The Oceans of Our Mind - JNPerson

8/14/2019 The Oceans of Our Mind - JNPerson

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John N Person

During my research over the years I often stumble upon a subject that

sidelines my thinking process away from my present train of thought, and

when it does I might make a note somewhere or file it way in my grey-matter

to revisit that subject to better understand the minds that composed their

particular idea. One such subject is the debate between the Plate Tectonic

Theoryand the Expanding Earth Theoryscientists. On the surface it appears

simple and yet when I began to study different theories and diverse

approaches to them I decided to write this paper, more to establish some

order to my own thought process than to convince you or my peers of either

one of the theories.

I quote Sir Isaac Newton who once said:

I do not know what I may appear to the world; but to myself I seem to

have been only a boy playing at the seashore, and diverting myself in now

and then finding a smoother pebble or a pretty shell than ordinary whilst

the great ocean of truth lay all undiscovered before me.

The one region of the world I am familiar with is the Pacific Ocean, having

been raised near it, derived most of my education near it and in reality feel

quite lost when I know it is further away from me than 100 miles. It has a

profound affect on me and it has since I can remember.

I begin with the Pacific in my search for information on the debate in the

oceans, and with the discovery of a continuous earth-encircling ridge or rift

across our oceans. But not to be misled, I went outside of those oceans to

investigate the other oceans that do not contain saltwater.

According to established science, the theory of Continental Drift as Alfred

Wegener had defined it, has been solved by the scientists that gave us Plate

Tectonics revolution some maintain and I one of them, that it looks like they

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have only solved half of the equation. They have proven that oceans do

spread along the mid-ocean ridges and rifts. While they present evidence

that implies that while the present set of oceans has been spreading,

continents must be distancing themselves from each other and if cornered

to ask specifics about this spreading, the easy Atlantic is usually offered up

as an illustration.

In the theory ofContinental Driftit is labeled as happening horizontally

and therefore is limited to two-dimensional thinking. Isnt it so, that drift

would depend as well on your orientation in the third dimension. What if the

continental crusts that have become separated as a result of ocean floor

spreading may not be drifting at all if the sphere on which they were

drifting was expanding? Klaus Vogel demonstrated this in his concentric

Earth models in it he explains all apparent continental drift is three-

dimensional and, without exception as continental rising and separation.

As I read through various narratives one item really stuck, the belief that

Antarctica was once attached to the Earth in the Pacific. The information

supporting this theory is almost to the point where it is no longer just a

theory.

The basis for this stems from the fact that Antarctica is our most round

continent and our Pacific is our most round ocean. Although the continent is

no longer in the Pacific, the two are situated still close enough to suggest a

relationship, and in addition there seems to be a natural law that governs

the formation of the two.

The author of one particular paper, Karl W Luckert uses the following

paradigm to describe the process. He drew his observation of having

watching a chick hatch from an eggshell by cutting a circular opening with

its beak, therefore making an assumption that nature usually follows its own

easiest path. His conclusion is that the eggshell paradigm made more

sense than the vagabond one employed by Wegener in his hypotheses.

The result of his observations was to propose, That the most natural form of

a first continent, broken from the crust of a sphere that is internally

generating and equalizing expansion pressure, will be a circle.

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In his paper, Planet Earth Expanding and the Eocene Tectonic Event, he

draws a similarity between a balloon that is suddenly burst, where the air

pressure is released radially. This sudden outward pressure tears the

balloons skin differently than a simulation of horizontal crustal tension,

caused by the slow Earth expansion in other words the quick release of air

had to be slowed (in his balloon test) to simulate the horizontal crustal

tension.

To solve this he used two balloons, one stuffed inside the other one and

expanded the inner balloon with air, while pre-poking a hole at different

locations in the outer balloon.

In poking a hole in the top center of the outer balloon he did received the

expected results, the skin was divided into equal halves. In that two portions

of a spherical crust, broke by expansion pressure into equal halves,

necessarily do assume round shapes a result he received over several

times.

In the next series of experiments he then pre-punctured the balloon about

20 from the top this time resulting in parts that were of

unequal size, at one instance a smaller

roundish continental patch being peeled

free. Several attempts did produce a

continent with a genuine Antarctica tail!

The presence of the tails is not only intriguing but

becomes a significant fact for understanding the formation

of a continent as Antarctica as well as the creation of the Pacific Ocean.

Note, the tails were formed at the opposite side from the point of puncture.

Meaning that

the initial tear

traveled in

both directions.

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The reality, regardless the experiments, is that our planet does indeed

have one round continent with a tail, and it does have one expanded round

cavity next to it, the Pacific Ocean. In the evidence we have seen the balloon

demonstration show what happens with expansion, and therefore with noother viable mechanism for the resultant shapes (except expansion) it

remains closer to the truth of the movement of our planets that random

drifting continents bumping into each other.

The oldest ocean-floor found on our planet has been located in the

northwest Pacific Ocean, where it has been now theorized that the round

continent originated, or as some texts refer to, broken away, not very

many refer to any thing that might have happened to what caused that

breakaway.In the latter part of 2006, in the June issue ofScientific Dailyan article was

published that said that planetary scientists had found evidence of a very

large meteor impact on the round continent and that the 300-mile-wide

crater is now 1-mile beneath the East Antarctic Ice Sheet. The subsequent

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gravity measurements that have revealed it existence suggest that the

impact date go back about 250 million years.

The article goes on to say that the size and location (Wilkes Land, south of

Australia) suggests it could have begun the

breakup of the Gondwana Supercontinent

by creating a tectonic rift that pushed

Australia northward.

The location of the impact is shown

below.

When placing the impact within

supposed location of Antarctica

when it was located in the Pacific

it is up near the Coast of

southern Alaska.

The lower-right illustration shows that a portion Antarctica broke from the

dark area of the Pacific marked Jurassic which is the oldest section of any

ocean we have found (175-135 Million Years Ago). To refresh your memory

of the geological time scale:

Jurassic: 205 Million Years Ago

Lower Cretaceous: 135 Million Years AgoUpper Cretaceous: 100 Million Years AgoPaleocene: 66 Million Years AgoEocene: 58 Million Years AgoOligocene: 37 Million Years AgoMiocene, Pliocene, Pleistocene, Recent: 24 Million Years Ago

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The Pacific Ocean is divided into three parts, the older Northwest, the

younger East, and the highly irregular Southwest. It is essentially round, a

fact that is supported by the seismically active Ring of Fire, although it is

distorted in some areas and bent inward in the southwest some surmise

that this Ring of Fire is the scar left by Antarctica.

This ripping and moving of Antarctica did take more than a few days,

starting sometime in the Jurassic period to where at the beginning of the

Eocene epoch it was still located in the southwest region of the Pacific. And

on its eastern flank it was being embraced by the Americas. 123 million

years of movement, give or take, it took approximately to move to this point,

a distance of some 9500 miles, compared to our present size, about 4.9

inches per year or 0.013 inches per day. Differently not a speed burner.

It was during the Jurassic that the deeper oceans started opening up, by

the deep rifting. The oldest patch (175-136 Million Years ago, Northwestern

Pacific) initiated the separation of four future continents, Asia, North

American, Antarctica and Australia, Australia at this time was linked to New

Zealand and the cape of South America. The beginning date for this process

of separation is noted in the UNESCO Geological World Atlas (1988) is given

at 160 million years ago whereas since that time a revised age was given to

the region of the Pacific known as the oldest in any ocean as 175 million

years ago.

This is in contrast to the measured age of the Atlantic at 150 million years

ago (US Eastern Seaboard and the West Coast of Northern Africa) and at a

less amount for the Indian Ocean (100-66 million years ago, two small

segments of Jurassic north of Australia and one on the East Coast of Africa

south west of Madagascar next to the continent.

The Eastern Pacific is noted as being the youngest with the oldest floors

along the American coast only going back to the Eocene Epoch; it is with this

in mind that some scientists believe it was during this time that Antarctica

made its exit from the Eastern Pacific.

The now north-western flank of the Antarctic Plate, (facing Africa), had

been pre-cut along the Pacific mid-ocean spreading rift that was active from

the Jurassic until the Eocene. The other side of the spreading rift indicated in

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the Pacific as being elongated by Earths expansion, by the strip of Eocene

floor that presently runs longitudinally through the middle of the Pacific.

Together with the rift that had cut Antarctica and its older plate away from

the Americas, this mid-ocean rift relaxed during the Eocene while the Earth

expanded lopsidedly in the Southern Hemisphere this action let the

triangular Antarctic plate move southward. The super large soft area it left

behind began hardening first along is edges, leaving the soft middle for the

new Pacific spreading ridge to form, ever so gradually.

So there you have it (one theory) that says the Antarctica (the round

continent with a tail) is outlined by the contour of the Pacific Ocean, with its

Ring of Fire to accent it. The initial violence associated with its being torn

free is still reverberating along its outermost circle the Ring of Fire. Naturally,

one can only retrace this evolutional process by keeping an expanding

scale in mind, beginning with the original size of Antarctica as a smaller

figure 9. But, even later, after the southwestern region had been distorted,

by the Austral-Asian northeastern intrusion, the basic shape of the Pacific

Ocean has remained a circular cavity.

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As early as 1596, Abraham Ortelius had noted the matching shorelines of

the Atlantic Ocean. It is easy to see how the arc of northwest Africa must

have come from the bight of North America, and how the knee of South

America once occupied the Gulf of Guinea. Two Jurassic slivers of ocean floor

are found exactly where they can be expected if the Atlantic experienced

simple rifting and spreading.

The Atlantic has a clearly defined mid-ocean rift along which east-west

expansion happens. And there is what is known as transform faults from

north south distributed evenly along the oceans entire length.

During the Upper Cretaceous

(100 MYA) the Atlantic rift

moved into Baffin Bay, west of

Greenland where the main

northern spread, (east of

Greenland) was opened later

during the Paleocene (66 MYA).Iceland was pushed up along

the main North Atlantic rift, as a point of extra stress between Greenland and

Europe. Iceland is where the mid-ocean ridge erupted to appear above sea

level.

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A triangular peninsula, Greenland, now splits the fork of the North Atlantic.

Some observe that Greenland appears

not as a large island, but as a triangular

peninsula, somewhat like India and Sinai.

Evidence of an Eocene (43 MYA)

tectonic event1 in the Atlantic, is limited

to two areas, Middle America and the toe

of South America. The Panamanian

Isthmus

and the

West Indies Ridge, were pushed

northeastward, and when that happened

they passed on their impulse to the Atlantic

ocean-floor. This suggests that during the

Eocene some differential movement had

occurred between the South and North American plates. Whereas a patch of

Paleocene has been pinched off in the Atlantic, above the Vema Fracture

Zone, at latitudes corresponding to the West Indies bulge, its size is quite

large. As the process continued into the Oligocene (37 MYA), due to this

event, it appears the southern tip of the Jurassic curve (now east of Trinidad)

was displaced eastward by about 20 of longitude.

Recent ocean floor drilling all across the Caribbean Sea has revealed

amounts of volcanic ash from the Eocene epoch, and addition to the ash has

found evidence of a change of sea level.

All across Middle America these anomalies slide into the time frame of a

massive Eocene tectonic event that caused a sudden northeasterly move of

South America, at the same time caused the Panama Isthmus and the West

Indies Ridge to bulge in a northeasterly direction, and some speculate might

have nudged North America a little westward.

The southern end of the Atlantic, at the place where Africas Cape of Good

Hope still was embedded during the Jurassic, a portion of the Lower

Cretaceous floor has been forced eastward. This action is believed to have

1Massive event in the soft under belly of the Indian Ocean

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been a direct result of the massive event that happened during the Eocene,

but divided into two phases.

First: There was the partition of the old Antarctic plate from the eastern

Pacific that had nudged the southern portion of South American

eastward.

Second: During the 2nd half of the Eocene tectonic event, the counter-

clockwise turning Antarctica plate bumped its rear against the

eastern portion along the cape of South America.

This action left both the South American cape and the Antarctic heel

without any adjacent ocean floor

crust that would have cushioned

their impact on one another.

Because of this Antarctica has

pushed the Falkland Plateau, the

Scotia Ridge, and the Sandwich

and Orkney Islands into existence. And thereby destroyed the South

American contour that once matched the Great Bight of Australia.

The narrowing trunk of South America was sliced southward by horizontal

tension from both sides. Three huge continents had their wedges sliced in

a sequence of decreasing width. In their own patterns, all three of them are

stilling trying to point homeward to the place of their birth, the Bight of

Australia, or where it used to be.

All three tore away from the same continental unit with a final curve.

Africa tore out a curve above the toe of South America and since that

happened (during the lower Cretaceous), South America was stretched and

elongated southward by the circum-Pacific and circum-global belt that still

held together (into the Eocene).

This amount of stretching, which increased the length of South America

accounts for the difference in the match

between its longer contour and the

shorter one of Africa. By about 1400

Miles!

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Then it seems South America began cutting a liberation curve along the

Great Bight of Australia, this in the Paleocene epoch, before the Eocene

tectonic event, and during the same time frame Antarctica completed cutting

its ties of its pre-rifted tail from South America.

When the round Pacific began to open and when Antarctica was still being

peeled from it, the global pattern of tensions were in play, adjusting and

changing. Around 150 MYA the North Atlantic opened along a western curve

and begin cutting southward. Soon it ran southeastward and then reversed

itself at a near right-angle around the knee of South Africa. After that it

sliced a more-or-less straight line southeast. While the Pacific gave birth to

its legitimate circular continent with a tail, the Atlantic rift gave us a similar

amount of curvature in its reversing itself midway, to tear away Africa from

South America but by way of cutting the shape of a rather elongated S , the

Atlantic has become overall the most linear among our oceans.

Now there is a headline you wont fine flashing across the airwaves from

CNN, but then again you never know theyll run just about anything to get

an audience.

The Eocene tectonic event in the Pacific (that raised havoc around the

globe) was the main driver behind the changing location of Antarctic plate. It

affected most of the continent and its triangular older ocean floor crust that

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had become attached to its northern end and had previously reached into the

vicinity of Alaska.

As it slid southward it continued

to twist counter-clockwise and at

one point if bumped against the

eastern portion of the tip of South

America and caused such massive

destruction, that is still evident

today. After the heel swung

away and cleared Drakes

Passage its counter-clock swing

came to a halt when its former

mid-Pacific flank touched the edge

of the African plate.

The next question was there

sufficient space for the Antarctic

plate to exit from its Pacific Ocean

womb?

The answer is yes! Only if Australia

when it separated from South America

and spun/twisted itself into the Indian

Ocean what happened in reality was

that Australia and Antarctica

exchanges places. As Antarctica

twisted into the space vacated by

Australia, Australia was already on its

way (in a clockwise motion) towards

the location where Antarctica had

been.

Austral-Asias pulling away from the tip of South America had broken

loose the Antarctica plate from its ties of the Americas. Whereas, Australias

actual breakaway happened at a place (relative to the planets core), is now

occupied by Antarctica.

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Preceding the massive Eocene tectonic event the earth had been

expanding until it reached a point, (finding a weak spot Indian Ocean) it

snapped with a terrific force, when it finally broke (like a big rubber band) all

of Austral-Asia was pulled north and eastward.

On the other side of the globe South America jerked northeastward as

well, although with is mass and its link to the

North American plate, most of the shock was

absorbed but, the result of the movement

was the Middle American isthmus of Panama

and the West Indies Ridge were buckled

northeastward. Middle America appears twisted eastward approximately by

the width of the Cocos Plate and approximately the same distance exists in

the Atlantic between the Jurassic sliver in the North American bight and its

severed toe, east of Trinidad.

In addition, the jack-knifed movement that had caused Middle America to

buckle northeastward had nudged North America a little westward, from the

southeast, thus answering the question on why the Pacific Rift runs into the

Gulf of California and then continues under the western mainland of the state

of California.

There are other rifts under land on the Planet, where there is

intercontinental stress, but none of these conditions are present in the rift

on North Americas western edge.

It appears that the rift under the western edge was the boundary line

between the Americas and Antarctica, or the scar left when the Antarctic

plate broke away during the Eocene before the massive Eocene tectonic

event, in this case the eastern Pacific coastal rift has become a festering scar

running under the State of California.

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After the Atlantic rift had established its path, there remained (to the east)

a huge land-mass that needed to readjust to the ever expanding and

subsequent flattening of its surface. A few tens of millions of years after

the Atlantic action, toward the end of the Jurassic the Indian Ocean tore into

the remaining African, Eurasia, and the Austral-Asian supercontinent along a

line that on the present globe points due north.

This line (rift) today is known as the Ninety-East Ridge and is the

straightest natural line on our planet. This

line is our planets additive culmination in

regard to the basic expansion geometry.

First formed was the Pacific Circle,

followed by a curve in the North Atlantic,

that went it went south (present globe)

added a near right-angle at the knee of

South America in a sense though it

appears the veering and twisting Atlantic

rift tried to remain liner in an attempt to duplicate the circum-Pacific

stretching that was happening one continent further west. And then came

the Ninety-East line that cut the Indian Ocean, only being able to do so while

the north-south tension pulled initial material and while the east-west tension

was in lock-step with the Earths expansion to spread the rift. The Great

African Rift, Lake Victoria to the head of Lebanon runs parallel to the Ninety-

East line the rift that created the Indian Ocean.

In this report that I am basing most of this article on, the authors

maintains that the sub-continent of India did not drift across the ocean that

now bears its name this is evident when looking at the Jurassic rift that has

become the ocean. He maintains that India was never father away from the

main continent of Asia then it is today although it at one time been closer to

Africa, Arabia and Indochina.

The standard belief is that India is diving beneath the crust of Asia, which

in turn is creating the Himalayas this he disputes with a vengeance.

On the next few pages I will take a bit more of your time and explain what

a Subduction Zone, in theory is, and how it is described as functioning.

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Where two tectonic plates converge, if one or both of the plates is ocean

lithosphere, a subduction zone will form and the oceanic plate will sink (dive)

back into the mantel. It is important in this discussion to remember that

oceanic plates are formed from mantle material at mid-ocean ridges.

Young oceanic lithosphere is hot and buoyant and has a low density when

it is formed at the mid-ocean ridge, and as it spreads away from the ridge, it

cools and contracts in this becoming denser and is able to sink (dive) into the

hotter underlying mantle. Three key features are associated with subduction

zones:

1: A deep ocean trench2: A volcanic arc on the overriding plate parallel to the trench3. A plane of earthquakes, shallow ones near the trench and going

beneath and beyond the volcanic are

The deep ocean trench occurs where the oceanic plate bends

downward for its descent into the mantle, the bending of the lithosphere also

produces an outer bulge, on the seaward side of the trench.

The Benioff Zones are zones where most of the earthquakes associated

with the made by the motions of the trust faults (a product of the converging

plates), this happening when the oceanic material is diving back into the

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mantle, the greater distance from the fault, the deeper the earthquake. This

action was studied by Hugh Benioff after WWII, with his proposal being

accepted in 1954, he was working from a previous study done by Kiyoo

Wadati from Japan in the 1920s.

In Japan near the trench there are two planes of earthquake focus, on at

the top of the plate and one partway down into the plate mimicking a beam

of wood that is bent, where the upper surface is stretched while the lower

surface is compressed.

The angle of subduction [slope of the Benioff zone] varies from one

subduction zone to another, where the angle of subduction is largely related

to the age and therefore temperature and density of the diving slab.

The rate of convergence is also a big factor.

The older and colder the slab, the steeper the angle of subduction it sinks

very fast, for example at the Mariana subduction zone, where the old, cold

lithosphere of the Pacific plate subducts beneath the Mariana Islands, the

subduction angle is very steep, nearly vertical. Along sections of the Peru-

Chile Trench the subduction angle beneath the Andes Mountains, which are

much closer to the East Pacific Rise, and it is not nearly so steep. There are

some places where very young lithosphere is being subducted that the

subduction angle is nearly flat.

Benioff zone earthquakes have been recorded down to a depth of around

670 km [416 miles], a number that seems to be the upper limit to which we

can even record earthquakes why?

1st: The 670 km number represents the boundary between the uppermantle and the denser perovskite lower mantle

2nd: Earthquakes are normally produced by the motion of brittle faults,and rocks ordinarily behave in a brittle fashion down to 10 to 15 km[6 to 9 miles], this depending on the minerals and temperature.

The reason sited for the deep earthquakes is that subducting material

crust remains cold and brittle well down into the mantle, before it

gradually is heated by the surrounding mantle. So perhaps subducting

crust may remain brittle at intermediate depths, perhaps down to 300 km

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[186 miles], but it could not remain brittle all the way to 670 km therefore

the proposed cause of deep earthquakes is due to the sudden

transformation of minerals no longer stable at this depth.

Seismic tomography is a method used for studying the Earths interior,

sensors set around the globe record the earthquake waves as they roll

throughout the planet, analyzing these readings the seismic velocity of the

rocks at various points can be determined. Whereas any differences in

seismic velocity are the result of small differences in the density of rocks so

seismic tomography measures the temperature variations in the mantle.

Science Daily reported on April 7th, 2007 that MIT and Purdue scientists

using the data from over 1,000 seismic sensors located around the world

have been able to produce high-resolution images down to 2,900 kms [1,800

miles], in their quest to locate reservoirs

of oil and gas beneath Central and North

America.

Using this technique (like medical

imaging such as ultrasound and CAT

scans) has given to new detailed images

of the boundary between the Earths

core and mantle.

The Earth is made up of the

outermost rocky crust, which is around 40 kms [24.9 miles] deep, iron and

magnesium silicates of the upper and lower mantel, and the liquid outer and

solid inner core.

There have been NO images that show subducting slabs as zones of high

velocity (lower temperature rocks) angling downward from their respective

trenches. As a matter of record, until plate tectonics was adopted there was

NO workable driving mechanism ofContinental Drift, mainly because the rock

flow mechanism was not widely understood even today the model of

Continental Drift still has no clear identifiable or generally agreed upon

mechanism for horizontal plate drift.

The energy requirement to drive subduction of an oceanic crust is not

available via the proposed synergistic combinations of mid-ocean-ridge

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(slab push), the asthenosphere2-lithosphere interface convectional (slab

drag), and gravitational and convectional subducting (slab pull) as a 100 km

(62 mile) thick slab of ocean crust and asthenosphere supposedly plunges

back down into an essentially solid convecting mantle.

And then the chains of volcanic arcs that are created behind the

subduction found on the overriding plate parallel to the deep ocean trenches,

as the volcanic island arcs the Mariana Island and the Aleutian Islands. Or

the Continental volcanic arcs, like the Andes and the Cascades, which have

formed near continental margins parallel to deep oceanic trenches.

It is noted that in their formation as a direct result of the Benioff zone

reaching a depth of 100 KMs [62.1 miles], where the magma continuously

forms and collects which then slowly rise through the mantle wedge above

the subducting slab this action feeds the volcanoes along the arc.

With reference to the subduction of

the crust itself, Professor S Warren

Carey is quoted as saying, No sediment

pile-up has ever been found in any

trench, slumping, sometimes on a

grand-scale, but no compression. Most

island arcs and trenches are concave to

the West (or some to the North)

because of rotation and expansion. In

his quote he compares trenches to that

of the head of a glacier or the graben

arc at the head of a landslide. He further states that the trench is the

boundary between the passive-zone to the East and the dilating-zone to their

West, which has drawn away from them.

In most cases the use of the word trench is misleading; upon closer

examination they look nothing like a trench in a cross-section view, normally

resembling a shallow-dipping trough and have low aspect ratios. These

features are often displayed as somewhat steep trenches in 2-D diagrams

and 3-D computer projections but this is solely due to the extreme vertical

2 Upper mantle

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exaggeration used within the data projections and diagrams. The main

significance of these deep ocean trough zones is their abnormal depth and

close proximity to areas of greatly enhanced seismicity, heat flow, tectonic

deformation, active volcanism on adjacent continental and island arc

mountain belts, which closely parallel the super-deep troughs.

Expansionists argue that the measurement of seismic events on these

inclined fault planes really indicate that the relative movement direction

between each side of the fault surface in other words a relative sense of

shear. There are two possible explanations for this relative shear

movement:

A. Oceanic crust is subducting under the Pacific Rim continents and island

arcs

B. Pacific continental margin mountains belts are rising vertically because

they are being punched upward by material rising from deep below.

Maintaining the B can only be correct as it is not possible for the oceanic

crust to crawl towards the shear zone (trough), because of the energy

necessary for it to do so.

They also admit, just as B must be correct in that there is NO clear

evidence of subduction in reading any global seismic data set. And go on to

state, the pattern of thrusting and deformation found in these compressed

Pacific continental margins, is precisely the style of deformation that must

always occur if these deep fault planes are actually the outer boundaries of

a rising mantle material along the oblique mantle detachments zones.

It is also mentioned in support of their expansion theory, that in very

rapid mantle rise, the earthquake fault plane, is disrupted by the volume

increase of the material rising from a higher density transition zone to one of

less density, not sinking as the subduction theory suggests this is more

likely the cause of deep earthquakes where a very rapid rise induces

movements that can not be relieved via the existing flow path, or is too rigid

to allow it movement.

There is physical surface evidence of this happening, where accounts

during the initial movements of large earthquakes on the Pacific Rim, where

the initial movement is upward and with subsequent violent horizontal

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shaking. This pattern is found on all continents and islands where large

earthquakes regularly occur on the Rim.

It can be said that this initial upward thrust could be due to the arrival

geometry of the initial seismic waves, but nonetheless regional uplift is the

usual result of the tectonic earthquake along the Pacific Rim. The Plate

Tectonic Theorydoes not deny this observation, but the uplift is claimed to

be the result of crustal compression due to convergent subduction.

Two very important questions follow this comparison:

A. Has the Pacific margins whole crustal thickness been compressed or

has it been extended before, during and after active orogenic uplift?

B. If the whole crustal thickness is not compressed during orogenesis, but

extends, what actually generates the compressional folds, nappes

and thrusts observed in all areas where violent catastrophic orogenic

uplift periodically occurs?

There are a couple of other features of physics that should be examined

with reference to the subduction Plate Tectonic Theory.

A. In order for the horizontally moving crust to penetrate the mantle willonly be possible depending on the rigidity, the strength and viscosityof the mantle, in several orders of magnitude less than thatestimated for the mantle. Material with viscosities of the order of 10 to

the 20 higher and higher can only be treated as a solid. The viscosityof the asthenosphere, even by Plate Tectonic advocates, is no morethan one order of magnitude lower than that of the overlyingmaterial. It is like stating that a vertical nail will eventuallypenetrate into a piece of wood because in 2-3% heavier and all ouravailable evidence points to density increasing with depth in ourEarth.

B. Then there is another discrepancy (failure) in dealing with the ridgepush-trench pull mechanism (as adapted by the majority of Plate

Tectonic scientists), is the stress field it requires where therequirement calls for compression in the ridges and tension within

the subducting slab observations show just the opposite.

C. Math is another problem, in that there is in the combined trench lengthof only 30,000 kms (+/-) [18,641 miles], and over 120,000 kms [74,564miles of spreading ridges [ more] than there are trenches. In orderto obtain the balance of construction and destruction (as stated inPlate Tectonics) you would think theyd have to be equal.

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With the discovery of seafloor spreading and the thought that Benioff

(1954) must have been right (subduction in deep ocean trenches), it was

proposed that the arc margins might be produced by the melting of the

subducting ocean crust as a result of shear heating [a hypothesis made its

way into all textbooks as a FACT]. It was soon determined that shearing

between the down going crust and the mantle wedge could NOT produce

sufficient heat to melt the crust. In addition, since rocks are poor conductors

of heat, the subducting slab (crust and lithosphere mantle) remains colder

than the mantle though which it sinks.

Another factor to consider is that the detailed composition of arc lavas

(and rocks) is geo-chemically distinct from the mid-ocean ridge basalts. This

demonstrates that the mechanism by which arc magmas form is distinct

from the decompression melting that produces the mid-ocean ridge

magmas and that arc magmas are NOT made of melted ocean crust.

I seem to have taken a bit longer than I original thought I would now I

can move back into the formation of the Indian Ocean and the land around it.

Global tensile forces that have torn the outline of India appear to be the

same that gave similar triangular shapes to Greenland in the North Atlantic

and to the Sinai Peninsula at the northern end of the Red Sea. This is, if one

considers land-masses in terms of their general cohesion and NOT by the

arbitrary criterion of sea-levels where a few meters difference can classify

land as sea then Greenland becomes a peninsula of approximately the

shape and size of India.

An although there is a small cut near Spitzbergen which indicates the

Atlantic is making inroads into Arctic Ocean, a continental crust still

surrounds the young Arctic Ocean.

All these triangular peninsulas were torn from the original Earth crust by

the same force of the above-average Earth expansion in the Southern

Hemisphere even though there is some significant differences between

India and Greenland, this in their relationship to a neighboring continental

crust.

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Greenlands northern edge has no large

continent that could flange a mountain range

like those of India the Himalayas. It is

noteworthy to mention that the two most

linear-trending oceans (Indian and Atlantic)

are both aligned south and north and both

have a rifted V figure at their northern end. In

a sense, what the Atlantic rift did to

Greenland, what the Indian Ocean rift did to

India, and what the Red Sea is presently doing to the Sinai Peninsula, has

been happening down south in the reverse.

When the three great oceans (the 9-shaped Pacific, the S-shaped Atlantic

and with a V up north, and the I-shaped Indian Ocean with a V up north) had

been spread open, the narrow remainder of the original Earth crust (than

encircled the globe), still held together until the Eocene.

The continents that made up the remaining belt are the ones that now line

the Ring of Fire, which included the Americas, and Asia all the way down to

Australia, which until the Eocene event, had a its grip on the tip of South

America.

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The tectonic event that literally changed the face of Earth was an event

that broke loose Australia from the tip of South American and eventually spun

Antarctica into is place. Information obtained from the from Leg 121 of

the Ocean Drilling Program (ODP), was obtained by the drilling ship,

JOIDES Resolution who did a series of drill holes into the Ninety-East and

Broken ridges. The results revealed that there was greater than 1000 meter

[3,280 feet] uplift in response to a Middle Eocene event. It was measured as

a short duration rifting event (lasting 3 7.7 million years) and low present

day heat flow suggests a mechanical rather than a thermal mechanism for

uplift somewhere between 26 MYA to 33 MYA (some say 42.7 MYA) the

earth snapped like a big rubber band. Whereas, the Ninety-East Ridge and

the Broken Ridge were separated from the Kerguelen Plateau and Hotspot for

the formation of the South East Indian Rift.

Dropping back a couple of millions of years, the Paleocene epoch was the

beginning of some rifting along the Great Bight of Australia, this stress duringthis period prepared the way for the breakaway that changed the face of

the Earth (the cutting of Australia from South America) a little later during the

Eocene. It was during this Paleocene time that some serious rifting had

taken place between Australia and New Zealand.

This same tensile pattern of Austral-Asia can be traced all the way from

the stressed continental patches south of Tasmania and New Zealand

northward into China, to the mountain ranges that run northerly along the

eastern edge of the Tibetan Plateau. It also stretched the Austral-Asiasouthward, to the tip of South America, and began the buckling of the

eastern Himalayas and to some extent the Kunlun Mountains, southward

and in alignment with the mountain ranges of Indochina.

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Paleocene on the left Today on the rightAustralia turned clockwise

End of the Eocene Left Today on RightIt continued to turn clockwise after the Eocene

The lines are of equal length

Some maintain that Australia and Antarctica were once joined; in fact

most Expansionists believe this, while others say the round of Antarctica is

larger than the Bight of Australia, and that there is no visible agent, with

sufficient leverage to pull them apart.

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The yellow marker represents the impact crater of the 300 mile wide meteor

that smacked into Antarctica about 250 MYA.

In addition to the size difference and the lack of an agent, the Jurassic

ocean floors alongside Antarctica and in the Northwest Pacific are of the

proper proportions to match. Also, in the Pacific alongside the Americas, the

oldest floors are Eocene and leave room for a landmass to have been

severed from there during the Eocene.

With the exception of Antarctica, all continents still are linked together

around the North Pole. South American hangs onto North America, and

Australia and Africa still cling to the super-continent Eurasia. Antarctica is

the only loose continent.

And in looking at the chaotic seafloor topography of the Scotia Sea, most

do think that Antarctica arrived there from elsewhere, collided, and then

retreated.

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Since 1915 when Alfred Wegener published his continental drift theory

in Die Entstehung der Kontinente und Ozeane, and in 1933 when OttChristoph Hilgenbert published Von wachsenden Erdball, with his Earth

models, our knowledge base has been slanted in favor of land. Why, it was a

lot easier to study then going beneath the waves and the geological

processes were thought to be reasonably accurate.

We had evidence of uplift and sinking, of over-and under-thrusting strata,

of faulting, vaulting, volcanic eruptions to name a few pieces. And know with

a limited view of what we have discovered under the oceans more

questions have surfaced, as how are they uplifted, and how are theysustained?

Recent improvements (and not so recent) show bulges of magma under

the high mountain ranges which would maybe lead a few to believe that

somehow magma must be involved in their uplift. Then our thinking drifts

back into the theory of Plate Tectonics, where the assumption is that

mountain ranges are raised by plate collision and the under thrustment of the

plate diving down at the fault lines. This is a very hard action to overcome in

the mind and to eliminate the slow daily push that is creating our mountains.Expansion scientists say, mountains do not necessarily have to be

bulldozed up by horizontal collision, or heaved and floated up by angular

under thrustment. And say, the process of uplift can just as easily begin

with being pulled into folds.

It can be said that none fully understand the planets physics well

enough to know all the ingredients and the different changing states that are

possible in the continuum between potential energy and visible matter, in the

same breath it can be also stated that we dont understand the energy thatcauses variations in the apparent simple phenomenon of gravity.

What precisely are the relationship between weight, mass, energy and

gravity in the case of a gravity anomaly? We do receive a psychological

boost using math formulas in our providing shortcuts to move across the

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inconsistencies in the real physical world when dealing with the gravity

anomaly. As it stands now it appears to be higher in seismically active

areas and it is much, much lower on our cold Moon.

Some say its variations in energy manifestation must have something to

do with this, as anyone who has boiled a pot of water they soon realize that

an increase in energy will cause a decrease in density, as well as an

increase in volume. We still do not know how many different conditions

such increases are possible in this Universe.

There seems to be a question on whether there is a mechanism or if its

dynamism that drives the expansion theory. Although there are many

unknowns within the expansion theory, so is there with the plate tectonic

theory.

One example is the thought about circular mantle convection and its

postulation that it processes spin off, exude and lift up mountain ranges

along their upper boundaries, is thought to be more inexplicable than are

other thoughts in dealing with all-around mantle expansion.

Data that has been studied from seismic and volcanic events, shows that

our cooler brittle continental crust and lithosphere (both about 140km [87

miles] thick) float on hotter mantle materials, this is as we can determine.

Between the top crust/lithosphere and the mantle lies a zone of

transition, the asthenosphere (or) upper mantle that extends down another

300km [186 miles] from under the lithosphere, giving a total dept from the

crust of about 440km [273 miles]. Its consistency is thought to vary from a

near liquid to a tough viscosity, kinda of like a tough and viscous sheet of

taffy approaching the cohesion of a rubber tire. The question becomes,

how does a brittle continental crust and lithosphere respond while floating

on 300km of upper mantle semi-melt?

Karl W Luckert has identified three different conditions that he postulates

takes place in the formation of mountains.

A) Tensile Folding: this is explained in the following manner: Take a sheet

of any a fabric or plastic and stretch it evenly in the first dimension

(lengthwise). As you release the tension you put on it when stretching it, a

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pattern of parallel folds will appear. This is the starter model for obtaining

mountain ranges that run, by in large, parallel to each other along continental

peripheries. Tensile Folding does NOT by itself lift up the mountains ranges.

It merely determines where along the weakened underside of synclines3

faulting and the future intrusions of magma may occur.

On the underside of the fold, mantle side, there is taking place a type of

erosion, which is calculated to be a normal action, just as water and wind

create erosion effects on the top side.

When there is sufficient tension to create Tensile Folding there will be

places in the continental crust that are being stretched thin, even to the

point of submersion or breaking. It is noted that the same circum-Pacific

tension that has initiated the parallel folds in the Rockies and the Andes has

pulled apart the continental crust in along Middle America. And at the

northern edge of the Pacific, between North America and Asia, the polar

region is being stretched. Austral-Asia had been elongated in a similar

fashion that is until it finally snapped away from the Tip of South

America.

B) Flanging: This is the intrusion of magma into the faults and rifts from

underneath, and the uplift of mountain ranges, all tied into another force,

gravity in reality the actual uplift of a mountain range does not happen

hydraulically, but another simple process.

A continent is a fragment of the original and smaller Earth shell, and

flanging happens whenever a segment of continental crust finds itself

situated on an expanding sphere the ground beneath it is flattening out.

While the sphere expands, the original curvature of the continent fits less and

less on the decreasing curvature of the substratum (ground beneath it).

Magma support underneath the domed middle of the continental crust

continues to decrease, so as the original curvature is destined to crack and to

sag.

The still more convex continental crust (overhead) slowly sinks at it

center and disposes of excess surface crest in two easy:

3 Depressions

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First: In the middle of the continent the results of crustal compression

may go from a simple buckling to a severe over-and-under thrusting of the

strata. What this means, is that within a contained and flattening area

sections and layers of the brittle crust are being pushed over, under, or into

each other.

Second: The slouching vertical weight of the collapsing continental dome

causes horizontal slippage and bulging, outward from the center toward the

continents perimeter. Riding upon magma bulges that accumulate

underneath, some of the surface crust is compressed here and stretched

there by the undulations of these bulges (or) flanges --- as they travel

toward the continents periphery.

As the dome of the continent settles in the middle and flanges outward,

it adjusts somewhat unevenly to the flattening substratum produced by the

expanding sphere. Excess magma and lower strata of the lithosphere are

being weighted down into the asthenosphere where the magma is slowly

being squeezed outward. As the magma moves toward the continental

periphery under constant hydraulic pressure, from the sagging middle of

the continent, it uplifts and swells the lithosphere as it moves.

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Now magma is being squeezed into every crack and crevice of the

lithosphere and crust from underneath. As the continental unit (and its

dome) ages, more and more magma will have traveled toward its periphery

and the greater the swells and bulges4 and depressions will alternate. This

is the process that has been uplifting our planets high plains, plateaus, and

mountain ranges.

As examples of this process, look to the San Joaquin and Sacramento

valleys, and the Willamette valley in Oregon, albeit it is really not obvious.

Wherever the process of flanging does tear the periphery of a continental

crust, as happened along the subcontinent of India, there the major synclines

and magma bulges are constrained to accumulate farther inland. This

happened in the case of the Himalayas.

In the Americas there are places where pressure has been building up for

some time, and there were periods of seismic release numerous volcanic

fields and lava flows in these mountains attest to the fact of that the cooling

of magma, the fortification of the crust and lithosphere, has NOT always kept

pace with the amount of fresh magma pressure that arrived from the

continents interior.

The largest of North Americas western lava flows was the one that

happened 17 MYA and covered much of Idaho, Oregon and the state of

Washington sitting on top of this bulge are the Cascade volcanoes that act

as tiny safety valves for the Western bulge. Uplift will begin as soon as the

underlying lava flows cool enough to constrain the increasing hydraulic

pressure from underneath. As the process in on-going, (or) until we no longer

have a super-hot core in the middle of our planet, there is very little we can

do to divert or change the immense bladders of magma that are

accumulating as far east as the high plains of New Mexico, Colorado,

Wyoming and Montana it will continue.

The two largest earthquakes in North American history have given us a

better look at continental flanging.

There were numerous earthquakes over a period of several months in

1811 and 1812 along the New Madrid Fault in Missouri. They raised and

4 Anticlines

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tilted the land enough in one place to cause the Mississippi to flow backward

to the City of Saint Louis for a time, a distance of abut 150km [93 miles].

The fact that this fault system is situated in the middle of the tranquil

Great Plains is in full agreement with Expansion Tectonics as the crust of

every large continent suffers periodic collapse at the middle, and this

happens because the curvature of the crust adjusts to the flattening mantle

of an expanding Earth.

This particular event happened at the middle of a continental saucer,

the over-and-under thrusting of strata was constrained and contained in an

inland region. No continental edge needed to tear or slip outward onto

adjacent ocean floor.

The 1964 Good Friday earthquake in Alaska was different, in the end it

had modified the states entire southern coast. George Plafker studied this

event, whereas he carefully surveyed the surface dimensions along the coast.

He found that the continental crust was uplifted several meters along the

oceanfront. In his re-survey of some benchmarks on the continent itself he

found that the crust of Alaska had collapsed and spread outward, therefore,

its edge had slipped up over the adjacent ocean floor. From previous sea-

level platforms (along the shore), he could infer that such quakes had been

repeating themselves on average about every 800 years.

C) Relative Expansion Flow: This theory depends on the continental

lithosphere and the crust having zero cohesion, to the extent that they

disintegrate and flow wherever the expanding mantle carries them, NO

Relative Expansion Flow would exist below these two layers.

This flow would exist only relative to the undersides of continental

saucers, (or) relative to the undersides of tectonic plates which grow the

ocean floor outward along their peripheries. In other words, as a result of

Earth expansion and surface flattening, some excess mantle magma would

slowly ooze outward from underneath the continental crust and the

lithosphere that sag overhead.

If this is the case, than it can be said that at the exact middle of a

flattening continental saucer (or tectonic plate) there is NO relative

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expansion flow, whereas the middle horizontal pressure and flow do begin at

this location and increased outward in all directions.

In the asthenosphere, the further one moves outward under the continent,

the much faster the movement of the relative expansion flow while magma

creeps outward it agitates, intrudes, and bulges the lithosphere that rests

overhead. All movement upon and within an expanding sphere is relative

this is an important factor.

Relative Expansion Flow and Continental Slippage go directly against

the theory of Ocean Floor Subduction and Circular Convection Currents in the

mantle. While some magma from the mantle inevitably will bulge up into

the lithosphere and crust (by hydraulic balancing) and will cause uplift as a

result of crustal adjustments overhead, NO convection currents in the mantle

are implied.

Having identified tensile folding as the process that initiates the

directionality of peripheral depressions (synclines), and added flanging and

then relative expansion flow it is now possible to explain how coastal

depressions behave geologically.

Synclines are down-folds of the flanges that are being created by the

process most expansionists call Flanging, where the crust of a syncline

tends to crack open along its underside, parallel to the fold. As these

cracks widen they are being filled continually by magma, this to the extent

that the magma intrusions have time to cool and to harden, and the cracks

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along the underside are mended. As the coastline remains strong and

coherent, and as long as it withstands the magma pressure from the

continents interior, the syncline will eventually be uplifted (hydraulically).

During and after the uplift, surface erosion will wear away the mold and

unveil the cores of jagged ridges and peaks.

Having driven numerous miles in the U.S. and during that time on the road

I have noticed a number of youthful Alpine ridges on uphill and downhill

slopes.

The San Joaquin, Sacramento and Willamette valleys represent the

outermost of the large magma bulges that are being squeezed westward by

the flattening interior of the North American continent.

The size of a continental mountain range is directly related to the size of

the continent, whereas the amount of available magma used for flanging in

other words the mass of material available for the uplift is accomplished by

the large amount of magma from the steadily collapsing continental domes.

The larger a continent, the greater has been the supply of magma --- hence

the highest mountain range on Earth if found on the largest continent.

At one time or the other the hypothesis of a meteor causing the great

Eocene event, perhaps just as a trigger to release tension that gradually

had been building. Where we sit now in our analysis this would be

speculation, maybe in the future after we have thoroughly reexamined all

information and have firmly established a date for that event, then we can

step off in the heavens and look for any extraterrestrial connection.

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The Chicxulub meteorite impact has been dated as happening during

the Cretaceous/Paleocene boundary at 65 MYA (+/-) 500,000 years. Up to

this time-frame it has been pointed at as causing the demise of the

dinosaurs, although every day we move forward, new evidence that trickles

in from this study or that study is pointing toward the fact that this might be

a weak conclusion!

Documents

The Oceans of Our Mind - JNPerson