The Inertial Labs miniAHRS and

Directional Surveillance

What is a Directional Survey

A directional survey is a survey method that can beused to map a variety of underground drillingapplications Directional surveys are used to map aplanned underground route by using aiding dataprovided from any combination of directionalsurvey stations Directional survey stations serve asa reference point that corresponds to a measureddepth along the actual bored path known as theactual well path While the drill bores a hole along aplanned route data regarding the boreholeinclination and azimuth is transmitted back to acomputer that is controlled by an operator Thisdata allows the operator to control the speed anddirection of the drill as it advances Directionalsurveying enables the user to carry out operationwith minimal disturbance to natural habitats andhelps to reduce accidents that can occur fromdirectional drilling which is any drilling is notdirectly downwards

Calculation Methods

Measurement While Drilling (MWD)Proper data-logging instrumentation has been forcedto be implemented into operations as drilling hasbecome more complex and as directional drilling hasincreased in popularity MWD is a type of loggingthat incorporates measurement tools that providedata in real time This data serves as the buildingblocks for a successful directional survey MWD isdesigned to overcome the challenges of loggingwhile drilling at extreme angles It uses gyroscopesmagnetometers and accelerometers to determineborehole inclination and azimuth angles

Extract Transform Load (ETL)

At the end of any successful directional survey thesurvey measured depth (1) along the well pathborehole inclination and borehole azimuth isknown regardless of the survey method Todayssoftware platforms offer many suites to help end-users with these calculations The most popularcalculation methods include the tangential surveymethod the average angle method the radius ofcurvature method and the minimum curvaturemethod

An ETL process can be used for a variety of projectsbut in the context of a directional survey it istypically applied to the mapping phase of theprocedure The mapping process begins withdefining the start location From there a magneticor grid correction is applied to azimuth values in thesurvey so they are normalized to true north Oncethe values are normalized calculation methods areused to determine the change in position betweena point and the location of the well

Tangential Survey MethodThe tangential survey method is the oldest andleast sophisticated directional survey calculationmethod Presently many newer methods haveproven to be more accurate than the tangentialsurvey method

(1) The summation of course lengths used as a distance reference between survey points

Data from these devices is decoded at the surfaceand the data can be transmitted to an offsitelocation with minimal delay With such precisedrilling MWD aids drilling engineers with real-timeinformation so that they can make importantdecisions while drilling As a result MWD systemsare trusted for there ability to provide accuratedirectional survey data such as borehole attitudeand trajectory in many types of drillingenvironments

Average Angle Method

The average angle method is commonly used in thefield and can be done relatively easily via ahandheld calculator This method focuses on theupper and lower ends of the course length andmeasures the average inclination and hole-directionangles at these sites The average of the twodatasets is assumed as the inclination and directionfor the course length Simple trigonometriccalculations are then applied to determine the wellpath

Radius of Curvature MethodLike the average angle method the radius ofcurvature method is typically applied for field useThe radius of curvature method is more widely usedthan the average angle method This methodgenerates a circular arc by measuring the upper andlower ends of the course length and assumes thatthis is the wellbore The curvature of this arc isdetermined by the inclinations and azimuths of theupper and lower parts of the course length Unlikethe previously mentioned methods which usedstraight line approximations the radius of curvaturemethods arc approximation is more accurate to theactual well course as it does not assume that thewell path is a straight line

Minimum Curvature Method

The minimumcurvature methodis the mostaccurate methodbut does not lenditself well to usersthat require on-sitehand-calculationsLike the radius ofcurvature method

This method calculates a straight line representingthe wellbore (2) passing through the lower end ofthe course length (3) by using the inclination andhole direction The inaccuracy of this method lieswithin the assumption that the wellbore is astraight line throughout the course length

(2) A type of borehole that is used to extract oil or gas (3) The actual distance drilled by the well bore from one point to the next as measured

ΔV = Change in the projection of the measured depth along the wellonto the Z axis β = Azimuth in degrees ΔE = Change in East ΔN =Change in North α = Inclination in degrees

Actual well path

Assumed well path

DL = Absolute Change in direction Az = Azimuth I = Inclination ΔTVD =Change in the projection of the measured depth along the well onto thevertical axis ΔMD = Change in measured depth ΔHD = Change in theprojection of the measured depth along the well onto the horizontal axis

Az = Azimuth I = Inclination ΔMD = Change in measured depth betweensurveys ΔTVD = Change in the projection of the measured depth along thewell onto the vertical axis ΔHD = Change in the projection of themeasured depth along the well onto the horizontal axis

Applications

Directional surveying can be used to map out plansfor underground utility construction such as sewagepipelines water pipelines gas pipelines andelectrical cables These surveys map the plannedunderground route by considering the soil type anddetecting any obstacles Directional surveying isespecially helpful in cross boring prevention whichis a hazard that will be touched on later in thispaper

Accident Reductions

The last and most obvious use of directional surveyis well drilling In both directional and straightholes the orientation of the wellbore must beknown with reasonable accuracy to ensure thecorrect wellbore path This is also important if arelief well must be drilled Directional survey datamust be completed with no missing wellbores bespatially correct and have integration-ready data toensure accuracy

Trenchless Construction amp RenewalDirectional surveying can be used in a variety oftrenchless construction methods includinghorizontal earth boring methods such as horizontaldirectional drilling (HDD)

Cross Bore PreventionA cross bore is when a utility intersects a secondexisting utility when using trenchless technologyThis intersection of utilities compromises theintegrity of either the utilities themselves or theunderground structure in the vicinity This can resultin very dangerous scenarios for example if a gaspipeline crosses through a sewer pipe natural gascould enter the sewer system if a pipeline is hit Theuse of directional survey can help erase thispossible hazard by making the drill operator awareof the drills surroundings and the orientation of thedrill at a given time

Directional Well PlanningDirectional well drilling is a broad term fordescribing any wellbore that does not go straightdown Directional drilling is very valuable for anapplication like drilling wells to collect oil and gasdeposits By drilling at an angle more of thereservoir gets explored as reservoirs tend to formhorizontally Directional drilling can becomedangerous as it can be difficult to know where thedrill is or the orientation in which it is drilling

Underground Utility Mapping

Well Drilling

this method utilizes the inclination and holedirection at the upper and lower ends of the courselength It compares each point to the next point andreferences the changes in azimuth inclination andmeasured depth to compute displacement betweenpoints in the X Y and Z directions It then adds aratio factor to smoothen the spherical arc This ratiofactor is the key difference between the minimumcurvature method and the radius of curvaturemethod These changes are summed and give thetotal change in position from the origin andconsecutively acquired data point thereafter Thesevalues give the user the position of each point inrelation to the well

It can also be used for pipe jacking methods forinstalling underground pipes ducts and culverts Inaddition to trenchless construction methodstrenchless renewal methods can be used in close-fit pipes slip lining localized repair and sewermanhole renewal Directional surveys can aid thesetechniques by identifying structural damagemisalignment corrosion problems and capacityproblems

Proper Equipment

With directional drilling sweeping over the miningindustry it is imperative that employees can beproperly trained on how to implement the differentdrilling techniques as well as understand thehazards that come with each one of them Astechniques such as horizontal directional drillingcontinue to rise in notoriety it becomes moreimportant to understand MWD and directionalsurvey Many services offer training classes in whichstudents can learn safety in the oil and gas industrydirectional drilling MWD and advanced surveying

The Inertial Labs miniAHRS

When directional drilling and performing directionalsurveys there are some specific equipment thatshould be used to ensure efficacy and safetySpecialized drill bits are used to improveperformance and reduce the chance of failureDownhole steerable mud motors get positionednear the drill bit When the correct depth isreached the drill string stops rotating and drillingfluid is pumped through the mud motor so that thedrill bit can turn due to the force of the liquid

Magnetometer Calibrations

The Inertial Labs miniAHRS utilizes 3 axes each ofprecision accelerometers magnetometers andgyroscopes It is a turnkey solution for systemsutilizing MWD as it is a high performancestrapdown system that determines absoluteorientation for the device that it is mounted onThe miniAHRS provides all the fundamentalinformation necessary to create directionalsurveys

The accuracy of a devices magnetometer isparamount in applications such as well drillingwhere GPS is not available In the case ofthe miniAHRS Inertial Labs mini fluxgatemagnetometer serves as the basis for orientationand more specifically heading data computed bythe miniAHRS Inertial Labs supports multiple 2Dand 3D calibration methods that cater to a varietyof different applications within the oil and gasindustry The main difference between the twomethods is the pitch and roll angles Users thatrequire a full range of pitch and roll angles shouldopt for 3D magnetometer calibration while thosethat require a limited pitch and roll range shouldchoose 2D calibration

Employee Training

Without this knowledge hazards like cross bores orextreme equipment stress can occur With sensorslike the Inertial Labs miniAHRS users can determinethe direction of the drill through directional surveywith MWD technology as mentioned previouslyThis data as well as seismic and magnetic data canbe put into computer simulation programs to create2D and 3D models of the drillrsquos environment Thisprocess of modeling is known as directional wellplanning

Rotary steering is important as it allows the systemto drill and steer at the same time which givesaccess to new previously unreachable formationsMulti-shot cameras are set to take regular pictureson a time-lapse setting and can be used as aidingdata Lastly it is important to monitor the state ofimportant components like the drill string if itsintegrity is not maintained the string can snap orjam resulting in a need for new costly equipment

Trademark Legal Notice All product names logos and brands are property of their respective owners Allcompany product and service names used in this document are for identification purposes only Use of nameslogos pictures units and brands does not imply endorsement

Conclusion

Contact Information

What Do

You

Think

Here at Inertial Labs we care about our customers

satisfaction and want to continuously be able toprovide solutions that are specifically tailored toproblems that are occurring today while vigorouslydeveloping products to tackle the problems oftomorrow Your opinion is always important to usWhether you are a student an entrepreneur or anindustry heavyweight Share your thoughts on ourproducts recommendations you have or just sayhello at opinionsinertiallabscom

Address 39959 Catoctin Ridge Street Paeonian Springs VA 20129 USA

Website wwwinertiallabscom

The drilling aspect of the Oil and Gas industry can behighly dangerous as there are a variety ofenvironmental hazards present in directional drillingThe lightweight and compact miniAHRS is a keydevice for MWD as users can perform directionalsurveys to be aware of the drills surroundings As aresult surveyors can be confident that they areminimizing environmental harm and are fully awareof the potential hazards that can occur in theimmediate area of the drill With Inertial Labsrsquo 20years of experience in the navigation orientationand positioning industry customers can rely onInertial Labsrsquo ability to provide an excellent solutionalong with comprehensive customer serviceregardless of the application

miniAHRS

The Inertial Labs miniAHRS is a low-size highperformance strapdown system that determinesabsolute orientation for any device that it ismounted on The miniAHRS consists of precisionaccelerometers magnetometers andgyroscopes to provide accurate heading pitchand roll in 3-axes each

Parameter miniAHRS

Heading static accuracy RMS

03 deg

Heading dynamic accuracy RMS

06 deg

Pitch amp Roll static accuracy 005 deg

Pitch amp Roll dynamic accuracy

008 deg

Dimensions 53 x 19 x 13 mm

Weight 20 grams

Interface RS-422

Compact Lightweight DesignA major advantage of the miniAHRS over otherattitude and heading reference sensors is itrsquos smallsize and weight With dimensions of 53 x 19 x 13mm and a weight of 20 grams the miniAHRS is sureto conform to the size and weight requirements ofany project Multiple interface options and a sleekdesign allows the miniAHRS to be an easyintegration into any multifaceted solution

What is a Directional Survey

A directional survey is a survey method that can beused to map a variety of underground drillingapplications Directional surveys are used to map aplanned underground route by using aiding dataprovided from any combination of directionalsurvey stations Directional survey stations serve asa reference point that corresponds to a measureddepth along the actual bored path known as theactual well path While the drill bores a hole along aplanned route data regarding the boreholeinclination and azimuth is transmitted back to acomputer that is controlled by an operator Thisdata allows the operator to control the speed anddirection of the drill as it advances Directionalsurveying enables the user to carry out operationwith minimal disturbance to natural habitats andhelps to reduce accidents that can occur fromdirectional drilling which is any drilling is notdirectly downwards

Calculation Methods

Measurement While Drilling (MWD)Proper data-logging instrumentation has been forcedto be implemented into operations as drilling hasbecome more complex and as directional drilling hasincreased in popularity MWD is a type of loggingthat incorporates measurement tools that providedata in real time This data serves as the buildingblocks for a successful directional survey MWD isdesigned to overcome the challenges of loggingwhile drilling at extreme angles It uses gyroscopesmagnetometers and accelerometers to determineborehole inclination and azimuth angles

Extract Transform Load (ETL)

At the end of any successful directional survey thesurvey measured depth (1) along the well pathborehole inclination and borehole azimuth isknown regardless of the survey method Todayssoftware platforms offer many suites to help end-users with these calculations The most popularcalculation methods include the tangential surveymethod the average angle method the radius ofcurvature method and the minimum curvaturemethod

An ETL process can be used for a variety of projectsbut in the context of a directional survey it istypically applied to the mapping phase of theprocedure The mapping process begins withdefining the start location From there a magneticor grid correction is applied to azimuth values in thesurvey so they are normalized to true north Oncethe values are normalized calculation methods areused to determine the change in position betweena point and the location of the well

Tangential Survey MethodThe tangential survey method is the oldest andleast sophisticated directional survey calculationmethod Presently many newer methods haveproven to be more accurate than the tangentialsurvey method

(1) The summation of course lengths used as a distance reference between survey points

Data from these devices is decoded at the surfaceand the data can be transmitted to an offsitelocation with minimal delay With such precisedrilling MWD aids drilling engineers with real-timeinformation so that they can make importantdecisions while drilling As a result MWD systemsare trusted for there ability to provide accuratedirectional survey data such as borehole attitudeand trajectory in many types of drillingenvironments

Average Angle Method

The average angle method is commonly used in thefield and can be done relatively easily via ahandheld calculator This method focuses on theupper and lower ends of the course length andmeasures the average inclination and hole-directionangles at these sites The average of the twodatasets is assumed as the inclination and directionfor the course length Simple trigonometriccalculations are then applied to determine the wellpath

Radius of Curvature MethodLike the average angle method the radius ofcurvature method is typically applied for field useThe radius of curvature method is more widely usedthan the average angle method This methodgenerates a circular arc by measuring the upper andlower ends of the course length and assumes thatthis is the wellbore The curvature of this arc isdetermined by the inclinations and azimuths of theupper and lower parts of the course length Unlikethe previously mentioned methods which usedstraight line approximations the radius of curvaturemethods arc approximation is more accurate to theactual well course as it does not assume that thewell path is a straight line

Minimum Curvature Method

The minimumcurvature methodis the mostaccurate methodbut does not lenditself well to usersthat require on-sitehand-calculationsLike the radius ofcurvature method

This method calculates a straight line representingthe wellbore (2) passing through the lower end ofthe course length (3) by using the inclination andhole direction The inaccuracy of this method lieswithin the assumption that the wellbore is astraight line throughout the course length

(2) A type of borehole that is used to extract oil or gas (3) The actual distance drilled by the well bore from one point to the next as measured

ΔV = Change in the projection of the measured depth along the wellonto the Z axis β = Azimuth in degrees ΔE = Change in East ΔN =Change in North α = Inclination in degrees

Actual well path

Assumed well path

DL = Absolute Change in direction Az = Azimuth I = Inclination ΔTVD =Change in the projection of the measured depth along the well onto thevertical axis ΔMD = Change in measured depth ΔHD = Change in theprojection of the measured depth along the well onto the horizontal axis

Az = Azimuth I = Inclination ΔMD = Change in measured depth betweensurveys ΔTVD = Change in the projection of the measured depth along thewell onto the vertical axis ΔHD = Change in the projection of themeasured depth along the well onto the horizontal axis

Applications

Directional surveying can be used to map out plansfor underground utility construction such as sewagepipelines water pipelines gas pipelines andelectrical cables These surveys map the plannedunderground route by considering the soil type anddetecting any obstacles Directional surveying isespecially helpful in cross boring prevention whichis a hazard that will be touched on later in thispaper

Accident Reductions

The last and most obvious use of directional surveyis well drilling In both directional and straightholes the orientation of the wellbore must beknown with reasonable accuracy to ensure thecorrect wellbore path This is also important if arelief well must be drilled Directional survey datamust be completed with no missing wellbores bespatially correct and have integration-ready data toensure accuracy

Trenchless Construction amp RenewalDirectional surveying can be used in a variety oftrenchless construction methods includinghorizontal earth boring methods such as horizontaldirectional drilling (HDD)

Cross Bore PreventionA cross bore is when a utility intersects a secondexisting utility when using trenchless technologyThis intersection of utilities compromises theintegrity of either the utilities themselves or theunderground structure in the vicinity This can resultin very dangerous scenarios for example if a gaspipeline crosses through a sewer pipe natural gascould enter the sewer system if a pipeline is hit Theuse of directional survey can help erase thispossible hazard by making the drill operator awareof the drills surroundings and the orientation of thedrill at a given time

Directional Well PlanningDirectional well drilling is a broad term fordescribing any wellbore that does not go straightdown Directional drilling is very valuable for anapplication like drilling wells to collect oil and gasdeposits By drilling at an angle more of thereservoir gets explored as reservoirs tend to formhorizontally Directional drilling can becomedangerous as it can be difficult to know where thedrill is or the orientation in which it is drilling

Underground Utility Mapping

Well Drilling

this method utilizes the inclination and holedirection at the upper and lower ends of the courselength It compares each point to the next point andreferences the changes in azimuth inclination andmeasured depth to compute displacement betweenpoints in the X Y and Z directions It then adds aratio factor to smoothen the spherical arc This ratiofactor is the key difference between the minimumcurvature method and the radius of curvaturemethod These changes are summed and give thetotal change in position from the origin andconsecutively acquired data point thereafter Thesevalues give the user the position of each point inrelation to the well

It can also be used for pipe jacking methods forinstalling underground pipes ducts and culverts Inaddition to trenchless construction methodstrenchless renewal methods can be used in close-fit pipes slip lining localized repair and sewermanhole renewal Directional surveys can aid thesetechniques by identifying structural damagemisalignment corrosion problems and capacityproblems

Proper Equipment

With directional drilling sweeping over the miningindustry it is imperative that employees can beproperly trained on how to implement the differentdrilling techniques as well as understand thehazards that come with each one of them Astechniques such as horizontal directional drillingcontinue to rise in notoriety it becomes moreimportant to understand MWD and directionalsurvey Many services offer training classes in whichstudents can learn safety in the oil and gas industrydirectional drilling MWD and advanced surveying

The Inertial Labs miniAHRS

When directional drilling and performing directionalsurveys there are some specific equipment thatshould be used to ensure efficacy and safetySpecialized drill bits are used to improveperformance and reduce the chance of failureDownhole steerable mud motors get positionednear the drill bit When the correct depth isreached the drill string stops rotating and drillingfluid is pumped through the mud motor so that thedrill bit can turn due to the force of the liquid

Magnetometer Calibrations

The Inertial Labs miniAHRS utilizes 3 axes each ofprecision accelerometers magnetometers andgyroscopes It is a turnkey solution for systemsutilizing MWD as it is a high performancestrapdown system that determines absoluteorientation for the device that it is mounted onThe miniAHRS provides all the fundamentalinformation necessary to create directionalsurveys

The accuracy of a devices magnetometer isparamount in applications such as well drillingwhere GPS is not available In the case ofthe miniAHRS Inertial Labs mini fluxgatemagnetometer serves as the basis for orientationand more specifically heading data computed bythe miniAHRS Inertial Labs supports multiple 2Dand 3D calibration methods that cater to a varietyof different applications within the oil and gasindustry The main difference between the twomethods is the pitch and roll angles Users thatrequire a full range of pitch and roll angles shouldopt for 3D magnetometer calibration while thosethat require a limited pitch and roll range shouldchoose 2D calibration

Employee Training

Without this knowledge hazards like cross bores orextreme equipment stress can occur With sensorslike the Inertial Labs miniAHRS users can determinethe direction of the drill through directional surveywith MWD technology as mentioned previouslyThis data as well as seismic and magnetic data canbe put into computer simulation programs to create2D and 3D models of the drillrsquos environment Thisprocess of modeling is known as directional wellplanning

Rotary steering is important as it allows the systemto drill and steer at the same time which givesaccess to new previously unreachable formationsMulti-shot cameras are set to take regular pictureson a time-lapse setting and can be used as aidingdata Lastly it is important to monitor the state ofimportant components like the drill string if itsintegrity is not maintained the string can snap orjam resulting in a need for new costly equipment

Trademark Legal Notice All product names logos and brands are property of their respective owners Allcompany product and service names used in this document are for identification purposes only Use of nameslogos pictures units and brands does not imply endorsement

Conclusion

Contact Information

What Do

You

Think

Here at Inertial Labs we care about our customers

satisfaction and want to continuously be able toprovide solutions that are specifically tailored toproblems that are occurring today while vigorouslydeveloping products to tackle the problems oftomorrow Your opinion is always important to usWhether you are a student an entrepreneur or anindustry heavyweight Share your thoughts on ourproducts recommendations you have or just sayhello at opinionsinertiallabscom

Address 39959 Catoctin Ridge Street Paeonian Springs VA 20129 USA

Website wwwinertiallabscom

The drilling aspect of the Oil and Gas industry can behighly dangerous as there are a variety ofenvironmental hazards present in directional drillingThe lightweight and compact miniAHRS is a keydevice for MWD as users can perform directionalsurveys to be aware of the drills surroundings As aresult surveyors can be confident that they areminimizing environmental harm and are fully awareof the potential hazards that can occur in theimmediate area of the drill With Inertial Labsrsquo 20years of experience in the navigation orientationand positioning industry customers can rely onInertial Labsrsquo ability to provide an excellent solutionalong with comprehensive customer serviceregardless of the application

miniAHRS

The Inertial Labs miniAHRS is a low-size highperformance strapdown system that determinesabsolute orientation for any device that it ismounted on The miniAHRS consists of precisionaccelerometers magnetometers andgyroscopes to provide accurate heading pitchand roll in 3-axes each

Parameter miniAHRS

Heading static accuracy RMS

03 deg

Heading dynamic accuracy RMS

06 deg

Pitch amp Roll static accuracy 005 deg

Pitch amp Roll dynamic accuracy

008 deg

Dimensions 53 x 19 x 13 mm

Weight 20 grams

Interface RS-422

Compact Lightweight DesignA major advantage of the miniAHRS over otherattitude and heading reference sensors is itrsquos smallsize and weight With dimensions of 53 x 19 x 13mm and a weight of 20 grams the miniAHRS is sureto conform to the size and weight requirements ofany project Multiple interface options and a sleekdesign allows the miniAHRS to be an easyintegration into any multifaceted solution

Average Angle Method

The average angle method is commonly used in thefield and can be done relatively easily via ahandheld calculator This method focuses on theupper and lower ends of the course length andmeasures the average inclination and hole-directionangles at these sites The average of the twodatasets is assumed as the inclination and directionfor the course length Simple trigonometriccalculations are then applied to determine the wellpath

Radius of Curvature MethodLike the average angle method the radius ofcurvature method is typically applied for field useThe radius of curvature method is more widely usedthan the average angle method This methodgenerates a circular arc by measuring the upper andlower ends of the course length and assumes thatthis is the wellbore The curvature of this arc isdetermined by the inclinations and azimuths of theupper and lower parts of the course length Unlikethe previously mentioned methods which usedstraight line approximations the radius of curvaturemethods arc approximation is more accurate to theactual well course as it does not assume that thewell path is a straight line

Minimum Curvature Method

The minimumcurvature methodis the mostaccurate methodbut does not lenditself well to usersthat require on-sitehand-calculationsLike the radius ofcurvature method

This method calculates a straight line representingthe wellbore (2) passing through the lower end ofthe course length (3) by using the inclination andhole direction The inaccuracy of this method lieswithin the assumption that the wellbore is astraight line throughout the course length

(2) A type of borehole that is used to extract oil or gas (3) The actual distance drilled by the well bore from one point to the next as measured

ΔV = Change in the projection of the measured depth along the wellonto the Z axis β = Azimuth in degrees ΔE = Change in East ΔN =Change in North α = Inclination in degrees

Actual well path

Assumed well path

DL = Absolute Change in direction Az = Azimuth I = Inclination ΔTVD =Change in the projection of the measured depth along the well onto thevertical axis ΔMD = Change in measured depth ΔHD = Change in theprojection of the measured depth along the well onto the horizontal axis

Az = Azimuth I = Inclination ΔMD = Change in measured depth betweensurveys ΔTVD = Change in the projection of the measured depth along thewell onto the vertical axis ΔHD = Change in the projection of themeasured depth along the well onto the horizontal axis

Applications

Directional surveying can be used to map out plansfor underground utility construction such as sewagepipelines water pipelines gas pipelines andelectrical cables These surveys map the plannedunderground route by considering the soil type anddetecting any obstacles Directional surveying isespecially helpful in cross boring prevention whichis a hazard that will be touched on later in thispaper

Accident Reductions

The last and most obvious use of directional surveyis well drilling In both directional and straightholes the orientation of the wellbore must beknown with reasonable accuracy to ensure thecorrect wellbore path This is also important if arelief well must be drilled Directional survey datamust be completed with no missing wellbores bespatially correct and have integration-ready data toensure accuracy

Trenchless Construction amp RenewalDirectional surveying can be used in a variety oftrenchless construction methods includinghorizontal earth boring methods such as horizontaldirectional drilling (HDD)

Cross Bore PreventionA cross bore is when a utility intersects a secondexisting utility when using trenchless technologyThis intersection of utilities compromises theintegrity of either the utilities themselves or theunderground structure in the vicinity This can resultin very dangerous scenarios for example if a gaspipeline crosses through a sewer pipe natural gascould enter the sewer system if a pipeline is hit Theuse of directional survey can help erase thispossible hazard by making the drill operator awareof the drills surroundings and the orientation of thedrill at a given time

Directional Well PlanningDirectional well drilling is a broad term fordescribing any wellbore that does not go straightdown Directional drilling is very valuable for anapplication like drilling wells to collect oil and gasdeposits By drilling at an angle more of thereservoir gets explored as reservoirs tend to formhorizontally Directional drilling can becomedangerous as it can be difficult to know where thedrill is or the orientation in which it is drilling

Underground Utility Mapping

Well Drilling

this method utilizes the inclination and holedirection at the upper and lower ends of the courselength It compares each point to the next point andreferences the changes in azimuth inclination andmeasured depth to compute displacement betweenpoints in the X Y and Z directions It then adds aratio factor to smoothen the spherical arc This ratiofactor is the key difference between the minimumcurvature method and the radius of curvaturemethod These changes are summed and give thetotal change in position from the origin andconsecutively acquired data point thereafter Thesevalues give the user the position of each point inrelation to the well

It can also be used for pipe jacking methods forinstalling underground pipes ducts and culverts Inaddition to trenchless construction methodstrenchless renewal methods can be used in close-fit pipes slip lining localized repair and sewermanhole renewal Directional surveys can aid thesetechniques by identifying structural damagemisalignment corrosion problems and capacityproblems

Proper Equipment

With directional drilling sweeping over the miningindustry it is imperative that employees can beproperly trained on how to implement the differentdrilling techniques as well as understand thehazards that come with each one of them Astechniques such as horizontal directional drillingcontinue to rise in notoriety it becomes moreimportant to understand MWD and directionalsurvey Many services offer training classes in whichstudents can learn safety in the oil and gas industrydirectional drilling MWD and advanced surveying

The Inertial Labs miniAHRS

When directional drilling and performing directionalsurveys there are some specific equipment thatshould be used to ensure efficacy and safetySpecialized drill bits are used to improveperformance and reduce the chance of failureDownhole steerable mud motors get positionednear the drill bit When the correct depth isreached the drill string stops rotating and drillingfluid is pumped through the mud motor so that thedrill bit can turn due to the force of the liquid

Magnetometer Calibrations

The Inertial Labs miniAHRS utilizes 3 axes each ofprecision accelerometers magnetometers andgyroscopes It is a turnkey solution for systemsutilizing MWD as it is a high performancestrapdown system that determines absoluteorientation for the device that it is mounted onThe miniAHRS provides all the fundamentalinformation necessary to create directionalsurveys

The accuracy of a devices magnetometer isparamount in applications such as well drillingwhere GPS is not available In the case ofthe miniAHRS Inertial Labs mini fluxgatemagnetometer serves as the basis for orientationand more specifically heading data computed bythe miniAHRS Inertial Labs supports multiple 2Dand 3D calibration methods that cater to a varietyof different applications within the oil and gasindustry The main difference between the twomethods is the pitch and roll angles Users thatrequire a full range of pitch and roll angles shouldopt for 3D magnetometer calibration while thosethat require a limited pitch and roll range shouldchoose 2D calibration

Employee Training

Without this knowledge hazards like cross bores orextreme equipment stress can occur With sensorslike the Inertial Labs miniAHRS users can determinethe direction of the drill through directional surveywith MWD technology as mentioned previouslyThis data as well as seismic and magnetic data canbe put into computer simulation programs to create2D and 3D models of the drillrsquos environment Thisprocess of modeling is known as directional wellplanning

Rotary steering is important as it allows the systemto drill and steer at the same time which givesaccess to new previously unreachable formationsMulti-shot cameras are set to take regular pictureson a time-lapse setting and can be used as aidingdata Lastly it is important to monitor the state ofimportant components like the drill string if itsintegrity is not maintained the string can snap orjam resulting in a need for new costly equipment

Trademark Legal Notice All product names logos and brands are property of their respective owners Allcompany product and service names used in this document are for identification purposes only Use of nameslogos pictures units and brands does not imply endorsement

Conclusion

Contact Information

What Do

You

Think

Here at Inertial Labs we care about our customers

satisfaction and want to continuously be able toprovide solutions that are specifically tailored toproblems that are occurring today while vigorouslydeveloping products to tackle the problems oftomorrow Your opinion is always important to usWhether you are a student an entrepreneur or anindustry heavyweight Share your thoughts on ourproducts recommendations you have or just sayhello at opinionsinertiallabscom

Address 39959 Catoctin Ridge Street Paeonian Springs VA 20129 USA

Website wwwinertiallabscom

The drilling aspect of the Oil and Gas industry can behighly dangerous as there are a variety ofenvironmental hazards present in directional drillingThe lightweight and compact miniAHRS is a keydevice for MWD as users can perform directionalsurveys to be aware of the drills surroundings As aresult surveyors can be confident that they areminimizing environmental harm and are fully awareof the potential hazards that can occur in theimmediate area of the drill With Inertial Labsrsquo 20years of experience in the navigation orientationand positioning industry customers can rely onInertial Labsrsquo ability to provide an excellent solutionalong with comprehensive customer serviceregardless of the application

miniAHRS

The Inertial Labs miniAHRS is a low-size highperformance strapdown system that determinesabsolute orientation for any device that it ismounted on The miniAHRS consists of precisionaccelerometers magnetometers andgyroscopes to provide accurate heading pitchand roll in 3-axes each

Parameter miniAHRS

Heading static accuracy RMS

03 deg

Heading dynamic accuracy RMS

06 deg

Pitch amp Roll static accuracy 005 deg

Pitch amp Roll dynamic accuracy

008 deg

Dimensions 53 x 19 x 13 mm

Weight 20 grams

Interface RS-422

Compact Lightweight DesignA major advantage of the miniAHRS over otherattitude and heading reference sensors is itrsquos smallsize and weight With dimensions of 53 x 19 x 13mm and a weight of 20 grams the miniAHRS is sureto conform to the size and weight requirements ofany project Multiple interface options and a sleekdesign allows the miniAHRS to be an easyintegration into any multifaceted solution

Applications

Directional surveying can be used to map out plansfor underground utility construction such as sewagepipelines water pipelines gas pipelines andelectrical cables These surveys map the plannedunderground route by considering the soil type anddetecting any obstacles Directional surveying isespecially helpful in cross boring prevention whichis a hazard that will be touched on later in thispaper

Accident Reductions

The last and most obvious use of directional surveyis well drilling In both directional and straightholes the orientation of the wellbore must beknown with reasonable accuracy to ensure thecorrect wellbore path This is also important if arelief well must be drilled Directional survey datamust be completed with no missing wellbores bespatially correct and have integration-ready data toensure accuracy

Trenchless Construction amp RenewalDirectional surveying can be used in a variety oftrenchless construction methods includinghorizontal earth boring methods such as horizontaldirectional drilling (HDD)

Cross Bore PreventionA cross bore is when a utility intersects a secondexisting utility when using trenchless technologyThis intersection of utilities compromises theintegrity of either the utilities themselves or theunderground structure in the vicinity This can resultin very dangerous scenarios for example if a gaspipeline crosses through a sewer pipe natural gascould enter the sewer system if a pipeline is hit Theuse of directional survey can help erase thispossible hazard by making the drill operator awareof the drills surroundings and the orientation of thedrill at a given time

Directional Well PlanningDirectional well drilling is a broad term fordescribing any wellbore that does not go straightdown Directional drilling is very valuable for anapplication like drilling wells to collect oil and gasdeposits By drilling at an angle more of thereservoir gets explored as reservoirs tend to formhorizontally Directional drilling can becomedangerous as it can be difficult to know where thedrill is or the orientation in which it is drilling

Underground Utility Mapping

Well Drilling

this method utilizes the inclination and holedirection at the upper and lower ends of the courselength It compares each point to the next point andreferences the changes in azimuth inclination andmeasured depth to compute displacement betweenpoints in the X Y and Z directions It then adds aratio factor to smoothen the spherical arc This ratiofactor is the key difference between the minimumcurvature method and the radius of curvaturemethod These changes are summed and give thetotal change in position from the origin andconsecutively acquired data point thereafter Thesevalues give the user the position of each point inrelation to the well

It can also be used for pipe jacking methods forinstalling underground pipes ducts and culverts Inaddition to trenchless construction methodstrenchless renewal methods can be used in close-fit pipes slip lining localized repair and sewermanhole renewal Directional surveys can aid thesetechniques by identifying structural damagemisalignment corrosion problems and capacityproblems

Proper Equipment

With directional drilling sweeping over the miningindustry it is imperative that employees can beproperly trained on how to implement the differentdrilling techniques as well as understand thehazards that come with each one of them Astechniques such as horizontal directional drillingcontinue to rise in notoriety it becomes moreimportant to understand MWD and directionalsurvey Many services offer training classes in whichstudents can learn safety in the oil and gas industrydirectional drilling MWD and advanced surveying

The Inertial Labs miniAHRS

When directional drilling and performing directionalsurveys there are some specific equipment thatshould be used to ensure efficacy and safetySpecialized drill bits are used to improveperformance and reduce the chance of failureDownhole steerable mud motors get positionednear the drill bit When the correct depth isreached the drill string stops rotating and drillingfluid is pumped through the mud motor so that thedrill bit can turn due to the force of the liquid

Magnetometer Calibrations

The Inertial Labs miniAHRS utilizes 3 axes each ofprecision accelerometers magnetometers andgyroscopes It is a turnkey solution for systemsutilizing MWD as it is a high performancestrapdown system that determines absoluteorientation for the device that it is mounted onThe miniAHRS provides all the fundamentalinformation necessary to create directionalsurveys

The accuracy of a devices magnetometer isparamount in applications such as well drillingwhere GPS is not available In the case ofthe miniAHRS Inertial Labs mini fluxgatemagnetometer serves as the basis for orientationand more specifically heading data computed bythe miniAHRS Inertial Labs supports multiple 2Dand 3D calibration methods that cater to a varietyof different applications within the oil and gasindustry The main difference between the twomethods is the pitch and roll angles Users thatrequire a full range of pitch and roll angles shouldopt for 3D magnetometer calibration while thosethat require a limited pitch and roll range shouldchoose 2D calibration

Employee Training

Without this knowledge hazards like cross bores orextreme equipment stress can occur With sensorslike the Inertial Labs miniAHRS users can determinethe direction of the drill through directional surveywith MWD technology as mentioned previouslyThis data as well as seismic and magnetic data canbe put into computer simulation programs to create2D and 3D models of the drillrsquos environment Thisprocess of modeling is known as directional wellplanning

Rotary steering is important as it allows the systemto drill and steer at the same time which givesaccess to new previously unreachable formationsMulti-shot cameras are set to take regular pictureson a time-lapse setting and can be used as aidingdata Lastly it is important to monitor the state ofimportant components like the drill string if itsintegrity is not maintained the string can snap orjam resulting in a need for new costly equipment

Trademark Legal Notice All product names logos and brands are property of their respective owners Allcompany product and service names used in this document are for identification purposes only Use of nameslogos pictures units and brands does not imply endorsement

Conclusion

Contact Information

What Do

You

Think

Here at Inertial Labs we care about our customers

satisfaction and want to continuously be able toprovide solutions that are specifically tailored toproblems that are occurring today while vigorouslydeveloping products to tackle the problems oftomorrow Your opinion is always important to usWhether you are a student an entrepreneur or anindustry heavyweight Share your thoughts on ourproducts recommendations you have or just sayhello at opinionsinertiallabscom

Address 39959 Catoctin Ridge Street Paeonian Springs VA 20129 USA

Website wwwinertiallabscom

The drilling aspect of the Oil and Gas industry can behighly dangerous as there are a variety ofenvironmental hazards present in directional drillingThe lightweight and compact miniAHRS is a keydevice for MWD as users can perform directionalsurveys to be aware of the drills surroundings As aresult surveyors can be confident that they areminimizing environmental harm and are fully awareof the potential hazards that can occur in theimmediate area of the drill With Inertial Labsrsquo 20years of experience in the navigation orientationand positioning industry customers can rely onInertial Labsrsquo ability to provide an excellent solutionalong with comprehensive customer serviceregardless of the application

miniAHRS

The Inertial Labs miniAHRS is a low-size highperformance strapdown system that determinesabsolute orientation for any device that it ismounted on The miniAHRS consists of precisionaccelerometers magnetometers andgyroscopes to provide accurate heading pitchand roll in 3-axes each

Parameter miniAHRS

Heading static accuracy RMS

03 deg

Heading dynamic accuracy RMS

06 deg

Pitch amp Roll static accuracy 005 deg

Pitch amp Roll dynamic accuracy

008 deg

Dimensions 53 x 19 x 13 mm

Weight 20 grams

Interface RS-422

Compact Lightweight DesignA major advantage of the miniAHRS over otherattitude and heading reference sensors is itrsquos smallsize and weight With dimensions of 53 x 19 x 13mm and a weight of 20 grams the miniAHRS is sureto conform to the size and weight requirements ofany project Multiple interface options and a sleekdesign allows the miniAHRS to be an easyintegration into any multifaceted solution

Proper Equipment

With directional drilling sweeping over the miningindustry it is imperative that employees can beproperly trained on how to implement the differentdrilling techniques as well as understand thehazards that come with each one of them Astechniques such as horizontal directional drillingcontinue to rise in notoriety it becomes moreimportant to understand MWD and directionalsurvey Many services offer training classes in whichstudents can learn safety in the oil and gas industrydirectional drilling MWD and advanced surveying

The Inertial Labs miniAHRS

When directional drilling and performing directionalsurveys there are some specific equipment thatshould be used to ensure efficacy and safetySpecialized drill bits are used to improveperformance and reduce the chance of failureDownhole steerable mud motors get positionednear the drill bit When the correct depth isreached the drill string stops rotating and drillingfluid is pumped through the mud motor so that thedrill bit can turn due to the force of the liquid

Magnetometer Calibrations

The Inertial Labs miniAHRS utilizes 3 axes each ofprecision accelerometers magnetometers andgyroscopes It is a turnkey solution for systemsutilizing MWD as it is a high performancestrapdown system that determines absoluteorientation for the device that it is mounted onThe miniAHRS provides all the fundamentalinformation necessary to create directionalsurveys

The accuracy of a devices magnetometer isparamount in applications such as well drillingwhere GPS is not available In the case ofthe miniAHRS Inertial Labs mini fluxgatemagnetometer serves as the basis for orientationand more specifically heading data computed bythe miniAHRS Inertial Labs supports multiple 2Dand 3D calibration methods that cater to a varietyof different applications within the oil and gasindustry The main difference between the twomethods is the pitch and roll angles Users thatrequire a full range of pitch and roll angles shouldopt for 3D magnetometer calibration while thosethat require a limited pitch and roll range shouldchoose 2D calibration

Employee Training

Without this knowledge hazards like cross bores orextreme equipment stress can occur With sensorslike the Inertial Labs miniAHRS users can determinethe direction of the drill through directional surveywith MWD technology as mentioned previouslyThis data as well as seismic and magnetic data canbe put into computer simulation programs to create2D and 3D models of the drillrsquos environment Thisprocess of modeling is known as directional wellplanning

Rotary steering is important as it allows the systemto drill and steer at the same time which givesaccess to new previously unreachable formationsMulti-shot cameras are set to take regular pictureson a time-lapse setting and can be used as aidingdata Lastly it is important to monitor the state ofimportant components like the drill string if itsintegrity is not maintained the string can snap orjam resulting in a need for new costly equipment

Trademark Legal Notice All product names logos and brands are property of their respective owners Allcompany product and service names used in this document are for identification purposes only Use of nameslogos pictures units and brands does not imply endorsement

Conclusion

Contact Information

What Do

You

Think

Here at Inertial Labs we care about our customers

satisfaction and want to continuously be able toprovide solutions that are specifically tailored toproblems that are occurring today while vigorouslydeveloping products to tackle the problems oftomorrow Your opinion is always important to usWhether you are a student an entrepreneur or anindustry heavyweight Share your thoughts on ourproducts recommendations you have or just sayhello at opinionsinertiallabscom

Address 39959 Catoctin Ridge Street Paeonian Springs VA 20129 USA

Website wwwinertiallabscom

The drilling aspect of the Oil and Gas industry can behighly dangerous as there are a variety ofenvironmental hazards present in directional drillingThe lightweight and compact miniAHRS is a keydevice for MWD as users can perform directionalsurveys to be aware of the drills surroundings As aresult surveyors can be confident that they areminimizing environmental harm and are fully awareof the potential hazards that can occur in theimmediate area of the drill With Inertial Labsrsquo 20years of experience in the navigation orientationand positioning industry customers can rely onInertial Labsrsquo ability to provide an excellent solutionalong with comprehensive customer serviceregardless of the application

miniAHRS

The Inertial Labs miniAHRS is a low-size highperformance strapdown system that determinesabsolute orientation for any device that it ismounted on The miniAHRS consists of precisionaccelerometers magnetometers andgyroscopes to provide accurate heading pitchand roll in 3-axes each

Parameter miniAHRS

Heading static accuracy RMS

03 deg

Heading dynamic accuracy RMS

06 deg

Pitch amp Roll static accuracy 005 deg

Pitch amp Roll dynamic accuracy

008 deg

Dimensions 53 x 19 x 13 mm

Weight 20 grams

Interface RS-422

Compact Lightweight DesignA major advantage of the miniAHRS over otherattitude and heading reference sensors is itrsquos smallsize and weight With dimensions of 53 x 19 x 13mm and a weight of 20 grams the miniAHRS is sureto conform to the size and weight requirements ofany project Multiple interface options and a sleekdesign allows the miniAHRS to be an easyintegration into any multifaceted solution

Trademark Legal Notice All product names logos and brands are property of their respective owners Allcompany product and service names used in this document are for identification purposes only Use of nameslogos pictures units and brands does not imply endorsement

Conclusion

Contact Information

What Do

You

Think

Here at Inertial Labs we care about our customers

satisfaction and want to continuously be able toprovide solutions that are specifically tailored toproblems that are occurring today while vigorouslydeveloping products to tackle the problems oftomorrow Your opinion is always important to usWhether you are a student an entrepreneur or anindustry heavyweight Share your thoughts on ourproducts recommendations you have or just sayhello at opinionsinertiallabscom

Address 39959 Catoctin Ridge Street Paeonian Springs VA 20129 USA

Website wwwinertiallabscom

The drilling aspect of the Oil and Gas industry can behighly dangerous as there are a variety ofenvironmental hazards present in directional drillingThe lightweight and compact miniAHRS is a keydevice for MWD as users can perform directionalsurveys to be aware of the drills surroundings As aresult surveyors can be confident that they areminimizing environmental harm and are fully awareof the potential hazards that can occur in theimmediate area of the drill With Inertial Labsrsquo 20years of experience in the navigation orientationand positioning industry customers can rely onInertial Labsrsquo ability to provide an excellent solutionalong with comprehensive customer serviceregardless of the application

miniAHRS

The Inertial Labs miniAHRS is a low-size highperformance strapdown system that determinesabsolute orientation for any device that it ismounted on The miniAHRS consists of precisionaccelerometers magnetometers andgyroscopes to provide accurate heading pitchand roll in 3-axes each

Parameter miniAHRS

Heading static accuracy RMS

03 deg

Heading dynamic accuracy RMS

06 deg

Pitch amp Roll static accuracy 005 deg

Pitch amp Roll dynamic accuracy

008 deg

Dimensions 53 x 19 x 13 mm

Weight 20 grams

Interface RS-422

Compact Lightweight DesignA major advantage of the miniAHRS over otherattitude and heading reference sensors is itrsquos smallsize and weight With dimensions of 53 x 19 x 13mm and a weight of 20 grams the miniAHRS is sureto conform to the size and weight requirements ofany project Multiple interface options and a sleekdesign allows the miniAHRS to be an easyintegration into any multifaceted solution

About Inertial Labs Inc

Established in 2001 Inertial Labs is a leader in position and orientation technologies for commercial

industrial aerospace and defense applications Inertial Labs has a worldwide distributor and representative

network covering 20+ countries across 6 continents and a standard product line spanning from Inertial

Measurement Units (IMU) to GPS-Aided Inertial Navigation Systems (INS) With application breadth on

Land Air and Sea Inertial Labs covers the gambit of inertial technologies and solutions

Inertial Labs Inc39959 Catoctin Ridge StreetPaeonian Springs VA 20129 USAphone +1 (703) 880 4222salesinertiallabscomwwwinertiallabscom