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The Market Revolution
Chapter 9 Section 1
U.S. Markets Expand
• The United States experienced great economic changes during the first half of the 1800’s.
• For one thing, the country became more industrialized.
• One result of this was that workers spent the money they earned on goods made by others.
• This led many farmers to change their practices.
• Before, farmers raised a variety of crops for their own families.
• Now they turned to specialization, raising one or two crops that they could sell.
1. The raising of one or two crops that farmers could sell?
• These changes brought about a market revolution, in which people bought and sold goods rather than making them for themselves.
• This new process depended on capitalism.
• Capitalism is an economic system in which private businesses and individuals control production in order to make a profit.
2. An economic system in which private businesses and individuals control production in order to make
a profit?
• Under capitalism, entrepreneurs, or business owners, invested their money in new industries.
• If the industries failed, these entrepreneurs lost their money.
• If the businesses succeeded, they grew wealthy.
3. These people invest their money in new industries. If the industries fail, they lose their money. If the
businesses succeeded, they grow wealthy.
• Inventor-entrepreneurs began making goods to make life more comfortable.
• Vulcanized rubber and sewing machines were two such important inventions.
• Farmers also did well.• The growing populations in the cities needed more and more food.
• Farmers issued machines to plant and harvest the crops that they then sold to the cities.
• With their cash, farmers bought manufactured goods.
• As technology improved, many of these goods grew less expensive.• Soon, many Americans could afford to buy a variety of manufactured
goods.
The Economic Revolution
• New inventions also changed life in the United States.• Some inventions made life more comfortable.
• Other inventions helped cause an economic revolution by changing manufacturing, transportation, and communication.
• Samuel F.B. Morse invented the telegraph.• This device could send messages by wire in a few
seconds.
4. Samuel F.B. Morse invented the ___________.
This device could send messages by wire in a few seconds.
• Businessmen used this new communication device to transmit orders and relay up-to-date information on prices and sales.
• The new railroads used the telegraph to keep trains moving regularly and to warn engineers of safety hazards.
• By 1854, 23,000 miles of telegraph wire crossed the country.
• Inventions also improved transportation.• Steamboats made river travel quicker and cheaper.
• In places that didn’t have passable rivers, people dug canals, which cut the cost of shipping goods.• The Erie Canal reduced freight charges and transportation times.
• Soon, people began building railroads to move goods.• Transporting goods by railroad was more expensive
than by canals.
• However, railroads moved goods faster.• Eventually, the cost of shipping goods by railroad
became less expensive.
• By 1850, almost 10,000 miles of railroad track had been laid in the United States.• By 1859, trains carried 2 billion tons of freight a year.
5. By 1859, __________ carried 2 billion tons of freight a year.
New Markets Link Regions
• By the 1840’s, improved transportation made America’s regions interdependent.
• America’s regions developed regional specialties.
• The South exported its cotton to England as well as New England.
• The West sent grain and livestock to the East.
• The East manufactured textiles and machinery.
• The South remained mostly agricultural, raising cotton, tobacco, and rice.
• The Northeast became the nation’s manufacturing center.
• Workers there made more and better goods at lower prices than ever before.
• The Midwest became important for farming.• Inventions helped make farmers’ lives easier.
• Farmers used a steel plow invented by John Deere to help them better prepare the land for planting.
6. Who invented the steel plow?
• During the harvest time, farmers used the mechanical reaper, a new invention by Cyrus McCormick.
• This invention made it possible for one farmer to do the work of five.
7. Who invented the mechanical reaper?
• Armed with plows and reapers, farmers could shift from farming for the family to producing cash crops, such as wheat and corn.
• The same trains and canals that brought them plows and reapers from distant factories would then carry their crops to markets in the East and in Europe.
Manifest Destiny
Chapter 9 Section 2
The Frontier Draws Settlers
• Many Americans believed that God wanted the United States to expand across the continent.
• They felt that Americans were meant to control the West.• This belief was called manifest destiny.
8. The belief that Americans were meant to control the West.
Manifest Destiny: Clash of Cultures
• As a result of this belief, many people began moving west.• Some moved because of the cheap land.
• Others – such as business owners – hoped to start trade with Asia.
• Some fled west to escape economic problems in the east.
• The Panic of 1837 – in which many of the nations banks failed – caused many people to lose their jobs and savings.
• As a result, some Americans wanted a fresh start on the frontier.
Settlers and Native Americans
• The westward movement caused conflicts between Native Americans and white settlers.
• In the early 1830’s, Chief Black Hawk and members of the Sauk and Fox tribes led a rebellion against settlers in Illinois and Wisconsin territories.
• The battle ended when the Illinois militia killed 200 Sauk and Fox people.• As a result of their defeat, these tribes were forced to move west of the Mississippi River.
• In 1851, the United States government signed the Treaty of Fort Laramie with many Native American groups.
• The treaty gave Native Americans control of much of the Great Plains.
• In return, the Native Americans also allowed the government to build forts and roads.
• The United States promised that settlers would stay out of the Native American lands.
• But the U.S. government did not honor this treaty.
9. In 1851, the United States government signed the _____________ ___ _________
________________with many Native American groups. The treaty gave Native Americans control of much of the Great Plains. In return, the Native Americans also allowed the government to build forts and roads. The United States promised that
settlers would stay out of the Native American lands. But the U.S. government did not honor this
treaty.
Trails West
• Settlers used several major routes as they moved west.
• They were a series of old Native American trails and new routes.
• The Santa Fe Trail was a trade route between Independence, Missouri, and Santa Fe, New Mexico.
• Traders traveled this route to Santa Fe, where they sold cloth, guns, and knives.
• In return, they bought silver, gold, and furs.
10. The _________ _____ ________was a trade route
between Independence, Missouri, and Santa Fe, New Mexico.
Traders traveled this route to Santa Fe, where they sold cloth, guns,
and knives.In return, they bought silver, gold,
and furs.
• The Oregon Trail stretched from Independence, Missouri to Portland, Oregon.• By 1844, about 5,000 Americans had settled in Oregon.
11. The Oregon Trail stretched from Independence, Missouri to
Portland, Oregon.
• One group that migrated west along the Oregon trail was the Mormons.• The Mormons were a religious group, started by Joseph Smith.
12. One group that migrated west along the Oregon trail was the
Mormons.The Mormons were a religious group, started by_________
___________.
• Because of their different views, Mormons had been persecuted for their beliefs.• Brigham Young was the Mormon leader who followed Smith.
• Young decided that the Mormons would be safer if they lived apart from society.
• In 1847, thousands of Mormons settled near the edge of the Great Salt Lake in Utah.• They shared water and timberland and built a community around present day Salt
Lake City.
• Both the United States and Britain claimed the Oregon Territory.• In 1844, James K. Polk, the Democratic presidential candidate,
called for the entire Oregon Territory to be part of the United States.
• His campaign slogan was “Fifty-Four Forty or Fight!”
• This referred to the northern limit of the Oregon territory – the latitude 54°40'.
13. Whose campaign slogan was “Fifty-Four Forty or Fight!”
This referred to the northern limit of the Oregon territory – the latitude
54°40'.
• Britain was interested in the Oregon Territory mainly for its many beaver furs.
• Eventually, beaver hats went out of style.
• As a result, the British lost interest in the Oregon Territory.
• The United States claimed the region as theirs.
• This established the current border between the United States and Canada.
Expansion in Texas
Chapter 9 Section 3
Americans Settle in the Southwest
• In the early 1800’s, México's northern provinces included present day Texas, New Mexico, and California.
• Texas had few settlers.
• Although its land was good for farming, people feared attacks by Native Americans.
• Mexico won its independence from Spain in 1821.
• In the years that followed, Mexico sought to improve its economy.
• As a result, Mexico loosened its trade restrictions between its northern provinces and the United States.
• Mexico also encouraged American farmers to settle in Texas.• In the early 1820’s, Mexico offered huge land grants to American
settlers.
• Under these land grants, Americans bought land in Mexico for a low price.
• In exchange, they promised to obey Mexican laws and practice Roman Catholicism.
• Many Americans rushed at the chance.• The same restless determination that produced new
inventions and manufactured goods fed the American urge to settle the west.
• American settlers in Texas were called Anglos.• They soon outnumbered the Tejanos, or Spanish
speaking Texans.
• The Americans in Texas eventually established a colony in Texas.
• The American Stephen F. Austin was the colony’s leader.
14. The Americans in Texas eventually established a colony in
Texas.The American __________
___________ was the colony’s leader.
• The number of Anglos in Texas steadily grew and their colony thrived.
• As a result, many people in the United States considered making Texas part of their country.
• President John Quincy Adams had offered to buy Texas for $1 million.
• President Andrew Jackson later offered $5 million.
• Mexico refused to sell Texas.
• Soon the Mexicans also began to have second thoughts about inviting so many Americans.
Texas Fights for Independence
• Tensions soon erupted between Texas’ Anglo population and Mexico.
• First, the Anglo settlers spoke English instead of Spanish.
• Second, the Anglos tended to be Protestant instead of Catholic.
• Third, many of the settlers were Southerners who had brought their slaves with them.
• Mexico had outlawed slavery in 1829.
• In 1830, Mexico banned more American settlers from coming to Texas.
• In 1834, Stephen Austin convinced Mexican leaders to drop the ban.
• Once again, large numbers of Americans began streaming into Texas.
• As the American colony grew, Austin went to Mexico City to visit the Mexican President, Antonio López de Santa Anna.
• Austin asked Santa Anna for greater self-government for Texas.
15. As the American colony grew, Austin went to Mexico
City to visit the Mexican President,_________________.
Austin asked him for greater self-government for Texas.
• Santa Anna responded by throwing Austin in Jail.
• Austin eventually was freed.
• He returned to Texas and called for Texans to arm themselves.
• Soon afterward, Santa Anna led an army to San Antonio to force the Texans to obey Mexican law.
• As a result, war broke out between the two sides in 1835.
• The war became known as the Texas Revolution.
• One of the most famous battles of war occurred at the Alamo, a mission in San Antonio.
• In February of 1836, a small group of American forces tried to defend the Alamo from Mexican troops.
16. One of the most famous battles of the Texas revolution occurred at
the ____________,a mission in San Antonio.
In February of 1836, a small group of American forces tried to defend it
from Mexican troops.
• For 12 days, Santa Anna and his troops attacked the rebels in the Alamo.
• The Mexicans finally captured the mission after killing all 187 of the Americans.
• Even as the battle for the Alamo raged, Texans met and declared independence from Mexico.
• “Remember the Alamo!” became a rallying cry for Texas rebels to defeat the Mexicans.
17. Even as the battle for the Alamo raged, Texans met and declared independence from
Mexico._________________________________________ became a rallying cry for Texas rebels to defeat the
Mexicans.
• Under their commander, Sam Houston, the Texans captured Santa Anna and won their independence.
• Houston was elected president of the new Republic of Texas.
18. Under their commander,_______
______________, the Texans captured Santa Anna and won their
independence.He was elected president of the
new Republic of Texas.
• The Mexican government refused to acknowledge Texas’ independence.
• However, France and Great Britain recognized Texas’ new status.
• Texas certainly acted like a new nation.• It established an army and a navy.• It also created its own flag.
• Many Texans hoped that the United States would annex, or incorporate, Texas as part of the country.
• The nation was divided on the issue.
19. To incorporate?
• Southerners welcomed another slave state to the Union.
• Northerners, however, did not want another slave state.
• In 1838, Sam Houston invited the United States to Annex Texas.
• Antislavery Northerners, however, blocked any action on the matter.
• In 1844, James Polk was elected as the eleventh president.
• Polk, a slaveholder, favored the annexation of Texas.
20. Who was the eleventh president of the United States?
• In 1845, Texas finally was admitted into the union.
• This angered the Mexican government.
The War with Mexico
Chapter 9 Section 4
Polk Urges War
• The United States’ annexation of Texas increased tensions with Mexico.
• U.S. President James K. Polk wanted a war with Mexico.
• He believed that a war would bring the United States even more Mexican lands – such as California and New Mexico.
• Polk decided to provoke a war.• He ordered General Zachary Taylor to lead the U.S.
army to blockade the Rio Grande River.
21. President Polk decided to provoke a war with this country?
• Mexico viewed this action as a violation of its territorial rights.
• The two countries moved closer to war.
• Americans were divided about going to war with Mexico.
• At first, Southerners were opposed to war.• Once they learned that slavery might be extended to any new
lands acquired from Mexico, they supported war. • Northerners did not want to see slavery extended.• As a result, they opposed going to war to acquire new lands.
The War Begins
• In 1845, Americans sent an exploration party into California.
• Mexicans were angered by this invasion into their territory.
• As a result, Mexico sent troops across the Rio Grande into Texas.
• A skirmish broke out.
• The Mexicans killed 11 American soldiers.
• Polk asked Congress to declare war.
• Congress did.
• The United States army was led by Colonel Stephen Kearney.
• He marched his troops into Santa Fe, New Mexico.
• U.S. forces took the area without firing a shot.
• New Mexico immediately asked to join the United States.
• Kearny’s troops then moved into California.• American settlers there had already declared their
independence.
• They set up the Republic of California.• American troops easily took control of California.
• American troops also pushed into Mexico.• One military victory followed another.
• Mexican soldiers gallantly defended their home soil.
• However, their army labored under poor leadership, while U.S. soldiers served under capable leaders.
• They included General Zachary Taylor and General Winfield Scott.
• Taylor captured Monterrey and won against Santa Anna at Buena Vista.
• Scott captured the port of Vera Cruz and then took Mexico City, the capital.
22. In the Mexican war this general captured the port of Vera Cruz and then took Mexico City, the capital.
America Claims the Spoils of War; The California Gold Rush
• In 1848, Mexico and the United States signed the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo ending the war.
• Under the treaty, a defeated Mexico handed much of its northern land to the United States.
• This land included present day California, Nevada, New Mexico, Utah, most of Arizona, and parts of Colorado and Wyoming.
• As a result of its war with Mexico, the United States grew by one-third.
23. In 1848, Mexico and the United States signed the _________________________, ending the
war.Under the treaty, a defeated Mexico handed
much of its northern land to the United States. This land included present day California,
Nevada, New Mexico, Utah, most of Arizona, and parts of Colorado and Wyoming.
As a result of its war with Mexico, the United States grew by one-third.
• Five years later, in 1853, the United States bought more land from Mexico.
• This deal was known as the Gadsden Purchase.• This set the current borders of the lower 48 states.
24. in 1853, the United States bought more land from Mexico.
This deal was known as the________________________.This set the current borders of the
lower 48 states.
• Due to poor health, Polk declined to run for reelection in 1848.
• The Democrats nominated Lewis Cass.
• They remained silent on the issue of extending slavery to the nation’s vast new holdings.
• A group of anti-slavery Democrats nominated Martin Van Buren.
• Van Buren captured 10 percent of the popular vote – but no electoral votes.
• The winner was the Whig nominee, war hero Zachary Taylor.
• He became the 12th president of the United States.
25. Who became the 12th president of the United States.
• In 1848, American settlers discovered gold in California.• Thousands of people streamed into California in search of gold.• These settlers were known as forty-niners.
26. In 1848, American settlers discovered gold in California.
Thousands of people streamed into California in search of gold.These settlers were known
as_____________________.
• This mass migration became known as the great gold rush.• As a result of the gold rush, California’s population exploded.• San Francisco became a boom town.
• By 1849, California’s population exceeded 100,000.
• California had a diverse population including Chinese, Mexicans, and freed blacks.
• California applied for statehood as a state that outlawed slavery.
• California’s application for statehood provoked much debate in Congress.
• It became just one more sore point between Northerners and Southerners – each intent on winning the argument over slavery.
