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Market RevolutionI. The Market Revolution
A. American Economy, 1800B. First Industrial RevolutionC. Transportation
II. The Transformation of WorkA. Common laborB. DeskillingC. Manufacturing
III. Freedom and FrustrationA. The Decline of ServitudeB. From Craftsman to LaborerC. Community under Pressure
IV. Worker ResponsesA. AmbitionB. AssociationC. Labor ProtestD. Mass Politics
American Economy, 1800
• Farming
• Hand Labor
• Craft work
• Local Family Firms
• Upward Mobility– apprentice– journeyman– master
Industrial Revolution, 1750-1850
• Spinning jenny
• Steam engine
• Iron puddling furnace
• Cotton gin
• Telegraph
• Sewing machine
Transportation
• Canals create market towns and cities.• Incentive for mass production
Common Labor
Deskilling & Manufacturing
• Division of
labor
• Machines
• Teamwork
• Discipline
Creating Class
An anxious blacksmith, circa 1850
The Decline of Servitude
• Courts begin replacing paternalism with employment at-will.
• Freedom of contract– Employer and employee
have equal rights to make and break contracts.
– Ignores difference in bargaining power.
Massachusetts Chief Justice Lemuel Shaw (1781-1861)
Community under Pressure
Five Points, NYC, 1840s
Ambition
• System offers opportunities for economic mobility.
Sewing machine inventor, Elias Howe
Association
• Religion– 2nd Great Awakening
• 1820-40
– Church membership• Grows 100K in 1831
– Revivals• 10-25K people attend
• Mutual benefit– Fire companies– Insurance
companies– Fraternal Societies
Labor Protest
• Violence – Unskilled labor– Canal diggers
• Boycotts– Skilled workers
• Cordwainers• General Trades
Union
• Strikes– Machine
Operatives• Women of Lowell
Workers in political cartoon, circa 1830s
Mass Politics
• Workingman’s Party
• Jacksonian Democracy
• Free labor ideology
President Andrew Jackson