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R Pulwarty, M. Hayes, C. McNutt, M Svoboda
NOAA, NDMC
and the NIDIS Implementation Team
R Pulwarty, M. Hayes, C. McNutt, M Svoboda
NOAA, NDMC
and the NIDIS Implementation Team
The National Integrated Drought Information System
Changes in run-off, 21st century. White areas are where less than two-thirds of models agree, hatched are where 90% of
models agree
IPCC Technical Paper on Climate Change and WaterReleased April 2008
>1YEAR
10YEARS
30YEARS
100YEARS
SHORT-TERM-Seasonal
INTERANNUAL-Multi-year
DECADE-TO-CENTURY
The future (2041-2060): where do the models agree?
Climate, Water and Drought:A continuum that crosses many time and space scales
30DAYS
1-4SEASONS
4
National/International
ObservationsModeling
Platforms:Satellites, ships, buoys, stations Climate models,
Earth systems
WaterWater
Understanding the science and impacts for climate adaptation and mitigation
TransportationTransportation
EnergyEnergy
Ecosystems and Biodiversity
Ecosystems and Biodiversity
Coastal SystemsCoastal Systems
AgricultureAgriculture
HealthHealth
SocietySociety
Understanding Climate Risk Management
Living MarineLiving Marine
National Security and Economy
National Security and Economy
Extreme EventsExtreme Events
Tropical StormsTropical Storms
Droughts/FloodsDroughts/Floods Tropics Tropics -- El NiEl Niñño, La Nio, La Niññaa
ExtratropicsExtratropics -- Jet PatternsJet Patterns
Climate Change
Climate Change
WeatherWeather Climate VariabilityClimate
Variability
Blocking
Change in weather event amplitude and frequency
Teleconnections
Change in climate event amplitude and frequency
Global change Climate Trends
Extremes – Climate Linkage
5
National Integrated Drought Information System
Public Law 109-430 (The NIDIS Act 2006)
““Enable the Nation to move from a reactive to a Enable the Nation to move from a reactive to a more proactive approach to managing drought more proactive approach to managing drought risks and impactsrisks and impacts””
((www.drought.govwww.drought.gov))
“No systematic collection and analysis of social, environmental, and economic data focused on the impacts of drought within
the United States exists today” Western Governors Association 2004
“better informed and more timely drought-related decisions leading to reduced impacts and costs”
NIDIS Public Law 109-430-Three tasks
(1) provide an effective drought early warning system that—
(A) is a comprehensive system that collects and integrates information on the key indicators of drought in order to make
usable, reliable, and timely drought forecasts and assessments of drought, including assessments of the severity of drought conditions and impacts;
(B) communicates drought forecasts, drought conditions, and drought impacts on an ongoing basis to— (i) decision-makers at the Federal, regional, State, tribal, and local levels of government; (ii) the private sector; and (iii) the public
(C) includes timely (where possible real-time) data,information, and products that reflect local, regional, and State differences in drought conditions;
NIDIS Act PL109-430 continued……
(2) coordinate, and integrate as practicable, Federal research in support of a drought early warning system; and
(3) build upon existing forecasting and assessment programs and partnerships
NIDIS ComponentsNIDIS Components1. NIDIS Program Office2. U.S. Drought Portal
3. Climate Test Beds/DroughtIntegrating data and forecasts
4. Coping with DroughtApplications and Decision support Research
5. NIDIS Early Warning Information Systems
Design,Prototype, Implementation, Process sustainability
Governance Structure for System ImplementationNIDIS Executive Council
Co-chairs: Director, NOAA Climate Program Office (or designee) Director, National Drought Mitigation Center (or designee)
NIDIS Program OfficeNIDIS Program Implementation
Team (NPIT)Over 50 Federal, state, tribal and private
sector representatives
National Integrated Drought Information System Drought Early Warning System Design-Clearinghouse, Pilots,
and Implementation
NIDIS Technical Working GroupsCo-Chairs selected by NPIT
NIDIS Governance: Executive Council
NIDIS Program Office NIDIS Implementation Team: Over 50 Federal, state, tribal and private sector
representatives
NIDIS Technical Working Groups
Integrated Drought Information Systems Drought Early Warning System Design-Information clearinghouse, Pilots, and Implementation
Public AwarenessAnd Education
Engaging PreparednessCommunities
IntegratedMonitoring and
Forecasting
InterdisciplinaryResearch andApplications
U.S.Drought Portal
NIDIS Governance: Executive Council
NIDIS Program Office NIDIS Implementation Team: Over 50 Federal, state, tribal and private sector
representatives
NIDIS Technical Working Groups
Integrated Drought Information Systems Drought Early Warning System Design-Information clearinghouse, Pilots, and Implementation
WATERSHED/URBAN/LOCAL
Public AwarenessAnd Education
Engaging PreparednessCommunities
IntegratedMonitoring and
Forecasting
InterdisciplinaryResearch andApplications
U.S.Drought Portal
NIDIS Governance: Executive Council
NIDIS Program Office NIDIS Implementation Team: Over 50 Federal, state, tribal and private sector
representatives
NIDIS Technical Working Groups
Integrated Drought Information Systems Drought Early Warning System Design-Information clearinghouse, Pilots, and Implementation
WATERSHED/URBAN/LOCAL
REGIONAL
Public AwarenessAnd Education
Engaging PreparednessCommunities
IntegratedMonitoring and
Forecasting
InterdisciplinaryResearch andApplications
U.S.Drought Portal
NIDIS Governance: Executive Council
NIDIS Program Office NIDIS Implementation Team: Over 50 Federal, state, tribal and private sector
representatives
NIDIS Technical Working Groups
Integrated Drought Information Systems Drought Early Warning System Design-Information clearinghouse, Pilots, and Implementation
WATERSHED/URBAN/LOCAL
REGIONAL
NATIONAL
Public AwarenessAnd Education
Engaging PreparednessCommunities
IntegratedMonitoring and
Forecasting
InterdisciplinaryResearch andApplications
U.S.Drought Portal
The NIDIS U.S. Drought Portal (www.drought.gov)
Key Clearinghouse Functions:Credible, Accessible, Timely Information onCredible, Accessible, Timely Information on
Where are drought conditions now?Does this event look like other events?
How is the drought affecting me?Will the drought continue?Where can I go for help?
Portlet example: NWS River Forecast Center
Ohio River Water Resources Outlook-Ecosystem recovery
Recovery
U.S. Drought Portal – Ag-Related Products & Links
Drought and Water Resources Federal Partnerships
Drought and Water Resources Federal Partnerships
Monitoring & ForecastingDrought and Flood Impacts
Assessments and Scenarios
Communication and Outreach Engaging Preparedness & Adaptation
Information Services in support of Adaptation
Drought and Water Resources ServicesDrought and Water Resources ServicesMission: Implement a dynamic, accessible, authoritativedrought information systemMission: Implement a dynamic, accessible, authoritativedrought information system
NOAA Produces: With Our Partners: Used By:Monitoring and Forecasting
U.S. Drought Monitor USDA, National Drought Mitigation Center
USDA, state and local governments
U.S. Soil Moisture Monitoring DOE, USDA (NRCS) USDA, agricultural producers
Normalized Difference Vegetation Index
USGS, NASA USAID (FEWS NET)
Crop Moisture Index USDA USDA, agricultural producers
Ensemble Water Supply Forecasts
USDA USBR, USACE, state water management agencies, local district water managers
Soil Moisture Anomaly Forecast USDA (NRCS) USDA, agricultural producers
USBR, state and local water providers, reservoir managers, Water Conservancy Districts
USBR, USGS, University of Washington, University of Colorado, University of Arizona, University of California-San Diego
Reconciling projections of future Colorado River stream flow in a changing climate
USBR, USACE, Water UtilitiesUSGS, USBR, USACEUSGS Circular 1331: Climate Change and Water Resources Management: A Federal Perspective
NOAA Produces With Our Partners: Used By:Products Informing Risk Assessment and Management
Climate Change in Colorado: A Synthesis to Support Water Resources Management and Adaptation
Colorado Water Conservation Board, University of Colorado, Western Water Assessment RISA
Colorado water planners, State Climatologists
Managing Threatened and Endangered Salmon in Low Water Conditions
USBR, CA Department of Fish and Game, CA Department of Water Resources, University of California Davis, Humboldt State University
NMFS, CA Department of Fish and Game, CA Department of Water Resources, Pacific Fisheries Management Council
Assessing Drought Indicators and Triggers
USGS, USDA (NRCS), Colorado Water Conservation Board, Colorado State University, Utah State University, University of Wyoming
USGS, USDA, USBR, water planners/providers, reservoir managers, State Climatologists
NIDIS Knowledge Assessment Workshops
Remote Sensing Contributions to Drought Monitoring, February 6-7, 2008, Boulder
NOAA, USGS, NASA, USDA, universities, state climatologists, state-local drought officials
Reconciling Projections of Future Colorado River Stream Flow, Sept 2007 La Jolla/November 2008 Las Vegas/February 2009 Seattle-ongoing
NOAA, USGS, CIG, WWA, etc
National Status of Drought Early Warning Systems, June 17-19, 2008, Kansas City
NOAA, USGS, USAID, USDA, USACE, NASA, tribes, universities, state government, water managers
NIDIS Knowledge Assessment Workshops
Remote Sensing Contributions to Drought Monitoring, February 6-7, 2008, Boulder
NOAA, USGS, NASA, USDA, universities, state climatologists, state-local drought officials
Reconciling Projections of Future Colorado River Stream Flow, Sept 2007 La Jolla/November 2008 Las Vegas/February 2009 Seattle-ongoing
NOAA, USGS, CIG, WWA, etc
National Status of Drought Early Warning Systems, June 17-19, 2008, Kansas City
NOAA, USGS, USAID, USDA, USACE, NASA, tribes, universities, state government, water managers
National Level
Drought, Climate change and Early Warning on Western Tribal Lands June 09
Centers for Disease Control-Drought and Public Health Report
Climate Change and Water Resources: Federal Perspectives (USGS 1331)
Drought, Climate change and Early Warning on Western Tribal Lands June 09
Centers for Disease Control-Drought and Public Health Report
Climate Change and Water Resources: Federal Perspectives (USGS 1331)
Applications and Decision Support Research
Ensemble Hydrologic Forecasts in Support of the NIDIS Pilots
Drought Index Evaluation and Implementation in a Geospatial Framework Linked to Hydrologic Data Web Services
Evaluating Adaptation Policies For Urban Water Resource Management Between Short-Term Drought Responses And Long-Term Planning
Integrating Socioeconomic Assessments to Build Community Resilience in Mitigating DroughtClimate Information System to Enhance Drought Preparedness by Underserved Farmers in the SE U.S.
Applications and Decision Support Research
Ensemble Hydrologic Forecasts in Support of the NIDIS Pilots
Drought Index Evaluation and Implementation in a Geospatial Framework Linked to Hydrologic Data Web Services
Evaluating Adaptation Policies For Urban Water Resource Management Between Short-Term Drought Responses And Long-Term Planning
Integrating Socioeconomic Assessments to Build Community Resilience in Mitigating DroughtClimate Information System to Enhance Drought Preparedness by Underserved Farmers in the SE U.S.
Modelling economic impacts of climate change (long-run) and drought (short-run)
Modelling economic impacts of climate change (long-run) and drought (short-run)
Long-run adjustment estimated with - Two stage optimisation for varying water allocation and salinity (distributions)Long-run
Reduce irrigated area, choose new crop mix, switch irrigation (12 technology/management options)
Short-runCrop areas fixed Deficit irrigate (provide less than full water requirement, accept reduced yield) – quadratic crop water/salinity production functionFallow area with irrigation capital in low allocation state of nature (provide no water, or maintenance water)
Very low water availability degrades irrigation planting capitalstock - Future yield loss for heavy deficit irrigation of perennials
Long-run adjustment estimated with - Two stage optimisation for varying water allocation and salinity (distributions)Long-run
Reduce irrigated area, choose new crop mix, switch irrigation (12 technology/management options)
Short-runCrop areas fixed Deficit irrigate (provide less than full water requirement, accept reduced yield) – quadratic crop water/salinity production functionFallow area with irrigation capital in low allocation state of nature (provide no water, or maintenance water)
Very low water availability degrades irrigation planting capitalstock - Future yield loss for heavy deficit irrigation of perennials
NIDIS Early Warning Systems Pilots –Blue-first round;yellow-second round of
prototypes/transferabilty
NIDIS Early Warning Systems Pilots –Blue-first round;yellow-second round of
prototypes/transferabilty
SoutheastSoutheast
Columbia Columbia
River River
BasinBasin
Lower CO Lower CO Basin Basin
Great Lakes Great Lakes
RegionRegion
+Texas+Texas
CaliforniaCalifornia
Upper Upper Missouri Missouri BasinBasin
Kremmling
Lake Powell
Lake Mead
Upper Basin down to Lake MeadUpper Basin down to Lake Mead••Coordinated reservoir operations: Coordinated reservoir operations: Low flow shortage triggering criteria Low flow shortage triggering criteria (Powell/Mead)(Powell/Mead)
••InterInter-- and Intraand Intra--basin transfers; Front basin transfers; Front range urbanrange urban--agricultureagriculture
••Ecosystem health/servicesEcosystem health/services
Drought information needs
Indicators, amangement triggers, response and impact avoidance
Declaring drought accurately (as possible)
Declaring drought early enough
Minimizing the duration of a declaration
Informing an equitable and reasonable responseWhere to go for help
ApplicationsResearch
PredictionMonitoring
ImpactMitigation
ProactivePlanning
ImprovedAdaptation
Integrating Tools:e.g. Drought Portal
Coordinating federal, state, and local drought‐related activities (e.g., within watersheds and states)
Identifying and transferring innovative strategies for drought risk assessment, communication and preparedness
NIDIS INFORMATION MANAGEMENT MODEL
Impetus for the Colorado Basin Interim Shortage Guidelines:
Short-termScheduling
Long-termPlanning
Mid-termOperations
Real-timeControl
Spatial Resolution/Time Horizon Operational Activity Decisions
Basin-wide over decades
Basin-wide over 1-2 years
Sub-basin over 4-6 weeks
Single project over 1-7 days
Operating Criteria and Guidelines
Annual Operating Plan
Water and PowerSchedules
Unit CommitmentEconomic Dispatch
Automatic Generationand Control
Interim Guidelines - A Robust SolutionInterim Guidelines - A Robust SolutionOperations specified through the full range of operation for Lake Powell and Lake MeadEncourage efficient and flexible water use and management in the Lower Basin through the Intentionally Created Surplus (ICS) mechanismStrategy for shortages in the Lower Basin2, including a provision for additional shortages if warrantedIn place for an interim period (through 2026) to gain valuable operational experienceBasin States agree to consult before resorting to litigation
Operations specified through the full range of operation for Lake Powell and Lake MeadEncourage efficient and flexible water use and management in the Lower Basin through the Intentionally Created Surplus (ICS) mechanismStrategy for shortages in the Lower Basin2, including a provision for additional shortages if warrantedIn place for an interim period (through 2026) to gain valuable operational experienceBasin States agree to consult before resorting to litigation
1. Issued in Record of Decision, dated December 13, 2007; available at http://www.usbr.gov/lc/region/programs/strategies.html
2. Mexico water deliveries are not directly effected by these guidelines
Assessment of gaps in present monitoring and forecasting systems within the basinAssimilation of existing drought-related indicators, triggers and trends into one accessible locationPromote interaction (existing websites, datasets) with the US Drought Portal to begin developing a Colorado Basin Drought Portal and information clearinghouseInitiate development of an Upper Colorado basin-specific drought monitor
Assessment of gaps in present monitoring and forecasting systems within the basinAssimilation of existing drought-related indicators, triggers and trends into one accessible locationPromote interaction (existing websites, datasets) with the US Drought Portal to begin developing a Colorado Basin Drought Portal and information clearinghouseInitiate development of an Upper Colorado basin-specific drought monitor
31
Pilot ImplementationUpper Colorado River Basin:
Analysis of the UCRB water demand: Characteristics, spatial patterns & assessment of potential vulnerabilities
Phase 1: UCRB water demand data assessmentConduct data inventory and develop a comprehensive database of past and present water demandIdentify spatial, temporal and qualitative data gaps
Phase 2:Choose an appropriate case study areaUsing GIS, classify water consumption per sector, types of uses,etc.Analyze spatial and temporal patterns in water demandIdentify consumption patterns by sectorIdentify potential vulnerabilities due to competitive water demand
Analysis of the UCRB water demand: Characteristics, spatial patterns & assessment of potential vulnerabilities
Phase 1: UCRB water demand data assessmentConduct data inventory and develop a comprehensive database of past and present water demandIdentify spatial, temporal and qualitative data gaps
Phase 2:Choose an appropriate case study areaUsing GIS, classify water consumption per sector, types of uses,etc.Analyze spatial and temporal patterns in water demandIdentify consumption patterns by sectorIdentify potential vulnerabilities due to competitive water demand
Pilot ImplementationUpper Colorado River Basin:
Water Demand
Use objective Climate Forecast System (CFS) output to improve seasonal Ensemble Streamflow Predictions (ESP)
Daily CFS forecasts improve the ESPDynamical downscaling of the daily CFS forecasts improve the ESP
Introduce time-varying potential evapotranspiration into ESP water supply forecastsIs it possible to extract a new set of low-flow forecasts from the ESP?
Use objective Climate Forecast System (CFS) output to improve seasonal Ensemble Streamflow Predictions (ESP)
Daily CFS forecasts improve the ESPDynamical downscaling of the daily CFS forecasts improve the ESP
Introduce time-varying potential evapotranspiration into ESP water supply forecastsIs it possible to extract a new set of low-flow forecasts from the ESP?
Pilot ImplementationUpper Colorado River Basin:
Water Supply Forecasting
Year 2 ActionsPrototyping/gaming: Given better data and
information coordination, would responses have been improved for past events? Assess:
1. Value of improved information using past conditions
2. Responses for projections/ scenarios(seasons, decadal, change)
3. Feedback on priorities (e.g. data gaps) to Executive Council
Year 2 ActionsPrototyping/gaming: Given better data and
information coordination, would responses have been improved for past events? Assess:
1. Value of improved information using past conditions
2. Responses for projections/ scenarios(seasons, decadal, change)
3. Feedback on priorities (e.g. data gaps) to Executive Council
Pilot ImplementationUpper Colorado River Basin
35
Apalachicola-Chattahoochee-Flint (ACF) Basin
Navigation
Flood control
Municipal
Power
Generationand cooling
Agriculture-irrigation
Instream&nearshoreecosystems and fisheries
National Geographic February 2008
Seager et al, 2007.
Yesterday Tomorrow
M Scheffer et al. Nature 461, 53-59 (2009) doi:10.1038/nature08227
Ecosystems may undergo a predictable sequence of self-organized spatial patterns as they approach a critical
transition
Native Nations in SW are major land managersNative Nations in SW are major land managers
6 million acres of land held in trust by the US for American Indian tribes and Alaska NativesReservations and tribal lands are >25% of land in AZConfronting same climate trends, need same info, but context is different
cultural ties to landscapefederal trust relationshipwidely variable capacity
6 million acres of land held in trust by the US for American Indian tribes and Alaska NativesReservations and tribal lands are >25% of land in AZConfronting same climate trends, need same info, but context is different
cultural ties to landscapefederal trust relationshipwidely variable capacity
Slide courtesy of Dr. Margaret Hiza, USGS
Current drought conditions in N. AZCurrent drought conditions in N. AZCornfield on Hopi reservation, summer 2009
Dry stock tank on Hopi reservation, summer 2009
Landscape changesLandscape changes
What does/will drought+warming mean for tribes in the SW?
What does/will drought+warming mean for tribes in the SW?
Threatens livelihoods (e.g. ranching) and vital cultural practices (e.g. dryland farming)Landscape changes (e.g. sand dune migrations) threaten habitation and infrastructureEcosystem changes mean access to traditional plants and animals may be limitedThroughout much of Indian Country, there is a lack of quality climate data to support adequate monitoring of climate conditions
data is needed for decision making (e.g. drought mitigation plans)
Threatens livelihoods (e.g. ranching) and vital cultural practices (e.g. dryland farming)Landscape changes (e.g. sand dune migrations) threaten habitation and infrastructureEcosystem changes mean access to traditional plants and animals may be limitedThroughout much of Indian Country, there is a lack of quality climate data to support adequate monitoring of climate conditions
data is needed for decision making (e.g. drought mitigation plans)
Challenges
Capacity?Capacity?
More Native American scientists (social, physical, natural) to work with and for their communities!More Native American scientists (social, physical, natural) to work with and for their communities!
Jolene Tallsalt RobertsonHydrologist, Navajo Nation
Department of Water Resources
Rachael NovakUS Environmental Protection Agency
Casey Kahn-ThornbrughAdjunct instructor of Geography
Tohono O’odham Community College&
PhD Candidate, UA School of Geography & Regional Development
Dr. Margaret HizaUS Geological Survey
Agriculture to Urban Water Transfers
Is this a wise policy? How should we assess third party impacts? What are the long term
land use implications of these transfers?
Agriculture to Urban Water Agriculture to Urban Water TransfersTransfers
Is this a wise policy? How should we assess Is this a wise policy? How should we assess third party impacts? third party impacts? What are the long term What are the long term
land use implications of these transfers?land use implications of these transfers?
Average Drought Average DroughtWater Use Urban 8.8 9.0 12.0 12.4 Agricultural 33.8 34.5 31.5 32.3 Environmental 36.9 21.2 37.0 21.3 TOTAL 79.5 64.7 80.5 66.0
Supplies Surface Water 65.1 43.5 65.0 43.4 Groundwater 12.5 15.8 12.7 16.0 Recycled & Desalted 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.4 TOTAL 77.9 59.6 78.1 59.8
Shortage 1.6 5.1 2.4 6.2
1995 2020
CaliforniaCalifornia’’s Water Uses Water Use(million(million--acre feet)acre feet)
III. Conduct Planning Evaluations
II. Relate to Planning Assumptions
I. Choose Climate Context
Instrumental Records: observed weather (T and P)
and runoff (Q)
Demand Variability
System Analysis, Evaluate Study Questions(related to Resource Management Objectives)
Operating ConstraintsSupply Variability
Paleoclimate Proxies: reconstructed runoff (Q)
statistical modeling watershed simulationPeriod-Statistics
Global Climate Projections: Representing various GCMs,forcings
Bias -correction, spatial resolution
Frequencies
Supply Variability: paleo, present and projected climate (Reclamation, NOAA, USGS, CO Basin States 2009)
Supply Variability: paleo, present and projected climate (Reclamation, NOAA, USGS, CO Basin States 2009)
Paleoclimate Proxies: reconstructed runoff (Q)
III. Conduct Planning Evaluations
II. Relate to Planning Assumptions
I. Choose Climate Context
Instrumental Records: observed weather (T and P)
and runoff (Q)
Demand Variability
System Analysis, Evaluate Study Questions(related to Resource Management Objectives)
Operating ConstraintsSupply Variability
Paleoclimate Proxies: reconstructed runoff (Q)
statistical modeling watershed simulationPeriod-Statistics
Global Climate Projections: Representing various GCMs,forcings
Bias -correction, spatial resolution
Frequencies
Supply Variability: paleo, present and projected climate (Reclamation, NOAA, USGS, CO Basin States 2009)
Supply Variability: paleo, present and projected climate (Reclamation, NOAA, USGS, CO Basin States 2009)
Paleoclimate Proxies: reconstructed runoff (Q)
Paleoclimate Proxies: reconstructed runoff (Q)
Global Climate Projections: Representing
various GCMs,forcingsbias-correction, spatial resolution
Instrumental Records: observed weather (T and P) and
runoff (Q)
Climate Services: “The timely production and delivery of useful climate data, information and knowledge to decisionmakers” (NRC, 2001)
VISION
“An informed society anticipating and responding to climate and its impacts”
Mission:
“to develop and deliver research, information, and services to enhance society's ability to understand, anticipate, mitigate, and adapt to climate variability and change”
Identify userrequirements
Conduct research
Develop applicationsIntegrate knowledge
and products
Deliver productsDisseminate information
Data quality control
MONITORING/FORECASTS
&
DEVELOPMENT(Assessments,int.products)
&
PROTOTYPING(Scenarios, Applications)
DELIVERY/MAINSTREAMING
The “Services” ChallengeThe “Services” Challenge
Relative status of informationSTATIC………………………EMERGENT/DYNAMIC
55
NIDIS VISION and GOALS
“If we don’t get NIDIS right, we can’t get a National Climate Service right”
Kelly Redmond, Western Regional Climate Center
6th Drought Monitor ForumAustin, Tx Oct. 7-8, 2009
NIDIS offers a framework for developingand mainstreaming information servicesto support adaptation strategies in achanging climate
Posted on the portal: www.drought.gov
To subscribe or contribute content, send an email to:
Posted on the portal: www.drought.gov
To subscribe or contribute content, send an email to:
57
NIDIS NewsletterNIDIS Newsletter
THANK YOUTHANK [email protected]