The Lymphatic & Immune System

Crystal Maravilla, Jerrod Villasenor,

Juan Orona

What is the Lymphatic System?

● Network of tubes throughout the body that drains lymph which bathes tissues and empties it back into the bloodstream.

● Structures include:● lymphatic vessels● lymph nodes● lymph capillaries● lymph trunks● spleen● thymus

Lymphatic System Structures

Lymphatic Vessels:●Functions:●Transport and filter lymph before directing it to the heart.●Location:●Alongside from arteries or veins.

Lymph Capillaries

● Function:● Served to drain and process extracellular fluids.

● Location:● Spaces between cells

Lymph Trunk

● Functions:● Drains into ducts bringing lymph into blood by emptying into

subclavian veins.● Two lymphatic ducts: ● Right lymphatic duct & thoracic duct.● Pairs of trunks:● Jugular, subclavian, bronchom,lumbar, and intestinal

(unpaired)

Lymph Trunk cont.

● Location:● Throughout the body.

Lymph Nodes

● Functions:● Produces lymphocytes to protect lymph.● Location● Thorax and abdomen

Spleen

Functions:●Recycles old red blood cells ●Stores white blood cells●Stores platelets●Location:●Under the ribcage

Thymus

● Functions:● Training and development in T-cells.● Location:● Behind sternum ● Between lungs

Fluid Formation

● Formed when interstitial fluid is collected through lymph capillaries

● It is then transported through lymph vessels to lymph nodes before being emptied into veins where it mixes back with blood

● Lymph is a milky fluid formed from the excess fluid surrounding body tissue

● Hydrostatic pressure from the heart forces fluid to leave the blood vessels to form lymph

Fluid Formation Cont.

Immune System

● Giant network that consists of:○ Cells ○ Tissues○ Organs

● Helps protect body from○ Viruses○ Bacteria ○ Parasites○ Fungi

Specific Immune Cells● Macrophages: engulf antigens; inform T lymphocytes

o Develop from monocyteso Part of the innate immune process

● Cytoxic T cells (natural killer cells):o Remove tumorso Remove infected body cellso Produces cytokines

● Cytokines:o Messenger of the immune systemo Some stimulate activityo Inhibit activityo Interferons, interfere with virus reproduction

Continued . . .

● Helper T cells secrete/produce chemicals that:o Promote memory cellso Promote effectorso Release cytokineso Suppresses or regulates immune responses

● B cells:o Many become plasma cellso Produce antibodieso Other into memory B cells

● Effector cell: seek & destroy antigens● Memory cell: become dormant; awakens when antigen enters again● Antibodies: bind to antigens & recognized by lymphocytes● Antigen: any foreign object in the body

Non-specific Cells● Phagocytes: “eats” antigens● Neutrophil: phagocytize bacteria

o Most common white blood cello Trap the bacteria

● Eosinophils secrete enzymes to kill:o Parasitic wormso Other pathogenso Targets objects to big to ingesto Normally involved in inflammation or allergic reactions

● Basophils: contains granules of toxic chemicals; normally for allergieso Release histamineo Attract neutrophils and eosinophils to trouble spot

Continued . . .

● Dendritic Cells: messenger between innate and adaptive immune systemso Help B cells maintain immune memoryo Form numerous antibody antigen complexes

● Mast cells: “master regulators”o Contain inflammatory chemicalso Histamineo Serotonino Important role in wound healing

Comparison of Cardiovascular & Lymphatic Systems

● Both granular and agranular leukocytes are involved○ Granular leukocytes: Eosinophils, Basophils, Neutrophils○ Agranular leukocytes: lymphocytes and monocytes○ Lymphocytes include T cells, natural killer cells, and B

cells● Both enter into capillaries● Lymph and plasma are both about 90% water

Comparison of the Cardiovascular & Lymphatic Systems Cont.

● Lymph vessels resemble veins○ Both have thin walls and many check valves due to

their shared functions of carrying fluids under low pressure

○ Both use skeletal muscle contractions to push the liquid forward

● Help to maintain homeostasis

Contrasts of the Cardiovascular & Lymphatic Systems

● Cardiovascular System:o Circulate blood throughout the bodyo Delivers essential nutrients and oxygen to the bodyo Remover wastes and carbon dioxideo Regulates the blood pressureo Blood flows in a continuous loop but lymph only

flows one direction, upwards toward the neck

Contrasts of the Cardiovascular & Lymphatic Systems Cont.

● Lymphatic System:o Movement of interstitial fluid from the tissues to the

circulatory systemo Transports fatty acids from the digestive systemo Most fatty acids absorbed thought the lymphatic systemo Fight pathogens that have entered the bodyo Prevent infections by barring pathogens from entering the

bodyo Develop immunity to infections

Works Cited"Immune System." National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease. N.p., 12 Mar. 2015. Web. 18 Mar. 2015. <http://www.niaid.nih.gov/topics/ immunesystem/Pages/default.aspx>. “Immune and Lymphatic System.” Inner Body. http://www.innerbody.com/image/lympov.html“Lymphatic System: Facts, Functions & Diseases.” Live Science.

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