The next quasars and galaxies frontier:

The bluetides simulation Tiziana DiMatteo (CMU) Yu Feng (Berkeley), Rupert Croft (CMU), Aklant Bhowmick, Kuan-Wei Hunag, (CMU) Simeon Bird (JHU), Steve Wilkins (Sussex),Ananth Tenneti (CMU) Nick Battaglia (Princeton),Mark Straka (NCSA)

http://bluetides- project.org

The cosmic dawn - a largely unexplored frontier

300Myrs 800Myrs

z =8 z =6 z =7 1Billion yrs

Z > 7 A few (tens) of compact, clumpy irregular galaxies

two quasars

Z > 7 room for discovery

The first 800 million years

Predictions: Z > 7

http://bluetides-project.org/

The challenge: first objects are rare and tiny..

A sketch of Cosmic History

300Myrs 800Myrs

The Universe First Billion Yrs

BTii (renewal/ current BW project)

BT ( initial BW project)

BlueTides Simulation:

NCSA BlueWaters 0.7 million cores 0.7 trillion particles full hydrodynamics

Resolves galaxies and large-scale structure of the Universe

Hybrid TreePM (gravity)

SPH (Hydrodynamics – ideal fluid, baryons)

N-Body Method Grav. Potential, Poisson eq

à FFTW + Boltzmann Eq for collisionless DM

Euler

Continuity

3rd law of thermodynamics

Hybrid TreePM (gravity- dark matter)

SPH (Hydrodynamics – ideal fluid, baryons) Cosmological expanding gasà a is the scale factor

Euler

Continuity

3rd law of thermodynamics

Grav. Potential, Poisson eq à FFTW

+ Boltzmann Eq for collisionless DM system

BlueTides Simulation: Technology

BlueTides Simulation: Science

calibrated from rad. Hydro sims (Battaglia+13)

BlueTides 400 x volume of HubbleUltraDeepField,

Galaxy Luminosity Function in BlueTides consistent with Hubble Legacy Fields

Cosmic variance

Diff

. Num

ber d

ensi

ty o

f gal

axie

s

Feng et al., 2015a

(star formation rate)

Galaxy luminosity bright

Predictions from BlueTides: J

High-z qso

Z > 6 QSOs 1.3x1010M¤ @ z=6.3

¢

¢

Wu+15, Nature

2x109M¤ @ z=7 (Mortlock+11)

A few (Gpc)-3

¢

¢ 2x109M¤ @ z=7 (Mortlock+11)

at Z > 6 BH as massive as most massive at z=0 (t> 13 billion yrs)

McConnel&Ma13 Galaxy mass

h``11111  

1 QSO

z=6 qsos are this rare

Z = 7.54 J1342+0928 ALLWISE/Ukidss

Banados+17, Nature

MBH=8x108M¤

…. And after 6 years

Ma BH Seeds Small

Large

Grow Massive BHs

BH Seeds Small

Grow

PopIII remnants

ü  First stars (metal free) are massive M★ ~O(100) M¤

ü  When they die they leave a remnant BHs of MBH,seed ~ M★ ~ O(100) M¤

BH Seeds Large

Grow

Direct gas collapse

ü Deep potential well for gas infall and collapse require inflow rate > 0.1M¤

ü  Form a supermassive star, that accretes envelope forms MBH,seed ~ O(104-6) M¤

1.E+00

1.E+01

1.E+02

1.E+03

1.E+04

1.E+05

1.E+06

1.E+07

1.E+08

1.E+09

100 500 1000

BH

Mas

s in

Sol

ar M

asse

s

DC/supermassive Star Seed

PopIII Seed

Myrs since the BigBang

Observed..

How/ where do MBHs seeds grow?

BH-BH mergers

Mayer et al. Gas Accretion

Total mass density of BHs grows with time.

How/ where do MBHs seeds grow?

Gas Accretion

Total mass density of BHs grows with time.

LBH = efficiency Macc c2 BH Growth = Gas Supply = Energy liberated

AGN feedback

SMBHs

Stars (bulges) /galaxies

DM halos?

RSch=2GMBH /c2

Rgrav=2GMBH /σ2

microparsec/parsec

RSch=2GM*/σ2

kiloparsec

RSch=2GMHalo/σ2 megaparsec

Resolution demands to do BH growth in simulations

Uniform Cosmological Simulations with BHs

ü  rare regions Large Volumes

ü  galaxy scales High Resolution

ü  gas accretion Hydrodynamics

… + star formation BH accretion feedback

subgrid

BT only direct Simulation that probes high-z quasars

Example:

6x108Msun

Most massive BHs at z=8, M ~ 108Msun

Fastest growing, massive black holes are not in disky galaxies!

First quasars beyond z=7

T

The environment of the most massive BH: compact, spheroidal host galaxy with strong radial inflows

BT: First Massive stuff: tidal fields/IC

MBH=4x108 Msun

Primordial ‘Milky Way’ galaxies

∂i∂ j

First billion solar mass BHs

disc

spheroid

HIGH TIDAL FIELD

LOW TIDAL FIELD

Di Matteo+17

Strong enough inflow in rare region of low tidal fields rates can sustain critical growth rates (+)

High-z qsos

✔

1.E+00

1.E+01

1.E+02

1.E+03

1.E+04

1.E+05

1.E+06

1.E+07

1.E+08

1.E+09

100 500 1000

BH

Mas

s in

Sol

ar M

asse

s

DC/supermassive Star Seed

PopIII Seed

Myrs since the BigBang

109Msun

✔

Z = 7.54 J1342+0928 ALLWISE/Ukidss

Banados+17, Nature

MBH=8x108M¤

….current PRAC meets observations

quasar

Z = 7.54 quasar

Tenneti, TDM+18

MBH=7x108M¤ M*= 3e10M¤

…. In BlueTides

Does the BH ever stop growing?

Evidence for BH feedback/winds in z=6 quasars

Maiolino et al. 2013

The outflow at z=7.5

Z=7.54 Quasar outflows

Quasar outflows

Few 100 Solar Mass/yr

Does the BH ever stop growing? YES BT predicts z=7.54 quasar has strong outflows

Ni+2018

co-evolution of galaxies and BHs from high-z?

Who is the host ?

Who grows first? Galaxy or BH?

Courtesy of M. Volonteri

Giant BH, tiny dusty host galaxy for z=7.54 QSO

Tenneti+2018

BT predicts host for JWST observation:

qso

galaxy

Webb telescope

Webb telescope

The environment of the first quasar in Bluetides

Synthetic JWST observation of the host galaxy

Tenneti, TDM+18

Z = 7.54

MBH=7x108M¤

…. In BlueTides JWST FOV(~100”)

DARK MATTER

Tiny host galaxy for the first giant quasar

Bluetides z=7.54 quasar host galaxy

M87: another host of billion solar mass black hole

co-evolution of galaxies and BHs from high-z

BH ‘grows’ first

Courtesy of M. Volonteri

co-evolution of galaxies and BHs from high-z

Courtesy of M. Volonteri

Bluetides makes contact with data: first galaxies and quasars