The The MacromoleculeMacromolecule

ssof Lifeof Life

MacromoleculesMacromolecules

Cells are composed of chemicals:Cells are composed of chemicals:-Water-Water -Carbohydrates-Carbohydrates -Proteins-Proteins

-Lipids-Lipids -Nucleic Acids-Nucleic Acids

•Molecules Molecules that contain CARBONCARBON are called organicorganic.

•MacromoleculesMacromolecules are large organic organic moleculesmolecules.

All living things are composed of one or more cells.

MacromoleculesMacromolecules

Macromolecules are

also called POLYMERS POLYMERS

and BIOMOLECULES.BIOMOLECULES.

Polymers are made of up

of smaller “building

blocks” called

MONOMERS.MONOMERS.

Polymers/Polymers/MacromoleculesMacromoleculesBiomolecules/Organic Biomolecules/Organic Molecules:Molecules:

CarbohydratesCarbohydratesLipidsLipidsProteinsProteinsNucleic acidsNucleic acids

Nucleic AcidsNucleic Acids• Two types:Two types:• Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) double Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) double helixhelix• Ribonucleic acid (RNA) single strandRibonucleic acid (RNA) single strand

• Nucleic acids Nucleic acids are composed of long chains of nucleotidesnucleotides.

• A nucleotide is the MONOMER of a nucleic acid POLYMER.

• Nucleic acids store genetic information.

NucleotideNucleotide

PhosphatePhosphate

NitrogenNitrogen basebase

(A, G, C, or T)(A, G, C, or T)

SugarSugar

Nucleic AcidsNucleic Acids

Nucleic Acids are made up of a Nucleic Acids are made up of a monomer called a nucleotide.monomer called a nucleotide.

Parts of a Nucleotide:Parts of a Nucleotide:--Phosphate groupPhosphate group-Sugar-Sugar-Nitrogen bases:-Nitrogen bases:

adenine (A)adenine (A)thymine (T)thymine (T)cytosine (C)cytosine (C)guanine (G)guanine (G)

DNA Structure

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DNA - double helixDNA - double helixA pairs with TC pairs with G

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P

P

P

S

S

S

P

P

P

S

S

S

G C

T A

DNA Intro

• Strawberry Lab

• Online DNA Activity

• Nucleotide Cutouts

• DNA Worksheet

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DNA Intro Research Questions:

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1. A nucleic acid is a macromolecule that is found in all living organisms.

2. DNA & RNA

3. Nucleotides are the monomer that make up a nucleic acid.

4. Store genetic information for all living organisms.

Hypothesis:

Yes, because the strawberry was once alive so it will have all of the macromolecules.

No, the strawberry is not alive, so it may not contain all of the macromolecules.

Carbohydrates

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CarbohydratesCarbohydrates

MonosacchariMonosaccharidede(mono – one)(mono – one)

DisaccharideDisaccharide(di – two)(di – two)

PolysaccharidPolysaccharidee(poly – many)(poly – many)

Main source of energyMain source of energy

CarbohydratesCarbohydratesMonosaccharide: one sugar monomerMonosaccharide: one sugar monomer

Examples: Examples: Glucose (Glucose (C6H12O6)

RiboseRibose

FructoseFructose

glucoseglucose

CarbohydratesCarbohydrates

Disaccharide: two sugar unitDisaccharide: two sugar unit

Examples: Examples: • SucroseSucrose• LactoseLactose•MaltoseMaltose

glucoseglucoseglucoseglucose

CarbohydratesCarbohydratesPolysaccharide: many sugar unitsPolysaccharide: many sugar units

Examples:Examples: starch (bread, starch (bread, potatoes)potatoes)

glycogen (beef muscle)glycogen (beef muscle)

cellulose (lettuce, corn)cellulose (lettuce, corn)glucoseglucoseglucoseglucose

glucoseglucoseglucoseglucose

glucoseglucoseglucoseglucose

glucoseglucoseglucoseglucose

cellulosecellulose

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Lipids

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LipidsLipids• Compounds that are not soluble in not soluble in

waterwater• Main component of the cell Main component of the cell

membranemembrane• Stored/Reserve EnergyStored/Reserve Energy• After carbs are used up, fats have After carbs are used up, fats have

the reserve energythe reserve energy

Lipids

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Examples:Examples:FatsFatsPhospholipidsPhospholipidsOilsOilsWaxesWaxesSteroid hormonesSteroid hormonesTriglyceridesTriglycerides

Functions:Functions:• Protection against heat Protection against heat

loss (insulation)loss (insulation)• Chemical messengers Chemical messengers

(hormones)(hormones)• Major component of Major component of

membranes membranes (phospholipids)(phospholipids)

The body stores excess fat in fat cells, or lipocytes, which expand in size until the fat is used for fuel.

Lipids an energy reserve

Carbohydrates are the primary energy source.

After carbohydrates are used up, an organism will use its fats for energy.

What would happen if all the fats and carbs have already been used?

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3iWI72c42gc

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Fatty AcidsFatty AcidsThere are two kinds of fatty acidsfatty acids you may

see these on food labels:SaturatedSaturatedfatty acidsfatty acidsno double no double bonds (bad)bonds (bad)

UnsaturatedUnsaturatedfatty acidsfatty acids double bonds double bonds (good)(good)

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When consumed in large amounts, lipids can lead to cardiovascular disease.

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Are hormones lipids or proteins?

Could be either!• Steroid hormones are fat-soluble molecules made from

cholesterol. Among these are the three major sex hormones groups: estrogens, androgens and progesterones. Males and females make all three, just in different amounts. Steroids pass into a cell's nucleus, bind to specific receptors and genes and trigger the cell to make proteins.

• Insulin, growth hormone, prolactin and other water-soluble protein hormones consist of long chains of amino acids, from several to 200 amino acids long. They are stored in endocrine cells until needed to regulate such processes as metabolism, lactation, growth and reproduction.

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ProteinsProteins

•Made from amino acids chains

• The polymer protein is made up of the monomer amino acids

• 20 different amino acids

• bonded together by peptide bondspeptide bonds

• Even though there are only 20 amino acids, many different types of proteins exist because the sequence and number of amino acids in a chain can vary.

Proteins

FunctionsFunctions•TransportTransport

•RegulatoryRegulatory

•MovementMovement

•StructuralStructural

•Cellular ReactionsCellular Reactions

ExamplesExamples•Hemoglobin Hemoglobin •protein in red blood protein in red blood cells that carries oxygencells that carries oxygen

•HormonesHormones•metabolism, growthmetabolism, growth

•MusclesMuscles

•membranes, hair, nailsmembranes, hair, nails

•EnzymesEnzymes26

Cell Membraneconsists of lipids &

proteins

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Enzymes a special type of protein

• Organic molecules that increase the rate of chemical reactions

• Catalyze reactions = speed up reactions (such as digestion)

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There are so many proteins, how does a living organism

know what protein is needed, and how to assemble from the

amino acids?

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Nucleic Acids Store Genetic Information

1) DNA is in every living organism.

2) DNA contains a code in the sequence of the base pairs.

3) DNA transfers the code to RNA.

4) RNA uses the code to link amino acids together.

5) The linked amino acids make a specific protein.

6) The proteins that are created have specific structure and function.

http://youtu.be/zwibgNGe4aY

DNA RNA Amino Acids Proteins