The Kashmir Issue

8/7/2019 The Kashmir Issue

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-kashmir-issue 1/21

Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule ZürichSwiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich

The Kashmir issue:

Differing PercePTions

inTernaTional relaTions anD securiTy neTworK

Reuters

ISNETH Zurich



Aman Hingorani

The Kashmir issue:Differing PercePTions

inTernaTional relaTions anD securiTy neTworK



Table of conTenTs

International Relations and Security Network (ISN) © 2007 ISN

Introduction .................................................................................................................. 4

Varying Stands ...............................................................................................................5

Ground Realities ............................................................................................................5

Failed Accords .................................................................................................................5

Forward Movement on the Kashmir Issue ................................................................6

Independence of Colonial India ..................................................................................6

British India ................................................................................................................... 6

Princely Indian States...................................................................................................6

Constitutional Process ..................................................................................................7

Differing Views ..............................................................................................................7

Princely Indian State of Jammu and Kashmir ............................................................8

United Nations and Kashmir.......................................................................................9

Internationalization of the Kashmir issue................................................................10

Domestic Jurisdiction..................................................................................................10

Kashmir and Domestic Jurisdiction............................................................................11

Fall-out of the International Engagement ................................................................11

Pakistan and Kashmir.................................................................................................

12Occupation of Part of Kashmir ...................................................................................12

Terrorism and Subversive Activities ...........................................................................13

Conclusion.....................................................................................................................15

Historical Event Timeline: Kashmir............................................................................16

Bibliography ..................................................................................................................17

Books and articles ........................................................................................................18

Endnotes....................................................................................................................... 19

About the Author ........................................................................................................ 21



f t 60 , t K

t id d Pkt dtd t

t id -tt, d d

p d pt d d

t . id d Pkt v d

t v , d v tt t

t v pt, K

been characterized as the nuclear ashpoint in the

id -tt.

T K d t t t px

d t jt t pt p.

T pp t t K, , t d t id d

Pkt 1947 t v ppt t

p t K . w t t

d t t tk t K , t d

t t t t tk t. it t d

tt tv dd v p ttv

tk , d t t p t

t t K .

inTroDucTion




Varying Stands

bt id d Pkt tt K

t t. s K dd xt tt

v id, n D d

qt t t K, d n

Delhi’s commitment to hold a referendum or

pt t tt t dd t t,

t t dt jdt. id t t

t, pt d dpt ppt v

vt Pkt t t tt d tt

outts active in the territory of Kashmir with

id t t tt-pd -

d t. cqt, t d

id t t Pkt td d

Pkt vt t tt t tt t

pd 1947 t vd t tp ppt tt tvt id.

Pkt v t m jt K,

t t Pkt, t t

t. Pkt tt t t ptt

t bt ep t id tt

was “that Pakistan would be constituted by the

t m-jt t tt

d t tt t tt, d id

d p t -m-jt

areas,” and it “was thus universally assumed that,

following the basis adopted for Partition,” stateswith “a Muslim majority in population contiguous

to Pakistan would accede to Pakistan.” Pakistan has

d t t K

v id. T d tt Pkt t t

v t id td tt id d v t

tt dptd tt d d t pt

d tt p t t

tt t d t Pkt. T, Pkt t

v t tt K t id

“Jihad” or “freedom struggle” rather than terrorism,

d t pvd t,

pt d dpt ppt t ppd

“Jihad”.

Ground Realities

T v t tt K d

id vt, td

1990, kd t td v d

t p, dd

d q . hd d

p tt t td

dt d d xp,

kt ttk, p ttk, k, dt

and rape. The militant outts use state-of-the-

t p tt d t-t ,electronically red anti-tank and surface-to-surface

, tt d d t

The Kashmir Issue: Differing Perceptions


td t. T p tt p

d xt pttd t

t tv dtt d

military broadcasts. These outts are thriving on

their nexus with international narcotics trafckers

and counterfeiters. Fighting the supposed “Jihad”

K t td

t v i t t

k t uK, dtd d t t

t dt,

pt d d tdt.

ctt , t, v t

tt t vt t

civilians caught in the crossre. In Kashmiri society,

v d, t zppt t ppt t

pt p t pt-tt

t dd. T K pd

v t t pt id d dd ttk

t id Pt d t t rd ft,

t t d dd p, d t

jk p.

h t vt q pt

the territories of Kashmir under Pakistan’s control,

t pp vt ptt

t v dt d t d d d v t, d t

movement for independence from Pakistan’s rule is

qd t tt .

Failed Accords

T v , t ,

d t id d Pkt t v t

K . T at bt rt

bt id d Pkt (t s at)

2 J 1972, vd tt tt t t t

put an end to the conict and confrontation that

v tt d t t d k

t pt d d tp d t tt d

p t tt. bt t d

t tt t d p

t t tt t

p t d p t

t, d t pvt t t, t

t t dtt t

t t p d

t. T l Dt 21 f

1999 between India and Pakistan reiterated “the

dtt t t t pt t

Simla Agreement.” However, the inconclusive status t tt td t

d vt t t qt a st



t t t t 2001. T t

id-Pkt Jt sttt 6 J 2004

d t d t saarc st

id. bt t vd t t t

td d p, t Pkt

id tt t d d t pt.

T d t n D st 18

ap 2005 t t id p t d

t Pkt pdt d tt t d

t t t pd t p p.

Dpt t, t

p t d. T tt t.

Forward Movement on the Kashmir Issue

T K vd

pt , v d tttramications. This perception may not be entirely

t, pt t t v

dd . T ptv id

d Pkt v t txt t

tt K t t t

id ttd dpd 15 at 1947,

t t t t v d:

id d Pkt. sp pt, d t t

K dttd t m jt

tt d t t Pkt, Pkt

v pt tk t t. hv,

d K v v tt tt 15 at 1947, t d v

d t pt t dd t t. m

ptt, tt vt, t t d

id d Pkt d v d t tk

t v K 15 at 1947.

T qt K t id d

v id td t pt t t tt. bt

t, d t tt n D t d

t pt t tt t tt t

t t dt jdt id t

d Pkt t tt t

td t t pt? o t td, Pkt, t t t ,

?

T p t t d

k vt t t z d t

k t ptv td id d

Pkt d t ppt t t.

T pp t dpt t

p dpd id, d

dvpt K. T pp t

d t t K qt

t t utd nt id d, t India’s stance, considers the implications of the

ttzt t K . T pp



nally evaluates Pakistan’s stance towards Kashmir

d t t ppt tt t

id d Pkt d t d t tk

d t p p.

Independence of Colonial India

P t 15 at, 1947, t id tt

d bt . T id tt

pd pv xd t bt,

k bt id, d t 560 p

id tt dd id

t t bt c. T p

id tt vd 715,964 q

t t tt 1,581,410 q

d bt ; tt , t 45 pt t

tt id tt. K, t, tp id tt J d K,

t p id tt.

T t d t t ,

t tt wd w ii, d t

t t t tt tt t p

t kp d jt 400 xptd

pp pd t bt tt t t

p t id d.

British India

wt d t bt id, t d ddd t t id dp 1947 t

ptt t tt t t

t-t t. T pt t pt, t t

td tt hd d m t

dd t pt t v pt,

d m jt bt id

d p pt d. T tt

p bt id t pttd t

t d hd id d i Pkt.

hv, t pt dt t pt t

t p id tt.

Princely Indian StatesT t p id tt d bt

pt ( vt) d tt

pt d t bt c d xv

tt t k p d , t tt

t t tt, t bt c

d t xd t tt t p

id tt d d t tvd

t t t tt, td

t vd t ptv .

it td tt t t tt t

t p id tt d t tbt c dd t, v, tt t

t tt pd vt t



. it d tt dpdt tt

may “have their sovereignty limited and qualied

v d, t t t t

t ttt, tpt q

tt , tt ptt

guarantee made by a third Power.” There are judicial

pdt t ppt tt

“a state may, without ceasing to be a sovereign

tt, d t t p tt

an unequal alliance.”

T, t p id tt

dd t p t t bt c, t dd

t t v. i t, t pt

d t sp ct id t

pt t K t, d tt “the internal administration and governance of the

State” were concerned the ruler was “an absolute

monarch” even under British paramountcy; and “all

p tv, xtv d jd t

t stt d t v t vtd

him.”

Constitutional Process

T bt ct m P 16 m 1946,

t, ttd tt t t ttt

dpd bt id, t pt

t bt c v t p id tt“can neither be retained by the British Crown nor

td t t gvt ( id

Pakistan).” [Emphasis added.] The Memorandum

t ct Dt dtd 12 m 1946,

explained that British Crown “will cease to exercise

t p pt, d t, t

t dd t stt t t Pt

Power will return to the States.” [Emphasis added.]

P t 1947, t ttt

id t gvt id at

1935 td t bt (ip) Pt.

o 18 J 1947, t bt Pt td tid idpd at 1947 t k pv

t tt p t t dpdt d

t id tt d t d t

pv gvt id at 1935. wt

d t t p id tt, st 7

the 1947 Act declared that as of 15 August 1947 “the

zt h mjt v t id stt

lapses.” The amended Government of India Act of

1935 provided in Section 6 that “a princely Indian

tt dd t v dd t t

t d t pt t itt

of Accession executed by the Ruler thereof.”

Differing Views

T p , t, tt t p

id tt d t t t

bt c p bt pt d

v t t

t. i, t Pkt, , t

1947 t t pt, tk t t v

t p bt pt. Pkt tk

this stand to rebut New Delhi’s contention that

t gvt id dd t t bt

c 15 at 1947 t Pt P

t id tt d t p

id tt tt dd t d t t

td d Pkt d d t

ppd pt t d id.

New Delhi had reasoned that “a declaration issued

t c tt t tp t t

p id tt d dt t

Crown’s own future relationship with the states: it

d t v t t dvt t

vt t tt v-à-v t tt d t

t d t t t t

in it as the supreme power in India.” New Delhi

argued that all the “factors which established the

pt t bt gvt v t

tt ptd t pt t t

Government of India,” and hence it was “the duty t gvt id t tt t

v d t td t bt

dd t dt t p d tqt t

country.” New Delhi, therefore, reasoned that “none

t id stt d v t t

t t; dd t v dvd t

t j t ttt

of a sovereign independent power.”

Pkt d dd. it ptd ttd

t d tt tt t t

p pt t t p

by the British, all princely Indian states “wouldtt t v d

independent status,” and “are therefore free to

j t t t d t

independent.”

That New Delhi’s stand was legally misconceived

dd t jd tt

t sp ct id. i mdv r, t

Supreme Court found it “strange” that New Delhi

d v d tt t gvt

id td pt t pt

xd t bt c. T ct vd


7International Relations and Security Network (ISN) © 2007 ISN



tt pt d t bt

t tt p;

p xd p v v t

dt v. T ct dd tt

the “paramountcy of the British Crown was not

td t id Pkt, (t)

allowed to lapse,” and that on 15 August 1947, the

“[r]ulers became absolute sovereigns. In law they

t d t t t d

India or Pakistan or to remain independent.”

a t p tt J d K

d, t t id sp ct

Pt K d t J d K

h ct, m s, vd tt t

t p t bt pt, t pid tt dpdt d v

tt t t tt . lt

d t K dt.

Princely Indian State of Jammu and Kashmir

T t p id tt J d

K tt ttd t t

t id tt d t t st

ct a. T tt d d t t

t d id d Pkt t

at d c.

T t tt d hd t p

t t p t bt pt, t tt

t dtt , t hd

jt J, t m jt K

d t bddt jt ldk. T t pp

J d K d tt d t

t 1941 , t tt ppt t tt

4,021,616. T d p 77.11 pt

m, 20.12 pt hd, d 2.77 pt

sk, bddt d t.

T, 15 at 1947, t tt, v

pdt m ppt, d djt t Pkt, d hd D ,

who was unlikely to nd favour with Islamic

Pkt. o t t d, t t d

d t t id dp tt d

vt pptd t pp vt t

tt t . T , t,

td t t vt t tt t

p bt pt.

ad t t, t d t

t tv t t

t p id tt hdd dJd. w K d pdt

m ppt d hd r, t hd

jt p id tt hdd d

Jd d m r. T d n D

to enunciate a policy stating that “the people

t tt t v dt v

any decision regarding them,” and proposing a

pt d t t t

t pp t dt t t t

ptv tt. w hdd vt

dd t t d id, pt

d Jd, ptd t d t t

d id. Pkt, t t d

p, d d tt n D d

pp p t t p K.

Coming back to Kashmir, the ruler’s hope of andpdt tt t-vd t Pkt

pt spt 1947 t t

send inltrators and saboteurs in the state to create

dt d - t v

t xt t. T , tt dtd 26

ot 1947, ppd t t D id

dt t d d t itt

a d xtd

tt v t D id. T d

itt ptd id 27 ot

1947, t t id idpd at

1947, d t t gvt id at 1935.T pt t itt a

27 ot 1947, pd tt

New Delhi stating that in view of its policy “that in

t stt t

d ddd d t t

the people of the State,” it was New Delhi’s “wish

tt d d v td

d d t vd t qt

of the state’s accession should be settled by a

reference to the people.”

n D, tt, ptd ttd t v

v tt pt t, t gvt id d t

tt id d d t p

pv t t vtd d t

t pp t tt d td.

n D t d t t utd

nt st c t Pkt

p t t td , d

ttd tt t d d

pt K d tt p

Pkt vt t tt pd t.

Let us briey now consider the happenings at the

utd nt.





United Nations and Kashmir

T d id t t utd nt

st c d at 34 d 35 cpt

Vi t un ct tttd t t

Pdt t un st c 1 J

1948. T dtd t t t

v K t t tt t vd

d tt Pkt; tt t

d t Pkt tt

pt; tt t dd Pkt t;

tt t d t t qpt,

tptt d pp (d pt)

Pakistan; and that Pakistan ofcers were training,

d d t tv p t. n

D d p t un st c t k

t vt Pkt t dt tvt. n D dd tt t

that in “order to avoid any possible suggestion

that India had utilized the state’s immediate peril

pt dvt, t vt

id d t tt t t

tt d d t vd d

dt td, t pp d t

dd t t t zd dt

td pt d , d

t pt ptt, t d

under international auspices.”

bt t, t wt cd w jtv

K. m tt t t

t id P mt d pdd

ld mttt, t t-gv g

id, t k t t t un st

c d t t t t d

pt K. Vvk spt t

t tp ld mttt,

kdd tt td K t

join Pakistan “(f)or one simple reason, it made

Pakistan more viable.” According to Narendra Singh

Saria, declassied top secret material from pre-

1947 bt v v tt t Ptt t id -tt t t

tt t cd w, pd wt

Churchill’s famous “Iron Curtain” speech and

kd t t dv g d K.

The Partition had been nalised by Field Marshall

ld wv d c st 1946

part of the “Great Game” mindset. The idea was to

t ntt i t t id

subcontinent as a rampart to protect the “wells

of power” – the Middle East oil elds – against a

-d svt dv. bt ttt

vd tt bt d t d t t v t t id tt, t

wt p t k pvd svt

designs on the oil elds along the Gulf and develop

t-t t p svt

t. s t id nt c

t k t ppt t p, t bt

d t m l t k Ptt,

t t ptt m tt t

t t-t t. K, t t t

Sinkiang, was considered as part of India’s strategic

northwest and would t into British and Western

tt pp.

gv tt t wt cd w jtv

K d Pkt, t un st

Council neatly sidestepped India’s charge of

d vd tt t id d

Pkt tt t qt tp id tt dtd pt

d un p.

o 20 J 1948, t un st c,

t rt, td t- utd

nt c id d Pkt (unciP)

with three objectives: a cease-re, a truce period

d t td t tk

place, and nally, consultations to establish the

dt t t

pp K d xpd. T unciP

vd t tt 7 J 1948, tnd that regular Pakistan troops had moved into

t tt t tt d t pt.

Pkt dttd t unciP tt t d

t t tp t K 8 m 1948.

o 27 J 1949, t t pttv

id d Pkt d t t K,

d t p unciP, t -

re line. The UNCIP, however, failed to secure the

td t t t t

dt pt d td t n yk

spt 1949. T 1950 Yearbook of the United

Nations d tt t unciP, t td tpt ttd 5 D 1949, ttd tt

the main difculty had arisen concerning the

td tp, t dt

pdt t t d t pt.

h, k t t t utd

nt t id td , id

d t ttd p t Pkt d

being forced to honour a cease-re line that ensured

tt Pkt t t dt t t v t

86,023 q kt tt t d pd

d t t p t pt. Pkt pt t pd tt t tt t

t fd adtd nt a (





t tt pt t tt d dt

ruled by Pakistan); “Azad Kashmir” (a small part of

the state whose constitution recognises Pakistan’s

direct control in certain matters and the nal say in

t), d t sk V dd Pkt

t c d t s-Pkt bd

at 1963. a q d -t

k t t t utd nt

t ttt t K .

Internationalization of the Kashmir issue

n D d t K

tt . T vt td tk

n D t un st c tt

t p id tt J d

Kashmir’s accession to the Dominion of India,India’s commitment to hold the plebiscite to decide

the state’s future – after peace was restored and

the state was cleared of the invaders – was made

t t pp t tt pt dt

p. ad t id, tt

does not constitute an “international obligation”

but is merely an “engagement” that falls within

t dt jdt id. ft,

Pkt t vtd t pt d

td t tp, t d t

t Pkt-d K t t

unciP t, t dt d tt“engagement”, if at all, of India to hold a plebiscite

t tt d t t. at t

d tk id tt t d

from giving effect to such an “engagement” due to

vt t t t pp

rebus sic stantibus.

a qt d tt p id tt,

v dd t t d id, d

t t dt jdt

id d xdd d t t

utd nt t tt . bt

t, id t t qt t p id tt t un st

c d pd pt d tt

p t tt t , d t t

K qt, t t dt

jdt id, tt

so as to conrm standing on the international

t (d Pkt) t q n

D t t pd?

Domestic Jurisdiction

T k t vt id t

pz t un st c ttt d t pt t p id

state was a matter of “domestic jurisdiction”

t t pv at 2 (7) t un

ct pt t un tv

tt t t t dt

jdt tt q t

t t tt t ttt

d t un ct.

Tt t t qt t t

in international law by the term “domestic

jurisdiction”. Domestic jurisdiction is the residuum

of sovereignty remaining outside a state’s

tt t. T p dt

jdt tt t dtd dt,

t dt t t tt

t tt tt v tt.

w t un t k dt

to a state concerning matters within the state’s

dt jdt, t t k

recommendations concerning the fullment of

the state’s international obligations in so far as

t t t t p

t un ct. b t t tt

t, tt pd t v td

t v, t utd nt

dt t t

fullment of their obligations. Consequently, UN

t, dd pt tt trespect to a denite international obligation of that

tt, t dd t ttt tvt

in “a matter within its domestic jurisdiction.”

T, t pt at 2 (7) t un

ct pp t t t un

is both an “intervention” and on a matter within

the domestic jurisdiction of a state – that is, when

t un k t tv pt dt

tt t d t t tt d

tt tt t.

s t t p tt t tt dt

t tt dt , t

tt . ft,

t v qt t t tt

d tt t

tt . mv, t pv t

un ct d t sttt t itt

ct Jt (icJ), td t

un ct t pp jd t un,

ppt t ppt tt tt

authority can nally determine the validity of a

state’s claim that a matter is essentially within itsdt jdt.





T Pt ct itt Jt (PciJ),

t adv op t T ntt

Decrees case, considered whether the “dispute

t f d gt bt t t

ntt D d T d m

(f Z) 8 nv 1921 d t

ppt t bt jt tt

law were solely a matter of domestic jurisdiction.”

T PciJ d t tv, p tt

a state’s discretion in dealing with a matter is

td t t t d t

tt t tt, tt tt t

within its “domestic jurisdiction.”

r d t d t

cpt t g a f Tad stt t t utd nt,

t itt ct Jt (icJ) xd

t tt tt t un g a d

t d t pd t dt tt

t b, h d r

t t tt

t t t dt jdt

these states. The ICJ held that “the interpretation of

t t t tt t pp d t

dd qt t t t

domestic jurisdiction of a state,” it being a question

tt .

lt d t n D t

td t utd nt tt t

“wish” that the question of accession be determined

by a plebiscite was a matter within its “domestic

jurisdiction” which the UNCIP resolutions, at best,

constituted an international “engagement” rather

than an international “obligation” to do so.

Kashmir and Domestic Jurisdiction

it vdt tt t vt

India had not expressed any such “wish” before

t un st c t tt, tqt tt t

t dd t , d t tt dd

indeed fall within its “domestic jurisdiction” of

id. bt, t t tt n D xpd

the “wish” before the United Nations (as well

t t d tt vt d

), tt t qt

dtd pt, d

that such a “wish” was recognised and accepted

t utd nt d t tt (d

Pkt), n D td t t t

tt t t d t pt,thereby taking the matter outside its “domestic

jurisdiction.”

n, Pkt td tt t unciP t

t tt t t pt

t d t pt. id t tt t

merely an international “engagement.” But then,

t t unciP t tttd

international “engagement” or an international

t tt tt ,

t v t tk t K t

t dt jdt id. wt

tt t dt

d tt t dt tt.

ad t tt tt t d t

txt t t d jt t

t . Tt tt

t t , v d

d cpt Vi t un ct, dt pt. T pt tt n D, t

d, d ptd t t tt

t, t dt, tt d

non-enforceable one. That is sufcient to take the

K t t dt jdt

id d k t tt tt.

m ptt, t pttd t tt

t t t t tt id d

tt t t d pt

t dt t t p id

tt. T dtt t t id

d tt t t d t tt tt .

w t t t utd nt

t tt t d t

t unciP t pd pd d

Chapter VI of the UN Charter, the signicance of

t K tk t t dt

jdt d tt tt

t t tt t td t utd

nt d t tt, d Pkt,

to discuss the happenings in Kashmir – which they

d t v d, d t tt d

within the “domestic jurisdiction” of India.

Fall-out of the International Engagement

a -t id t t

international “engagement” to have a plebiscite

d tt p t tt t

K t id p t d

opinion, heavily inuenced by the world media. The

n D k t vd t tt

“engagement” to hold the plebiscite, the more

justied the propaganda of Pakistan appears to the

wt p p. f gt, f

pt v t 1999 v Pktt id t tt ptv t id

tt t tt, t







“…one war, which India has been constantly losing

since 1947. It is the public relations battle. Look at this

particular case. Not only is Pakistan the aggressor – it

trained, armed, and nanced the Kashmiri separatists,

put them under the command of Pakistani soldiers in

civil and Afghan Mujahideens and pushed them into

Indian held territory – but now it is able to portray

itself as a peacemaker (and blackmail the world with

the threat of a nuclear war).

What an irony…..whatever the Indian government

says, Western public opinion is still not on its side,

as Kashmir proves. For 15 years, various Indian

governments have been saying that Pakistan was

sponsoring, arming and training Kashmiri militants.

In the beginning, we foreign journalists were a bit skeptical, but after some years, it became obvious to

a few of us that it was the truth, because it made

sense, it was logical – we were even shown aerial

photographs of training camps inside Pakistan. Yet

today, if we dare to mention in our dispatches on

Kashmir “the Pakistan-trained Kashmiri militants,”

some of our editors in Paris, London or New York will

immediately correct the text to: “India says that the

Kashmiri militants are backed by Pakistan.”

Thus, the effect of New Delhi’s entering into an

international “engagement” to hold a plebiscitet tt t qt t p

id tt td t t tt

pt d K. i, t id

tt t d p t v d

t vt t pt t tt

d t vt. i t, t K

ptd tt t ppd

t dpd d t d

t K v, ttt jt 9

pt t p id tt. T

t tt t p id

tt pd Pkt. Pkt, t,

t vt t pt, dt xdt t tt t p id tt t

pd, d t pp t d

pd t pt t id

cross-border terrorism. Pakistan justies its acts by

t t t p

id tt t t d id. rt, t

1952 cttt Pkt tpt t

t p id tt t Pkt.

bt t, t d t t p t

Pkt t t d t

p id tt.

Pakistan and Kashmir

it td tt t p id tt

xpt xdd t ppt

t t-t t. rt, t p

bt pt 15 at 1947, t p

id tt v tt,

t d t t d t t

sovereignty. This, indeed, has been Pakistan’s own

td t utd nt t d t

K, hdd d Jd. s pt

t td Pkt d id t

pt t K 15 at 1947.

Occupation of Part of Kashmir

rd t qt t p

id tt J d K, t tt xtd t v

v t d id,

t Pkt t t. bt t, t

-k pp tt tt

td tt d t v t t vt t t

. Pkt t pt t

t t p id tt t t

d id d, , td t

pt t t . T t tt

v ptd t d t id

26 ot 1947 d d t t

d Pkt, dd t tt part of Pakistan’s territory or sovereignty. In fact,

d t a s ad, c.J., t t

p id tt t t d id

t tt Tx t t utd stt.

T jd tt mx ptd

t sp ep, Tx pt t

dpdt tt. sqt, Tx vtd

t mx tt d td t

dpdt tt. T dpdt tt

Tx d t utd stt d

t ep p. i 1844, t vt

Tx, ttd pdt

mx, kd t utd stt t x t tt; pp tt ptd t utd stt

c m 1845. T utd stt t

t a t dd t t t Tx.

T jd t tt mx pttd d

d t vt t t, t utd stt

reply was that the “[g]overnment of United States

dd t d t jt t vt

t t mx, tt t d

jt t t vt; tt

t rp Tx dpdt p,

t mx, d ttt

pt tt t vt djurisdiction.”



T t p id tt J d

K t t t p

Indian state was admittedly never – constitutionally,

legally or factually – a part of the dominion of

Pkt, Tx d, t pt t,

pt t dpdt tt mx.

T t v p id tt

to the sovereign dominion of India was an “act of

state” that precludes Pakistan, and for that matter

t t tt, d t

utd nt, qt t

t p id tt t t d id

, d t qt t tt

t p id tt t t u id.

T pt Pkt t tt t v p id tt , t,

tt p d p t

.

T qt t t pp t

tt t (d Pkt),

q id t t tt

“engagement” to hold a plebiscite in Kashmir

d tt p, t

t d. T tt Pkt

d td id t t t

India honouring its international “engagement” d pt t. bt t tt

Pkt t t t t

d v p id tt v

v id t dt tt. i

t tt, t t p

id tt t . rt, t p

id tt dd pt id, t

t d tt t t pp t

td pt t t t

t pt id. T dt t d

such plebiscite – assuming that Pakistan complies

t t dt pd p t t unciP

t d vt t tt, d tt t tt ttt p

for India – would be that the state, being part of

id, d t d ( dtt d)

t id.

Further, even if one assumes for argument’s sake

tt t v t d

id t, t p id tt J

d K d t t tt

pt Pkt; t, t d p

t tt v tt. T v

t tt t v p idtt t, t pt t, dd t

Pkt.

T, v t tt, Pkt p

td pt t tt K

t t t id. i t, t

t v p Pkt t ,

dpt, pt d/ t ppt

what it terms as the ongoing “Jihad” or “freedom

movement” in Kashmir and what India terms as

-d t.

Terrorism and Subversive Activities

it -ttd pp tt tt

tt t t ppt tt

t d vv tvt. opp

t tt tt t v dt t

pp t ( ppd dtd

t) t tt vt t pt pvt p, t tt

t tt t pvt

t xpdt t tt, d t t

, dt dt t zt

receiving from it nancial or other assistance

td t t vt t

state’s constitution, from engaging in or actively

ppt vv tvt t t

tt. T t t t-t

tt td v t dd.

i n, t itt ct Jt(icJ) d tt t ppt v t utd

stt t t t d pt tvt

of the contras in Nicaragua, by nancial aid, training,

pp p, t d t ppt,

ttt t pp -

d -tvt. T icJ

considered “whether there might be indications

pt ttv kd

t tt t tv, dt

dt, t tt d , ppt

t ppt t tt,

ppd pt t

t pt d v t t identied.” It held that:

“…such a general right to come into existence

would involve a fundamental modication of the

customary law principle of non-intervention.…The

Court, therefore, nds that no such general rights

of intervention, in support of an opposition within

another state, exists in contemporary international

law. The Court concludes that acts constituting a

breach of customary principle of non-intervention

will also, if they directly or indirectly involve the use

of force, constitute a breach of the principle of non-use of force in international relations.”





o pt , t t tt Pkt

might nd the supposed “Jihad” in Kashmir to

t d t jt t p

ppt t id -d

t.

T n pt t

pp vt t pp t K

p. it pp tt t n Jt

of National Reconstruction had – following

t dt t XViit mt

t ctt f mt t

Organisation of American States – made a pledge

t t ot a stt d t t

pp n t d t. T

qt t t utd stt d t tk p n t

t pd. T icJ d tt:

“…even supposing that such a political pledge

had had the force of a legal commitment…even

supposing the United States were entitled to act in

lieu of the Organisation, it could hardly make use

of the purpose of methods which the Organisation

could not use itself; in particular, it could not be

authorised to use force in that event. Of its nature,

a commitment like this is one of a category which,

if violated, cannot justify the use of force against asovereign State.”

T, t , v t, t p t Pkt

t t t -p id t

utd nt t t pt

justication for its occupation or to provide all-out

support for the supposed “Jihad” in Kashmir.





it vdt tt t id d Pkt d t

vt t ptv t t K .

it t t ppt

that could help redene the nature and content of

t d t t t t.

ft, t p id tt J d

K v tt 15 at

1947 d t id Pkt d

td t pt t t tt dt. T

qt id tk t K

t d tt n D dd t bt

c t pt p dd t .n dd t qt Pkt tk t

K t t t-t t.

Second, India has – by committing before the United

nt t d pt d tt

p t tt t qt

t p id tt t t d id

– itself conferred standing upon the international

t (d Pkt) t t id

t tt d t t t

pp t tt. T t t

pt p, dt, pt. T pt tt K

tt .

Td, Pkt td t vt t

qt t p id tt

v id. T p id tt

v tt 15 at 1947 d t

d t t v d id. Pkt

t t tt . mv, t

p id tt v pt Pkt

xtd tt v

Pkt.

ft, Pkt td t

t , t pt t tt

t p id tt ttt ,

regardless of India’s commitment before the

utd nt. s Pkt

t pdd t ppt -

d t.

Fifth, the Kashmir issue is not conned to the

K V tt td id. T

K p t tt

t p id tt, d t ttunder Pakistan’s control since 1947.

bt id d Pkt v ttd t

t p t t K

v d, d t s at

1972 d t l Dt 1999. T

p p d tk-t dp p,

t jtd tt ttk

v pt id. hv, v t d

ppt id d Pkt t K

, t t p tt t d

vt t . n D d v t

t t t tt Pkt t td t t

t d n D t tt t d

pt K. Pkt d t t t t t t tt t k pt

t t K t id.

Pkt d d t z tt

pd t t t, t

t k tt , pt

pt-9/11, t wt ptv t t d

t d t. it , t ,

now part of the coalition ghting the “global war

against terror.”


conclusion



hisTorical eVenT Timeline: Kashmir



1925: mj h s t hd D dt d t t t t pid tt J d K.

1935: T gvt id at td t bt (ip) Pt.

16 May 1946: T bt ct m p d d tt t pt tbt c v t p id tt t td t bt c td t t vt.

18 July 1947: T bt (ip) Pt t t id idpd at, dtt 15 at 1947 t zt t bt c v t p id ttp.

15 August 1947: id, Pkt d t p id tt dpd bt.

22 October 1947: Pkt vd t p id tt J d K.

26 October 1947: mj h s t p id tt J d K t itt a v id.

27 October 1947: id pt t itt a, d xp t t t qt t t pp t vd d vtd t tt.id v t p t Pkt v.

1 January 1948: id k t t utd nt t Pkt.

20 January 1948: utd nt st c t t utd nt c id d Pkt (unciP).

8 May 1948: Pkt d t tp t K.

13 August 1948: T unciP t pp t id d Pkt, t t rt,

detailing cease-re terms.

5 January 1949: unciP dpt t rt t t t, pt t cease-re is agreed between India and Pakistan

15 August 1965: Pkt ttk t tt K.

22 September 1965: United Nations Security Council passes resolution calling for a cease-re.id d Pkt t td t p-at 1965 , k t l ct.

3 December 1971: T td t id d Pkt .

2 July 1972: T at bt rt bt id d Pkt (t sat) d. id d Pkt t tt t d p dt pt t l ct t t vd t.

21 February 1999: T l Dt t id d Pkt d, t tt tdtt t pt t s at.

May 1999- July 1999: The Kargil conict begins with the inltration of the 1972 Line of Controlinto India by Pakistani soliders and Kashmiri militants, instigating a wider conict. Forces werepd id k t t l ct.

14 - 16 July 2001: T a st t id d Pkt d, t tt t d.

6 January 2004: id d Pkt d t t d t saarc (st aat r cpt) st id. T t id-Pkt Jtsttt v tt id d Pkt t t t td d p.Pkt id tt t d t ppt tt.

16 - 18 April 2005 : T n D t d t jt ttt id d Pkt

tt t d t tt p t p p v.



bibliograPhy


UN Documents

The Blue Helmets: A Review of the United Nations Peace-Keeping, utd nt, 3d edt,Dptt P it, n yk, 1996

The Statute of the International Court of Justice, 1945

The Yearbook of the United Nations, 1950

United Nations Charter, 1945

United Nations Commission for India and Pakistan Resolution, 20 J 1948

United Nations Security Council Verbatim Reports

fz K n (Pkt), The India-Pakistan Question, s/PV 761, 16 J 1957

gp a (id), The Jammu And Kashmir s/PV 227, 15 J 1948

K m (id), The India - Pakistan Question, s/PV 763, 23 J 1957

md Z K (Pkt),The Jammu and Kashmir Question, sPV/228, 18 J 1948

md Z K (Pkt),The India – Pakistan Question, s/PV 257, 26 f 1948md Z K (Pkt),The India – Pakistan Question, s/PV 264, 8 m 1948

md Z K (Pkt),The India – Pakistan Question, s/PV 425, 19 m 1949

md Z K (Pkt),The India – Pakistan Question s/PV 610, 23 D 1952

Other International Agreements

T at bt rt bt id d Pkt, 2 J 1972

T l Dt, 21 f 1999

T id-Pkt Jt sttt, 6 J 2004

s-Pkt bd at, 1963

Statutes and White Papers

The Government of India Act of 1935

The Indian Independence Act of 1947 White Paper on Indian States, mt stt, gvt id, 1950

White Paper on Jammu and Kashmir, gvt id

Plans

T bt ct m P, 16 m 1946

T md t ct Dt, 12 m 1946

Judicial Decisions

“Competence of the General Assembly For The Admission of a State to the United Nations,” Advisoryop: I.C.J. Reports, 1950

D Dvpt cp ltd v gvt Kt d a.: 1924 a.c. 797

mdv r v u id (1973) 2 s.c.r. 9

m s v Pp st, J d K: a.i.r. 1953 J & K 25

“Military and Paramilitary Activities in and against Nicaragua (Nicaragua v United States of America), Merits Judgement,” I.C.J. Reports, 1986

Pt K v stt J d K: a.i.r 1959 s.c. 749

T ntt D c: P.c.i.J., 1923, s b. 4



booKs anD arTicles


ad, md sk, Flames of Chinar: An Autobiography, Vk, n D, 1993

ad a s, The Constitution of Jammu & Kashmir: Its Development & Comments, uv bkTd, D, 1994

Gautier, Francois, “Losing the PR battle,” Hindustan Times, New Delhi Edition, 15 J 1999

J, h, Kashmir: A Tale of Shame, UBS Publisher’s Distributors Ltd., New Delhi, 1993

ltpt, h, International Law and Human Rights, ld, stv, 1950

n, a g, The Kashmir Question, mkt, b, 1964

opp, l, International Law, 8t ed. b h. ltpt, V. 1, ld, 1961

opp, l. International Law, 9t ed. s rt J d s at wtt, lgp uK, ltd., ld, 1992

Potter, Pitman B., “The Principles of Legal and Political Problems involved in the Kashmir Case,”American Journal of International Law, V. 44, 1950

Saria, Narendra Singh, “Creation of Pakistan,” Times of India, Delhi Edition, 17 March 2000; “ColdWar and Kashmir,” Hindustan Times, Delhi Edition, 18 m 2000

Selected Works of Jawarharlal Nehru, sd s, V. 4, J n m fd,n D, 1996

Sengupta, Vivek, “Mountbatten and Nehru,” Sunday, Ananda Bazar Patrika, Calcutta, 8 April 1984 – 14 ap 1984

w, g md, Kashmir : From Autonomy to Azadi, V bk h, s, 1996

wt, Q, International Law and the United Nations, a P h, b, 1960




1 fz K n (Pkt), The India-Pakistan Question, s/PV 761 (UN Security Council VerbatimReports), 16 J 1957, p. 3.

2 White Paper on Indian States, mt stt, gvt id, 1950, p. 17.3 f dtd d t tp t t bt c d t P id

stt, White Paper on Indian States, Supra, p 22-23, and Madhav Rao v Union of India (1973)2 s.c.r. 9, p. 49.

4 Duff Development Company Limited v Government of Kelantan and Anr .: 1924 a.c. 797, p. 830.5 Ibid, p. 807.6 Premnath Kaul v State of Jammu and Kashmir: a.i.r 1959 s.c. 749, p. 756.7 White Paper on Indian States, Supra nt 2, p. 142.8 Ibid, 143.9 Ibid, 144.10 Ibid.11 “Statement of M A Jinnah, Governor-General Designate of the Dominion of Pakistan,”

pdd n, a g, The Kashmir Question, mkt, b,1964, p. 22. a

K m (id), The India – Pakistan Question, s/PV 763, 23 J 1957, p. 31 dmd Z K (Pkt),The India – Pakistan Question, s/PV 425, 19 m 1949.12 p t 3, p. 166.13 Ibid, p. 157.14 Ibid, p. 154.15 Supra, t 6.16 Magher Singh v Principal Secretary, Jammu and Kashmir: a.i.r. 1953 J & K 25.17 White Paper on Jammu and Kashmir , gvt id, p, 1.18 w, g md, Kashmir: From Autonomy to Azadi. V bk h: s, 1996,

ad a s, The Constitution of Jammu & Kashmir: Its Development & Comments. uv bkTd: D, 1994, J, h, Kashmir: A Tale of Shame, UBS Publisher’s Distributors Ltd.:n D, 1993

19 exttd n, a g, supra, t 11, p. 23.20 T t t t hdd d Jd d t un

st c. Pkt d tt id d t tp t hdd d d t, t pt d Jd .

21 md Z K (Pkt), The India – Pakistan Question, s/PV 257, 26 f1948, p. 341; md Z K (Pkt),The India – Pakistan Question, s/PV 264, 8m 1948, p. 64; md Z K (Pkt),The India – Pakistan Question s/PV610, 23 D 1952, p. 15.

22 f dt, White Paper on Jammu and Kashmir, supra, t 17; ad, mdsk, Flames of Chinar : An Autobiography , Vk, n D, 1993, p 92-94; gpa (id), The Jammu and Kashmir Question s/PV 227, 15 J 1948, p 16-17.

23 White Paper on Jammu And Kashmir, supra, note 17, p. 46 – 47.24 White Paper on Jammu And Kashmir, supra, t 17, p. 3; Selected Works of Jawarharlal

Nehru, sd s, V. 4, J n m fd, n D, 1996, pp. 286, 288,292, 294, 296, 299, 300, 302, 306, 314, 315, 320, 332, d 334-335; md Z K(Pkt),The India – Pakistan Question, sPV/228, 18 J 1948, p. 84.

25 T t t utd nt t t t ttt t unst c dpt tt t d t tt t v t dpt d t dt t t t t dpt tt kt d t t tt p d t.

26 White Paper on Jammu And Kashmir, supra, t 17, p. 75-79.27 Sengupta, Vivek, “Mountbatten and Nehru,” Sunday, ad bz Ptk, ctt, 8 ap 1984

– 14 April 1984 , p. 23.28 Saria, Narendra Singh, “Creation of Pakistan,” Times of India, Delhi Edition, 17 March 2000; “Cold

War and Kashmir,” Hindustan Times, Delhi Edition, 18 m 2000.29 T t tt vdt t t tt t Ptt, Pkt td

t v t pt t t wt p d pvdd t P usplanes to spy over the then Soviet Union. Later, Pakistan used its good ofces to help the USd t t c, d t pxt t at t p t us vt t svtp at.

30 The Blue Helmets: A Review of the United Nations Peace-Keeping, utd nt, 3d edt,Dptt P it, n yk, 1996, p. 133.

31 Ibid at 134. see Krhna menon (inda),The India – Pakistan Question, s/PV 763, 23 January 1957, p. 3.32 Ibid t 135-136.33 wt, Q, International Law and the United Nations, a P h, b, 1960.

p. 67.34 ltpt, h, International Law and Human Rights, ld, stv, 1950, p. 177.35 wt, Q, supra, t 33, p. 68.

enDnoTes




36 wt t tt t un t t p t d t tt tt t t t dt jdt tt, t t pp pp d ddd t t pt , d

d t pp t t, t tt pt tt. (s t not regarded as “interventions” by the UN.) A resolution seeking the protection of universald t xp t ( wt, Q, supra, note 31, p. 62). As put by Perez De Cuellar, former UN Secretary General, the “principle of non-t t dt jdt tt t dd pttv behind which human rights could be massively or systematically violated with impunity,” cited w, g md, supra, t 18, p. 8.

37 wt, Quincy , supra, t 33, p. 63.38 hv, v tvt t un st c t tt t

its territory has been expressly permitted, if it constitutes an “enforcement measure underChapter VII.”

39 wt, Q, supra, t 33, p. 58.40 P.c.i.J., 1923, s b, 4.41 Ibid, p. 24.42 Competence of the General Assembly For The Admission of a State to the United Nations, Advisory

Opinion: I.C.J. Reports, 1950, p. 4.

43 Ibid, p. 70-71.44 Pitman B. Potter writes that, “(t)he Maharaja of Kashmir in fact acceded to India on 27 October

1947... t ptd, t t t t t id gvt t PMinister Nehru, declared that this accession would have to be conrmed, not to say tested, pt. f t dt t t tpt (d bt did t) tt d td, t t pdd t idp -dtt. o d, d td Pkt d t t, thas become more or less binding” (see Potter, Pitman B., “The Principles of Legal and PoliticalProblems involved in the Kashmir Case,” American Journal of International Law, V. 44, 1950, p.361).

45 Gautier, Francois, “Losing the PR battle,” Hindustan Times, New Delhi Edition, 15 J 1999.46 opp, l, International Law , 8t ed. b h. ltpt, V. 1, ld, 1961, p. 550.47 ad, a s, supra, t 18, p. 97.48 Ibid.49 opp, l. International Law , 9t ed. s rt J d s at wtt, l

gp uK ltd., ld, 1992, pp. 393 d 396.50 “mt d Pt atvt d t n (n v utd stt

America), Merits Judgement,” I.C.J. Reports, 1986.51 Ibid, p. 124.52 Ibid, p. 108.53 Ibid, p. 108-110.54 Ibid, p. 132-133.



a m. h

pt t t

sp ct id,

v d t t

b 1992. h t

dt t D

h ct. D. h

t

djt t

t D uvt,

t ttt , tt td

d tt, pp t

d tvt. D. h t dt p t

D uvt tt pt pt t

dv k, t d tv,

tt d dt. h vtd

tt t t t advd itt

adv c t oxd.

D. h PD D uvt.

h dt t dt t t d

t K. D. h ptd

mt t wk uvt, ed

d dvpt. h d d l d bt D uvt.

Pp ptd D. h d:

“Transformation of the Indian State, Law and Society

through Public Interest Litigation,” delivered at the

13t itt c atp

d et s, mx ct, J 1993;

“Evaluating the U.S. Anti-Terrorism and Effective

Dt Pt at 1996 t h rt

and the American Constitution,” presented at the

a r c, Dk, m 1999;

and “Security Forces’ Morale : Already Well Protected

- No Need for Further Immunity,” presented at NewD, nv 2001.

D. h t 17 pt

dv tt v j. T

include: “U.S. Sanctions on Indo-Russian Rocket

e D : a sv t m T

Control Regime,” Journal of World Trade, Vol. 28 No.

1, 1994, Geneva; and “Commodication of Genes :

The Final Conquest” World Competition, Vol. 17, No.

4, 1994, gv. D. h t t

k d dt t.

abouT The auThor