The Napier Press BELIEFS IN SOCIETY WORKBOOKnapierpress.com/.../2016/06/Workbook_Bk2_Beliefs_in_Society.pdf · Application (page 7) Write your answer here. Functionalist theories

AQA A LEVEL SOCIOLOGY BOOK TWO

Topic 1 Theories of religion 1

Topic 2 Religion and social change 9

Topic 3 Secularisation 17

Topic 4 Religion, renewal and choice 26

Topic 5 Religion in a global context 35

Topic 6 Organisations, movements and members 42

Topic 7 Ideology and science 53

© 2016 Napier Press. All rights reserved ISBN 978-0-9934235-5-0 The Napier Press Beliefs in Society Workbook

The Napier Press

BELIEFS IN SOCIETY

WORKBOOK

TOPIC 1 Theories of religion

Getting Started (page 4)

Write your answers to the Getting Started activity here.

A. 1. (a) (b) (c) (d)

(e) (f) (g) (h)

(i) (j)

2.

Learning ObjectivesAfter studying this Topic, you should:

Understanddifferentscoiologicaldefinitionsofreligion.

Understand how different sociological theories explain the role and functions of religion, and how religion contributes to social stability.

Beabletoevaluatedifferentsociologicaldefinitionsandtheoriesof religion.

1

What is religion? (page 5)

Summarisethekeyfeaturesofeachofthefollowingdefinitionsofreligion:

1. Substantivedefinitions

2. Functionaldefinitions

3. Constructionistdefinitions

Topic 1 Theroies of religion


What will you examine in this Topic? (page 5)

Application (page 7)

Write your answer here.

Functionalist theories of religion (pages 5-8)

1. What is society’s most basic need?

2. According to functionalists, how is order possible in society?

2



Durkheim on religion (pages 6-7)

1. Explainwhatismeantby:

a. the sacred

b. the profane

2.Whatisthesignificanceofthetoteminclanworship?

3. Explain what is meant by the collective conscience.

4. Explain how rituals reinforce the collective consience.

5. Brieflyoutlinetwocognitivefunctionsofreligion.

6. Give three criticisms of Durkheim’s views on religion.

Psychological functions (page 7)

1. According to Malinowski, how does religion promote social solidarity?

2. BrieflyoutlinethetwotypesofsituationinwhichMalinowskisuggestsreligionpromotes social solidarity.

Civil religion (page 7-8)

1. Explain what is meant by civil religion.

2. BrieflyexplainhowcivilreligionbindsAmericanstogether.

Parsons: values and meaning (page 7)

1. According to Parsons, what are the two essential functions of religion? a.

b.

2. Brieflyoutlinehowreligionactsasasourceofmeaning.

3



Analysis and Evaluation (page 7)


A. Write your answers here.

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

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8.

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10.

11.

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14.

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B. Write your summary paragraph here.

4



Activity: Media American civil religion (page 8)

1. How do Marxists see society?

2. According to Marx, how will exploitation be overcome?

3. What will happen to religion in a classless society?

Evaluation of functionalism (page 8)

Brieflyoutlinethreecriticismsofthefunctionalistvieworreligion.

1.

2.

3.

5



Marxist theories of religion (pages 8-9)

Religion as ideology (page 8)

1. Defineideology.

2. Brieflyoutlinehowreligionactsasanideologicalweapon.Giveanexampleofthis.

3. What did Lenin mean by the claim that religion is ‘spiritual gin’?

4. Explain how religion legitimates the power and privilege of the dominant class.

1. Definepatriarchy.

2. How do feminists regard religion?

6



Religion and alienation (pages 8-9)

1. Definealienation.

2. Brieflyexplainhowreligionisaproductofalienation,accordingtoMarx.

Evaluation (page 9)

BrieflyoutlinethreecriticismsoftheMarxistviewofreligion.

1.

2.

3.

Feminists theories of religion (pages 9-10)

Box 1.1 Caste and the legitimation of inequality (page 9)

Explain how the Hindu caste system maintains inequality.



7

Evidence of patriarchy (pages 9-10)

1. Brieflyoutlinehoweachofthefollowingaspectsofreligiondemonstratespatriarchy:

a. Religious organisations

b. Places of worship

c. Sacred texts

d. Religious laws and customs

2. According to Armstrong, in what ways has the position of women within religion changed?

Religious forms of feminism (page 10)

1. Brieflyoutlineoneexampleofhowsomewomenusereligiontogaingreaterfreedomand respect.

2. What are piety movements and which women are most likely to join them?

3. What are liberal Protestant movements?

QuickCheck Questions (page 11)

Write your answers below.

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

Now answer the Questions to try on page 11 of your textbook.

8



TOPIC 2 Religion and social change


Write your answers to questions 4, 5 and 6 of the Getting Started activity here.

4.

5.

6.


Be able to describe a range of examples of religion and analyse their role in social change.

Understand sociological explanations of the role of religion in promoting social change. Be able to evaluate different sociological explanations of the relationship

between religion, social stability and social change.

9

Topic 2 Religion and social change


Religion as a conservative force (page 13)

1. Identify two ways in which religion can be seen as a conservative force.

a.

b.

2. Give two examples of traditional conservative beliefs held by religions.

a.

b.

3. Brieflyoutlinehoweachofthefollowingperspectivesviewsreligionasaconservativeforce:

a. Functionalism

b. Marxism

c. Feminism

Weber: religion as a force for change (pages 13-15)

1. According to Weber, what major social change did Calvinism bring about?

2. What is unique about modern capitalism?

10© 2016 Napier Press. All rights reserved ISBN 978-0-9934235-5-0 The Napier Press Beliefs in Society Workbook

Calvinist beliefs (pages 13-14)

3. BrieflyoutlinethefollowingCalvinistbeliefs:

a. Predestination

b. Divine transcendence

c. Asceticism

d. The idea of a vocation or calling

4. BrieflyoutlinethetwoconsequencesofCalvinists’lifestyle.

a.

b.


Hinduism and Confucianism (page 14)

1. In what ways did (a) Hinduism and (b) Confucianism fail to encourage capitalism, according to Weber?

a.

b.




1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

11.

12.


Activity: Media Weber and Calvinism (page 14)


Topic 2 Religion and social changeAnalysis and Evaluation (page 15)


Evaluation (page 14)

BrieflyoutlinethreecriticismsofWeber.

1.

2.

3.

Religion and social protest (pages 15-16)

The American civil rights movement (page 15)

1. According to Bruce, why were the black clergy so important in the black civil rights movement?

2. Brieflyoutlinefourwaysinwhichreligiousorganisationscansupportandcontributetosocial change.

a.

b.

c.

d.





The New Christian Right (pages 15-16)

1. BrieflyoutlinetheaimsoftheNewChristianRightinAmerica.

2. AccordingtoBruce,whatarethetworeasonswhytheNewChristianRighthavebeen unsuccessful in their aims?

a.

b.

Marxism, religion and change (pages 16-18)

1. Definerelativeautonomy.

2. Brieflyexplainhowreligionhasadualcharacter.

Ernst Bloch: the principle of hope (pages 16-17)

Brieflyexplain‘theprincipleofhope’.


Liberation theology (page 17)

1. What was the aim of liberation theology?

2. What three factors led to liberation theology?a.

b.

c.

3. According to Maduro, how does liberation theology show that religion can be a revolutionary force?

4.WhydidtheRomanCatholicChurch’sattitudetoliberationtheologychange?

5. BrieflyoutlinethedifferencebetweenliberationtheologyandPentecostalism.

Millenarian movements (pages 17-18)

1. According to Worsley, what do millenarian movements expect?

2. Why do millenarian movements appeal to the poor?

3. Brieflyexplainwhatcargocultsare.

4.Whatisthepoliticalsignificanceofmillenarianmovements?



15



1.

2.

3.

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18.

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Activity: Media Liberation theology (page 17)



1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

Now answer the Questions to try on page 19 of your textbook. 16© 2016 Napier Press. All rights reserved ISBN 978-0-9934235-5-0 The Napier Press Beliefs in Society Workbook


Gramsci: religion and hegemony (page 18)

1. Definehegemony.

2. How does religion act as a counter-hegemony?

3. Brieflyoutlinethethreewaysinwhichreligioncanchallengehegemony,accordingtoBillings.a.

b.

c.

TOPIC 3 Secularisation


Write your answers to Part A of the Getting Started activity here.

A1.

A2.

A3.


Know the main trends in patterns of religious belief and practice in the UK and USA.

Understand and be able to analyse the possible causes of secularisation.

Be able to evaluate arguments and evidence for the view that secularisation is occurring.

17

Secularisation in Britain (pages 21-22)

1. Give four changes to religion in the UK since 1851.

a.

b.

c.

d

2. Definesecularisation.

Topic 3 Secularisation





Explanations of secularisation (pages 23-25)

1. How has modernisation affected religious belief?

2. What is the effect of industrialisation on small communities?

3. What is the impact of religious diversity on religious institutions and on religious beliefs?


3. Explain how each of the following shows that Britain has become a secular society:

a. Church attendance today

b. Religiousaffiliationtoday

c. Religious belief today

d. Religious institutions today.


Max Weber: rationalisation (page 23)

1. Definerationalisation.

2. BrieflyoutlinethemedievalCatholicworldview.

3. How did the Protestant worldview differ from that of Catholicism?

4. What does Weber mean by the ‘disenchantment’ of the world?

5. How did the Protestant Reformation lead to the ‘disenchantment’ of the world?

6. Usinganexample,brieflyexplainwhatBrucemeansbythetechnologicalworldview.

7.Whatistheimpactofscientificknowledgeonpeople’sattitudetowardsreligion?

Structural differentiation (pages 23-24)

1. Definestructuraldifferentiation.

2. Brieflyoutlinewhatismeantbydisengagement.Givetwoexamples.

3. According to Bruce, in what sense has religion become privatised?





Social and cultural diversity (page 24)

1. Brieflyoutlinehoweachofthefollowingleadstoadeclineinreligion:

a. Decline of community

b. Industrialisation

c. Diversity of occupations, cultures and lifestyles.

2. Give three criticisms of the view that the decline of community causes the decline of religion.

a.

b.

c.

Religious diversity (page 24)

1. What is meant by the ‘sacred canopy’?

2. According to Berger, how did the Protestant Reformation lead to religious diversity?

3. Brieflyexplainhowreligiousdiversitycreatesacrisisofcredibilityforreligion.




1.

2.

3.

4.

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Activity: Media Secularisation (page 24)


Criticisms (page 25)

Brieflyoutlinetwocriticismsofsecularisationtheory.

1.

2.

Cultural defence and transition (page 25)

1. Explain the following terms:a. cultural defence

b. cultural transition

2. According to Bruce, why does religion survive in these situations?

Secularisation in America (pages 25-26)




Declining church attendance (page 25)

1. According to Wilson, why is America a secular society despite relatively high church attendance?

2. How does Hadaway’s research question the statistics for church attendance?

3. What reason does Bruce suggest for the difference in actual and reported church attendance?


23

Secularisation from within (pages 25-26)

1. BrieflyexplainwhatBrucemeansbysecularisationfromwithin?

2. UsingTable1A,brieflyexplainhowthestatisticsdemonstrateadeclineincommitmentto traditional beliefs.


A1. Complete the table below.

Activity: Webquest ‘US pubic becoming less religious’ (page 26)

Measure

Adultswhoarereligiouslyaffiliated

Adultswhoarenotreligiouslyaffiliated

% in 2007 % in 2014

A2. Write your answers here.

B1. Complete the table below.

B2. Write your answers here.

Belief/practice

Believe in God

Pray daily

% 2007All US adults

% 2007 Religiously unaffiliated

% 2014All US adults

% 2014 Religiously unaffiliated

See religion as very important

Attend servicesat least monthly


24


C. Write your answers here.

1.

2.

3.

4.

D. Write your answer here.

Write your summary from section E here.

Religious diversity (page 26)

1. BrieflyexplainwhatBrucemeansbypracticalrelativism.

2. Brieflyexplaintheerosionofabsolutism.



1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.



Criticisms of secularisation theory (page 26)

Brieflyoutlinefourcriticismsofsecularisationtheory.1.

2.

3.

4.

TOPIC 4 Religion, renewal and choice



A1.

A2.

A3.

A4.

A5.

A6.

A7.

A8.


Understand the reasons why some sociologists reject the idea of secularisation.

Be able to analyse alternative interpretations of the nature and position of religion today.

Understand and be able to evaluate debates about the nature and extent of secularisation.

26

Topic 4 Religion, renewal and choice



New forms of religion (pages 29-33)


From obligation to consumption (pages 29-30)

1. Use an example to explain the idea that religion has moved from obligation to consumption.

2. BrieflyexplainwhatDaviemeansby‘believingwithoutbelonging’.

3. Brieflyexplainwhatshemeansby‘vicariousreligion’.

4. AccordingtoDavie,inwhatwayarethemajornationalchurchesliketheNHS?

5.WhatdoesDaviemeanbytheterm‘multiplemodernities’?

6. HowdoVoasandCrockettdisputeDavie’sclaimaboutbelievingwithoutbelonging?

7.WhatisBruce’scriticismofbelievingwithoutbelonging?

8. Explainwhy,accordingtoDay,somepeoplemayidentifyasChristian.


Postmodern religion (pages 30-32)

1. AccordingtoLyon,whatarethethreefeaturesofpostmodernsociety?

a.

b.

c.

2. Brieflyexplainhowthemediacausereligiousideastobecomedisembedded.

3. What is meant by the idea that religion has become de-institutionalised?





Spiritual shopping (page 30)

1. Use an example to explain cultural amnesia.

2. AccordingtoHervieu-Léger,whatimpacthasthetrendtogreaterequalityhadonreligion?

3. Why have people become spiritual shoppers?

4. BrieflyexplainwhatHervieu-Légermeansby:

a. pilgrims

b. converts

5. According to Hervieu-Léger,howdoesreligionstillhaveaninfluenceonsociety’svalues?

6. BrieflyexplainhowHervieu-Léger’sviewslinktotheideaoflatemodernity.



A spiritual revolution? (pages 32-33)

1. Brieflyexplainwhatismeantbyaspiritualrevolution.

2. Give three examples of products available in the spiritual market.

3. AccordingtoHeelasandWoodhead,whatismeantby:

a. the congregational domain

b. the holistic milieu

4. BrieflyoutlinethethreeexplanationsforthetrendinworshipintheKendalstudy.

a.

b.

c.

4. Brieflyexplainwhatismeantby:

a. religion online

b. online religion

5. BrieflyexplainwhatLyonmeansbyreligionhaving‘relocatedtothesphereofconsumption’.

6. Howdoestheexistenceofarangeofreligiousproductsweakentraditionalreligions?

7. HowdoesNewAgespiritualitydifferfromtraditionalreligions?

8. ExplainwhyNewAgebeliefsandpracticeshavebeencalled‘self-spirituality’.

9. AccordingtoLyon,whydoesthedeclineoftraditionalreligiousviewsnotmeantheendof religion?

1. Why do Stark and Bainbridge see secularisation theory as Eurocentric?

2. What two assumptions is religious market theory based on?a.

b.


Religious market theory (pages 34-35)




A. Write your summary from section E here.

Activity: Research Mind, body and spirit (page 33)

The weakness of the New Age (page 33)

1. BrieflyexplainBruce’scriticismsoftheviewthatNewAgebeliefsshowthatreligionis changing rather than declining.

a. The problem of scale

b. Socialisation of the next generation

c. Weak commitment

d. Structural weakness


Supply-led religion (pages 34-35)

1. AccordingtoHaddenandShupe,whatistheimpactoftelevangelism?

2. AccordingtoFinke,whatistheimpactofimmigrationonAmericanreligion?

3. Howdoesthecaseofpost-warJapansupportStarkandBainbridge’sviews?


America vs. Europe (page 34)

1. AccordingtoStarkandBainbridge,whatistheeffectofareligiousmonopoly?

2. Why does religion thrive in the USA?

3. HowisthepositioninEuropedifferentfromthatinAmerica?

4. Brieflyexplainwhythesupplyofreligionismoreimportantthanthedemand.

3. AccordingtoStarkandBainbridge,whyisreligionattractive?

4. Brieflydescribethecycleofrenewal.

5. Howdoesreligiouscompetitionoperateandwhatisitsimpactonreligions?




1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

11.

12.

13.

14.

15.

16.


Activity: Media Supply-led religion (page 35)


33

Criticisms (page 35)

Brieflyoutlinefourcriticismsofreligiousmarkettheory.

1.

2.

3.

4.

1. Why do Norris and Inglehart reject religious market theory?

2. BrieflyexplainwhatNorrisandInglehartmeanby‘existentialsecurity’.

3. Explain the level of demand for religion in (a) poor societies and (b) rich societies.

a.

b.

4. Howdoesglobalpopulationgrowthunderminethetrendtowardssecularisation?

5. AccordingtoNorrisandInglehart,whyisAmericamorereligiousthanEurope?

6. HowdoGillandLundegaarde’sfindingssupportNorrisandInglehart?


An alternative view: secularisation and security (pages 35-36)



1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.




Brieflyoutlinetwocriticismsoftheexistentialsecuritytheory.

1.

2.

7. UsingBox1.3,brieflyexplainwhyUruguayhaslowlevelsofreligiousparticipation.

TOPIC 5 Religion in a global context



1.

2.


Understand some of the different ways in which religion interacts with its global context.

Understand the role of religion in economic development in a globalising world.

Understand and be able to evaluate explanations of the nature of religious fundamentalism.

Understand and be able to evaluate explanations of the role of religion in internationalconflict.

35

Religious fundamentalism (pages 39-42)

1. Why does fundamentalism arise?

2. What challenges might there be to traditional beliefs and values in the modern world?

3. Brieflyexplainthefollowingfeaturesoffundamentalism:

a. An authoritative sacred text

b. An ‘us and them’ mentality

c. Agressive reaction

d. Use of modern technology

Topic 5 Religion in a global context



The characteristics of fundamentalism (page 39)


Fundamentalism and modernity (pages 39-40)

1. According to Davie, why are fundamentalists the product of modernity?

2. According to Giddens, why does late modern society encourage fundermantalism?

Cosmopolitanism (page 40)

1. Definecosmopolitanism.

2. What do cosmopolitan religions and spirituality emphasise?

3. According to Bauman, why does postmodern society lead some people to fundamentalism?

4. BrieflyexplainthetworesponsestopostmodernitythatCastellsidentifies:

a. resistance identity

b. project identity

5. BrieflyoutlinefourcriticismsofGiddens,BaumanandCastells.a.


e. Patriarchy

f. Prophecy

g. Conspiracytheories



Monotheism and fundamentalism (pages 40-41)

1. Definemonotheism.

2. AccordingtoBruce,whyisfundamentalismconfinedtomontheisticreligions?

3. BrieflyexplainBruce’s‘twofundamentalisms’:

a. in the West

b. in the Third World

Secular fundamentalism (page 41)

1. BrieflyexplainDavie’stwophasesofmodernityandhowtheygiverisetodifferentformsof fundamentalism:

a. Thefirstphase-religiousfundamentalism

b. The second phase - secular fundamentalism

b.

c.

d.


The ‘clash of civilisations’ (pages 41-42)

1. List Huntington’s seven civilisations.

2. Howhasglobalisationledtoincreasedconflictbetweenreligions?

3. AccordingtoHuntington,whyarereligiousconflictshardertoresolvethanpoliticalones?

4. BrieflyoutlinefourcriticismsofHuntington’sclashofcivilisationstheory.

5. According to Inglehart and Norris, what is the real clash of civilisations?


2. Why does Davie claim that secular ideologies are struggling for survival?

3. Usinganexample,brieflyexplainsecularfundamentalism.

4. Why might some types of secular fundamentalism be seen as a form of cultural racism?


Topic 5 Religion in a global contextReligion and development (pages 43-44)

God and globalisation in India (page 43)

1. What impact has globalisation had in India?

2. According to Nanda, why has prosperity in India led to an increase in religiosity?

3. How has Hinduisim changed in response to the increased wealth of many Indians?

4. In what way can Hinduism be seen as a form of civil religion in India?

5. What problems might the link between Hinduism and the state cause for non-Hindus?

Capitalism in East Asia (page 44)

1. AccordingtoRedding,whatarethesimilaritiesbetweenpost-Confucianvaluesandthe CalvinistvaluesthatencouragedcapitalisminEurope?

1. Brieflyexplainwhatismeantby‘culturaldefence’.

2. Using the examples of (a) Poland and (b) Iran, explain how religion may be used to defend national identity.

a.

b.

Cultural defence (page 42)




1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

11.

12.

13.

Activity: Media Pentecostalism (page 44)

Pentecostalism in Latin America (page 44)

1. AccordingtoBerger,inwhatwayarePentecostalbeliefssimilartoWeber’sProtestantEthic?

2. Using the example of northern Brazil, explain why successful development relies on more than just Pentecostal beliefs.

3. BrieflyexplainhowPentecostalismembracesbothglobalandlocalelements.


41

Topic 5 Religion in a global contextQuickCheck Questions (page 45)


1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.


14.

15.

16.


TOPIC 6 Organisations, movements and members



1.

2.

3.


Know the main types of religious organisation and their characteristics.

Understand and be able to evaluate explanations of different types of religious/spiritual organisations and movements.

Understand and be able to evaluate explanations of the reasons for the growth and development of different religious/spiritual organisations and movements. Know the main patterns of participation by class, ethnicity, gender and

age, and the reasons for these patterns.

42

Types of religious organisation (pages 47-49)

1. According to Troeltsch, what is a church?

2. According to Troeltsch, what is a sect?

Topic 6 Organisations, m

ovements and m

embers



Church and sect (page 47)


Denomination and cult (pages 47-48)

1. According to Niebuhr, what is a denomination and how does it differ both from a church and from a sect?

2. What is a sect?

3. What are the characteristics of leaders of cults?

4. How are churches and sects similar in the way they see themselves?

5. How are denominations and cults similar in the way they see themselves?

6. How does wider society see churches and denominations?

7. How does wider society see sects and cults?

8. AccordingtoBruce,whydosomeoftheabovedefinitionsofreligiousorganisationsnotfit today’s reality?


ovements and m

embers





ovements and m

embers

New religious movements (page 48)

1. BrieflyexplainandgiveexamplesofWallis’threecategoriesofNRMs:

a. world-rejecting

b. world-accommodating

c. world-affirming

2. GivethreecriticismsofWallis’classification.

a.

b.

c.




Sects and cults (pages 48-49)

1. BrieflyexplainStarkandBainbridge’stwokindsoforganisation:a. sects

b. cults

2. AccordingtoStarkandBainbridge,whatbenefitsdo(a)sectsand(b)cultsoffertheir followers?a.

b

3. BrieflyexplainandgiveexamplesofStarkandBainbridge’sthreetypesofcult.

a. Audience cults

b. Client cults

c. Cultic movements


ovements and m

embers


1.

2.

3.

4.

Write your summary paragraph here.

Activity: Discussion Types of religious organisations (page 49)


Explaining the growth of religious movements (pages 49-52)

Marginality (page 49)

1. Why are marginal groups in society more likely to join sects?

2. Explain what Weber means by a ‘theodicy of disprivilege’.

3. According to Wallis, why do some well-educated, young, middle-class whites join sects?

Relative deprivation (pages 49-50)

1. Definerelativedeprivation.

2. Why might middle-class people feel spiritually deprived?

3 According to Stark and Bainbridge, why do world-rejecting sects appeal to the deprived?

4. According to Stark and Bainbridge, why are the privileged more likely to join world-accepting churches?

Social change (page 50)

1. According to Wilson, why do sects emerge in periods of rapid social change? Give an example.

2. According to Bruce, why do people join sects in response to secularisation?

3. Brieflyexplainthereasonsforthegrowthin:

a. worldrejectingNRMs

b. world-affirmingNRMs.


ovements and m

embers



ovements and m

embers

The dynamics of sects and NRMs (pages 50-51)

1. Defineschism.

2. BrieflyexplainNeibuhr’sthreereasonsforsectsbeingshortlived:

a. The second generation

b. The ‘Protestant ethic’ effect

c. Death of the leader

3. Draw a diagram of Stark and Bainbridge’s sectarian cycle.

4. AccordingtoWilson,whatpatternsdo(a)conversionistand(b)Adventistsectsfollow:

a.

b.

5. Give three examples of established sects.

6. AccordingtoWilson,whyisitbecomingmoredifficultforsectstokeepthemselvesseparate?

7. What is the positive effect of globalisation for some sects?


48


ovements and m

embers

The growth of the New Age (page 51)

1. Give four examples of New Age beliefs.

2. BrieflyoutlinethetwocommonthemesofNewAgebeliefsidentifiedbyHeelas:

a. Self-spirituality

b. Detraditionalisation

Postmodernity and the New Age (pages 51-52)

1. What are meta-narratives?

2. Why have people lost faith in professionals such as scientists and doctors?

3. According to Bruce, why is the growth of the New Age a feature of modern society?

4. Why are New Age activities attractive to Westerners?

5. BrieflyexplainthefourwaysinwhichHeelaslinkstheNewAgeandmodernity:

a. A source of identity

b. Consumer culture

c. Rapidsocialchange

d. Decline of organised religion


49


ovements and m

embers

Religiosity and social groups (pages 52-56)

Gender and religiosity (page 52)

1. Using Table 1C and other statistics on page 52, summarise the ways in which women can be seen as more religious than men.

Reasons for gender differences (pages 52-53)

Risk, socialisation and roles

1. BrieflyoutlineMillerandHoffman’sthreemainreasonsforwomen’shigherlevelsofreligiosity.

a.

b.

c.

Paid work (page 53)

1. According to Bruce, what was the reason for women’s higher religiosity in the past?

2. Brieflyoutlinetworeasonswhyreligionremainsattractivetosomewomen.

a.

b.


50


ovements and m

embers

Women and the New Age (pages 53-54)

1. Why are women more often associated with ‘nature’?

2. According to Bruce, how does women’s experience of child-rearing make them more likely to be attracted to New Age movements?

3. Brieflyexplaintheroleconflictthatwomeninpaidworksufferfrom.

4. BrieflyexplainwhatWoodheadmeansby‘theindividualsphere’.

5. According to Brown, why do ‘self’ religions attract women?

6. Why might women be attracted to fundamentalism?

7. Brieflyexplaintheclassdifferencesinthetypesofreligiontheappealtowomanidentifiedby Bruce.

Women, compensators and sects (page 54)

1. Brieflyexplainthethreeformsofdeprivationsufferedbywomen:

a. Organismic deprivation

b. Ethical deprivation

c. Social deprivation


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embers

The Pentecostal gender paradox (page 54)

1. In what ways is Pentecostalism a patriarchal religion?

2. According to Brusco, why is Pentecostalism attractive to women despite its patriarchal features?

Recent trends (pages 54-55)

1. Why has religious participation declined among women in the UK?

2. Why do women reject traditional religions?

Ethnicity and religiosity (page 55)

1. BrieflyoutlinethepatternsofreligiousbeliefshowninTable1D.

Reasons for ethnic differences (page 55)

1. Brieflyoutlinethefollowingexplanationsgivenforethnicdifferencesinreligiosity:

a. Cultural defence

b. Cultural transition

Age and religious participation (pages 55-56)

1. BrieflyoutlinethepatternsofchurchattendanceshowninTable1E.

2. What are the implications of these patterns for future church congregations?


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Write your answers below. 1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.


Reasons for age differences (pages 56)

1. BrieflyoutlineVoasandCrockett’sthreeexplanationsforagedifferencesinreligiosity.

a. The ageing effect

b. The period or cohort effect

c. Secularisation

2. AccordingtoVoasandCrockett,whichoftheaboveisthemainreasonforagedifferencesin religiosity?

3. Using an example, explain what Arweck and Beckford mean by the virtual collapse of religious socialisation.

TOPIC 7 Ideology and Science



1.

2.

3a.

3b.

4.


Know the difference between open and closed belief systems.

Understand and be able to evaluate different views of science as a belief system.

Understand and be able to evaluate different views of the nature of ideology.

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Science as a belief system (pages 59-62)

1. Why does society have faith in science?

2. Why has society’s faith in society started to fail?

3. Brieflyexplainwhatismeantbythe‘cognitivepower’ofscience.

Topic 7 Ideology and science


WhatwillyouexamineinthisTopic?(page59)

The impact of science (page 59)


Open belief systems (page 59)

1. According to Popper, in what way is science an open belief system?

2. Brieflyexplainwhatismeantby‘theprincipleoffalsificationism’.

3. What is meant by science being culmulative?

4. AccordingtoPopper,whatpreventsscientificknowledgefrombeingsacredorabsolutetruth?

Analysis and Evaluation (page 60)



The CUDOS norms (pages 59-60)

1. AccordingtoMerton,whofirstsupportedscientificthinking?

2. Brieflyoutlinethe‘CUDOS’normsthatMertonstatesmakescientistsactinwaysthatserve thegoalofincreasingscientificknowledge:

a. Communism

b. Universalism

c. Disinterestedness

d. OrganisedScepticism



Closed belief systems (page 60)

1. What makes religion a closed belief system?

2. What prevents a closed belief system from being disproved?

Witchcraft among the Azande (page 60)

1. UseanexampletoillustratehowtheAzandeexplainmisfortune.

2. HowdotheAzandedealwithasuspectedwitch?

3. AccordingtoEvans-Pritchard,whatthreefunctionsdoestheAzandebeliefsystemperform?

a.

b.

c.

4.WhatpreventstheAzandefromquestioningthebeliefsystem?



1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

11.

12.

13.

14.

15.

16.


Activity: Media Witchcraft among the Azande (page 61) Topic 7 Ideology and science



Self-sustaining beliefs (page 61)

1. BrieflyexplaineachofthethreedevicesforsustainingbeliefsystemsthatPolanyiidentifies:

a. Circularity

b. Subsidiaryexplanations

c. Denialoflegitimacytorivals

Box 1.4 The case of Dr Velikovsky (page 61)

UsingtheinformationinBox1.4,explainhowsciencecanbeseenasaclosedbeliefsystem.

Science as a closed system (page 61)

1. According to Polanyi, in what way is science a closed belief system?

2. ExplainwhatKuhnmeansbyaparadigm.

3. According to Kuhn, what is normal science?

4. What happens to those scientists who challenge the paradigm?

5. AccordingtoKuhn,whendoesascientificrevolutiontakeplace?


The sociology of scientific knowledge (pages 61-62)

1. Brieflyexplainwhatinterpretivistsmeanby‘socialconstruction’.

2. AccordingtoKnorr-Cetina,howisscienceableto‘fabricate’newfactsandhowdoesshe view the laboratory setting?

3. Howdoestheexampleof‘littlegreenmen’illustratethefactthatscientistsareengagedinthe process of interpreting the world?

4. Brieflyexplainhoweachoftheseperspectivesviewsscience:

a. Marxism

b. Feminism

c. Postmodernism


Ideology (pages 62-64)

1. Defineideology.

2. What are the four negative aspects of the meaning of the term ideology in sociology?

a.




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1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.


Activity: Media What is ideology? (page 62)

b.

c.

d.


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Marxism and ideology (pages 62-63)

1. Why is it in workers’ interests to overthrow capitalism?

2. What is meant by class consciousness?

3. Defineruling-classideology.

4. Givethreeexamplesofthebeliefsandideasofruling-classideology.

a.

b.

c.

5. BrieflyexplainhowGramsciseesworkersashavingdualconsciousness.

6. Define‘organicintellectuals’.

7. How do Abercrombie et al criticise Gramsci?


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The ideology of nationalism (page 63)

1. Brieflyoutlinethethreefeaturesofnationalism.a.

b.

c.

2. AccordingtoAnderson,whyisanationan‘imaginedcommunity’?.

3. AccordingtoMarx,whyisnationalismaformoffalseclassconsciousness?

4. How do functionalists see nationalism?

5. According to functionalists, what role does education play in nationalism?

6. According to Gellner, why is nationalism a feature of modern societies rather than preindustrial societies?

7. What is Gellner’s view of the role of education?

8. According to Gellner, how is nationalism used to enable a state to modernise?


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Karl Mannheim: Ideology and utopia (page 64)

1. BrieflyexplainMannheim’stwotypesofbeliefsystem:

a. ideological thought

b. utopian thought

2. According to Mannheim, by whom are worldviews created?

3. Why do these worldviews only give a partial view of reality?

4. AccordingtoMannheim,whatisthesourceofconflictinsociety?

5. InMannheim’sview,whyarethefree-floatingintelligentsiaabletoarriveatatotalworldview?


Feminism and ideology (page 64)

1. According to feminists, what is the fundamental division in society?

2. According to Pauline Marks, in what ways have ideas from science been used to justify women’sexclusionfromeducation?

3. Useanexampletoshowhowreligiousbeliefsmaydefinewomenasinferior.

4. Giveanexampleofareligiousbeliefthatdoesnotsubordinatewomen.


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3.

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7.

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The Napier Press BELIEFS IN SOCIETY WORKBOOKnapierpress.com/.../2016/06/Workbook_Bk2_Beliefs_in_Society.pdf · Application (page 7) Write your answer here. Functionalist theories