~

$1,262 $1,617 $1,598 $1,491 $1,669 $1,699 $1,570 $1,573 $1,646 $1,637 $1,827 $1,599

Percentage 13.2% 16.5% 18.1% 18.3% 18.8% 18.3% 15.6% 15.1% 14.3% 14.5% 15.3% 16.0%

3261: Plastic Products $5,911 $6,046 $5,465 $4,850 $5,372 $5,493 $6,316 $6,644 $7,483 $7,167 $7,782 $6,230

Percentage 61.7% 61.6% 61.7% 59.6% 60.4% 59.0% 62.8% 63.7% 64.8% 63.6% 65.3% 62.4%

3262: Rubber Products $2,403 $2,146 $1,788 $1,798 $1,846 $2,117 $2,163 $2,220 $2,419 $2,461 $2,303 $2,151

Percentage 25.1% 21.9% 20.2% 22.1% 20.8% 22.7% 21.5% 21.3% 20.9% 21.9% 19.3% 21.6%

U.S.:

3252+326: Three-Group Sum $130,945 $133,871 $117,313 $109,903 $121,715 $121,624 $133,162 $138,804 $143,650 $146,191 $154,089 $131,933


$31,494 $33,931 $26,391 $28,073 $32,383 $29,900 $33,242 $34,460 $35,941 $34,382 $35,818 $32,365

Percentage 24.1% 25.3% 22.5% 25.5% 26.6% 24.6% 25.0% 24.8% 25.0% 23.5% 23.2% 24.5%


Percentage 63.2% 61.7% 64.8% 60.9% 59.6% 60.5% 61.6% 61.9% 61.4% 62.4% 63.5% 62.0%

3262: Rubber Products $16,689 $17,289 $14,926 $14,938 $16,757 $18,123 $17,876 $18,365 $19,545 $20,548 $20,462 $17,774

Percentage 12.7% 12.9% 12.7% 13.6% 13.8% 14.9% 13.4% 13.2% 13.6% 14.1% 13.3% 13.5%

Ohio as a Percentage of the U.S.:

3252+326: Three-Group Sum 7.3% 7.3% 7.5% 7.4% 7.3% 7.7% 7.5% 7.5% 8.0% 7.7% 7.7% 7.6%


4.0% 4.8% 6.1% 5.3% 5.2% 5.7% 4.7% 4.6% 4.6% 4.8% 5.1% 4.9%

3261: Plastic Products 7.1% 7.3% 7.2% 7.3% 7.4% 7.5% 7.7% 7.7% 8.5% 7.9% 8.0% 7.6%

3262: Rubber Products 14.4% 12.4% 12.0% 12.0% 11.0% 11.7% 12.1% 12.1% 12.4% 12.0% 11.3% 12.1%

Note: ^ - Census of Manufactures data; * - Unrevised Annual Survey of Manufacturers data; ~ - A proxy for the usually unavailable combination of plastic resins

and synthetic rubber (32521) plus custom compounding purchased resins (325991); 2017 Census of Manufactures data will be available in 2020.

Sources: U.S. Bureau of the Census (2008a-2018a, 2010c, 2015c).


83

Table A11: Capital Expenditures in Ohio and the U.S.: 2006-2016 (in millions of current dollars)

`06-`16

Area Name / NAICS: Title 2006* 2007^ 2008 2009 2010 2011* 2012^ 2013 2014 2015 2016* Averages

Ohio:

3252+326: Three-Group Sum $701 $750 $782 $435 $525 $835 $829 $804 $1,151 $1,201 $2,008 $911


$152 $147 $91 $54 $98 $151 $136 $154 $197 $130 $109 $129

Percentage 21.6% 19.7% 11.7% 12.3% 18.7% 18.1% 16.4% 19.1% 17.1% 10.8% 5.4% 14.2%

3261: Plastic Products $417 $432 $478 $302 $347 $577 $563 $510 $831 $949 $1,777 $653

Percentage 59.5% 57.6% 61.2% 69.4% 66.2% 69.2% 68.0% 63.4% 72.2% 79.0% 88.5% 71.7%

3262: Rubber Products $133 $170 $213 $80 $80 $107 $129 $140 $123 $122 $122 $129

Percentage 18.9% 22.7% 27.2% 18.3% 15.2% 12.8% 15.6% 17.4% 10.7% 10.2% 6.1% 14.1%

U.S.:

3252+326: Three-Group Sum $9,968 $10,990 $10,675 $7,717 $8,306 $11,115 $10,857 $11,329 $13,348 $13,526 $15,834 $11,242


$2,816 $3,456 $2,945 $2,393 $2,081 $4,189 $3,602 $3,530 $4,225 $5,063 $6,104 $3,673

Percentage 28.2% 31.4% 27.6% 31.0% 25.1% 37.7% 33.2% 31.2% 31.6% 37.4% 38.5% 32.7%


Percentage 60.3% 56.5% 58.5% 57.8% 58.4% 50.2% 53.2% 55.2% 53.4% 52.5% 52.9% 55.0%

3262: Rubber Products $1,138 $1,324 $1,482 $861 $1,374 $1,347 $1,483 $1,548 $1,996 $1,361 $1,361 $1,389

Percentage 11.4% 12.0% 13.9% 11.2% 16.5% 12.1% 13.7% 13.7% 15.0% 10.1% 8.6% 12.4%

Ohio as a Percentage of the U.S.:

3252+326: Three-Group Sum 7.0% 6.8% 7.3% 5.6% 6.3% 7.5% 7.6% 7.1% 8.6% 8.9% 12.7% 8.1%


5.4% 4.3% 3.1% 2.2% 4.7% 3.6% 3.8% 4.4% 4.7% 2.6% 1.8% 3.5%

3261: Plastic Products 6.9% 7.0% 7.7% 6.8% 7.2% 10.3% 9.8% 8.2% 11.7% 13.4% 21.2% 10.6%

3262: Rubber Products 11.6% 12.8% 14.3% 9.3% 5.8% 7.9% 8.7% 9.1% 6.1% 9.0% 9.0% 9.3%

Note: ^ - Census of Manufactures data; * - Unrevised Annual Survey of Manufacturers data; ~ - A proxy for the usually unavailable combination of plastic resins

and synthetic rubber (32521) plus custom compounding purchased resins (325991); 2017 Census of Manufactures data will be available in 2020.

Sources: U.S. Bureau of the Census (2008a-2018a, 2010c, 2015c).


84

Table A12: Plastic and Rubber Products Industry Gross Domestic Product and Jobs, Ohio and the U.S.: 1998-2016

Year GDP~

Jobs^ GDP/Job GDP~

Jobs^ GDP/Job GDP~

Jobs^ GDP/Job

1998 $63.8 91.2 $70.0 $662.6 957.2 $69.2 9.6% 9.5% 101.1%

1999 $69.2 92.4 $74.9 $725.2 973.6 $74.5 9.5% 9.5% 100.5%

2000 $70.2 94.0 $74.8 $773.2 985.2 $78.5 9.1% 9.5% 95.2%

2001 $59.5 82.5 $72.1 $719.0 924.0 $77.8 8.3% 8.9% 92.6%

2002 $63.4 79.2 $80.0 $710.0 871.4 $81.5 8.9% 9.1% 98.2%

2003 $64.9 76.6 $84.8 $735.8 841.2 $87.5 8.8% 9.1% 96.9%

2004 $67.6 74.1 $91.2 $795.9 826.6 $96.3 8.5% 9.0% 94.7%

2005 $67.3 72.5 $92.7 $788.3 820.1 $96.1 8.5% 8.8% 96.5%

2006 $59.2 69.6 $85.1 $734.6 813.5 $90.3 8.1% 8.6% 94.2%

2007 $60.9 65.7 $92.8 $745.0 780.9 $95.4 8.2% 8.4% 97.3%

2008 $48.6 61.8 $78.7 $646.4 746.2 $86.6 7.5% 8.3% 90.9%

2009 $49.4 50.9 $97.0 $638.7 640.4 $99.7 7.7% 7.9% 97.3%

2010 $51.0 51.4 $99.1 $676.3 634.1 $106.7 7.5% 8.1% 92.9%

2011 $52.9 52.3 $101.2 $662.4 644.7 $102.7 8.0% 8.1% 98.5%

2012 $54.5 53.7 $101.6 $674.9 656.0 $102.9 8.1% 8.2% 98.7%

2013 $53.3 55.0 $96.9 $672.5 674.1 $99.8 7.9% 8.2% 97.1%

2014 $52.5 56.0 $93.8 $666.3 688.6 $96.8 7.9% 8.1% 96.9%

2015 $54.9 57.0 $96.4 $718.1 704.1 $102.0 7.6% 8.1% 94.5%

2016* $54.2 57.7 $93.9 $736.6 716.0 $102.9 7.4% 8.1% 91.3%

Notes: * - 2016 - initial; more-recent prior years are subject to revision; ~ - In hundreds of millions, adjusted for inflation or deflation,

and standardized on 2012; ^ - In thousands; industry jobs include non-employers as well as employees.



85

Ohio U.S. Ohio as Percent of U.S.

Table A13: Exports of Plastic and Rubber Products (NAICS 326) from Ohio, 2008-2018 (in millions, except percentages)

Inflation-

Adjusted

Growth

Area 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2008-18

Current Dollars:

Total $1,591 $1,377 $1,677 $1,996 $2,152 $2,173 $2,490 $2,663 $2,380 $2,449 $2,422

NAFTA $968 $876 $1,085 $1,300 $1,385 $1,475 $1,772 $1,852 $1,609 $1,490 $1,508

Canada $720 $659 $821 $971 $1,030 $996 $1,098 $1,069 $964 $978 $1,050

Mexico $249 $217 $264 $329 $355 $478 $674 $783 $645 $511 $458

European Union (28 nations*) $265 $199 $224 $232 $216 $217 $236 $263 $246 $267 $275

China (with Taiwan) $85 $79 $118 $139 $142 $152 $208 $288 $294 $415 $385

China (with Hong Kong & Macau) $59 $53 $81 $90 $83 $97 $146 $198 $221 $315 $292

Taiwan $26 $26 $36 $49 $60 $55 $62 $90 $74 $100 $92

Japan $29 $24 $35 $34 $55 $56 $39 $41 $29 $33 $34

Remainder of World (175 areas)* $244 $199 $216 $291 $353 $273 $235 $219 $202 $244 $221

Percentage Distribution:

NAFTA 60.9% 63.6% 64.7% 65.1% 64.4% 67.9% 71.2% 69.6% 67.6% 60.8% 62.3%

Canada 45.2% 47.9% 49.0% 48.7% 47.9% 45.8% 44.1% 40.2% 40.5% 39.9% 43.4%

Mexico 15.6% 15.8% 15.7% 16.5% 16.5% 22.0% 27.1% 29.4% 27.1% 20.9% 18.9%

European Union (28 nations*) 16.7% 14.4% 13.3% 11.6% 10.0% 10.0% 9.5% 9.9% 10.3% 10.9% 11.4%

China (inc. Taiwan) 5.3% 5.8% 7.0% 6.9% 6.6% 7.0% 8.3% 10.8% 12.4% 16.9% 15.9%

China (inc. Hong Kong & Macau) 3.7% 3.9% 4.8% 4.5% 3.9% 4.5% 5.8% 7.4% 9.3% 12.8% 12.1%

Taiwan 1.6% 1.9% 2.2% 2.5% 2.8% 2.5% 2.5% 3.4% 3.1% 4.1% 3.8%

Japan 1.8% 1.7% 2.1% 1.7% 2.6% 2.6% 1.6% 1.5% 1.2% 1.4% 1.4%

Remainder of World (175 areas)* 15.3% 14.5% 12.9% 14.6% 16.4% 12.6% 9.4% 8.2% 8.5% 10.0% 9.1%

Adjusted for Inflation, Standardized on 2018^:

Total $1,679 $1,483 $1,835 $2,067 $2,099 $2,097 $2,455 $2,604 $2,356 $2,469 $2,422 44.3%

NAFTA $1,022 $943 $1,187 $1,347 $1,351 $1,423 $1,747 $1,812 $1,593 $1,502 $1,508 47.6%

Canada $760 $710 $898 $1,006 $1,005 $961 $1,082 $1,046 $955 $986 $1,050 38.3%

Mexico $262 $234 $288 $341 $346 $462 $664 $766 $638 $515 $458 74.7%

European Union (28 nations*) $280 $214 $245 $240 $211 $210 $233 $257 $244 $269 $275 -1.8%

China (inc. Taiwan) $89 $85 $129 $144 $139 $147 $205 $282 $292 $418 $385 331.2%

China (inc. Hong Kong & Macau) $62 $57 $89 $93 $81 $94 $144 $193 $218 $317 $292 370.0%

Taiwan $27 $28 $40 $51 $58 $53 $61 $88 $73 $101 $92 241.7%

Japan $31 $25 $39 $36 $54 $54 $39 $40 $28 $34 $34 9.5%

Remainder of World (175 areas)* $258 $215 $236 $301 $345 $264 $231 $214 $200 $246 $221 -14.3%

Notes: * - European Union nations include Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland,

Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, the Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden and the United Kingdom (European Union, 2019).

Overseas territories may be included with the national totals or listed with the 175 areas of the Remainder of the World (Samoa is one example of the latter); exports do not

go to every Remainder area every year (International Trade Administration, 2019); ^ - based on the U.S. BLS producer price export index for NAICS 326.

Sources: European Union (2019); U.S. International Trade Administration (2019); U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (2019).


86

Table A14: U.S. Exports, Imports and Balance of Trade in Polymers Industries with the Value of the Dollar, 2008-2018*

(dollars in billions)

Subject (NAICS Code) 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

International Trade Administration Data:

Summary Exports (3252+3261+3262) $59.3 $49.1 $61.6 $70.3 $71.0 $72.2 $73.8 $69.7 $67.0 $70.5 $75.5

Summary Imports (3252+3261+3262) $48.7 $38.4 $48.8 $59.2 $63.3 $64.9 $69.1 $68.5 $67.2 $72.0 $80.4

Balance of Trade $10.6 $10.7 $12.7 $11.1 $7.7 $7.3 $4.7 $1.2 -$0.3 -$1.5 -$4.9

Exports as Percentage of Imports 121.7% 127.8% 126.1% 118.8% 112.2% 111.3% 106.9% 101.7% 99.6% 97.9% 93.9%

Exports of PR, SR & SF (3252) $34.6 $27.4 $35.7 $40.4 $39.3 $39.7 $39.9 $36.5 $34.7 $37.0 $40.4

Imports of PR, SR & SF (3252) $15.5 $10.4 $14.1 $17.1 $17.4 $17.6 $19.4 $18.0 $17.4 $18.8 $21.3

Balance of Trade $19.1 $17.0 $21.5 $23.3 $21.9 $22.1 $20.5 $18.5 $17.4 $18.2 $19.1


Exports of Plastic Products (3261) $16.8 $14.6 $17.5 $20.1 $20.9 $21.8 $22.9 $22.8 $22.6 $23.3 $24.3

Imports of Plastic Products (3261) $19.1 $16.4 $19.5 $23.5 $25.4 $26.4 $28.2 $29.7 $30.3 $32.7 $36.7

Balance of Trade -$2.4 -$1.8 -$2.0 -$3.4 -$4.4 -$4.7 -$5.3 -$6.9 -$7.7 -$9.4 -$12.4


Exports of Rubber Products (3262) $7.9 $7.0 $8.4 $9.9 $10.9 $10.7 $11.0 $10.3 $9.6 $10.2 $10.8

Imports of Rubber Products (3262) $14.1 $11.6 $15.2 $18.6 $20.6 $20.9 $21.5 $20.7 $19.5 $20.5 $22.4

Balance of Trade -$6.2 -$4.5 -$6.8 -$8.8 -$9.7 -$10.1 -$10.5 -$10.4 -$9.9 -$10.3 -$11.6


Bureau of Economic Analysis Data:

Exports of Plastic Materials (325211) $31.6 $25.5 $32.8 $36.1 $35.3 $36.3 $36.9 $34.2 $32.6 $34.7 $38.1

Imports of Plastic Materials (325211) $13.5 $9.3 $12.2 $14.3 $14.8 $15.4 $17.3 $16.2 $15.9 $17.4 $19.7

Balance of Trade $18.1 $16.3 $20.6 $21.8 $20.6 $20.9 $19.6 $17.9 $16.7 $17.4 $18.5


Index Value of the Dollar 99.90 105.66 101.82 97.15 99.81 101.00 104.14 117.04 122.45 122.10 122.91

Abbreviations: PR - plastic resins, SR - synthetic rubber, SF - synthetic fibers. Note: * - More recent figures are subject to revision.

Sources: Federal Reserve Board (n.d.), U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis (2019) & U.S. International Trade Administration (2019).


87

Table A15: Industrial Production Indices by Industry, 1972-2016 (Standardized on 2012 Production Levels for Each Industry)*

Year 32521 325211 325212 326 3261 3262 32621 32622+9 Year 32521 325211 325212 326 3261 3262 32621 32622+9

1972 44.89 40.71 97.63 39.60 27.43 86.10 104.45 67.27 1996 87.13 84.03 125.94 99.76 97.59 108.40 112.48 104.60

1973 48.78 44.61 102.01 44.69 31.68 94.49 115.31 73.13 1997 96.83 92.48 149.24 105.91 103.43 115.81 118.69 112.91

1974 48.95 44.62 104.26 43.07 30.17 92.48 111.98 72.46 1998 102.12 100.04 131.98 109.72 107.77 117.51 117.49 116.84

1975 35.95 32.05 88.23 36.39 25.21 79.22 95.31 62.71 1999 106.43 103.72 142.64 115.52 114.56 119.36 116.28 121.05

1976 43.71 39.46 98.92 40.19 29.56 80.50 91.72 69.00 2000 104.83 101.82 143.81 116.75 115.68 121.00 120.99 120.31

1977 49.23 45.12 100.22 47.48 35.87 91.26 105.39 76.76 2001 94.81 93.43 116.89 110.01 109.97 110.07 110.62 109.01

1978 52.76 48.84 99.62 49.58 39.04 88.87 98.19 79.34 2002 99.67 97.40 130.16 113.92 114.93 109.63 111.04 107.90

1979 54.46 49.73 112.79 48.90 38.84 86.32 92.71 79.88 2003 96.93 93.74 135.53 113.97 114.92 109.93 112.52 107.25

1980 47.89 44.12 93.87 43.76 36.55 70.39 72.59 68.57 2004 101.29 98.83 131.87 115.41 116.12 112.36 112.00 112.12

1981 51.05 47.54 93.49 46.35 38.49 75.36 78.57 72.39 2005 110.16 108.43 130.37 116.64 117.65 112.28 109.82 113.77

1982 48.63 44.74 95.55 45.57 39.71 67.51 71.74 63.31 2006 107.68 106.22 124.26 117.35 119.28 108.91 104.47 111.93

1983 57.15 53.77 98.06 49.56 42.92 74.36 80.67 67.94 2007 114.97 113.55 130.96 114.11 114.78 111.49 112.34 110.64

1984 59.92 56.06 106.74 57.27 50.21 83.70 88.61 78.77 2008 97.58 96.21 113.16 103.38 104.36 99.26 99.53 98.86

1985 57.90 55.45 87.35 59.51 53.10 83.46 87.63 79.27 2009 85.78 85.29 91.44 86.43 87.04 83.92 87.47 80.95

1986 62.38 60.37 87.10 62.00 56.67 81.91 83.30 80.59 2010 98.14 97.57 104.72 94.20 94.25 94.10 92.46 95.42

1987 71.25 68.64 103.24 68.68 64.03 86.01 88.82 83.26 2011 95.07 94.77 98.50 95.53 94.51 100.07 102.44 98.24

1988 75.22 72.01 115.01 71.71 66.67 90.49 92.86 88.17 2012 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00

1989 75.73 72.86 111.03 74.18 69.73 90.78 93.44 88.16 2013 100.81 100.41 105.07 101.24 101.98 97.89 93.71 101.07

1990 76.68 73.55 115.11 76.25 72.08 91.86 95.51 88.24 2014 98.84 99.01 96.52 103.94 104.97 99.32 95.48 102.24

1991 74.03 70.67 114.66 75.41 72.17 87.74 92.36 83.09 2015 94.25 94.15 95.30 105.77 107.22 99.34 96.72 101.32

1992 80.04 76.87 119.27 81.18 78.53 91.45 93.44 89.46 2016 95.10 95.18 94.16 107.10 109.79 95.56 89.99 99.90

1993 79.59 75.40 128.95 86.94 84.00 98.34 99.06 97.57 2017 95.69 95.66 95.79 109.09 112.76 93.50 87.92 97.85

1994 89.44 85.99 132.14 94.17 92.44 101.23 102.61 99.84 2018 100.66 100.65 97.00 109.38 113.18 93.20 89.07 96.37

1995 89.85 86.81 128.26 96.57 93.98 106.89 109.78 104.11

Note: * - Production levels for other years are relative to production in 2012 within each industry; absolute production levels (not shown) would differ between industries for

every year.

Source: Federal Reserve Board (n.d.).


NAICS Codes NAICS Codes

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Table A16: Projections for Industry Group Employment*, Ohio and the U.S.: 2016-2026

Forecast: U.S.

Annual Output

NAICS Growth Rate^ Actual Projected

Code Shorter Industry Title 2016-2026 2016 2026 Number Percent

U.S. Total 2.1% 156,063.8 167,582.3 11,518.5 7.4%

31-33 Manufacturing 1.8% 12,348.1 11,611.7 -736.4 -6.0%

3252 Resin, Synthetic Rubber and Artificial Fibers 1.4% 92.5 80.3 -12.2 -13.2%

326 Plastic and Rubber Products 1.2% 698.8 633.6 -65.2 -9.3%

3261 Plastic Products 1.4% 565.7 522.0 -43.7 -7.7%

3262 Rubber Products 0.2% 133.1 111.6 -21.5 -16.2%

Ohio Total 5,793.82 6,047.16 253.33 4.4%

31-33 Manufacturing 684.99 644.48 -40.51 -5.9%

3252 Resin, Synthetic Rubber and Artificial Fibers 5.56 5.21 -0.35 -6.3%

326 Plastic and Rubber Products 56.69 50.10 -6.59 -11.6%

3261 Plastic Products 43.42 39.89 -3.53 -8.1%

3262 Rubber Products 13.26 10.21 -3.05 -23.0%

Notes: * - Projections have not been made for resin and synthetic rubber production (NAICS 32521), nor for custom com-

pounding of purchased resins (325991). However, resin and synthetic rubber employees comprised 97.8 percent

cent of the encompassing resin, synthetic rubber and artificial fiber group (3252) in Ohio in 2016 according to

County Business Patterns. The corresponding figure for the U.S. was 85.8 percent. In this sense, projections

for the group serve as proxies for the sub-group. The same cannot be said for the other chemical products group

(3259) and custom compounding (U.S. Bureau of the Census, 2018b). ^ - based on Gross Domestic Output,

which includes the value of intermediate goods - not just the final value characteristic of GDP.

Sources: ODJFS-LMI (2019), U.S. Bureaus of the Census (2018b) and Labor Statistics (2018).


Net Changes

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Jobs (in thousands)

A Polymers Primer

In the general manufacturing processes for plastic resins and synthetic rubbers (SRs), the raw materials – natural gas, petroleum, and coal tar – are refined, distilled and/or fractionated to produce gases, light oils, middle fractions, and heavy oils. These materials may be mixed with substances such as ammonia or formaldehyde, or further chemically decom-posed to yield intermediates that are, in turn, catalyzed into monomers. Specifically, natural gas olefins – ethane (C2H6), propane (C3H8) and butane (C4H10) – are separated and steam-cracked to yield ethylene (C2H4)n, propylene (C3H6)n and butadiene (C4H6)n. (These three are the most important because they are the building blocks for most resins and SRs.) Aromatics, particularly benzene and xylenes, are derived primarily from petroleum, but may also be produced from coal tar or olefin operations using steam cracking. Styrene (C8H8)n and phenol (i.e., carbolic acid, C6H5OH) are the two most common benzene derivatives; it also is used to make epoxy, polycarbonate, polyurethanes (C25H42N2O6), polyamides (i.e., nylons, C12H26N2O4), unsaturated polyesters and SRs. Xylenes are used in producing esters (compounds formed by eliminating water and bonding an alcohol with an organic acid). The monomers are finally catalyzed into polymers. Poly-mers are strings of petrochemical monomers. Polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP), polystyrene (PS), and polyester are chains of ethylene, propylene, styrene and ester monomers (Muir, 2014: 33-34; O’Reilly, 2010: 23, 29-32; Prat, 1993; Standard & Poor’s, 1994; Wikipedia, 2019). The production of plastic resins and SRs is more complex than described above. Examples abound, but a few illustrate the point. About three-fourths of ethylene output is used to make PE, PS, and polyvinyl chloride (PVC, (C2H3Cl)n, or ethyl-ene with Cl substituting for one H atom), with an additional portion used in SR production. About one-half of propylene output is used to produce PP; it also is used to make intermediate chemicals subsequently used to make acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS) (C8H8

.C4H6.C3H3N)n and unsaturated polyesters (all thermoplastics resins) as well as phenolics

and urea (CH4NO2) (both thermosetting resins). About two-thirds of butadiene production is used to make SRs, which, in turn, are used in tires and other fabricated rubber products; butadiene also is used in manufacturing nylon and ABS res-ins. Xylenes also are used to make vinyl resins (-CH=CH2, or ethylene minus one H atom). (Muir, 2014: 34; O’Reilly, 2010: 29-32; Wikipedia, 2019).34 Plastics and SRs use some of the same molecules, but they may be classified as one or the other based of the amounts of polymers comprising them. For example, a compounded resin with at least 50 percent butadiene is classified as a SR, but one with less than 50 percent butadiene is classified as a plastic. However, the key distinction between plastics and SRs is that the latter are vulcanized elastomers. Adding sulfur and “cooking” the mixture cross-links the polymers, in-creasing their resiliency and strength, and giving them elastic and yield properties similar to natural rubber. This converts the rubber hydrocarbon from a thermoplastic into a thermoset. (Natural rubber is mostly latex, or isoprene (C5H8), with some impurities. Its properties also are improved by further processing, including vulcanization.) Plastics are non-vul-

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canizable elastomers (Parker, 1984; Standard & Poor’s, 1989; Wikipedia, 2019). The most common SRs are butadiene and styrene-butadiene; additional SRs use other molecules – notably plastic monomers – and elements (chlorine, fluorine, silicone and nitrogen, to name a few), which may be blended with butadiene and styrene in various combinations. His-torically, the tire industry used about 76 percent of SBR production (Yoder, 2000). SRs also are used in inner tubes, laboratory tubes, hoses, plumbing fixtures, gaskets, mechanical belts and seals, gloves, footwear, scuba diving equip-ment, inflatable boats, mouse pads, orthopedic braces, adhesives, solid rocket propellant and radar absorbent material (Wikipedia, 2019). Mixing synthetic and/or natural rubber with plastic resins makes goods flexible and resilient. Converse-ly, using plastics such as nylons and polyesters in hoses and belts helps counter rubbers’ long-term tendency to lose resiliency (drawn from Roth, 2018a; Sanders, 2018a; Wikipedia, 2019). Plastics and SRs may be classified by their production characteristics. Commodity resins are produced in high volumes at low cost with little differentiation between manufacturers. PEs, PPs, PSs, PVCs, and SRs incorporating butadiene and propylene are examples. Their primary cost determinant is the price of the feedstock. These contrast with low-volume specialty resins custom designed to meet specific requirements. The latter often are critical components of end products, and are sold on performance characteristics. Research and development (R&D) and related engineering services are a large part of their higher cost. R&D for high-volume resins is limited, emphasizing reducing feedstock, energy and labor costs (Muir, 2014: 27; O’Reilly, 2010: 23). Other R&D efforts are geared toward improving the performance of existing resins by alloying and blending resins, or incorporating non-plastic materials in plastic resins to create composites. New uses of plastics are mentioned in industry or popular media such as the American Chemical Council’s plastics division, Plastics News, Rubber News or Scientific American’s website – <http://www.scientificamerican.com> (search on key-words “plastic” and “rubber”). Plastics may be grouped by a variety of characteristics, but the most basic and familiar division is between thermoplastics and thermosets. Thermoplastics can be re-softened by reheating, and therefore can be recycled into new products; ther-mosets cannot. Thermosets are heat resistant to a point, but reheating them to higher temperatures destroys the cross-linked polymers at their cores. However, some thermosets may be ground up and reused as filler. Major thermoplastics and their common uses include:

PE: high density – HDPE – detergent bottles and milk jugs; and low and linear-low – LDPE and LLDPE – dry-cleaning and produce bags, trash can liners, and food storage containers;

PP: drinking straws, bottle caps and food containers, and parts in appliances and motor vehicles; PS and extended PS (EPS): in foam form – insulation, padding, packaging pellets, cups, meat trays, egg cartons and

clamshell take-away food containers; in non-foam form – tableware and cutlery; may be straight or rubber-modified;

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PVC and copolymers (polymers made by alternating two different monomers in sequence): plumbing pipes and guttering, flooring, outdoor furniture, shower curtains, window frames, shrink-wrap, water bottles, and containers for salad dressings and liquid detergents; polyvinylidene chloride (PVDC) is a related plastic used for food packaging (e.g., Saran Wrap);

Polyamides (nylons): in fiber form – fabrics, toothbrush bristles and fishing lines; in block form – gears, bearings, bush-ings, and other mechanical parts; and

Polyesters, including polyethylene terephthalate (PET or PETE) (C10H8O4)n: films, jars, synthetic fibers such as Dacron, bottles for carbonated drinks, microwavable packaging and cooking oils; Teflon is a closely related plastic used for low friction and heat resistant applications such as water slides and frying pans.

Other notable thermoplastics include ABS and polycarbonate (PC) (C15H16O2). ABS is light and rigid yet good for shock absorbance. It is used in pipes, golf club heads, motor vehicle body parts, protective head-gear, electronic equipment cases such as monitors, printers and keyboards, and toys (e.g., Lego bricks). PCs are used in CDs, DVDs, riot shields, security windows, aircraft canopies, traffic lights, lenses and eyeglasses. Bayblend mixes ABS and PC, creating a stronger plastic used in cars. Thermoplastics have accounted for at least 90 percent of the total weight of plastics pro-duction for years and continue to have the more-promising growth prospects (Muir, 2014: 34; Wikipedia, 2019). Thermosets are relatively mature products, with at least two-thirds of demand tied to construction and consumer durables (Muir, 2014: 36). The most common are:

Epoxies: used in coatings, adhesives and composite materials such as fiberglass and carbon fiber; Urea: cushions, mattresses, furniture padding, and thermal insulation – all as part of blown polyurethane; coatings, print-

ing rollers and a spandex component – all as part of non-blown polyurethane; Melamine: produced from urea, it is used in kitchen utensils and plates; it is the main ingredient in Formica; and Phenolics (originally Bakelite): phenolics have been largely replaced by cheaper and less brittle plastics, but they are still

used in applications requiring heat-resistant and insulating properties such as electronic circuit boards.

Initial outputs may be in the form of pellets, flakes, granules, powders, liquid resins, sheeting and films. These, in turn, may be molded or shaped under heat and pressure (Muir, 2014: 34) to make final products (NAICS 326). Finished plastic products typically include a combination of additives. Processing-aids improve the compounding and molding of resins. They include lubricants, which enhance resin flow and mold release, and compensate for imperfections in the machinery and resins, and anti-blocking agents, which prevent layers of film from sticking together. Modifiers increase the materials’ flexibility or (if rubber-based) stress resistance. Extenders are a broad class of materials used to ensure the stability of resins during processing or prolong the useful life of the product. Extenders include antioxidants, antistatic agents, bio-cides, flame-retardants, and heat and light stabilizers. Colorants may be used. Additives are sold mostly to resin pro-ducers and compounders. PVCs use the greatest portion of these additives; PEs, PPs and PSs use significant amounts of antioxidants (O’Reilly, 1997b, 1999, 2003).

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Plastic products’ “versatility and ease of [manufacture] have made [them] essential material[s] for industrial production…” they have “penetrated almost every aspect of American life and new applications for [them] are continuously being dis-covered…” (Sanders, 2019b). Three basic processes for making plastic products are: 1) extrusion: resin pellets are load-ed into a machine, heated to a plastic (i.e., moldable) state and put through shaping apparatuses; 2) blow molding: resin pellets are loaded into a machine that uses heat and pressure to form round hollow tube called a parison, which in turn is captured by a radially mounted mold; air pressure is used to blow the parison into the mold’s shape; 3) injection molding: resin pellets are loaded into a machine, heated to plastic state and then injected into the mold cavity by the actions of an extrusion screw. A water trough usually is used to solidify the product once the desired shape is attained. Recent inno-vations in production processes include the advent of multilayer extrusion, which provides improved and sometimes uni-que properties for products, and using nitrogen gas to speed the cooling process, thereby increasing productivity (San-ders, 2019b). Manufacturing techniques for rubber products are more likely to use lathes for cutting, sanding or drilling after the initial extrusion and molding (Roth, 2018a).

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Industry Definition and Examples of Products

The nation’s industry statistics have been collected under the North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) starting in 1997 (Office of Management and Budget, 1998; minor revisions were made in 2002, 2007 and 2012). Estab-lishments producing goods or services sufficiently alike are classified in the same industry and assigned a six-digit code number. Closely related industries form an industry group. The first four digits of the industry code indicate the group to which the industries belong. (A five-digit code defines a subgroup when it includes more than one six-digit code; other-wise it is equivalent to an industry.) In turn, the first three digits indicate the major industry of which the groups are a part. In this report, the polymers industry is defined as the combination of one subgroup, one specific industry, and one major indus-try: resin and synthetic rubber manufacturing (NAICS 32521), custom compounding of purchased resins (325991), and plastic and rubber products manufacturing (326). Definitions and examples of specific industry products follow. 32521 Resin and Synthetic Rubber. Plastic- and rubber-based adhesives are classified outside of the polymers

industry. 325211 Plastic Materials and Resins. These are non-vulcanizable elastomers including thermoplastic and thermo-

setting resins. Plants also may mix or blend the resins they created on a customized or standard basis. 325212 Synthetic Rubber. These are vulcanizable elastomers; they are thermosets. 325991 Custom Compounding of Purchased Resins. These plants specialize in mixing or blending resins made

elsewhere. Reformulated resins from recycled plastic products are included. 326 Plastic and Rubber Products. Establishments in this sub-sector make goods from plastic resins and raw and

synthetic rubber. Plastic and rubber products are included in this sub-sector because both are elastomers manipulated with similar technologies. (Individual products are classified as one or the other based on their blended proportions; see A Polymers Primer.) Goods combining plastic and rubber products with other ma-terial(s) are classified outside of the industry because different technologies are used to produce them. Ex-amples of the latter include rubber and plastic footwear, furniture, and cloth or paper laminated with plastics.

3261 Plastic Products. These are intermediate and final goods made from new and/or recycled resins. Common technologies in this group include casting and various types of molding: blowing, compressing, extruding, and injecting.

32611 Unsupported Plastic Films, Sheets, and Bags. LDPE and PP may be the most common resin used. 326111 Unsupported Plastic Bags. Resins are processed into bags and/or coat or laminate film and sheet into bags.

Manufacturers also may print on the bags. Examples include grocery store bags as well as bags and wraps used by consumers for food storage and garbage disposal.

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326112 Unsupported Plastic Packaging Film and Sheet. Examples include plastics used by food processors, wraps bundling cartons on crates, and tamper indication wrappings. Laminates of such are included here.

326113 Unsupported Plastic Film and Sheet (Except Packaging). This industry produces films and unlaminated sheets for purposes other than packaging. These films and sheets are used as drop cloths, pit covers, and vapor and moisture barriers for concrete curing; they are movie film stock and provide weather protection among other things. (Examples for this subgroup drawn from Moss, 2018.)

32612 Plastic Pipe, Pipe Fitting, and Unsupported Profile Shapes. PVC and HDPE may be the most common resins in this subgroup.

326121 Unsupported Plastic Profile Shapes. Non-rigid profile shapes such as rods and tubes are used by various industries; sausage casings are used by food processors.

326122 Plastic Pipes and Pipe Fittings. The pipes and fittings are rigid. These pipes and fittings most commonly handle flowing water. Plastic plumbing fixtures are classified in 326191. Pipes may also protect fiber optic cables (Roth, 2018b).

32613 Laminated Plastic Plate, Sheet, and Shapes. Laminating generally involves bonding or impregnating the material with resins and compressing them under heat. Plates are in residential and commercial construc-tion, and are installed in airplanes, trains and boat interiors. Sheets may take a decorative form for flooring, kitchen, bathroom and office furniture. Shapes literally are goods of any shape, either as final products or intermediates incorporated into another product. They include thermosets as well as thermoplastics (San-ders, 2019c). Laminating packaging material is classified elsewhere in the polymers industry. Coating or laminating non-plastic materials such as paper or cloth is classified outside of the polymers industry.

32614 Polystyrene Foam Products. Food containers, cups, plates, bowls, egg cartons, packaging “peanuts” and foam blocks may be the first things coming to mind, but foams also are used to insulate pipes, and are pad-ding in furniture, bicycle helmets, and motor vehicle seats, side panels and bumpers (Sanders, 2019a).

32615 Foam Products (Except Polystyrene). Urethane is the principal resin used in a variety of products. Foams may be rigid (as in wall and refrigerator insulation), semi-rigid (in motor vehicle seats, cushioning or sound insulation) or flexible-but-resilient (bedding and upholstery). Foams also are used in jugs and ice chests, and as medical hydrophilics (Spitzer, 2019).

32616 Plastic Bottles hold a variety of liquids: water, juices, dairy products, sodas, beer, medicines, sauces and cooking oils, as well as dishwashing and other household cleaners, and even motor vehicle fluids (Sanders, 2018b). Other containers are classified elsewhere in the polymers industry; plastic bottle caps are classified in 326199. PET, HDPE and PC may be the most common resins used in this industry.

32619 Other Plastic Products. All major resins are used because the products are so varied. 326191 Plastic Plumbing Fixtures. Examples include bathtubs, hot tubs, portable toilets, shower stalls, and urinals.

Fiberglass may be incorporated. Plastic pipes and fittings are classified in 326122. Assembling plastic

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components into plumbing fixtures such as faucets is classified outside of the polymers industry. 326199 All Other Plastic Products. Examples include air mattresses, inflatable boats, buckets, credit and ID cards,

doormats, computer and peripheral components, gloves, clothes hangers, hardware, ladders, outdoor fur-niture, siding, trash containers, and non-foam cups, bowls and their lids, and dinnerware. Fiberglass may be included in some of these products (drawn in part from Sanders, 2019b). Resilient floor coverings (formerly 326192) were incorporated in 2012 as part of the revisions to the 2007 system.

3262 Rubber Products. Products may be intermediate or final, and are comprised of natural, synthetic, or re-

claimed rubber alone or in combinations. Common technologies used in this group include vulcanization, cementing, molding, extruding, and lathe cutting.

32621 Tires. 326211 Tires (Except Retreading). New tires and inner tubes of all shapes and sizes are included. Tires may be

pneumatic, semi-pneumatic or solid. The vast majority of tires are made for the motor vehicle industry, with most of these as replacements, not original equipment. Also included are tires made for other transportation and off-road equipment – airplanes, all-terrain vehicles, bicycles, go and golf carts, motorcycles and agricul-tural, construction, industrial and mining equipment (drawn in part from Lifschutz, 2018).

326212 Tire Retreading. The industry is distinguished from tire repair services by the reliance on assembly line operations. Retreads are commonly used on commercial trucks and airplanes, school buses, and off-road vehicles. These markets are much smaller than the market for passenger cars and non-commercial light trucks.

32622 Rubber and Plastic Hoses and Belts. Examples include garden hoses (including those made from purchas-ed hoses) as well as hydraulic and pneumatic hoses – excepting the latters’ assembly with fittings. Much of the output is used by motor vehicle and machinery industries as components for engines, pumps and tur-bines, and in agricultural, construction, industrial, material conveyance and mining equipment (drawn in part from Sanders, 2018a). Plastic and rubber tubes are classified elsewhere in the polymers industry.

32629 Other Rubber Products. 326291 Rubber Products for Mechanical Use. Products are typically used in transportation equipment, machinery,

and other equipment; one example is vibration control. 326299 All Other Rubber Products. Examples include balloons, bathmats, doormats, birth control devices, combs,

curlers, erasers, dishwashing and food service gloves, inflatable life rafts, latex foam rubber, medical sun-dries, printer roll components, reclaimed rubber, roofing materials, rubber bands, shoe components and tubes. Rubberized fabrics and clothing accessories such as bathing caps, surgical gloves, heavy-duty in-flatable rubber boats, toys, and gaskets-packing-and-sealing devices are classified outside of the polymers industry (drawn in part from Roth, 2018a).

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NOTES: 1 The only significant employment for Owens-Corning’s Fiberboard division and Hexion appears to be their head-

quarters operations for the industry. Company establishments with less than 25 employees usually are excluded as minor operations.

2 DowDuPont could be added to this list through its joint ventures with other companies, but it is scheduled to split

into three companies beginning in April 2019. 3 The formal NAICS industry titles use the plural “plastics” and the singulars “resin” and “rubber.” This report usually

uses “plastics” as a noun and “plastic” as an adjective, prefers the plural “resins” as more accurate, and recognizes “synthetic rubber” is a generic phrase covering many types.

4 This list overlaps with the analogous list in the Office of Research’s 2019 Ohio Motor Vehicle Industry report be-

cause the motor vehicle industry uses products such as tires and plastic parts, and establishments making them often have the motor vehicle companies as their principal – but not necessarily only – customers. This emphasizes the close relationship between the two industries in Ohio; in this circumstance, classifying any one establishment into one industry but not the other seems arbitrary.

5 The extent of globalization, either through international trade or individual companies’ multinational investments,

varies by industry segment. Some industry analysts describe resin and synthetic rubber production, new tires and rubber and plastic hoses and belts (NAIC 32521, 326211 and 32622) as highly globalized (Kalyani, 2018; Larkin, 2012; Muir, 2014; Lifschutz, 2018; Sanders, 2018a). Foam production (32614-5) is at the other end of the spec-trum (Sanders, 2019a; Spitzer, 2019). The globalization-levels of other industries fall in between.

6 This figure includes and credits all employees of companies owned in joint ventures with two U.S.-based com-

panies to the foreign-based companies. Furthermore, many other employment figures are rounded to the nearest five, and a few can only be approximated.

7 Statistics for the plastic- and rubber-working machinery industry from the Census Bureau were last published in the

2011 County Business Patterns and the 2007 Census of Manufactures data files. Such machinery was subsumed under “other industrial machinery” beginning in 2012.

8 Value-added (VA) is considered the best available measure for comparing the relative economic contributions of

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more specific manufacturing industries and geographic areas. The BEA’s GDP calculations for major industries and higher levels start with the Census Bureau’s VA figures and subtract additional costs such as purchased ser-vices in deriving the net contribution of the industry’s GDP. The VA and GDP percentages for Ohio may differ due in part to the variability of such costs between the states. VA figures are available for industry groups from the Annual Survey of Manufactures, and for subgroups and specific industries from the quinquennial Census of Man-ufactures; GDP figures are not.

9 2012 Census of Manufactures data show plastic resins and synthetic rubber production (32521) was 99.2 percent

of the value-added by the resins and synthetics (3252) industry group in Ohio; the corresponding national figure was 90.2 percent. Coincidentally, national custom compounding (325991) value-added was only 9.6 percent greater than synthetic fibers and filaments (32522), making 3252 a good proxy for the combination of 32521 and 325991. Since custom compounding value-added from Ohio was far larger than synthetic fibers and filaments – $253.6 vs. $12.9 million, comparing resins and synthetics valued-added from Ohio with the corresponding national total slightly under-estimates the concentration of the resins-synthetic-rubber-custom-compounding cluster in Ohio (U.S. Bureau of the Census, 2015c).

10 2017 County Business Patterns data remain unreleased at this writing because the Census Bureau has given work

on the 2017 Economic Censuses higher priority. 11 Employment figures for all counties with industry establishments should be regarded as estimates because the

Census Bureau does not disclose precise figures if doing so would violate the confidentiality of respondents. In-stead, the Bureau provides a range encompassing the jobs figure. Techniques thought to be fairly accurate on average can generate plausible estimates in these instances. Even when a specific figure is provided by the Bu-reau, a note describing how it may vary from the true number usually is attached.

12 County Business Pattern employment figures are for the week including March 15, which, in 2008, was in the early

stages of the recession. Changes in employment levels often lag the start of economic expansions and contrac-tions by about a year; that could be why March 2010 employment was less than a year earlier, even though the recovery started in the summer of 2009.

13 Beginning with publication of the 2008 data, use of the 2007 NAICS for County Business Patterns resulted in es-

tablishments and their employees being added to the plastic resins industry (325211) from elsewhere; this made comparisons with earlier years difficult.

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14 Most of the statistics used in this report come from the Census Bureau or are derived from its data bases. The use of one source takes advantage of an underlying consistency and uniformity of definitions and coverage across a variety of subjects and geographic levels as well as providing a high degree of accuracy. While Bureau of Labor Statistics data have the advantage of timeliness, they do not always have the specific industry and geographic de-tail characteristic of Census Bureau datasets. Statistics from the two bureaus may also differ due to differences in how they may classify the same establishments as well as collection methodologies.

15 Fluctuations in plant numbers may be more than establishments (re)opening and closing temporarily or permanent-

ly. While some establishments may have gone out of business or been closed as part of a company consolidation, others may have been reclassified when production changed to make or emphasize a different product. Such pro-duction shifts are particularly possible with resin and synthetic rubber production and compounding plants due to the similarity of raw materials and handling processes (Larkin, 2012), but there is no way of knowing for sure ex-actly what has happened.

16 This pattern of growth and contraction has been roughly in-sync with the encompassing overall economy and is

characteristic of a relatively mature industry. Net growth or contraction in industries showing cyclical changes in output may be a function of the starting and ending times chosen. Therefore, caution is warranted when trying to discern trends.

17 Current-dollar data in Appendix Table A9a confirm but magnify many of these points. 18 The U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA) count jobs regardless of owner-employee proprietor status. The

BEA uses U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics industry employment figures and data from other sources to arrive at a jobs count. Consequently, its figures tend to be greater than the Census Bureau’s employment figures. The con-sistent methodology in calculating GDP per job is to use figures from the same agency, which in this instance is the BEA. Other measures of productivity could use hours of production labor or associated wages, but those are neither readily available for states on an annual basis nor comparable with GDP figures.

19 Statistics for Ohio are not readily available, but data from the 2012 Census of Manufactures (file EC1231I1) show the vast majority of national capital expenditures in every five- and six-digit industry in this report went specifically for machinery or equipment.

20 The current-dollar figures in Appendix Table A10 were adjusted for inflation by using the U.S. Bureau of Labor Sta-

tistics’ (2019) producer price index values for the industry. Figures show in the chart and Appendix Table A10 are

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not comparable with Gross Domestic Product or Value-Added figures shown elsewhere. Export sales of plastic resins and synthetic rubber (32521) were 39.4 percent of revenue for U.S. producers according to the most recent available data (Kalyani, 2018).

21 U.S. ITA export and import values for plastic materials, synthetic rubber and custom compounding (NAICS codes

32521 and 325991) are not readily available (although Kalyani (2018) notes a trade surplus in 32521). Further-more, including synthetic fiber production (32522) overstates values for 32521. However, data from the U.S. BEA, shown in Appendix Table A14, seem to indicate the vast majority of group exports and imports (3252) are compris-ed of plastic materials (apparently 325211). Therefore, it appears group data (3252) are a suitable proxy in place of exact industry data. (Both agencies use data collected by the Census Bureau.) Using exports as percentages of imports expresses the balance of trade and removes the effects of inflation and deflation, allowing easy com-parison with the index value of the dollar.

22 High natural gas and oil prices and other raw materials (as well as technical innovations with competing materials)

can reduce or eliminate the cost advantage of plastics. Consequently, resin-producing companies try to reduce their exposure to spot market spikes by purchasing materials on long-term contracts (Muir, 2014: 28).

23 The most common thermoplastic resins were polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP), polyvinyl chloride (PVC),

polystyrene (PS) and expandable polystyrene (EPS). Other resins were produced in much smaller volumes (Amer-ican Chemistry Council, 2019).

24 Many of these companies have overseas headquarters, underscoring the globalized character plastic resins pro-

duction: Alfa is Mexican, Braskem is Brazilian, Formosa is Taiwanese, INEOS is Swiss but registered in the United Kingdom, LyondellBasell is Dutch (but held by an American holding company), Mossi & Ghisolfi is Italian, Shin-Etsu is Japanese and Total is French; Nova Chemicals is a Canadian subsidiary of International Petroleum Investments, which in turn is ultimately held by the City of Abu Dhabi of the United Arab Emirates.

25 The regulation of resin producers stems from their frequent work with hazardous materials. The rules contribute to

worker safety, public health, and environmental protection. Companies developed techniques to reduce, treat, handle and dispose of hazardous waste largely in response to tighter restrictions on emissions of harmful com-pounds. They also have developed a voluntary, self-regulatory program to improve health, safety and environ-mental performance – in part to avoid more onerous regulations as well as to improve their public images (Larkin, 2012: 18-19). Major laws affecting the industry include the Clean Air Act, the Clean Water Act, the Resource Con-servation and Recovery Act, the Toxic Substance and Control Act, and the Comprehensive Environmental Re-

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sponse Compensation and Liability Act (aka, the Superfund program) (Muir, 2014: 29). 26 Two examples illustrating some of these motives have been seen in Ohio. One was Dow Chemical’s purchase of

Rohm and Haas. The other is Momentive Performance Materials Holdings. Initially incarnated as Hexion Specialty Chemicals by the 2005 merger of Borden Chemical, Resolution Specialty Materials, and Resolution Performance Products, it made subsequent acquisitions and renamed itself. It is now a Fortune U.S.-1,000 company. Specialty chemical production is more resilient in downturns and less energy- and capital-intensive than commodity produc-tion (Muir, 2014: 28).

27 The rubber products group is so dependent on motor vehicles that Standard & Poor’s treats tire production as a

special motor vehicle parts industry and other rubber products industries (32622-9) as ordinary parts suppliers. Synthetic rubber production is analyzed as another chemical industry (325). See Levy (2014) and Muir (2014).

28 Despite their low profit margins (when compared with per unit replacement sales) and lesser percentage of total

sales, sales to assemblers are important for several reasons. The latter help replacement sales because owners tend to replace tires with the same brand. In turn, this means a larger market share than could be attained in the replacement market alone. The greater economies of scale also reduce per-unit operating costs and distribution and advertising expenses (Levy, 2014: 28). It may be such benefits enticed Cooper Tire & Rubber to enter the original equipment market several years ago.

29 This is not to say no new products from R&D activities have been introduced. Lifschutz (2018) notes:

“the development of self-inflating tires for the consumer market, with the technology already having a strong-hold in heavy machinery and military vehicles, as well as discolor tires, which expose a surface layer of bright orange rubber as tread wear deteriorates so that car owners may effectively tell when it's time to re-place their vehicle's tires. Additionally, some companies are developing alternatives to the industry-standard pneumatic tires, including eco-friendly tires that are composed of geometric shapes in lieu of air, as well as ‘tweel’ airless tires composed of flexible polyurethane spokes that support the tire's outer rim and are used to absorb shock. These tires seek to eliminate the most prominent concerns with standard pneumatic tires that include punctures, leaks and flats… Furthermore, innovation in carbon fiber wheels, a tire manufactur-ing technology that uses carbon fiber as a substitute for metal, is enabling carbon fiber tires to advance with-in the automotive industries from limited use in supercars to mainstream production models. Using carbon fiber wheels can produce weight savings as high as 10 pounds per tire, or 40 pounds per vehicle.”

According to the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, tires have become better at resisting wear. Consumers can search the Administration’s website; start with <https://www.safercar.gov/>.

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30 It only appears that there are more tire producers because there are many brands. For example, Goodyear’s other brands include Debica, Dunlop, Fulda, Kelly and Sava; and General, Toyo and Yokohama are under one umbrella company (Lifschutz, 2018). Furthermore, giants are not necessarily slow; the increased number of niche markets compelled them to adopt flexible manufacturing techniques. These more sophisticated processes allow producers to rapidly and economically meet any changes in customers’ specifications. However, the vertical integration of the tire industry usually does not extend into distribution and retail sales; other large companies typically dominate these businesses (Levy, 2014: 12; Lifschutz, 2018).

31 IBIS World industry analysts’ specific national industry forecasts have been aggregated to higher levels in this sec-

tion. 32 The maturity and slower, more cyclical industry growth, combined with an R&D emphasis on product and process

improvements – as opposed to inventions – suggest that most of the easy substitutions for alternative materials have been made. However, R&D can affect competition within the polymers industry; e.g., the competition be-tween polystyrene, polyurethane and rubber foams for use as insulation or cushioning (Sanders, 2019a-b; Spitzer, 2019). Basic R&D for new products such as bioplastics continues but may not always pan out. For example, bio-degradable plastics, made from vegetable oils and with fewer greenhouse gas emissions, remain 20 percent more expensive than those from oil and natural gas (Kalyani, 2018). Surprisingly, Sanders (2019b) concludes “in the near future, it will be crucial for companies to find plastic substitutes. Pressures from inexpensive imports and en-vironmental agencies will all negatively affect producers within the industry if advances are not made.”

33 Projections have not been made for resin and synthetic rubber production (NAICS 32521), nor for custom com-

pounding purchased resins (325991). However, resin and synthetic rubber employees comprised 97.8 percent of the encompassing resin, synthetic rubber and artificial fiber group (3252) in Ohio in 2016 according to County Bus-iness Patterns. The corresponding figure for the U.S. was 85.8 percent. In this sense, projections for the group serve as proxies for the subgroup. The same cannot be said for the other chemical products group (3259) and custom compounding (U.S. Bureau of the Census, 2018b).

34 Although complex molecules such as nylons and polyurethanes may have fixed numbers of carbon and other

atoms, the chemical formulas shown do not convey the varying spatial arrangement of the atoms in the molecules. Similarly, ABS resins may vary in the portions of their constituent molecules. The same may be said for other complex polymers and their mixtures – and there is no one formula for polyesters.

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THE OHIO MOTOR VEHICLE INDUSTRY · • Factories in Ohio ranked first in manufacturing both plastic products and rubber products (3261 and 3262) based on the latest Annual Survey