The New South

1865-1900

The New South: Goals

Small farmsThriving industriesBustling citiesTo become reality, the “New South” must

copy the NorthRe-establishment of Southern

Democratic governments = “Solid South”

““The New South”The New South”

New South: A phrase used to describe southern progress in the late 1800s…IndustryIndustry!

Henry W. GradyHenry W. Grady: first to use the phrase… editor/part owner of the Atlanta Constitution (Daily Journal)

Henry W. Grady

The international Cotton Exposition

The International Cotton Exposition

1881, part of New South Program, Henry Grady promoted Georgia's first International Cotton Exposition

Exposition attracted 200,000 paid visitors

2 1/2 months long Showed rest of US

Georgia was ready for more industry

New South Creed

The “New South Creed” – Industrialize the South – Diversify agriculture – "out-Yankee the Yankees.” - Economic

cooperation with the North -- “improved” race relations - solidify segregation

“New South Creed” did not fit with “Lost Cause” – Was it better for South to look forward or

backward? – Many southern leaders tried to do a little of both:

Keep some old -- develop some new

Industrialization in the New South

Southern industries expanded after Reconstruction – Textiles – Tobacco – Timber – Iron and Steel

• 1890, Southern steel industry produced 20% of nation’s supply

– Railroads Between 1880-90, RR miles more than doubled in the

South

Southern Industry

Despite progress, Southern industry never equaled the NorthDeveloped mainly raw materials,

not finished productsRaw material economy paid low

wagesMuch of the capital came from the

North = profits left the South

Southern Industrial Labor

High % of Southern factory workers - women - sometimes entire families

Mill towns -- rigidly controlled Hours long -- wages low Protests & Union organization suppressed Company stores sold goods at inflated prices Blacks excluded from many factory positions

Hired only for the least desirable, lowest-paid positions. • Convict-lease system - chain gangs (free labor) • Child Labor

Cotton Manufacturing Moves South, 1880–1980

Child Labor in the Industrial South

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Child Labor in the Industrial South

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Family Labor in the South

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The Road to a New SouthThe Road to a New SouthTremendous growth Tremendous growth

in the tobacco in the tobacco industryindustry

Richmond, VARichmond, VA

Part of diversification Part of diversification of cash cropsof cash crops

The New South: Agricultural The New South: Agricultural WorkforceWorkforce

Tenant (renters) farming emerged:Tenant (renters) farming emerged:SharecroppingSharecropping - tenants (renters) - tenants (renters)

paid a portion of their rent with paid a portion of their rent with crop surpluscrop surplus

crop lien systemcrop lien system - loan against the - loan against the value of the landvalue of the land

New South Industry

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The New South: PolicitcallyThe New South: Policitcally“Redeemers” or “Bourbons”

Sought return of Democratic Party control of local and state government

“Solid South” -- desire for South to be controlled by Democratic Party

“laissez-faire”minimal government oversight of

businessesRejected -- resisted federal government

invervention in State political matters

The Solid South: 1880-1912

Solid South: Thomas Nast (cartoonist)

Harper’s Weekly Cartoon: The KKK

““Jim Crow” lawsJim Crow” laws

Disfranchisement: poll taxes, grandfather clauses, literacy tests, and residency requirements.

Segregation in public accommodations (schools, restaurants, train cars, restrooms)

Civil Rights Cases of 1883

Several cases involving application of federal Civil Rights Act of 1875 African-American citizens protested:

exclusion from a hotel dining room in Topeka, Kansas from the opera in New York City from the better seats of a San Francisco theater from a car set aside for ladies on a train

Presented to the Supreme Court during the 1882-1883 term

Civil Rights Cases of 1883 8-1 decision

Civil Rights Act of 1875 = unconstitutional.

14th amendment only applied to federal government NOT states

Congress can’t legislate in matters of racial discrimination in the private sector

limiting of rights = “ordinary civil injur[ies]” NOT badges of slavery.

Justice Harlan, dissented “The Constitution is color-blind: it neither knows nor tolerates classes among citizens.”

Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)

The Plessy v. Ferguson Supreme Court

Originated in Louisiana in 1890s

Upheld segregation of public accomodations

Legal as long as facilities were “separate but equal”

Ruling justified racial segregation (particularly in states) for 50 years

The Plessy v. Ferguson Supreme Court

Jim CrowJim Crow

Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)“separate but equal”Legitimized pattern for Jim Crow laws for

next 60 years.Issue of segregation did not gain

national prominence again until 1950s.

Jim Crow laws “Jim Crow” - term used for

practices and rules that discriminated along color lines.

System of segregation Jim Crow = stage name of a

white minstrel (comedian) who performed in Black face makeup in the late 1800s.

Caricatured blacks. Came to stand for all

segregation laws that were instituted in the South after the Civil War.

Disfranchisement Cartoon: Literacy Test

Jim Crow Newspaper Handbill

Booker T. Washington

Born as a slave (Emancipation Proclamation set him free.)

Young boy – got up at 4a.m. to work in salt mines – went to school in the p.m.

Age of 22 – became an instructor at Hampton Institute (a school for black students); later became the principal.

1881 - Founded Tuskegee Institute in Alabama (The Tuskegee Institute was the training ground for the Tuskegee Airmen, the famous all-black flying squadron of World War II.)

Recognized as the nation's foremost black educator.

Booker T. Washington Called for whites to take

initiative in improving social and economic relations between the races.

Atlanta Compromise: Responsibility and importance of vocational education. Not immediate social equality.

Economic independence would eventually lead to social equality.

Booker T. Washington

W.E.B. DuBois