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Industrial North
Western Frontier
Southern Agriculture
THE MARKET REVOLUTION AND AMERICA’S
REGIONAL IDENTITY (1790 – 1850)
THE RISE OF SECTIONALISM IN THE U.S.
• The Cumberland Road and
the Erie Canal System
promoted western migration
The Role of
Transportation
(1806 – 1853)
• Native resistance slowed, but
did not stop white expansion
• This migratory surge helped
transform the farm economy
THE MARKET REVOLUTION AND AMERICA’S
REGIONAL IDENTITIES (1790 – 1850)
Three streams of migrants went West (1790 – 1820)
• New generations of
New England farmers
moved west into the
Northwest territories
of Ohio & Indiana
• Struggling Southern
yeoman farmers moved
west into Tennessee &
Kentucky
• Some Slave-owning
Southern planters moved
into Alabama, Mississippi,
and Louisiana
THE MARKET REVOLUTION AND AMERICA’S
REGIONAL IDENTITIES (1790 – 1850)
Farmers adapt to Changing Times
• Northwestern farmers planted
and exported Wheat to Eastern
markets at lower prices
• New England farmers
switched to high yield and
nutritious Potatoes
• Farmers in all regions doubled
their yields by rotating crops and
using new farm machinery
• Yeoman farmers diversified
by raising sheep and selling
wool to textile manufacturers
THE MARKET REVOLUTION AND AMERICA’S
REGIONAL IDENTITIES (1790 – 1850)
THE RISE OF THE INDUSTRIAL NORTH
THE MARKET REVOLUTION AND AMERICA’S
REGIONAL IDENTITIES (1790 – 1850)
THE RISE OF THE INDUSTRIAL NORTH
THE MARKET REVOLUTION AND AMERICA’S
REGIONAL IDENTITIES (1790 – 1850)
The Changing Landscape of the Market Revolution
• Decline of the Small Village • Growth of Urban Centers
• Improved Standard of Living
• Overcrowding & Poor Sanitation
THE RISE OF THE INDUSTRIAL NORTH
THE MARKET REVOLUTION AND AMERICA’S
REGIONAL IDENTITIES (1790 – 1850)
• Decline in Agriculture -vs-
Rise of Manufacturing
• Repetitive Cycles of
Boom or Bust
• Rise of Wage Dependency
and Unions
The Changing Economy
of the Market Revolution
The Changing Society of the Market Revolution
• Professional Craftsmen -vs-
Industrialized Wage Workers
• Unmarried Female Factory Workers
-vs- Home bound Married Women
“Self Made Men” “Society Defined Women”
THE MARKET REVOLUTION AND AMERICA’S
REGIONAL IDENTITIES (1790 – 1850)
THE RISE OF THE INDUSTRIAL NORTH
• Development of the Skilled Laborer • Redefining the Roles of Women
THE RISE OF THE INDUSTRIAL NORTH
THE MARKET REVOLUTION AND AMERICA’S
REGIONAL IDENTITIES (1790 – 1850)
• Widening Economic Inequalities
• Increased Gap between Rich & Poor
The Changing Society of the Market Revolution
• Wealthy Businessmen /Professionals -vs- Simple Subsistence Farmers
THE GROWTH OF SOUTHERN AGRICULTURE
THE MARKET REVOLUTION AND AMERICA’S
REGIONAL IDENTITIES (1790 – 1850)
THE GROWTH OF SOUTHERN AGRICULTURE
THE MARKET REVOLUTION AND AMERICA’S
REGIONAL IDENTITIES (1790 – 1850)
The Changing Landscape of the Market Revolution
• Decline of the Smaller
Family Farms
• Rise of the Larger Cotton
Plantations
THE GROWTH OF SOUTHERN AGRICULTURE
THE MARKET REVOLUTION AND AMERICA’S
REGIONAL IDENTITIES (1790 – 1850)
The Changing Economy of the Market Revolution
• Simple Subsistence Farming
• Usually on Poorest land available
• Plantations where Cotton was King
• Usually on Good Fertile Lands
THE GROWTH OF SOUTHERN AGRICULTURE
THE MARKET REVOLUTION AND AMERICA’S
REGIONAL IDENTITIES (1790 – 1850)
The Changing Economy of the Market Revolution
Cotton Gin Revolutionized
Cotton Production Cotton made up half of all
U.S. Exports by 1820
Built on the Backs
of 4 Million Slaves
THE GROWTH OF SOUTHERN AGRICULTURE
THE MARKET REVOLUTION AND AMERICA’S
REGIONAL IDENTITIES (1790 – 1850)
The Changing Society of the Market Revolution
• Poor Yeoman Farmers • Wealthy Plantation Owner
• Considered Ignorant and Lazy • Considered High & Mighty
• Widening Economic Inequalities
• Increased Gap between Rich & Poor
THE EXPANSION OF THE WEST
THE MARKET REVOLUTION AND AMERICA’S
REGIONAL IDENTITIES (1790 – 1850)
THE EXPANSION OF THE WEST
THE MARKET REVOLUTION AND AMERICA’S
REGIONAL IDENTITIES (1790 – 1850)
• Frontier Homesteads in
Kentucky and Tennessee
• The Rise of New Urban Centers
along the Mississippi River
The Changing Landscape of the Market Revolution
THE MARKET REVOLUTION AND AMERICA’S
REGIONAL IDENTITIES (1790 – 1850)
The Changing Landscape of the Market Revolution
• New Trails are blazed across
the Western Plains
• Using Conestoga Wagons
• The Santa Fe Trail
(Established in 1821)
• The Oregon Trail
(Established 1832 - 1834)
• The California Trail
(Established by 1847)
• The Mormon Trail
(Established in 1846)
THE EXPANSION OF THE WEST
THE MARKET REVOLUTION AND AMERICA’S
REGIONAL IDENTITIES (1790 – 1850)
The Changing Economy of the Market Revolution
Increased Trade along the Mississippi
Increased Diversity on Midwestern Farms
New Market Opportunities between the Eastern Merchants and the West
THE EXPANSION OF THE WEST
THE MARKET REVOLUTION AND AMERICA’S
REGIONAL IDENTITIES (1790 – 1850)
The Changing Society of the Market Revolution
Frontier Farmers River People Adventurers Western Pioneers
Westerners tended to more Egalitarian:
Believing that all people deserved Equal Rights and Opportunities in Life
The West became more Socially, Politically, and Economically Equal
Industrial North
Western Frontier
Southern Agriculture
THE MARKET REVOLUTION AND AMERICA’S
REGIONAL IDENTITIES (1790 – 1850)
THE RISE OF SECTIONALISM IN THE U.S.
THE MARKET REVOLUTION AND AMERICA’S
REGIONAL IDENTITIES (1790 – 1850)
THE RISE OF SECTIONALISM IN THE U.S.
The North and South Became vastly Different Regions
“King Cotton” had transformed the South into a rural region
with slavery, little manufacturing, & few railroads
The North had industrial factories, cities, paid immigrant
workers, railroads, & larger population
THE MARKET REVOLUTION AND AMERICA’S
REGIONAL IDENTITIES (1790 – 1850)
THE RISE OF SECTIONALISM IN THE U.S.
The North and South Became vastly Different Regions
THE MARKET REVOLUTION AND AMERICA’S
REGIONAL IDENTITIES (1790 – 1850)
THE RISE OF SECTIONALISM IN THE U.S.
Concerns over the Political Balance of Power Arose
1819: U.S. was made up
of 11 Free and 11 Slave
States
1820: Henry Clay
negotiated the Missouri
Compromise
Missouri became a slave state
Maine broke from Massachusetts
& became a free state
Slavery was outlawed in all western territories above the
latitude of 36°30'
Economic Panic and the Demise of the Labor Unions
• The Tariff of 1828 and Changes in investing and banking between the
U.S. and Great Britain significantly impacted the American Economy:
• The Panic of 1837 through the
U.S. Economy into disarray:
The price of raw cotton
collapsed
6,000 wage workers in NYC
lost their jobs
• By 1843:
Prices had dropped 50%
Unemployment was at 20%
Unions had disappeared
THE MARKET REVOLUTION AND AMERICA’S
REGIONAL IDENTITIES (1790 – 1850)
THE MARKET REVOLUTION AND AMERICA’S
REGIONAL IDENTITIES (1790 – 1850)
THE RISE OF SECTIONALISM IN THE U.S.
The North and South Became divided by the Tariff
Southerners argued that the Tariff of 1828 only benefited
Northern Manufacturers
John C. Calhoun of S.C. declared the Tariff of
Abominations Null & Void
President Andrew Jackson fought against the States’ Rights & Secession Issue
THE MARKET REVOLUTION AND AMERICA’S
REGIONAL IDENTITIES (1790 – 1850)
THE RISE OF SECTIONALISM IN THE U.S.
Issues over Political Balance & Slavery Resurfaced
Texas was not annexed for Nine years because it would
unbalance the number of
free & slave states
The Mexican Cession of 1848 gave Southerners hope that slavery would spread to the
Pacific Ocean
The Wilmot Proviso was a failed attempt to resolve the
Slavery issue in the new lands