THE INDUSTRIAL POLLUTION PROJECTION SYSTEM

IPPSIPPS

THE INDUSTRIAL POLLUTION PROJECTION SYSTEM

by

Hemamala Hettige*

Paul Martin

Manjula Singh

David Wheeler

December, 1994

*The authors are, respectively, Economist, Environment,

Infrastructure and Agriculture Division (PRDEI), Policy Research

Dept., World Bank; Consultant, Environment Unit, EA3, World Bank;

Ph.D. Candidate, Boston University; and Principal Economist,

PRDEI, World Bank The research reported in this paper was

undertaken in collaboration with the Center for Economic Studies,

U.S. Bureau of the Census. Our thanks to the US Environmental

Protection Agency for providing the industrial pollution data and

to Angela Williams for invaluable assistance with preparation of

final text and tables.

ii

Table of Contents

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 1

1. INTRODUCTION 6

2. BUILDING BLOCKS FOR PLANT LEVEL DATABASES 8

2.1 US EPA Emissions Databases 8

2.1.1 The Toxic Release Inventory (TRI) 9

2.1.2 Aerometric Information Retrieval System (AIRS) 11

2.1.3 National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) 12

2.2 The Human Health and Ecotoxicity Database (HHED 12

2.3 The Longitudinal Research Database (LRD) 13

3. POLLUTION INTENSITY INDEX CONSTRUCTION 15

3.1. The Conceptual Goal 15

3.2. Operational Complexities 16

3.2.1 Merger of the EPA and LRD files 16

3.2.2 The Choice of a Numerator 16

3.2.3. The Choice of a Denominator 18

3.2.4 Alternative Estimates of Sectoral Pollution Intensities 19

3.2.5. Remapping US Facilities to 4-digit ISIC 20

4. CONSTRUCTION OF A TOXIC POLLUTION RISK INTENSITY INDEX 21

4.1. Calculation of Risk-Weighted and Unweighted Releases and Transfers 21

4.2. Scaling by Shipment Value to Give Pollution Intensity 23

4.3. Results 24

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5. ALTERNATIVE ESTIMATES, CHOICE OF DENOMINATORS, 35

BOX 1: MAJOR AIR, WATER AND TOXIC POLLUTANTS 36

5.1 Alternative Estimates of Sectoral Pollution Intensities 38

5.2 Different Measures of Activity 39

5.3 Medium-Specific Intensities 40

5.3.1 Total Toxic Pollution Intensities by Medium 41

5.3.2 Metals Intensities 50

5.3.3 Air Pollution Indicators 54

5.3.4 Water Pollution Indicators 61

6. CRITICAL ASSESSMENT AND PLANS FOR FURTHER WORK 66

6.1. Sources of Bias 66

6.2. International Applicability 67

6.3. Plans for Further Work 68

1

Executive Summary

The World Bank's technical assistance work with new environmental

protection institutions (EPI's) stresses cost-effective

regulation, with implementation of market-based pollution control

instruments wherever this is feasible. At present, however, few

EPI's can do the requisite benefit-cost analysis because they

lack data on industrial emissions and abatement costs. For the

foreseeable future, appropriate estimation methods will therefore

have to be employed as complements to direct measures of

environmental parameters at the firm level. We are developing

the Industrial Pollution Projection System (IPPS) as a

comprehensive response to this need. Estimation of IPPS

parameters is also giving us a much clearer and more detailed

view of the sources of industrial pollution. In this paper, we

report on our findings to date.

IPPS has been developed to exploit the fact that industrial

pollution is heavily affected by the scale of industrial

activity, its sectoral composition, and the process technologies

which are employed in production. Although most developing

countries have little or no industrial pollution data, many of

them have relatively detailed industry survey information on

employment, value added or output. IPPS is designed to convert

this information to the best feasible profile of the associated

pollutant output for countries, regions, urban areas, or proposed

new projects. It operates through sector estimates of pollution

intensity, or pollution per unit of activity.

We are developing IPPS in two phases. We have estimated the

first prototype from a massive U.S. data base, developed by PRDEI

in collaboration with the Center for Economic Studies of the U.S.

Census Bureau and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. This

data base was created by merging Manufacturing Census file data

2

with US EPA data on air, water and solid waste emissions. It

contains complete environmental, economic and geographic

information for approximately 200,000 factories in all regions of

the United States. The first prototype of IPPS spans

approximately 1,500 product categories, all operating

technologies, and hundreds of pollutants. It can separately

project air, water, and solid waste emissions, and incorporates a

range of risk factors for human toxic and ecotoxic effects. It

can also project emissions of some greenhouse gases and several

compounds which are hazardous to the ozone layer. Since it has

been developed from a database of unprecedented size and depth,

it is undoubtedly the most comprehensive system of its kind in

the world.

We recognize, however, that this is only the beginning. Although

much more detailed empirical research is needed on the sources of

variation in industrial pollution, it is already clear that great

differences are attributable to cross-country and cross-regional

variations in relative prices, economic and sectoral policies,

and strictness of regulation. The second phase of IPPS

development will, therefore, have to be even more ambitious than

the first. We are now undertaking an econometric research

project which will use plant-level data from many countries to

quantify the major sources of international and interregional

variation in industrial pollution. This project should help

identify the policies which have reduced industrial pollution

most cost-effectively under different conditions. By quantifying

the effect of country- and region-specific policy and economic

variables, it should also provide the basis for adjusting IPPS to

conditions in a wide variety of national and regional economies.

We have learned a number of valuable things from first-phase

development and application of IPPS:

• Industrial pollution problems vary substantially across

3

countries, and across regions within countries. We have

therefore estimated intensities for a large number of air,

water and toxic pollutants. To illustrate, at the broadest

level of pollutant aggregation, IPPS intensity estimates are

available for the sum of all toxic pollutants released to all

media (air, water, land). At the narrowest level, separate

intensities have been estimated for air, water and land

release of over 100 toxic pollutants.

• Complementary economic data for developing countries can be

somewhat randomly available by variable and level of

aggregation. We have therefore found it useful to estimate

IPPS parameters at the 2-, 3-, and 4-digit levels of

aggregation in the International Standard Industrial

Classification (ISIC). At each ISIC level, we have estimated

pollution intensities, or emissions per unit of activity,

using all three economic variables which are commonly

available: Value of output, value added and employment. For

cases where extremely detailed data are available, we have

also estimated sectoral parameters at the U.S. 4- and 5-digit

SIC levels. In the latter case, the estimates include some

information for over 1,000 industry sectors.

• For individual pollutants, we find generally high correlations

across intensities based on output value, value added and

employment. At a purely 'mechanical' level, we therefore find

little to distinguish the three sets of intensity measures as

bases for pollution projection. However, basic economic

reasoning does suggest that employment-based intensities may

be preferable for pollution projection in developing

countries. The logic is as follows: (1) Effective

environmental regulation is thought to be quite income-

elastic, although careful empirical work on cross-country data

has yet to be done; (2) Sectoral pollution is thought to be

quite responsive to effective environmental regulation in many

4

cases; (3) Most cross-country econometric studies of sectoral

labor demand find relatively high wage elasticities; (4) From

(1)-(3), we can conclude that both sectoral pollution and

sectoral labor demand will rise substantially as we move from

richer (high-wage, high-regulation) to poorer (low-wage, low-

regulation) economies. Since pollution and employment vary in

the same direction, the variation in pollution intensity with

respect to employment (P/E) may well be less than variation in

pollution per unit of output. Very preliminary tests on U.S.

and Indonesian sectoral data for water pollution provide

support for this hypothesis, showing much higher variation for

value-based intensities than for employment-based estimates.

• We have uncovered what looks like an "iron law" of pollution

intensity for all pollutants and levels of aggregation:

Sectoral intensities are always exponentially distributed,

with a few highly intensive sectors and many which have very

low intensities. High-intensity sectors differ markedly

across pollutants (see below), but the exponential pattern

persists. The implication for applied work is clear:

Pollution projections should always be done with the most

disaggregated data available. The resulting gains in accuracy

are often quite striking.

• Although the phrase "pollution intensive" is commonly applied

to industry sectors, it can be quite misleading. We find a

very diverse pattern of sectoral intensity correlations across

pollutants. Intensity correlations are sometimes high within

similar classes (e.g., nitrogen dioxide and sulphur dioxide

among air pollutants; biological oxygen demand and suspended

solids among water pollutants). Across classes, however,

intensity correlations are sometimes quite low.

• IPPS parameters can be estimated differently, depending on the

types of complementary data which are available. For the

5

present purposes, we have used our U.S. factory sample to

compute three basic types of indices. The first, or Upper

Bound, estimates are computed from the subsample of factories

which we have succeeded in matching between the EPA and Census

data bases. Since no common ID codes are available, this has

been a difficult process and inevitably entailed the loss of

information from many plants. EPA files are kept only on

firms which are significant polluters, so we know that our

matched sample provides an upward-biased estimate of general

sectoral pollution intensity. Developing-country factories

tend to be more pollution-intensive, however, so these

estimates provide at least a partial correction.

• We have produced complementary Lower Bound estimates for U.S.

plants by summing all EPA-recorded pollution by sector and

dividing by all Census-recorded output or employment. This

makes maximum use of the EPA sample (the Census data cover the

whole population of firms), but implicitly counts pollution

from all non-EPA-recorded firms as zero. This is an

underestimate, so the Lower Bound intensities should be

conservative. In both Upper and Lower Bound cases, we know

that the presence of large outliers in the data can have an

important impact on sector-specific results. As an

alternative, we have computed pollution intensities for all

plants separately using the subsample of matched data, and

then estimated Interquartile Mean intensities. This

eliminates the possible influence of outliers and provides a

robust measure of central tendency. Each set of statistics

can be useful in particular contexts, as discussed in the

paper.

IPPS has already been applied in several World Bank analyses,

most notably in two recent World Bank publications: Carter

Brandon and Ramesh Ramankutty, Asia: Environment and Development

(1993); and Richard Calkins, et. al., Indonesia: Environment and

6

Development (1994). Inside the Bank, sector reports for Mexico,

Malaysia and several Middle Eastern countries have also used

IPPS-based estimates. IPPS has been used to produce the first

comprehensive cross-country estimates of toxic pollution in World

Resources 1994-95 (Table 12.4) published by the World Resources

Institute. Recent work on trade and the environment by the OECD

has also been based on IPPS, most notably the paper by David

Roland-Holst and Hiro Lee: "International Trade and the Transfer

of Environmental Costs and Benefits" (OECD, December 1993).

During the next year, we anticipate very rapid movement on Phase

II of IPPS development: adjustment to conditions in other

economies. At the conclusion of Phase I, we can offer a massive

database of pollution parameters which are immediately usable for

environmental planning and analysis. Many of our results are

presented in tabular form in the Appendix to this report.

Complete 2-, 3-, and 4-digit ISIC pollution intensities are

available on diskette from the authors.

1. Introduction

The Industrial Pollution Projection System (IPPS) is a modeling

system which can use industry data to estimate comprehensive

profiles of industrial pollution for countries, regions, urban

areas, or proposed new projects. It is apparent that there is a

huge potential demand for IPPS among environmental and industrial

planners, particularly those working on issues related to

developing countries. Most developing countries have little or

no reliable information about their own pollution. Rapid

environmental progress in the near future will depend on

estimating pollution with projection systems like IPPS.

IPPS has been developed to exploit the fact that industrial

pollution is heavily affected by the scale of industrial

activity, its sectoral composition, and the process technologies

7

which are employed in production. Although most developing

countries have little or no industrial pollution data, many of

them have relatively detailed industry survey information on

employment, value added or output. IPPS is designed to convert

this information to the best possible profile of the associated

pollutant output.

The prototype system has been developed from a database

containing environmental and economic data for approximately

200,000 facilities in all regions of the United States. IPPS

spans approximately 1,500 product categories, all operating

technologies, and hundreds of pollutants. It can separately

project air, water, and solid waste emissions, and incorporates a

range of risk factors for human toxic and ecotoxic effects. It

can also project emissions of some greenhouse gases and several

compounds which are hazardous to the ozone layer. Since it has

been developed from a database of unprecedented size and depth,

it is undoubtedly the most comprehensive system of its kind in

the world.

How applicable are US-based estimates to other economies? It is

clear that many country-specific factors will affect the accuracy

of prototype IPPS projections outside the US. For particular

sectors such as wood pulping, average pollution intensity is

likely to be higher in developing countries. However, the

pattern of sectoral intensity rankings may be similar. For

example, wood pulping will be more water pollution-intensive than

apparel manufacture in every country. The present version of

IPPS can therefore be useful as a guide to probable pollution

problems, even if exact estimates are not possible.

Our present goal is to expand the applicability of IPPS by

incorporating data from developing countries. The project is

therefore moving into the stage of outreach and information

sharing with developing countries. Over time, new evidence will

8

be used to develop systematic adjustments for economies with

different characteristics.

The objective of the present paper is to provide a critical

account of the material and methodology used for the first-

generation IPPS. Section 2 provides a brief assessment of the

available databases. Section 3 describes our methods for

estimating pollution intensities by combining US Manufacturing

Census data with the US Environmental Protection Agency's

pollution databases. Section 4 focuses on estimation of toxic

pollution intensities weighted by human and ecological risk

factors. Section 5 describes the media-specific pollution

intensities developed for the US EPA's criteria air pollutants,

major water pollutants, and toxic releases by medium

(air/water/land). The results are critically assessed in the

final section.

2. Building Blocks for Plant Level Databases

In order to establish a reliable picture of industrial pollution,

a large cross-sectoral sample of facilities is required. Perhaps

the world's largest sample is available in the databases

maintained by the US Environmental Protection Agency and the US

Census Bureau. Five of the databases with the greatest potential

for constructing useful estimates and projections of industrial

pollution are described below.

2.1 US EPA Emissions Databases

The US EPA maintains a number of databases at the national level

that contain information on the environmental performance of

regulated facilities across the US. Four are of particular

relevance to the construction of pollution intensity indices: the

Toxic Release Inventory, the Aerometric Information Retrieval

System, the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System, and

9

the Human Health and Ecotoxicity Database.

2.1.1 The Toxic Release Inventory (TRI)

The TRI contains information on annual releases of toxic

chemicals to the environment. It was mandated by the "Emergency

Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act" (EPCRA) of 1986, also

known as Title III of the Superfund Amendments. The law has two

main purposes: to provide communities with information about

potential chemical hazards; and to improve planning for chemical

accidents.

The TRI reporting requirements cover all US manufacturing

facilities that meet the following conditions:

• they produce/import/process 25,000 pounds or more of any TRI

chemical or they use 10,000 pounds or more in any other

manner;

• they are engaged in general manufacturing activities;

• they employ the equivalent of ten or more full-time employees.

The original TRI requirements, which applied for the 1987

reports, set a threshold of 75,000 pounds of TRI chemicals

produced, imported or processed. This was lowered to 50,000

pounds the following year and to 25,000 pounds in 1989. Under

the 1987 definition, some 20,000 facilities filed TRI reports.

These were subsequently reduced to 18,846 as a result of the

de-listing of six major chemicals (see below), and increased

again to 19,762 facilities following the lowering of the

reporting threshold.

The list of chemicals covered by the TRI is subject to an

on-going review by the EPA. In the first year of reporting

(1987) 328 individual chemicals and chemical categories were

10

included, but this was adjusted to 322 the following year when

the EPA determined that six chemicals were not sufficiently toxic

to warrant reporting. The exclusion of three chemicals in

particular - sodium sulfate, aluminum oxide and sodium hydroxide

- had a dramatic impact on overall TRI totals, since they were

respectively the first-, second-, and sixth-ranked chemicals. As

a result, the total amount of releases and transfers reported was

cut by two-thirds. The pollution intensities calculated in this

paper do not include the chemicals de-listed up to 1989.

The TRI chemicals are drawn from lists developed independently by

the states of Maryland and New Jersey, and vary widely in

toxicity. No non-toxic substances or other environmental

parameters, such as chemical or biological oxygen demand

(COD/BOD), are recorded. TRI facilities must report annually all

releases of TRI substances to air, water, or land, whether

routine or accidental, and all transfers of TRI substances for

off-site disposal. Although the identity of a particular

substance may be claimed as a trade secret if justified in

advance, only 23 of more than 70,000 TRI reporting forms

submitted in 1988 included trade secret claims. Quantitative

estimates in pounds must be provided for the mass of the TRI

chemical released (not the total volume of the waste stream

containing the chemical) in each of a range of categories,

including:

• fugitive or non-point air emissions;

• stack or point air emissions;

• discharges to streams or receiving water bodies;

• underground injection on-site;

• releases to land on-site;

11

• waste-water discharges to publicly-owned treatment works;

• transfers to off-site facilities for treatment, storage or

disposal.

For the purposes of inter-media analysis these seven categories

can be aggregated under the three standard headings of releases

to air, land and water.

The national repository for TRI data submitted to the EPA is the

TRI Reporting Center in Washington, D.C. The information is

computer-accessible through the National Library of Medicine's

TOXNET database. The National Technical Information Service of

the US Government Printing Office is also able to provide the

data on tape, disk, CD-ROM and microfiche.

2.1.2 Aerometric Information Retrieval System (AIRS)

AIRS is the management system of the US national database for

ambient air quality, emissions, and compliance data. It is

divided into three subsystems:

• the Geographic/Common Subsystem, a database of necessary

codes;

• the Air Quality Subsystem, containing ambient air quality

data;

• the Air Facility Subsystem (AFS).

The AFS contains the emissions and compliance data mandated by

the Clean Air Act that are provided by individual facilities

monitored by the EPA and state agencies. There is some overlap

with the TRI, because the AFS data include emissions of some

chemicals listed in TRI, but the AFS also includes a number of

additional substances and parameters. The most important are the

12

US EPA's six criteria air pollutants: sulphur dioxide (SO2),

nitrogen dioxide (NO2), carbon monoxide (CO), particulate matter

(TP), fine particulates (PM10), and volatile organic compounds

(VOC). Although air emissions data have been collected since

1973, we have only used the data from 1984 onwards. Access to

information from years prior to this is more difficult.

2.1.3 National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES)

The US EPA's NPDES database contains the self-monitored reports

of facilities with NPDES permits for discharges of waste water.

Both the permits and the monitoring are mandated by the Clean

Water Act. Some 60,000 facilities file reports on monitoring

that they perform on a monthly basis. In the database as a

whole, over 2,000 parameters are reported, leading to

considerable overlap with the substances reported for the TRI.

Some of the more important additional parameters are Biological

Oxygen Demand (BOD, a measure of the amount of oxygen consumed in

the biological processes that break down organic matter in

water), Total Suspended Solids (TSS), pH and temperature. The

length of the time series varies regionally, the longest being

about ten years. However the data are most complete from 1987

onwards, following the most recent modification of the database.

2.2 The Human Health and Ecotoxicity Database (HHED

The EPA's HHED contains a number of indices of toxicological

potency. No single index is considered sufficient to

characterize all the factors relevant to a chemical's toxic

potential under different circumstances, so different indices

have been developed for specific applications. For example the

Reportable Quantity (RQ) index is designed to guide the reporting

of accidental releases required under CERCLA, whereas the

Threshold Planning Quantity (TPQ) index was developed to meet the

emergency response planning requirements of SARA Title III,

13

Section 2.

For the purposes of risk-screening the HHED aggregates the

toxicity values for ten indices into three toxicological potency

groups. Table 2.1 indicates the mapping of threshold figures

onto toxicological potency groups for four of the ten indices.

In a number of cases the differences in the criteria used to

develop the indices cause the same chemical to be rated in a

different potency group according to the choice of index. For

example, the RQ and TPQ potency categorizations may differ

because TPQs are based on a chemical's potential for becoming

airborne as well as its toxicity. Furthermore, a number of TRI

chemicals have yet to be assigned an RQ and are not listed under

any other index. Consequently these substances are listed in the

HHED without being assigned a potency group ranking.

Table 2.1: Mapping of EPA Threshold Values onto Toxicological

Potency Groups

Toxicity Index Toxicological Potency

Group 1 Group 2 Group 3

Threshold Planning Quantity (TPQ) -

acute only (pounds)

1, 10, 100 500 1,000, 10,000

Reportable Quantity (RQ) - pounds 1, 10, 100 1,000 5,000

Reference Doses (RfD) - mg/kg/day <0.01 0.01-1.0 >1.0

Water Quality Criteria (WQC) - mg/L <1 1-10 >10

2.3 The Longitudinal Research Database (LRD)

The LRD is an establishment-level database constructed from

information contained in the Census of Manufactures (CM) for the

years 1963, 1967, 1972, 1977, 1982 and 1987, and the Annual

Survey of Manufactures (ASM) from 1973 to 1989. It is

administered by the Center for Economic Studies (CES), which was

set up within the Census Bureau in 1982 to develop the database,

14

to use the data for the improvement of Census Bureau operations,

and to make the data available to outside users.

The CM is a complete enumeration of all manufacturing

establishments, as classified by the Census Bureau according to

the Standard Industrial Classification System (SIC). In contrast

to the CM, the ASM is a sample of establishments, selected after

each census for data collection over the following five years.

The annual data available in the LRD for all establishments from

1972 to 1989 include:

• the establishment name, address, four and five digit SIC

codes;

• payroll statistics, including total salaries and

wages;

• cost of materials and energy;

• capital expenditures;

• total value added.

In addition the LRD contains some variables that are only

available for ASM establishments, and others that are only

collected in census years. The additional ASM information

relates to capital assets, rents, depreciation, retirements and

repair. The data available only for census years include:

• the quantity and cost of material goods consumed;

• the quantity and value of product shipped;

• employment.

The product information collected by the CM (product quantity

produced, product quantity shipped and product value shipped) is

recorded at the 7-digit SIC level, which is so detailed that on

average each facility reports under three or four product

categories.

15

Because establishment-level data are collected by the Census

Bureau under the authority of Title 13 of the US Code, the Bureau

prohibits the release of information that could be used to

identify or closely approximate the data for an individual

establishment or enterprise. Consequently, only a limited number

of researchers working as Special Sworn Employees (SSEs) and

Census Bureau staff have direct access to the LRD.

3. Pollution Intensity Index Construction

3.1. The Conceptual Goal

Access to the emissions, risk and economic data described above

presents a unique opportunity to develop a comprehensive picture

of the environmental and human health risks associated with

industrial development. The US EPA's databases and the LRD

contain samples of facility-level information of an unmatched

size and detail, enabling a reasonable estimate to be made of the

pollution associated with any given level of activity, in any

specified industrial sector. Conceptually, such estimates can be

presented as an index of "pollution intensity", expressed as a

ratio of pollution per unit of manufacturing activity:

pollutant output intensity = pollutant output

total manufacturing activity

Initially, this project focused on the generation of all-media

toxic pollution intensity indices from the data contained in the

TRI and the LRD. This was combined with the HHED to develop

additional risk-weighted indices. The TRI was chosen for

analysis before the AIRS and NPDES databases, both because of its

ready availability and because of the importance of toxic release

information for the analysis of risk. The analysis draws only on

the first year of TRI data (1987), chosen largely because it was

a census year with consequently detailed LRD data.

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In the next stage of the project the AIRS and NPDES databases,

and the information on media-specific releases in the TRI, were

used to construct a wide range of pollution output intensities by

medium (air/land/water). In addition to disaggregating the toxic

pollution intensities by medium, indices were obtained for the US

EPA's six criteria air pollutants (SO2, NO2, CO, TP, PM10, VOC,)

and two water pollutant indicators, (BOD and TSS).

3.2. Operational Complexities

Although pollution intensity estimation is conceptually straight

forward, several practical problems had to be confronted in

actual calculation of the indices. An understanding of their

resolution is important if the indices are to be correctly

interpreted and applied.

3.2.1 Merger of the EPA and LRD files

The calculation of pollution intensity required merging the EPA

and LRD data at the facility level. Unfortunately, no common

code numbers link the same establishments within the EPA

databases or between the EPA and LRD databases. This

necessitated a complex matching process which used the facility

names, addresses and SIC codes. Of some 20,000 plants reporting

TRI information in 1987, about 13,000 were matched to the

corresponding LRD data for that year. For medium-specific

intensities, data from all 200,000 plants in the LRD, 20,000

plants in the TRI, 20,000 plants in the AIRS database, and 13,000

facilities in the NPDES were combined to the extent possible.

3.2.2 The Choice of a Numerator

A number of options existed for the choice of total pollutant

risk to be used as the numerator. First, a decision had to be

made regarding the choice of disposal medium. As noted above,

17

the TRI data identify a range of releases and transfers,

including emissions to air, water, land, underground injection,

and off-site disposal in both landfill and public waste-water

facilities. Initially pollution across all media was used,

aggregating all releases and transfers of a given chemical from

each facility.1

Second, a mechanism was needed to derive estimates of risk from

the TRI data. Conceivably it would be possible to combine the

TRI information on the quantity of particular chemical releases

with the LRD data on quantity of inputs, thus developing a

picture of cross-sectoral chemical input-output coefficients.

While this might provide useful insight into the flow of specific

chemicals within the economy, the wide range of environmental and

health risks associated with different chemicals would restrict

inter-sectoral comparisons of pollutant risk. A better

alternative for the comparison of risks is provided by the multi-

index categorization of toxic potency in the US EPA's HHED.

Our initial results indicated a high rank correlation between

pollution risk intensity and pollution output intensity (see

section 4.4). Therefore, subsequent work focused solely on

medium-specific pollution output intensities (see section 5.3).

These intensities were calculated at varying degrees of sectoral

disaggregation, and with a number of different denominators, so

that pollution projections could be made using the manufacturing

data which are readily available in many developing countries.

1In this regard, it is worth noting that there is little comprehensive analysis

of the impact environmental regulation has had on total pollution at the plant

level. Both regulation and research have generally focused on particular media,

especially stressing releases to air and water. It is therefore unclear how much

total "pollutant intensity" has been reduced in the US. Consider, for example, the

implications of concentrating trace toxins from waste water into highly toxic solid

waste for shipment to a landfill.

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3.2.3. The Choice of a Denominator

The LRD provides a number of options for the measure of

manufacturing activity to be used as a denominator in calculating

pollutant intensity. Four of the most obvious are:

• physical volume of output;

• shipment value;

• value added;

• employment.

The most immediately appealing choice is physical volume of

output, since pollution is associated with the volume of physical

residuals from production. However, the use of physical output

volume poses several practical difficulties. First, a wide range

of units are used to report output quantities in the LRD even

within a given sector, severely complicating inter-facility

analysis. Second, many facilities report output volumes in

special samples not included in the main LRD, significantly

reducing the sample size available for analysis. Finally, the

information relating to physical output volume in developing

countries is generally very sparse.

Consequently, first-round estimation focused on shipment value as

the measure of manufacturing activity for estimating toxic

pollution risk intensities. Although this statistic has obvious

relative price problems, particularly in the international

context, it has the advantage of relatively complete coverage and

the usual benefit of the dollar metric in allowing inter-sectoral

comparison. Total output value was judged superior to value

added because energy and materials inputs are critical in the

determination of industrial pollution.

To allow the system to be applied in a wider range of

circumstances, pollution intensities with respect to value added

19

and employment were also estimated in the second round of work.2

In addition, intensities were calculated for manufacturing

sectors defined according to the 2-, 3- and 4-digit International

Standard Industrial Classification (ISIC).

3.2.4 Alternative Estimates of Sectoral Pollution Intensities

The EPA data used in the study only cover facilities releasing

pollutants in quantities over a threshold level of emissions.

Consequently, pollution intensity estimates based on these data

(as in Table 4.3) may be upwardly biased, by exclusion of cleaner

facilities. To correct for this, alternative intensities were

estimated, by grouping data from manufacturing facilities into

three classes. Facilities reporting emissions to the EPA were

classified as group (1) if they could be matched to the LRD, and

group (2) if this was not possible. Those facilities which did

not report emissions to EPA, but were in the LRD, were defined to

be group (3).

The pollution intensities derived from group (1) data were

presumed to give an "upper bound" estimate for each industrial

sector because of their inherent upward bias. For the matched

group an intensity estimate defined as the Upper Bound Weighted

Mean (known as Upper-Bound (UB) hereafter) was calculated by

weighting each plant's pollution intensity by its scale of

activity3.

The Upper-Bound estimates can be heavily affected by the presence

2We have noted in the Executive Summary, it is possible that employment-based

intensities are more stable across countries than the value-based measures.

3This intensity is equivalent to:

[total pollution in group (1)]\[total activity in group (1)]

20

of some extreme outliers in the matched group. To eliminate this

impact, Upper Bound Inter-Quartile Mean intensities (known as

Inter-Quartile Mean (IQ) hereafter) were calculated for the

matched group. This involved calculating the unweighted mean of

the plant intensities after dropping those which are below the

first quartile or above the third quartile.

The ratio of total EPA emissions reported in a sector (from

groups (1) and (2)) to the total level of economic activity in

that sector reported by the LRD (from all three groups) was

calculated as the Lower Bound Weighted Mean pollution intensity

(known as Lower-Bound (LB) hereafter). This intensity measure

assumes an emissions level of zero for group (3) plants (those

which report to the LRD but not to the EPA). To the extent that

these facilities have some emissions, this LB estimate is biased

downward)4.

All three intensity measures were compiled with respect to each

of the denominators - total value of output, value added and

employment. We recommend the use of LB intensities (especially

for non-toxic air and water pollutants) because of the larger

sample used for this measurement compared to the matched sample.

However, depending on the circumstances in which the projections

are made any one of the three measures may be used.

3.2.5. Remapping US Facilities to 4-digit ISIC

Having matched the TRI data to the LRD information at the

facility level, it was necessary to select a suitable level of

aggregation of industrial activity for international comparisons

of pollutant intensity. The 4-digit ISIC level, comprising about

4If the plants in the matched data set had lower than average sectoral pollution

intensities compared to all the plants in the entire EPA dataset, IQ for those

sectors could be lower than the LB.

21

80 sub-sectors, was selected, since it is the most detailed and

comprehensive level of reporting used by UNIDO.5

A standard US Department of Commerce concordance was used to

assign a 4-digit ISIC code to each sector. Difficulties arose in

dealing with those facilities reporting under more than one 5-

digit SIC code when the facility's SIC codes matched more than

one ISIC classification. The standard procedure for dealing with

this problem was to assign each facility the 4-digit ISIC code

with the greatest shipment value. Although this was generally

80% or more of the total shipment value, this approach inevitably

lent some inaccuracy to the final estimates of pollutant

intensity.

4. Construction of a Toxic Pollution Risk Intensity Index

4.1. Calculation of Risk-Weighted and Unweighted Releases and Transfers

This section describes how toxic pollution intensity weighted by

risk was calculated using the TRI, HHED and LRD databases. This

measure enables the comparison of inter-sectoral environmental

and health-related risks. Using the multi-index categorization

of HHED, each chemical's rating under each index was assigned to

one of three toxicological potency groups, Group One being the

most hazardous (see Table 2.1). Each of the indices is also

assigned to one of four higher levels of aggregation as follows:

• acute human health and terrestrial ecotoxicity;

• chronic human health and terrestrial ecotoxicity;

5Pollution intensity estimates were also derived for other levels of

disaggregation: 2-digit, 3-digit and 4-digit US Standard Industrial Classification

(SIC) sectors, which have respectively 9, 39, and 1500 sub-sectors.

22

• acute aquatic ecotoxicity;

• chronic aquatic ecotoxicity.

For our purposes two of these categories were chosen to

characterize pollutant intensity, these being acute human health

and terrestrial ecotoxicity and acute aquatic ecotoxicity. Human

and terrestrial ecotoxicity are distinguished from aquatic

ecotoxicity because of the significant variation between the

toxicological potency of many chemicals to mammalian and fish

life. Chronic toxicity was ignored, largely because the evidence

for low-dose, long-term effects is contentious. Since the HHED

contains more than one index within each of these categories, the

most hazardous toxicological potency rating was selected as a

conservative estimate of the risk associated with a release of

each chemical.

A difficulty arose in converting the ordinal scale ranking of

toxicological risk associated with particular chemicals to a

measure of the total risk posed by all releases from a facility.

The approach adopted in this study was to multiply the quantity

of each TRI chemical reported by a facility by its toxicological

potency ranking, and then to sum the risk-weighted quantities for

all chemicals released by the facility. Acknowledging the

questionable validity of using an ordinal scale in an arithmetic

procedure, two forms of weighting were used to test the

sensitivity of the results. First, the EPA toxicological potency

ratings were simply reversed, giving a linear weighting scale

from 1 to 4. Four weights were used, although there are only

three toxicological potency ratings, because those TRI chemicals

yet to be assigned a toxicological rating (see section 3.2.2

above) were grouped together with the lowest weighting. Second,

an exponential weighting was used for the four groups, rising by

orders of magnitude from 1 to 1,000. This methodology generated

four measures of risk-weighted releases and transfers for each

23

facility:

• linear acute human health and terrestrial ecotoxicity;

• exponential acute human health and terrestrial ecotoxicity;

• linear acute aquatic ecotoxicity;

• exponential acute aquatic ecotoxicity.

In addition, two TRI totals unweighted for risk were calculated

for each facility:

• total quantity of TRI chemicals released or transferred;

• total quantity of metals released or transferred.

A separate figure was calculated for metals and their compounds

because of the specific risks associated with their accumulation

in the environment and concentration as they are passed up the

food-chain. The TRI metals are listed in Annex and follow the

same definition as those in "Toxics in the Community" (1989),

published by the US EPA.

With each facility assigned a 4-digit ISIC code and six TRI

release and transfer parameters, sectoral totals for each

parameter were calculated by summing across all facilities

falling within the same ISIC category.

4.2. Scaling by Shipment Value to Give Pollution Intensity

The final element in the creation of risk-weighted measures of

pollutant intensity was the scaling of all six TRI parameters by

shipment(output)value. This was achieved by summing facility

shipment values within the 4-digit ISIC sectors in the matched

TRI-LRD dataset, and dividing the result into the TRI totals.

This produced the Upper Bound (UB) estimates discussed in the

previous section. Of the six pollutant intensity estimates for

each sector, four are dimensioned as risk-weighted pounds of TRI

chemicals released and transferred per $1000 of gross output, and

two are unweighted pounds of TRI chemicals per $1000 of output.

24

It should be noted that this set of six sectoral pollutant

intensity indices is probably unique. Not only is the TRI

database relatively new and unique in itself, but the massive

plant-level matching undertaken in this study has not previously

been possible.

4.3. Results

As an indication of results obtained using the methodology

described above, Figure 4.1 charts the linearly-weighted acute

human and terrestrial ecotoxicity index across the seventy-four

4-digit ISIC codes for which TRI data are available. The units

of the pollution index are linearly risk-weighted pounds of TRI

releases and transfers per $1,000 of shipment value. Table 4.1

presents the same information, together with the ISIC sector

names.

Figure 4.1 clearly illustrates the extreme sectoral variation in

pollutant intensity, ranging from Fertilizers and Pesticides

(ISIC 3512) with 105.3 risk-weighted pounds of TRI releases and

transfers per $1,000 of product shipped, to Soft Drinks and

Carbonated Water (ISIC 3134), with only 0.22 pounds per $1,000.

Despite a few surprises, such as the fifteenth ranking of the

Musical Instruments sector, Table 4.1 generally confirms the

intuition that the most intensive sectors in terms of toxic waste

per dollar of output are industrial chemicals, plastics, paper

and metals. The middle-ranked sectors are associated with

consumer products such as electrical appliances, textiles, and

cleaning preparations, followed by the high shipment value (and

consequently relatively low intensity) machine-tool industry,

with the food and drink sectors filling the least intensive

rankings. The shape of the distribution of pollutant intensities

is also of interest. Almost perfectly exponential, it provides

some hope that problems associated with toxic releases can be

ameliorated by measures targeted at only a few sectors. However,

25

it should be borne in mind that this index does not rank total

sectoral releases, so that it is quite possible for a highly

pollution intensive sector to have little impact on the total

level of releases and transfers. Nor does the index incorporate

any abatement cost considerations.6

Table 4.1: Four Digit ISIC Codes and Descriptions in

Descending Order of Linear Acute Human Toxic Intensity Index

(Risk Weighted Pounds/1987 US $ Million Output Value)

Four Digit ISIC Description ISIC

Code

Linear Acute

Human Toxic

Intensity

Rank

FERTILIZERS & PESTICIDES 3512 105.30 1

INDUSTRIAL CHEMICALS EXCEPT FERTILIZER 3511 54.92 2

TANNERIES AND LEATHER FINISHING 3231 30.40 3

SYNTHETIC RESINS, PLASTICS MATERIALS, & MANMADE FIBRES 3513 26.44 4

PAPER & PAPERBOARD CONTAINERS & BOXES 3412 21.83 5

PLASTICS PRODUCTS, N.E.C. 3560 17.31 6

TEXTILES, N.E.C. 3219 15.50 7

PRINTING & PUBLISHING 3420 14.93 8

PULP, PAPER & PAPERBOARD ARTICLES 3419 14.77 9

NONFERROUS METALS 3720 13.23 10

IRON AND STEEL 3710 12.93 11

RUBBER PRODUCTS, N.E.C. 3559 12.21 12

PULP, PAPER, & PAPERBOARD 3411 11.72 13

6See Hartman, Raymond; Wheeler, David and Singh, Manjula, "The Cost of Air

Pollution Abatement," Policy Research Department Working Paper, The World Bank,

Washington, D.C. 1994, for information on abatement cost by industry sector.

26


Code

Linear Acute

Human Toxic

Intensity

Rank

FABRICATED METAL PRODUCTS 3819 11.50 14

MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS 3902 10.86 15

WOOD & CORK PRODUCTS, N.E.C. 3319 10.65 16

FURNITURE & FIXTURES, NONMETAL 3320 10.06 17

PAINTS, VARNISHES, & LACQUERS 3521 9.82 18

SAWMILLS, PLANING & OTHER WOOD MILLS 3311 9.09 19

STRUCTURAL METAL PRODUCTS 3813 8.62 20

NONMETALLIC MINERAL PRODUCTS, N.E.C. 3699 7.88 21

PETROLEUM REFINERIES 3530 7.67 22

DRUGS AND MEDICINES 3522 7.42 23

SPINNING, WEAVING, & FINISHING TEXTILES 3211 7.40 24

CHEMICAL PRODUCTS, N.E.C. 3529 7.23 25

POTTERY, CHINA, & EARTHENWARE 3610 5.48 26

METAL & WOOD WORKING MACHINERY 3823 5.31 27

MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES, N.E.C. 3909 5.05 28

MADE-UP TEXTILES EXCEPT APPAREL 3212 4.91 29

MISC. PETROLEUM & COAL PRODUCTS 3540 4.78 30

CUTLERY, HAND TOOLS, & GENERAL HARDWARE 3811 4.75 31

KNITTING MILLS 3213 4.74 32

WATCHES AND CLOCKS 3853 4.73 33

ELECTRICAL APPARATUS AND SUPPLIES, N.E.C. 3839 4.50 34

JEWELRY AND RELATED ARTICLES 3901 4.20 35

SHIPBUILDING AND REPAIRING 3841 3.74 36

OILS AND FATS 3115 3.72 37

FURNITURE & FIXTURES OF METAL 3812 3.70 38

27


Code

Linear Acute

Human Toxic

Intensity

Rank

SOAP, CLEANING PREPS., PERFUMES, & TOILET PREPS. 3523 3.52 39

WEARING APPAREL 3220 3.34 40

FOOTWEAR 3240 3.32 41

SPORTING AND ATHLETIC GOODS 3903 3.30 42

MACHINERY & EQUIPMENT, N.E.C. 3829 3.16 43

RADIO, TV, & COMMUNICATION EQUIPMENT 3832 3.14 44

ENGINES AND TURBINES 3821 3.13 45

GLASS AND GLASS PRODUCTS 3620 2.89 46

ELECTRICAL APPLIANCES & HOUSEWARES 3833 2.32 47

DAIRY PRODUCTS 3112 2.25 48

PRESERVED FRUITS & VEGETABLES 3113 2.14 49

AIRCRAFT 3845 2.10 50

FOOD PRODUCTS, N.E.C. 3121 2.02 51

ELECTRICAL INDUSTRIAL MACHINERY 3831 1.74 52

RAILROAD EQUIPMENT 3842 1.67 53

PHOTOGRAPHIC AND OPTICAL GOODS 3852 1.59 54

PROFESSIONAL & SCIENTIFIC EQUIPMENT 3851 1.55 55

SPECIAL INDUSTRIAL MACHINERY & EQUIPMENT 3824 1.47 56

STRUCTURAL CLAY PRODUCTS 3691 1.40 57

AGRICULTURAL MACHINERY & EQUIPMENT 3822 1.32 58

CARPETS AND RUGS 3214 1.31 59

MOTOR VEHICLES 3843 1.19 60

SUGAR FACTORIES & REFINERIES 3118 1.12 61

CEMENT, LIME, AND PLASTER 3692 0.98 62

TOBACCO MANUFACTURES 3140 0.98 63

WINE INDUSTRIES 3132 0.77 64

28


Code

Linear Acute

Human Toxic

Intensity

Rank

TIRES AND TUBES 3551 0.74 65

BAKERY PRODUCTS 3117 0.73 66

PREPARED ANIMAL FOODS 3122 0.70 67

DISTILLED SPIRITS 3131 0.57 68

CONFECTIONERY PRODUCTS 3119 0.48 69

OFFICE, COMPUTING, & ACCOUNTING MACHINERY 3825 0.45 70

MEAT PRODUCTS 3111 0.43 71

MALT LIQUORS AND MALT 3133 0.37 72

GRAIN MILL PRODUCTS 3116 0.28 73

SOFT DRINKS & CARBONATED WATER 3134 0.22 74

Figure 4.1 Linearly Weighted Acute Human Toxic Intensity Index

29

4.4 Variation Across Indices

Sectors may have very different toxic significance, depending

on the toxic index or weighting employed. To test this, Table

4.2 presents Pearson rank correlation coefficients for all six

indices. Correlations are very high for the five all-toxic

measures. The linearly-weighted human (LinHum) and aquatic

(LinAq) indicators have rank correlations of .99 with total

toxic intensity (TotTRI), while correlations of the latter with

exponentially-weighted human (ExpHum) and aquatic (ExpAq)

indicators are respectively .88 and .80. The pairs of

linear/exponential indices for humans and aquatic life are also

highly correlated. The high correlation (.91) between the two

human indicators is illustrated in Figure 4.2.

The implications of exponential weighting can be seen in a

comparison of Figure 4.3 and Table 4.3 (ExpHum) with Figure 4.1

and Table 4.1 (LinHum). Although the same exponential

distribution of values is observed for both measures and the

two most intensive sectors are the same [Fertilizers and

Pesticides (ISIC 3512), followed by Industrial Chemicals Except

Fertilizer (ISIC 3511)], a number of other sectoral rankings

have shifted. For example the Iron and Steel sector (ISIC

3710) rises from eleventh place in the linearly weighted index

to fourth place in the exponentially weighted index, while

Paper and Paperboard Containers and Boxes (ISIC 3412) falls

from fifth to twelfth place.

These undeniable differences between the linearly and

exponentially weighted rankings indicate that some caution is

warranted when the indices are applied. However, the results

do show that total toxic intensity is a good proxy for all the

total toxic measures.

30

Table 4.2: Rank Correlation Analysis for Six Indices of

Pollution Intensity

Pearson Rank Correlation Coefficients

TotTRI LinHum ExpHum LinAq ExpAQ TotMet

TotTRI 1 0.99 0.88 0.99 0.8 0.51

LinHum 0.99 1 0.91 0.99 0.83 0.49

ExpHum 0.88 0.91 1 0.89 0.82 0.46

LinAq 0.99 0.99 0.89 1 0.84 0.45

ExpAQ 0.8 0.83 0.82 0.84 1 0.23

TotMet 0.51 0.49 0.46 0.45 0.23 1

Key:

ToTTRI- Total pounds of TRI substances released

LinHum- Linearly weighted acute human toxicity

ExpHum- Exponentially weighted acute human toxicity

LinAq - Linearly weighted acute aquatic toxicity

ExpAq - Exponentially weighted acute aquatic

toxicity

TotMet- Total pounds of TRI metallic compounds released

Table 4.2 also shows that the total toxic measures have much

lower rank correlations with intensity in releases of

bioaccumulative metals. The rank correlations do not rise

above 0.51 and fall as low as 0.23. Clearly, the metals-

generating sectors are not a random draw from all toxic

sectors. Applications should therefore distinguish between

general toxic releases and releases of bioaccumulative metal

compounds.

31

Figure 4.2 - Plot of Sectoral Ranks for Linearly Weighted Acute

Human Toxicity Against Sectoral Ranks for Exponentially

Weighted Acute Human Toxicity.

Table 4.3: Four Digit ISIC Codes and Descriptions in

Descending Order of Exponential Acute Human Toxic Intensity

Index

(Risk Weighted Pounds/1987 US$ Million Output Value)


Code

Exponential Acute

Human Toxicity

Intensity

Rank

FERTILIZER & PESTICIDES 3512 966.60 1

INDUSTRIAL CHEMICALS EXCEPT FERTILIZER 3511 609.77 2

SYNTHETIC RESINS, PLASTICS MATERIALS, & MANMADE FIBRES 3513 544.60 3

IRON AND STEEL 3710 349.90 4

TANNERIES AND LEATHER FINISHING 3231 318.93 5

32


Code

Exponential Acute

Human Toxicity

Intensity

Rank

FABRICATED METAL PRODUCTS 3819 212.82 6

STRUCTURAL METAL PRODUCTS 3813 201.71 7

PLASTICS PRODUCTS, N.E.C. 3560 175.56 8

SPINNING, WEAVING, & FINISHING TEXTILES 3211 154.38 9

NONFERROUS METALS 3720 151.22 10

SAWMILLS, PLANING & OTHER WOOD MILLS 3311 144.69 11

PAPER & PAPERBOARD CONTAINERS & BOXES 3412 122.87 12

PULP, PAPER, & PUBLISHING 3411 116.90 13

PRINTING & PUBLISHING 3420 109.25 14

KNITTING MILLS 3213 102.28 15

PULP, PAPER & PAPERBOARD ARTICLES 3419 87.44 16

PETROLEUM REFINERIES 3530 78.63 17

CHEMICAL PRODUCTS, N.E.C. 3529 75.92 18

CUTLERY, HAND TOOLS, & GENERAL HARDWARE 3811 75.45 19

OILS AND FATS 3115 72.28 20

TEXTILES, N.E.C. 3219 72.21 21

WOOD & CORK PRODUCTS, N.E.C. 3319 67.91 22

FURNITURE & FIXTURES, NONMETAL 3320 61.29 23

RUBBER PRODUCTS, N.E.C. 3559 60.76 24

JEWELRY AND RELATED ARTICLES 3901 59.12 25

ELECTRICAL APPARATUS AND SUPPLIES, N.E.C. 3839 57.62 26

NONMETALLIC MINERAL PRODUCTS, N.E.C. 3699 56.60 27

MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS 3902 52.07 28

MACHINERY & EQUIPMENT, N.E.C. 3829 51.90 29

MADE-UP TEXTILES EXCEPT APPAREL 3212 46.88 30

PAINTS, VARNISHES, & LACQUERS 3521 46.29 31

33


Code

Exponential Acute

Human Toxicity

Intensity

Rank

SPORTING AND ATHLETIC GOODS 3903 44.92 32

GLASS AND GLASS PRODUCTS 3620 43.58 33

DRUGS AND MEDICINES 3522 42.82 34

DAIRY PRODUCTS 3112 42.74 35

SOAP, CLEANING PREPS., PERFUMES, & TOILET PREPS. 3523 39.96 36

MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES, N.E.C. 3909 38.03 37

METAL & WOOD WORKING MACHINERY 3823 30.30 38

FURNITURE & FIXTURES OF METAL 3812 30.10 39

MISC. PETROLEUM & COAL PRODUCTS 3540 29.44 40

RADIO, TV, & COMMUNICATION EQUIPMENT 3832 29.21 41

POTTERY, CHINA, & EARTHENWARE 3610 29.16 42

AIRCRAFT 3845 28.71 43

PRESERVED FRUITS & VEGETABLES 3113 28.32 44

SPECIAL INDUSTRIAL MACHINERY & EQUIPMENT 3824 25.10 45

ELECTRICAL APPLIANCES & HOUSEWARES 3833 23.42 46

WATCHES AND CLOCKS 3853 19.48 47

ELECTRICAL INDUSTRIAL MACHINERY 3831 18.71 48

CEMENT, LIME, AN PLASTER 3692 18.47 49

WEARING APPAREL 3220 17.52 50

SHIPBUILDING AND REPAIRING 3841 17.43 51

ENGINES AND TURBINES 3821 17.13 52

FOOD PRODUCTS, N.E.C. 3121 17.07 53

DISTILLED SPIRITS 3131 16.80 54

PROFESSIONAL & SCIENTIFIC EQUIPMENT 3851 16.21 55

BAKERY PRODUCTS 3117 15.96 56

WINE INDUSTRIES 3132 15.88 57

34


Code

Exponential Acute

Human Toxicity

Intensity

Rank

MOTOR VEHICLES 3843 15.73 58

PHOTOGRAPHIC AND OPTICAL GOODS 3852 15.37 59

SUGAR FACTORIES & REFINERIES 3118 14.62 60

FOOTWEAR 3240 11.70 61

PREPARED ANIMAL FOODS 3122 9.35 62

AGRICULTURAL MACHINERY & EQUIPMENT 3822 9.24 63

RAILROAD EQUIPMENT 3842 8.46 64

GRAIN MILL PRODUCTS 3116 8.14 65

STRUCTURAL CLAY PRODUCTS 3691 7.90 66

CARPETS AND RUGS 3214 7.18 67

CONFECTIONERY PRODUCTS 3119 5.53 68

TOBACCO MANUFACTURES 3140 5.32 69

SOFT DRINKS & CARBONATED WATERS 3134 5.26 70

MEAT PRODUCTS 3111 5.04 71

OFFICE, COMPUTING, & ACCOUNTING MACHINERY 3825 3.16 72

TIRES AND TUBES 3551 2.89 73

MALT LIQUORS AND MALT 3133 1.99 74

35

Figure 4.3 - Exponentially Weighted Acute Human Toxic Intensity

Index

5. Alternative Estimates, Choice of Denominators,

This section describes three major extensions of the IPPS

indices introduced in sections 3 and 4. First, Upper Bound

(UB) estimates are broadened to include Lower Bound (LB) and

Interquartile Mean (IQ) estimates. Second, the intensity

estimates are extended to value added and employment as

denominators. Finally, intensities for toxic pollution by

medium (air, water, land) and many non-toxic air and water

pollutants are developed. Box 1 provides brief descriptions of

all pollutants incorporated in IPPS.

An additional consideration is the level of sectoral

disaggregation to be used for IPPS, which could have been

constructed at the enormously detailed seven-digit SIC used in

36

the LRD. However, given that measures of corresponding

economic activity in developing countries are most widely

available at the four-digit ISIC level, the project has

remained focused at this level of aggregation.

BOX 1: MAJOR AIR, WATER AND TOXIC POLLUTANTS

Industrial emissions to air and water pose a variety of hazards to human health,

ecosystems, and economic activity.

Air Pollutants

• Total Suspended Particulates (TP) and Fine Particulates (PM10): Particulates

are fine liquid or solid particles such as dust, smoke, mist, fumes or smog

found in air emissions. In heavy concentrations, airborne particulates

interfere with proper functioning of the human respiratory system. High levels

of ambient TP in urban/industrial areas are therefore associated with greater

morbidity and mortality from respiratory diseases. Particulate coatings on

leaves inhibit plant growth. High TP concentrations may also force the use of

high-cost filtration equipment by manufacturers. Fine particulates (PM10) are

less than 10 micron in diameter. They pose the greatest respiratory hazard.

• Sulphur Dioxide (SO2): Sulphur dioxide is a heavy, pungent, colorless, gaseous

air pollutant formed primarily by fossil fuel combustion. It is associated

with morbidity and mortality from respiratory disease. In addition, SO2 is a

prime source of the acid rain which has damaged huge forest tracts in the OECD

and several transitional socialist economies. Acid rain and runoff have

raised the acidity in numerous lakes beyond the point where indigenous fish

species can survive. Acid rain also degrades concrete, mortar, marble, metals,

rubber and plastics.

• Nitrogen Oxides (NOX): Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and nitric oxide (NO) are oxides

of nitrogen, often collectively referred to as "NOX." The primary source of NO

is thermal combustion of fossil fuels, which emits NO. Higher combustion

temperatures, sometimes recommended to reduce emissions of Volatile Organic

Compounds (VOCs), are associated with higher production rates of NOX. NOX

emissions have important ecological impacts, since they are integral to the

formation of acid rain and tropospheric ozone. Inhalation of concentrated NO2

damages the respiratory tract, resulting in a range of effects from mild

reductions in pulmonary function to life-threatening pulmonary edema.

• Carbon Monoxide (CO): Carbon Monoxide is a colorless, odorless, and tasteless

poisonous gas produced by incomplete fossil fuel combustion. CO binds with

37

hemoglobin in human blood 200 times faster than oxygen. Thus, the blood's

ability to carry oxygen to tissues is significantly impaired after exposure to

only small concentrations of CO. High doses of CO can result in heart and

brain damage, impaired perception and asphyxiation, and low doses may cause

weakness, fatigue, headaches and nausea.

• Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC): The term volatile organic compounds,

describes a class of thousands of substances used as solvents and fragrances.

VOCs are particularly important in the petrochemical and plastics industries.

Human exposure to VOCs is mainly via inhalation, although some VOCs appear as

contaminants in drinking water, food, and beverages. Many VOCs are suspected

carcinogens. Acute effects from industrial exposures include skin reactions

and central nervous system effects such as dizziness and fainting. Recently,

sick-building syndrome (SBS) and multiple chemical sensitivity (MCS) have been

linked to the relatively low (part per billion) concentrations of VOCs which

are more typical of ambient environments. In addition, VOCs may form

photochemical oxidants which have been identified as eye and lung irritants.

Water Pollutants

• Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD): Organic water pollutants are oxidized by

naturally-occurring micro-organisms. This 'biological oxygen demand' removes

dissolved oxygen from the water and can seriously damage some fish species

which have adapted to the previous dissolved oxygen level. Low levels of

dissolved oxygen may enable disease causing pathogens to survive longer in

water. Organic water pollutants can also accelerate the growth of algae,

which will crowd out other plant species. The eventual death and decomposition

of the algae is another source of oxygen depletion as well as noxious smells

and unsightly scum. The most common measure for BOD is the amount of oxygen

used by micro-organisms to oxidize the organic waste in a standard sample of

pollutant during a five-day period (hence, '5-day BOD').

• Suspended Solids (SS): Small particles of non-organic, non-toxic solids

suspended in waste water will settle as sludge blankets in calm-water areas of

streams and lakes. This can smother plant life and purifying micro-organisms,

causing serious damage to aquatic ecosystems. The loss of purifying micro-

organisms enables pathogens to live longer, raising the risk of disease. When

organic solids are part of the sludge, their progressive decomposition will

also deplete oxygen in the water and generate noxious gases.

Toxic Pollutants

• Toxic Chemicals: Many chemicals in industrial emissions are poisonous to

humans, either on immediate exposure or over time, as they accumulate in human

tissues. Humans can ingest severely damaging or fatal quantities through

38

repeated exposure, or by consuming plants or animals in which these compounds

have accumulated. Toxic chemicals may cause damage to internal organs and

neurological functions; can result in reproductive problems and birth defects;

and can be carcinogenic. Quantities and length of exposure necessary to cause

these effects vary widely. Benzene and asbestos are known carcinogens linked

to leukemia and lung cancer.

• Bioaccumulative Metals: In bioaccumulation, relatively low concentrations of

contaminants in air, water, soil and plants become far more concentrated

further up the food chain. Some metals can be converted to organic forms by

bacteria, increasing the risk that they will enter the food chain.

Bioaccumulative metals are particularly dangerous because they are dissipated

very slowly by natural systems. They may cause both mental and physical birth

defects. Metals can also become rapidly oxidized and converted to soluble

form when sediment is exposed to oxygen. Some of the metals which are

commonly measured and particularly dangerous are mercury, lead, arsenic,

chromium, nickel, copper, zinc and cadmium.

•

5.1 Alternative Estimates of Sectoral Pollution Intensities

The impact on industrial sector rankings of different intensity

measures is best illustrated by their rank correlation

coefficients. As described in section 3.2.4, a range of

intensity measures can be calculated for each industrial sector.

Table 5.1 presents the rank correlation coefficients across

these measures for toxic air pollution intensity.

Table 5.1: Rank Correlation Coefficients Between Different

Intensity Measures: Toxic Air Pollution Intensity

With Respect to Total Value of Output

Type of Measurement Upper

Bound

Inter-Quartile

Mean

Lower

Bound

Upper Bound 1.00 0.79 0.82

Inter-Quartile Mean 0.79 1.00 0.72

Lower Bound 0.82 0.76 1.00

39

The toxic air correlations are quite high, as are the

corresponding correlations for toxic land pollution (not shown).

For water and non-toxic air pollution, however, the results are

not so clear. The water pollution intensity measures are not

very robust for a few sectors because of the presence of large

outliers in the EPA database. The rankings differ considerably

across intensity measures, with correlation coefficients

typically around 0.5. The presence of extreme outliers suggests

reliance on LB or IQ estimates. For water pollution LB estimates

may be optimum for most uses, because they are based on the

largest sample of available data and provide the most

conservative estimate. Outliers also haunt the AIRS data for

some criteria air pollutants, like fine particulates. Therefore,

for PM10, LB is the most conservative intensity estimate

available.7

5.2 Different Measures of Activity

Medium-specific intensities were calculated for each of the

following measures of activity:

• total value of shipment (TVS) in millions of 1987 US $;

• value added (VA) in millions of 1987 US $;

• total employment (TE) in thousands of persons.

The advantages and disadvantages of each measure have already

been discussed in section 3.2.3. By developing all three, we

provide more options for areas where data are scarce. Table 5.2

shows that the intensity rankings are almost perfectly correlated

in any case. Therefore, the choice of measure should be driven

by the availability, reliability, coverage and detail of the

7The LB air pollution intensity estimates incorporate all the AIRS observations

in the numerator; total activity levels from the 1987 LRD were used in the

denominator.

40

corresponding production data. The more disaggregate the

available information, the more robust the intensity measure will

be, irrespective of which scaling variable is used.

Table 5.2: Rank Correlation Coefficients Between Intensity

Measures Using Different Scales of Activity:

Lower-Bound Toxic Water Pollution Intensity

Scale of Activity Total Value

of Shipments

Value

Added

Employment

Total Value of Shipments 1.00 0.99 0.98

Value Added 0.99 1.00 0.98

Employment 0.98 0.98 1.00

5.3 Medium-Specific Intensities

Medium-specific indices are useful for two reasons. First, they

provide a better indication of the ecological stress and health

risks imposed by pollution than estimates which do not

distinguish the medium of discharge. Second, they allow analysis

of the extent to which inter-medium substitution of waste

disposal is possible within a given sector, an important

consideration in comprehensive pollution control.

Current development of IPPS has drawn on plant-level pollution

information from all of the previously mentioned US EPA pollution

data bases: Toxic Release Inventory (TRI), Aerometric Information

Retrieval System (AIRS) and National Pollutant Discharge

Elimination System (NPDES). Using the corresponding economic

data from the LRD, intensities have been calculated for 14

different pollutants. These intensities, calculated as pounds of

pollutant released per unit of production in each industrial

sector, are listed in Table 5.3. Full sets of intensities by

sector are presented in the appendices.

41

Table 5.3: Pollution Intensities in IPPS

1. Toxic and Bio-Accumulative Pollution Intensities by Medium:*

1. Toxic Pollution to Air

2. Toxic Pollution to Water

3. Toxic Pollution to Land

4. Bio-Accumulative Metal Pollution to Air

5. Bio-Accumulative Metal Pollution to Water

6. Bio-Accumulative Metal Pollution to Land

2. Criteria Air Pollution Intensities:

7. Sulphur Dioxide (SO2)

8. Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2)

9. Carbon Monoxide (CO)

10. Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC)

11. Particulates less than 10 um in diameter (PM10)

12. Total Particulates (TP)

3. Water Pollution Intensities:

13. Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD)

14. Total Suspended Solids (TSS)

* Since all risk-weighted indices are highly correlated with

total toxic intensity, we have standardized on the latter. See

Section 4.4.

5.3.1 Total Toxic Pollution Intensities by Medium

Extreme sectoral variation in toxic pollution intensity within

each medium is indicated by Figures 5.1 and 5.2, which focus on

sectors with output-based intensities greater than 3000 lbs/$1

million (US 1987). As before, pollution intensities by medium

show an exponential distribution when arranged in descending

order. However, it is clear that there is little correspondence

between the most pollution-intensive sectors across media (see

Figure 5.2). For example, Pulp, Paper, and Paperboard (3411) is

relatively intensive in toxic water and air pollution; Iron and

42

Steel (3710) is prominent in land and water; Textiles n.e.c.

(3219) is mostly air pollution intensive.

43

Figure 5.1 - Toxic Pollution Intensity by Medium for Selected

Sectors

44

45

Figure 5.2 - Toxic Pollution Intensity by Medium for Selected

Sectors

The results displayed in Table 5.4 confirm that there is little

correlation between the rankings of sectors discharging toxics by

water and air. In fact, when Inter-Quartile Mean intensities are

compared, the air rankings are negatively correlated with land

and water rankings. These low correlations also suggest that

inter-medium substitutability may be a second-order problem for

toxic waste.

46

Table 5.4: Rank Correlation Coefficients Between Toxic

Pollutants by Different Media: Lower-Bound

Toxic Pollution Intensity with Respect to Value

Added

Discharge

Medium

Air Land Water All Media

Air 1.00 0.70 0.32 0.93

Land 0.70 1.00 0.60 0.87

Water 0.32 0.60 1.00 0.46

All Media 0.93 0.87 0.46 1.00

There are, however, a few industries which are highly toxic

pollution intensive in all three media (See Table 5.5). These

are Industrial Chemicals Except Fertilizer (3511), Plastics and

Man-made Fibers (3513), Tanneries and Leather Finishing (3231),

and Non-Ferrous Metals (3720). The least toxic pollution-

intensive manufacturing sectors with respect to air, water and

land are food-processing industries such as Bakery Products

(3117), Grain Mill Products (3116), Fish Products (3114); and

other industries such as Wearing Apparel (3220).

Table 5.5 Toxic Pollution Intensity by Medium

(Pounds/1987 US $ Million Output Value)

Four Digit ISIC

Description

ISIC By Air By Land By Water

Code Lower-

Bound

Inter

Quartil

Lower-

Bound

Inter

Quartile

Lower-

Bound

Inter

Quartile

MEAT PRODUCTS 3111 47.47 91.88 44.34 7.91 7.11 0.00

DAIRY PRODUCTS 3112 31.03 11.66 254.19 464.37 22.35 0.00

PRESERVED FRUITS &

VEGETABLES

3113 64.61 55.92 225.98 56.57 18.17 0.00

47

Four Digit ISIC

Description


Code Lower-

Bound

Inter

Quartil

Lower-

Bound

Inter

Quartile

Lower-

Bound

Inter

Quartile

FISH PRODUCTS 3114 11.20 12.79 0.00

OILS AND FATS 3115 161.59 50.33 944.13 33.55 52.26 0.00

GRAIN MILL 3116 5.73 2.42 0.00

BAKERY PRODUCTS 3117 4.79 5.83 0.00

SUGAR FACTORIES &

REFINERIES

3118 55.35 16.98 264.45 307.94 1.54 0.00

CONFECTIONERY 3119 29.55 36.81 0.00

FOOD PRODUCTS, 3121 49.02 24.43 87.30 12.62 3.49 0.00

PREPARED ANIMAL 3122 20.31 76.66 26.68 16.88 1.72 0.00

DISTILLED SPIRITS 3131 1.43 14.92 48.94

WINE INDUSTRIES 3132 61.06 154.87 0.00

MALT LIQUORS AND 3133 109.91 59.29 6.23

TOBACCO 3140 271.80 26.93 1.85

SPINNING, WEAVING,

& FINISHING

TEXTILES

3211 350.96 353.79 326.21 155.89 178.85 0.32

MADE-UP TEXTILES

EXCEPT APPAREL

3212 244.02 41.15 3.31

KNITTING MILLS 3213 139.68 75.38 273.27 588.20 12.87 0.04

CARPETS AND RUGS 3214 192.69 247.46 347.53 415.11 46.26 0.00

CORDAGE, ROPE & 3215 2123.56 5.82 0.00

TEXTILES, N.E.C. 3219 5253.30 3413.19 1183.45 286.33 0.47 0.00

WEARING APPAREL 3220 12.70 4.79 0.00

TANNERIES AND

LEATHER FINISHING

3231 4733.22 2332.36 12687.84 5278.62 220.02 0.00

FUR DRESSING AND 3232 692.88 861.93 20.08

LEATHER PRODUCTS 3233 81.70 4.84 0.00

FOOTWEAR 3240 472.39 13.96 0.06

SAWMILLS, PLANING

& OTHER WOOD

MILLS

3311 226.97 556.97 71.31 54.94 1.09 0.00

48

Four Digit ISIC

Description


Code Lower-

Bound

Inter

Quartil

Lower-

Bound

Inter

Quartile

Lower-

Bound

Inter

Quartile

WOODEN & CANE

CONTAINERS; SMALL

CANE WARE

3312 8.50 0.60 0.00

WOOD & CORK 3319 1490.24 138.85 0.13

FURNITURE & 3320 1390.62 4446.51 125.28 104.35 1.00 0.00

PULP, PAPER, & 3411 3627.03 1028.90 1671.80 45.36 1209.31 38.52

PAPER & PAPERBOARD

CONTAINERS & BOXES

3412 435.38 1746.46 79.59 191.73 6.61 0.00

PULP, PAPER & 3419 1589.12 4709.00 400.67 420.21 6.00 0.00

PRINTING & 3420 413.12 1546.91 55.79 164.80 0.02 0.00

IND. CHEM. EXCEPT 3511 5923.99 813.65 20577.03 903.72 2992.90 0.59

FERTILIZERS & 3512 2363.89 243.21 3204.00 138.83 110.89 0.00

SYNTHETIC RESINS,

PLASTICS

MATERIALS, &

MANMADE FIBRES

3513 5692.07 1383.88 4718.77 527.61 416.18 0.27

PAINTS, VARNISHES,

& LACQUERS

3521 1621.59 746.57 3891.10 416.51 4.22 0.00

DRUGS AND 3522 1451.39 802.73 2172.40 359.78 56.08 0.00

SOAP, CLEANING

PREPS., PERFUMES,

& TOILET PREPS.

3523 363.94 144.87 616.05 102.11 5.23 0.00

CHEMICAL PRODUCTS, 3529 2042.06 601.86 927.63 238.58 61.18 0.00

PETROLEUM 3530 607.86 281.50 2574.07 49.70 45.84 8.91

MISC. PETROLEUM & 3540 398.09 43.70 117.18 50.51 11.66 0.00

TIRES AND TUBES 3551 137.76 100.23 237.89 154.84 2.85 0.00

RUBBER PRODUCTS, 3559 1757.17 1943.34 671.38 339.74 0.43 0.00

PLASTICS PRODUCTS, 3560 1896.01 4141.55 561.73 132.58 4.63 0.00

POTTERY, CHINA, & 3610 456.27 310.82 746.58 652.42 0.97 0.00

GLASS AND GLASS 3620 211.54 147.36 136.09 13.64 17.15 0.00

STRUCTURAL CLAY 3691 949.03 40.54 418.32 142.85 1.88 0.00

CEMENT, LIME, AND 3692 27.95 25.53 79.76 40.42 43.17 0.00

49

Four Digit ISIC

Description


Code Lower-

Bound

Inter

Quartil

Lower-

Bound

Inter

Quartile

Lower-

Bound

Inter

Quartile

NONMETALLIC 3699 417.88 842.35 687.98 354.27 2.08 0.00

IRON AND STEEL 3710 985.15 393.59 5647.07 1454.03 350.16 0.16

NONFERROUS METALS 3720 2988.29 391.40 7920.98 350.57 116.07 0.00

CUTLERY, HAND

TOOLS, & GENERAL

HARDWARE

3811 726.01 942.34 397.16 324.35 2.50 0.00

FURNITURE & 3812 602.41 966.42 308.07 299.83 1.30 0.00

STRUCTURAL METAL 3813 289.96 709.63 326.82 186.37 72.85 0.00

FABRICATED METAL 3819 1226.97 1246.20 1498.62 645.46 41.14 0.00

ENGINES AND 3821 565.63 705.07 497.01 326.01 6.87 0.00

AGRICULTURAL

MACHINERY &

EQUIPMENT

3822 250.49 540.32 69.07 34.33 9.32 0.00

METAL & WOOD 3823 154.24 353.16 338.54 110.35 3.55 0.00

SPECIAL INDUSTRIAL

MACHINERY &

EQUIPMENT

3824 148.61 320.63 245.51 60.58 2.67 0.00

OFFICE, COMPUTING,

& ACCOUNTING

MACHINERY

3825 111.20 262.44 39.46 25.78 0.08 0.00

MACHINERY & 3829 472.39 636.59 212.51 128.54 14.95 0.00

ELECTRICAL 3831 381.77 188.64 1.97

RADIO, TV, &

COMMUNICATION

EQUIPMENT

3832 732.25 638.96 660.59 525.21 6.47 0.00

ELECTRICAL

APPLIANCES &

HOUSEWARES

3833 203.56 117.99 0.04 0.00

ELECTRICAL

APPARATUS AND

SUPPLIES, N.E.C.

3839 414.90 254.13 858.69 237.32 10.33 0.00

50

Four Digit ISIC

Description


Code Lower-

Bound

Inter

Quartil

Lower-

Bound

Inter

Quartile

Lower-

Bound

Inter

Quartile

SHIPBUILDING AND 3841 1970.26 5291.43 284.00 36.46 0.28 0.00

RAILROAD EQUIPMENT 3842 413.34 221.70 0.24

MOTOR VEHICLES 3843 445.62 465.61 201.48 154.76 2.21 0.00

MOTORCYCLES AND 3844 236.54 171.69 95.74

AIRCRAFT 3845 607.54 854.20 314.53 247.51 1.35 0.00

PROFESSIONAL & 3851 306.97 508.07 149.92 106.22 1.09 0.00

PHOTOGRAPHIC AND 3852 773.23 420.85 0.07

WATCHES AND CLOCKS 3853 531.95 275.08 0.00

JEWELRY AND 3901 136.69 49.22 13.57

MUSICAL 3902 779.85 590.22 0.00

SPORTING AND 3903 381.74 1228.02 117.42 155.47 0.28 0.00

MANUFACTURING 3909 496.12 1089.30 226.19 250.08 4.10 0.00

5.3.2 Metals Intensities

As previously mentioned, metals pose a particularly serious

problem because they bioaccumulate. The natural distribution of

metals is progressively altered by industrial activity, giving

rise to focal concentrations. The potential consequences for

exposed populations were demonstrated by Japan's Minamata crisis

in the 1960's: Hundreds of people were killed or severely

damaged by poisonous levels of industrial mercury in fish.

Separate attention to metals is clearly warranted, since the rank

correlations of metals intensity with the toxic intensity

measures are low (See Table 4.2). Separate IPPS intensities for

toxic metal emissions to air, water and land are presented in

Table 5.6.

As expected, Non-Ferrous Metals (3720), and Iron and Steel (3710)

have very high metals intensities. Other sectors whose toxic

intensity is high are also metals-intensive (e.g., Industrial

Chemicals Except Fertilizer (3511); Tanneries and Leather

Finishing (3231)). In contrast, Fertilizer & Pesticides (3512),

51

Synthetic Resins and Plastics (3513) and Pulp and Paper (3411)

are toxic-intensive but not particularly metals-intensive.

Table 5.6: Toxic Metal Pollution Intensity by Medium

(Pounds/1987 US$ Million Output Value)


Code

By Air By Land By Water

MEAT PRODUCTS 3111 0.00 0.03 0.37

DAIRY PRODUCTS 3112 0.02 0.00 0.00

PRESERVED FRUITS & VEGETABLES 3113 0.00 0.56 0.13

FISH PRODUCTS 3114

OILS AND FATS 3115 0.06 19.33 0.01

GRAIN MILL PRODUCTS 3116 0.06 1.53 0.00

BAKERY PRODUCTS 3117

PREPARED ANIMAL FOODS 3122 0.41 0.52 0.00

WINE INDUSTRIES 3132 0.00 0.67 0.00

MALT LIQUORS AND MALT 3133 0.08 26.77 0.01

TOBACCO MANUFACTURES 3140

SPINNING, WEAVING, & FINISHING TEXTILES 3211 2.89 58.52 0.20

MADE-UP TEXTILES EXCEPT APPAREL 3212 2.36 6.81 0.00

KNITTING MILLS 3213 0.00 1.29 0.00

CARPETS AND RUGS 3214

CORDAGE, ROPE & TWINE 3215 8.73 0.00 0.00

TEXTILES, N.E.C. 3219 1.08 22.19 0.20

WEARING APPAREL 3220 0.01 0.84 0.00

TANNERIES AND LEATHER FINISHING 3231 1.61 854.36 1.30

FUR DRESSING AND DYEING 3232 0.54 528.66 0.22

FOOTWEAR 3240

52


Code


SAWMILLS, PLANING & OTHER WOOD MILLS 3311 2.32 30.83 0.05

WOODEN & CANE CONTAINERS; SMALL CANE WARE 3312 0.00 0.60 0.00

WOOD & CORK PRODUCTS, N.E.C. 3319 0.06 0.66 0.00

FURNITURE & FIXTURES, NONMETAL 3320 0.87 1.84 0.00

PULP, PAPER, & PAPERBOARD 3411 0.34 17.19 7.84

PAPER & PAPERBOARD CONTAINERS & BOXES 3412 0.00 0.07 0.00

PULP, PAPER & PAPERBOARD ARTICLES, 3419 9.58 12.30 0.46

PRINTING & PUBLISHING 3420 0.02 1.37 0.00

INDUSTRIAL CHEMICALS EXCEPT FERTILIZER 3511 29.32 929.58 27.23

FERTILIZERS & PESTICIDES 3512 3.96 276.53 0.68

SYNTHETIC RESINS, PLASTICS MATERIALS, & MANMADE FIBRES 3513 1.58 245.86 5.14

PAINTS, VARNISHES, & LACQUERS 3521 13.76 105.97 0.09

DRUGS AND MEDICINES 3522 0.25 28.16 0.14

SOAP, CLEANING PREPS., PERFUMES, & TOILET PREPS. 3523 0.34 25.82 0.23

CHEMICAL PRODUCTS, N.E.C. 3529 1.05 16.39 3.40

PETROLEUM REFINERIES 3530 4.95 45.76 1.96

MISC. PETROLEUM & COAL PRODUCTS 3540 0.72 23.08 0.23

TIRES AND TUBES 3551 5.35 208.28 0.27

RUBBER PRODUCTS, N.E.C. 3559 3.32 310.72 0.28

PLASTICS PRODUCTS, N.E.C. 3560 0.44 16.99 0.96

POTTERY, CHINA, & EARTHENWARE 3610 3.27 281.45 0.54

GLASS AND GLASS PRODUCTS 3620 21.93 27.89 0.06

STRUCTURAL CLAY PRODUCTS 3691 13.56 357.62 0.96

CEMENT, LIME, AND PLASTER 3692 0.98 40.25 0.00

NONMETALLIC MINERAL PRODUCTS, N.E.C. 3699 6.90 48.66 0.05

53


Code


IRON AND STEEL 3710 169.11 3728.58 25.57

NONFERROUS METALS 3720 206.75 6849.73 4.12

CUTLERY, HAND TOOLS, & GENERAL HARDWARE 3811 12.40 142.40 0.18

FURNITURE & FIXTURES OF METAL 3812 1.42 20.86 0.01

STRUCTURAL METAL PRODUCTS 3813 6.44 99.01 1.45

FABRICATED METAL PRODUCTS 3819 9.96 447.75 3.43

ENGINES AND TURBINES 3821 32.09 90.69 0.25

AGRICULTURAL MACHINERY & EQUIPMENT 3822 1.31 10.99 0.09

METAL & WOOD WORKING MACHINERY 3823 2.84 237.88 0.02

SPECIAL INDUSTRIAL MACHINERY & EQUIPMENT 3824 1.04 34.06 0.03

MACHINERY & EQUIPMENT, N.E.C. 3829 3.38 107.63 0.20

ELECTRICAL INDUSTRIAL MACHINERY 3831 9.42 68.94 1.12

RADIO, TV, & COMMUNICATION EQUIPMENT 3832 0.85 73.06 0.16

ELECTRICAL APPLIANCES & HOUSEWARES 3833 0.13 15.64 0.03

ELECTRICAL APPARATUS AND SUPPLIES, N.E.C. 3839 12.36 468.82 0.44

SHIPBUILDING AND REPAIRING 3841 45.04 30.34 0.15

RAILROAD EQUIPMENT 3842 10.10 41.55 0.00

MOTOR VEHICLES 3843 1.94 40.61 0.04

MOTORCYCLES AND BICYCLES 3844 4.56 33.20 1.82

AIRCRAFT 3845 0.46 39.16 0.09

PROFESSIONAL & SCIENTIFIC EQUIPMENT 3851 0.15 16.51 0.02

PHOTOGRAPHIC AND OPTICAL GOODS 3852 0.07 37.03 0.00

WATCHES AND CLOCKS 3853 1.27 0.21 0.00

JEWELRY AND RELATED ARTICLES 3901 0.26 10.35 0.24

MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS 3902 4.26 42.44 0.00

54


Code


SPORTING AND ATHLETIC GOODS 3903 0.31 17.52 0.28

MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES, N.E.C. 3909 7.70 82.68 0.29

5.3.3 Air Pollution Indicators

The major air pollution intensities compiled in this paper can be

grouped into 5 distinctly different categories. The first group,

consisting of SO2, NO2, CO and total Particulates, exhibit

consistently high rank correlations (see Table 5.7). The sector

rankings for volatile organic compounds (VOCs), PM10, total toxic

air pollution and toxic metals are correlated neither with each

other nor with any of the other air pollution intensities, so

they form distinct categories.

Table 5.7 Rank Correlations between Major Air Pollutant

Intensities: Inter-Quartile Mean Intensities per

Unit of Total Output

Inter-Quartile Intensity SO2 NO2 CO TP PM10 VOC All Toxics

by Air

Toxic Metals

by Air

SO2 1.00 0.89 0.8 0.85 0.65 0.58 0.21 0.27

NO2 0.89 1.00 0.86 0.81 0.67 0.56 0.19 0.24

CO 0.8 0.86 1.00 0.76 0.63 0.62 0.28 0.33

TP 0.85 0.81 0.76 1.00 0.75 0.59 0.17 0.18

PM10 0.65 0.67 0.63 0.75 1.00 0.45 0.15 0.08

VOC 0.58 0.56 0.62 0.59 0.45 1.00 0.57 0.47

All Toxics 0.21 0.19 0.28 0.17 0.15 0.57 1.00 0.53

Toxic Metals by Air 0.27 0.24 0.33 0.18 0.08 0.47 0.53 1.00

Figure 5.3 displays high-intensity sectors for all the air

pollutants analyzed in this paper. In group 1 (SO2, NO2, CO and

Total Particulates), high intensity sectors include: Cement, Lime

55

and Plaster (3692), Pulp, Paper and Paperboard (3411), Iron and

Steel (3710), Miscellaneous Petroleum and Coal products (3540),

and Structural Clay Products (3691). Toxic Air and VOC

intensities are high in: Synthetic Resins, Plastics and man-made

Fibers (3513), Textiles n.e.c. (3219), and Industrial Chemicals

except Fertilizer (3511). Inter-quartile intensities of PM10 are

recorded in only three of the four-digit ISIC sectors. This

reflects the relatively small matched sample for this pollutant

compared to the other air pollutants. The lower bound intensities

for PM10 however, are more robust and exhibit a pattern similar

to that of Total Particulates.

Table 5.8: Air Pollution Intensity for Selected Air Pollutants



Code

SO2 NO2 CO VOC PM10 TP

MEAT PRODUCTS 3111 195 1997 499 10 6 56

DAIRY PRODUCTS 3112 141 198 35 9 0 73

PRESERVED FRUITS & VEGETABLES 3113 736 375 72 136 5 73

FISH PRODUCTS 3114 173 76 5 2 2 32

OILS AND FATS 3115 9387 3360 750 2572 5901 9615

GRAIN MILL PRODUCTS 3116 328 262 51 277 542 1616

BAKERY PRODUCTS 3117 16 36 5 179 0 16

SUGAR FACTORIES & REFINERIES 3118 6428 6171 3306 1094 135 4258

CONFECTIONERY PRODUCTS 3119 97 20 3 2 0 10

FOOD PRODUCTS, N.E.C. 3121 432 439 94 132 12 196

PREPARED ANIMAL FOODS 3122 745 205 56 24 308 1341

DISTILLED SPIRITS 3131 3887 1351 253 13355 170 325

WINE INDUSTRIES 3132 462 70 6 1 0 48

MALT LIQUORS AND MALT 3133 2146 1690 105 176 3 118

TOBACCO MANUFACTURES 3140 1265 766 100 252 10 24

56


Code


SPINNING, WEAVING, & FINISHING

TEXTILES

3211 2422 3342 448 917 65 433

MADE-UP TEXTILES EXCEPT

APPAREL

3212 18 11 3 126 0 26

KNITTING MILLS 3213 217 90 37 73 13 136

CARPETS AND RUGS 3214 0 0 0 0 0 0

CORDAGE, ROPE & TWINE 3215 2075 648 904 1261 0 1094

TEXTILES, N.E.C. 3219 748 309 56 5938 0 445

WEARING APPAREL 3220 32 12 3 8 0 1

TANNERIES AND LEATHER

FINISHING

3231 1299 343 126 3819 41 157

FUR DRESSING AND DYEING 3232 932 219 52 584 21 788

LEATHER PRODUCTS 3233 0 16 3 285 0 10

FOOTWEAR 3240 16 2 0 134 0 1

SAWMILLS, PLANING & OTHER WOOD

MILLS

3311 1036 2342 5901 2509 92 3258

WOODEN & CANE CONTAINERS;

SMALL CANE WARE

3312 1 2 8 41 18 268

WOOD & CORK PRODUCTS, N.E.C. 3319 2968 1923 4293 5818 1755 4373

FURNITURE & FIXTURES, NONMETAL 3320 243 172 182 5510 160 547

PULP, PAPER, & PAPERBOARD 3411 25585 13349 29203 4043 1453 5028

PAPER & PAPERBOARD CONTAINERS

& BOXES

3412 201 1472 341 446 8 46

PULP, PAPER & PAPERBOARD

ARTICLES,

3419 417 128 39 700 0 10

PRINTING & PUBLISHING 3420 26 34 129 862 0 14

INDUSTRIAL CHEMICALS EXCEPT

FERTILIZER

3511 11656 8658 6687 6766 395 1873

FERTILIZERS & PESTICIDES 3512 1106 1065 212 1008 47 307

SYNTHETIC RESINS, PLASTICS

MATERIALS, & MANMADE FIBRES

3513 5185 13477 1993 9862 4 792

57


Code


PAINTS, VARNISHES, & LACQUERS 3521 246 217 31 1819 74 146

DRUGS AND MEDICINES 3522 1825 775 91 908 13 345

SOAP, CLEANING PREPS.,

PERFUMES, & TOILET PREPS.

3523 476 567 196 184 193 255

CHEMICAL PRODUCTS, N.E.C. 3529 5291 1652 53782 4098 1361 1847

PETROLEUM REFINERIES 3530 12664 7285 6579 6705 128 1117

MISC. PETROLEUM & COAL

PRODUCTS

3540 20866 12982 9828 3259 641 8004

TIRES AND TUBES 3551 3797 1312 161 3844 54 420

RUBBER PRODUCTS, N.E.C. 3559 1 5 1 384 1 2

PLASTICS PRODUCTS, N.E.C. 3560 56 12 4 676 12 17

POTTERY, CHINA, & EARTHENWARE 3610 295 148 103 1151 0 349

GLASS AND GLASS PRODUCTS 3620 3378 6721 1810 862 142 1348

STRUCTURAL CLAY PRODUCTS 3691 3029 29265 6952 2378 4681 22972

CEMENT, LIME, AND PLASTER 3692 128688 59751 7273 340 107003 62238

NONMETALLIC MINERAL PRODUCTS,

N.E.C.

3699 3195 1425 684 392 1953 5383

IRON AND STEEL 3710 17867 7761 27843 2392 4938 4140

NONFERROUS METALS 3720 38646 1259 17977 1406 355 3246

CUTLERY, HAND TOOLS, & GENERAL

HARDWARE

3811 161 1035 83 260 0 45

FURNITURE & FIXTURES OF METAL 3812 43 36 14 2855 0 27

STRUCTURAL METAL PRODUCTS 3813 155 653 261 714 10 34

FABRICATED METAL PRODUCTS 3819 161 362 1850 1556 7 129

ENGINES AND TURBINES 3821 612 445 1993 663 4 163

AGRICULTURAL MACHINERY &

EQUIPMENT

3822 2573 700 896 1511 0 430

METAL & WOOD WORKING MACHINERY 3823 37 8 850 535 0 7

58


Code


SPECIAL INDUSTRIAL MACHINERY &

EQUIPMENT

3824 497 426 75 322 1 99

OFFICE, COMPUTING, &

ACCOUNTING MACHINERY

3825 5 4 0 64 0 2

MACHINERY & EQUIPMENT, N.E.C. 3829 479 181 399 608 2 43

ELECTRICAL INDUSTRIAL

MACHINERY

3831 2865 754 118 469 1 53

RADIO, TV, & COMMUNICATION

EQUIPMENT

3832 67 34 9 408 3 5

ELECTRICAL APPLIANCES &

HOUSEWARES

3833 2 15 2 696 1 0

ELECTRICAL APPARATUS AND

SUPPLIES, N.E.C.

3839 391 846 1772 412 11 306

SHIPBUILDING AND REPAIRING 3841 335 150 20 1243 336 105

RAILROAD EQUIPMENT 3842 6814 2729 486 1898 1 1812

MOTOR VEHICLES 3843 279 141 189 1298 12 140

MOTORCYCLES AND BICYCLES 3844 264 154 44 7430 0 160

AIRCRAFT 3845 106 87 222 329 3 16

PROFESSIONAL & SCIENTIFIC

EQUIPMENT

3851 14 23 3 34 0 4

PHOTOGRAPHIC AND OPTICAL GOODS 3852 84 130 3 157 0 32

WATCHES AND CLOCKS 3853 0 0 0 0 0 0

JEWELRY AND RELATED ARTICLES 3901 189 63 16 52 0 61

MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS 3902 80 599 142 1870 52 132

SPORTING AND ATHLETIC GOODS 3903 9 13 2 553 53 66

MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES,

N.E.C.

3909 29 14 11 408 0 7

59

60

Figure 5.3 - Air Pollution Intensity for Selected Sectors

61

5.3.4 Water Pollution Indicators

The main water pollutants in IPPS have similar sector rankings.

Rank correlations between BOD intensity, TSS intensity and Toxic

effluent are all 0.6 or more, with the exception of the correlation

between metals and other pollutants (see Table 5.9). Pulp, Paper

and Paperboard Industries (3411), Non-ferrous Metals (3720),

Industrial Chemicals except Fertilizer (3511) and Distilled Spirits

(3131) are high in both BOD and TSS intensities (see table 5.10).

Table 5.9 Rank Correlations between Major Water Pollution

Indicators: Lower-bound Intensities

Lower Bound

Intensity

BOD TSS Toxics by

Water

Toxic Metals by

Water

BOD 1.00 0.71 0.57 0.37

TSS 0.71 1.00 0.62 0.46

Toxics by Water 0.57 0.62 1.00 0.67

Toxic Metals by

Water

0.37 0.46 0.67 1.00

62

Figure 5.4 - Water Pollution Intensity for Selected Sectors

63

Table 5.10: Water Pollution Intensity for Selected Water

Pollutants



Code

BOD Pollution Total Suspended Solids

Lower-Bound Inter-

Quartile

Lower-Bound Inter-

Quartile

MEAT PRODUCTS 3111 31.52 102.18 39.09 129.61

DAIRY PRODUCTS 3112 7948.66 140.73 1144.90 120.40

PRESERVED FRUITS & VEGETABLES 3113 300.80 657.42 474.51 1284.59

FISH PRODUCTS 3114 574.42 0.00 979.27 344.55

OILS AND FATS 3115 175.31 315.58 198.08 577.26

GRAIN MILL PRODUCTS 3116 0.01 0.12

BAKERY PRODUCTS 3117 0.12 0.14

SUGAR FACTORIES & REFINERIES 3118 2130.73 3131.23 3054.97 769.79

CONFECTIONERY PRODUCTS 3119 18.26 8.77

FOOD PRODUCTS, N.E.C. 3121 2.75 1.09

PREPARED ANIMAL FOODS 3122 1.16 1.68

DISTILLED SPIRITS 3131 5451.00 219.30 9797.25 479.78

WINE INDUSTRIES 3132 24.37 13.37

MALT LIQUORS AND MALT 3133 28.92 66.84

TOBACCO MANUFACTURES 3140 1.53 1.87

SPINNING, WEAVING, & FINISHING

TEXTILES

3211 98.18 587.45 152.47 1097.95

MADE-UP TEXTILES EXCEPT

APPAREL

3212 0.00 0.00

KNITTING MILLS 3213 1.82 3.67

CARPETS AND RUGS 3214 11.62 19.54

CORDAGE, ROPE & TWINE 3215

TEXTILES, N.E.C. 3219 0.00 3.20

WEARING APPAREL 3220 0.00 0.00

64


Code


Lower-Bound Inter-

Quartile

Lower-Bound Inter-

Quartile

TANNERIES AND LEATHER

FINISHING

3231 607.39 1147.01

FUR DRESSING AND DYEING 3232 213.45 652.40

LEATHER PRODUCTS 3233 0.00 1.08

FOOTWEAR 3240 100.63 98.67

SAWMILLS, PLANING & OTHER WOOD

MILLS

3311 100.09 471.96

WOODEN & CANE CONTAINERS;

SMALL CANE WARE

3312 4.49 8.05

WOOD & CORK PRODUCTS, N.E.C. 3319

FURNITURE & FIXTURES, NONMETAL 3320 0.00 0.03

PULP, PAPER, & PAPERBOARD 3411 13751.36 6417.93 46704.84 7717.40

PAPER & PAPERBOARD CONTAINERS

& BOXES

3412 83.55 143.45

PULP, PAPER & PAPERBOARD

ARTICLES,

3419 237.85 234.61

PRINTING & PUBLISHING 3420 4.06 2881.17 2.23 1291.93

INDUSTRIAL CHEMICALS EXCEPT

FERTILIZER

3511 3988.90 33.03 6165.59 443.58

FERTILIZERS & PESTICIDES 3512 44.88 7.81 8732.58 206.30

SYNTHETIC RESINS, PLASTICS

MATERIALS, & MANMADE FIBRES

3513 211.78 74.19 684.35 174.15

PAINTS, VARNISHES, & LACQUERS 3521 0.26 1.08

DRUGS AND MEDICINES 3522 61.09 13.96 15314.74 67.16

SOAP, CLEANING PREPS.,

PERFUMES, & TOILET PREPS.

3523 110.23 60.54 155.69 83.79

CHEMICAL PRODUCTS, N.E.C. 3529 13.04 18.81

PETROLEUM REFINERIES 3530 158.28 76.72 794.37 102.11

MISC. PETROLEUM & COAL

PRODUCTS

3540 21.96 3.45 26.96 68.54

65


Code


Lower-Bound Inter-

Quartile

Lower-Bound Inter-

Quartile

TIRES AND TUBES 3551 0.02 9.43

RUBBER PRODUCTS, N.E.C. 3559 0.70 3277.07

PLASTICS PRODUCTS, N.E.C. 3560 518.30 14.79 11.20 39.36

POTTERY, CHINA, & EARTHENWARE 3610 44.74 111.03

GLASS AND GLASS PRODUCTS 3620 1.47 10.38

STRUCTURAL CLAY PRODUCTS 3691 0.56 9.92

CEMENT, LIME, AND PLASTER 3692 1.18 2587.58

NONMETALLIC MINERAL PRODUCTS,

N.E.C.

3699 23.43 2.95 34.37 341.50

IRON AND STEEL 3710 13.22 0.00 194732.90 308.05

NONFERROUS METALS 3720 2963.03 0.00 42830.90 101.05

CUTLERY, HAND TOOLS, & GENERAL

HARDWARE

3811 0.00 0.47

FURNITURE & FIXTURES OF METAL 3812 0.00 0.78

STRUCTURAL METAL PRODUCTS 3813 1.25 0.00 1.72 37.04

FABRICATED METAL PRODUCTS 3819 26.86 0.00 773.24 75.52

ENGINES AND TURBINES 3821 1.71

AGRICULTURAL MACHINERY &

EQUIPMENT

3822 0.00 4.99

METAL & WOOD WORKING MACHINERY 3823 0.17 152.21

SPECIAL INDUSTRIAL MACHINERY &

EQUIPMENT

3824 6.63 5.42

OFFICE, COMPUTING, &

ACCOUNTING MACHINERY

3825 0.00 0.56

MACHINERY & EQUIPMENT, N.E.C. 3829 1.63 0.10 38.49 9.46

ELECTRICAL INDUSTRIAL

MACHINERY

3831 0.93 0.00 5.15 11.13

RADIO, TV, & COMMUNICATION

EQUIPMENT

3832 40.49 0.02 56.03 10.69

66


Code


Lower-Bound Inter-

Quartile

Lower-Bound Inter-

Quartile

ELECTRICAL APPLIANCES &

HOUSEWARES

3833

ELECTRICAL APPARATUS AND

SUPPLIES, N.E.C.

3839 0.36 1.20 2.19 10.93

SHIPBUILDING AND REPAIRING 3841 0.15 0.48

RAILROAD EQUIPMENT 3842 0.00 3.73

MOTOR VEHICLES 3843 0.23 0.00 1.17 10.14

MOTORCYCLES AND BICYCLES 3844 4.26 25.33

AIRCRAFT 3845 1.03 0.48 8.99 11.89

PROFESSIONAL & SCIENTIFIC

EQUIPMENT

3851 0.69 0.77

PHOTOGRAPHIC AND OPTICAL GOODS 3852 0.61 0.37

WATCHES AND CLOCKS 3853 0.00 0.00

JEWELRY AND RELATED ARTICLES 3901 0.00 24548.94

MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS 3902

SPORTING AND ATHLETIC GOODS 3903 0.00 23236.49

MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES,

N.E.C.

3909 0.09 0.52

6. Critical Assessment and Plans for Further Work

6.1. Sources of Bias

The methodology used in this study contains several possible sources

of bias. The imposition of thresholds for reporting pollution to

the EPA causes two obvious sampling biases, the net outcome of which

is unclear. First there is no record of the cleanest plants, which

will tend to move Upper Bound calculations toward overestimates of

average sectoral pollutant intensities. In an effort to correct for

this bias, the Lower Bound intensities assign all non-reporting

facilities a pollution intensity of zero. The second bias arises

67

because there may be a number of small facilities with very high

pollutant intensities which do not reach the reporting thresholds.

The Lower Bound estimates falsely assign these plants a zero

pollution intensity. An attempt was made to avoid both sources of

bias by calculating Inter-Quartile Mean estimates of intensities.

The differences between the Upper Bound, Lower Bound and the Inter-

Quartile Mean estimates highlight the difficulty of selecting an

appropriate level of sectoral aggregation. At the four-digit ISIC

level, the confidence interval defined by the Upper and Lower Bound

estimates will be wider than if more finely detailed decomposition

is used. But the more detailed the data required, the less likely

they are to be readily available.

Beyond the unavoidable inaccuracies of estimating pollution

intensities at the four-digit level, a further bias may arise out of

the standard procedure used to aggregate the 5-digit US-SIC data to

the 4-digit ISIC level. Under this procedure, those facilities with

US-SIC codes that matched more than one ISIC code were assigned the

ISIC code with the highest shipment value. As a result all releases

and transfers from such facilities were attributed to a single ISIC

code, although in reality some proportion were associated with other

activities. This approximation might lead to some overstatement of

pollutant intensities, since there are frequently scale economies in

pollution control for individual activities. However, this problem

is probably minimized by the random occurrence of different

assignments.

6.2. International Applicability

Cross-country variations in regulatory, economic and technological

conditions clearly impose limitations on the international

applicability of the pollutant intensity indices derived in this

study. To the extent that pollution control measures merely move

waste from one medium to another, the estimates of total toxic

pollution intensity will be more robust than medium-specific

68

intensities. Nevertheless, high waste disposal costs provide strong

incentive for waste minimization, so US pollution intensities are

likely to be lower than in less-regulated settings

Even if there is considerable international variation in the

absolute level of sectoral pollutant intensities, the relative

ranking of intensities across sectors may be expected to remain more

constant. Thus, one might reasonably expect the Fertilizers and

Pesticides sector to be found near the top of all national rankings

of toxic release intensity indices, and the Soft Drinks & Carbonated

Waters sector to be found near the bottom.

6.3. Plans for Further Work

Clearly there remains huge scope for further development of IPPS.

We are now assembling plant-level databases from several developing

countries. Our future econometric work will quantify the effects on

pollution intensity of national or regional differences in

regulatory regimes, factor prices and availability of technology.

Using these estimates, we will develop simple procedures which can

adjust IPPS parameters for conditions in developing countries.

1

Annex to IPPS: The Industrial Pollution Projection System

Policy Research Working Paper #1431

Table of AnnexesAnnex A1.1 Toxic Pollution Intensity by Medium with respect to Employment.............................................................. 2Annex A1.2 Toxic Pollution Intensity by Medium with respect to Total Value of Output ............................................... 7Annex A1.3 Toxic Pollution Intensity by Medium with respect to Value Added .......................................................... 11Annex A1.4 Toxic Pollution Intensity by Medium with respect to Value Added ............................................................. 15Annex A1.5 Toxic Metal Pollution Intensity by Medium with respect to Value of Output............................................ 19Annex A1.6 Toxic Metal Pollution Intensity by Medium with respect to Value Added ................................................ 22Annex A1.7 Air Pollution Intensities with respect to Employment ............................................................................... 25Annex A1.8 Air Pollution Intensities with respect to Total Value of Output ................................................................. 29Annex A1.9 Air Pollution Intensities with respect to Value Added............................................................................... 33Annex A1.10 Air Pollution Intensities with respect to Employment ............................................................................. 36Annex A1.11 Air Pollution Intensities with respect to Total Value of Output ............................................................... 40Annex A1.12 Air Pollution Intensities with respect to Value Added............................................................................. 44Annex A1.13 Water Pollution Intensities with respect to Employment ......................................................................... 48Annex A1.14 Water Pollution Intensities with respect to Total Value of Output ........................................................... 52Annex A1.15 Water Pollution Intensities with respect to Value Added......................................................................... 56Annex A2 TRI Chemicals, 1989 ................................................................................................................................. 60

NOTE: *Blank spaces in the tables in Annex A1 indicate sectors for which data is not available.**"m" in Annex A2 denotes the metal compounds used for estimating toxic metal pollution intensity.

2

Annex A1.1 Toxic Pollution Intensity by Medium with respect to Employment(Pounds/'000 Employees)

Four Digit ISIC Description ISIC To Air To Land To Water Total

Code Lower- Bound Inter- Quartile Lower- Bound Inter- Quartile Lower- Bound Inter- Quartile Lower-Bound

Inter- Quartile

MEAT PRODUCTS 3111 10817 16753 10105 2286 1621 0.00 22543 19039

DAIRY PRODUCTS 3112 9979 4459 81750 168470 7187 0.00 98916 172929

PRESERVED FRUITS & VEGETABLES 3113 11676 7670 40837 11598 3284 0.00 55797 19268

FISH PRODUCTS 3114 1657 1892 0 3548

OILS AND FATS 3115 88464 19843 516865 30110 28611 0.00 633940 49952

GRAIN MILL PRODUCTS 3116 1952 825 0 2776

BAKERY PRODUCTS 3117 546 664 0 1210

SUGAR FACTORIES & REFINERIES 3118 15649 4040 74769 70323 437 0.00 90855 74363

CONFECTIONERY PRODUCTS 3119 5735 7143 0 12878

FOOD PRODUCTS, N.E.C. 3121 10759 6357 19161 4334 766 0.00 30686 10691

PREPARED ANIMAL FOODS 3122 7194 26731 9452 10776 611 0.00 17256 37507

DISTILLED SPIRITS 3131 557 5790 18997 25344

WINE INDUSTRIES 3132 14828 37608 0 52436

MALT LIQUORS AND MALT 3133 47083 25398 2668 75148

TOBACCO MANUFACTURES 3140 126595 12545 860 140001

SPINNING, WEAVING, & FINISHINGTEXTILES

3211 32883 36902 30564 16269 16757 28.19 80205 53199

MADE-UP TEXTILES EXCEPT APPAREL 3212 19783 3336 268 23386

KNITTING MILLS 3213 9396 5941 18383 39118 866 6.79 28645 45066

CARPETS AND RUGS 3214 35714 33167 64411 112472 8574 0.00 108699 145640

3



Inter- Quartile

CORDAGE, ROPE & TWINE 3215 170394 467 0 170861

TEXTILES, N.E.C. 3219 865478 490626 194973 43724 78 0.00 1060530 534349

WEARING APPAREL 3220 703 265 0 969

TANNERIES AND LEATHER FINISHING 3231 744193 295005 1994882 755981 34593 0.00 2773669 1050986

FUR DRESSING AND DYEING 3232 51072 63532 1480 116083

LEATHER PRODUCTS 3233 5513 326 0 5839

FOOTWEAR 3240 27381 809 3 28193

SAWMILLS, PLANING & OTHER WOODMILLS

3311 25205 75510 7919 8840 121 0.00 33245 84350

WOODEN & CANE CONTAINERS; SMALLCANE WARE

3312 487 34 0 522

WOOD & CORK PRODUCTS, N.E.C. 3319 96807 9019 8 105835

FURNITURE & FIXTURES, NONMETAL 3320 95958 276859 8645 6839 69 0.00 104671 283698

PULP, PAPER, & PAPERBOARD 3411 870966 246378 401453 10341 290395 9975.39 1562814 266695

PAPER & PAPERBOARD CONTAINERS &BOXES

3412 59353 255410 10850 22005 901 0.00 71104 277415

PULP, PAPER & PAPERBOARD ARTICLES, 3419 280408 706426 70700 66894 1059 0.00 352167 773320

PRINTING & PUBLISHING 3420 38842 142803 5246 17208 2 0.00 44089 160011

INDUSTRIAL CHEMICALS EXCEPTFERTILIZER

3511 1864489 234464 6476322 249668 941970 221.55 9282781 484354

FERTILIZERS & PESTICIDES 3512 826872 53799 1120738 32486 38790 0.00 1986400 86285

SYNTHETIC RESINS, PLASTICSMATERIALS, & MANMADE FIBRES

3513 1501718 420231 1244935 129310 109799 98.14 2856452 549639

PAINTS, VARNISHES, & LACQUERS 3521 380104 145050 912084 85603 990 0.00 1293178 230653

4



Inter- Quartile

DRUGS AND MEDICINES 3522 336993 151467 504402 93248 13021 0.00 854416 244714

SOAP, CLEANING PREPS., PERFUMES, &TOILET PREPS.

3523 110143 33255 186441 24978 1584 0.00 298168 58233

CHEMICAL PRODUCTS, N.E.C. 3529 412880 116536 187555 48448 12370 0.00 612805 164984

PETROLEUM REFINERIES 3530 962835 482368 4077245 77369 72606 11783.35 5112686 571521

MISC. PETROLEUM & COAL PRODUCTS 3540 118870 12618 34989 15336 3480 0.00 157339 27955

TIRES AND TUBES 3551 22001 14642 37992 20828 455 0.00 60448 35471

RUBBER PRODUCTS, N.E.C. 3559 143254 176319 54735 31227 35 0.00 198024 207546

PLASTICS PRODUCTS, N.E.C. 3560 200346 387227 59357 14525 489 0.00 260192 401752

POTTERY, CHINA, & EARTHENWARE 3610 29582 21316 48404 46728 63 0.00 78049 68043

GLASS AND GLASS PRODUCTS 3620 25492 17725 16400 1732 2066 0.00 43958 19458

STRUCTURAL CLAY PRODUCTS 3691 80416 3235 35446 13228 160 0.00 116022 16463

CEMENT, LIME, AND PLASTER 3692 5709 5401 16290 10683 8817 0.00 30816 16084

NONMETALLIC MINERAL PRODUCTS,N.E.C.

3699 51019 118148 83995 57628 253 0.00 135268 175776

IRON AND STEEL 3710 156921 53404 899499 174261 55775 33.64 1112195 227699

NONFERROUS METALS 3720 579987 62078 1537357 46631 22527 0.23 2139871 108710

CUTLERY, HAND TOOLS, & GENERALHARDWARE

3811 65342 78987 35746 27376 225 0.00 101313 106363

FURNITURE & FIXTURES OF METAL 3812 55552 96493 28409 30356 120 0.00 84081 126849

STRUCTURAL METAL PRODUCTS 3813 28672 75125 32317 18944 7203 0.00 68192 94069

FABRICATED METAL PRODUCTS 3819 139028 118455 169810 65075 4661 0.00 313499 183530

ENGINES AND TURBINES 3821 88267 106997 77559 44956 1073 0.00 166899 151953

5



Inter- Quartile

AGRICULTURAL MACHINERY &EQUIPMENT

3822 36578 72889 10087 6424 1361 0.00 48025 79312

METAL & WOOD WORKING MACHINERY 3823 13994 36750 30715 11682 322 0.00 45030 48431

SPECIAL INDUSTRIAL MACHINERY &EQUIPMENT

3824 18737 42549 30954 9877 337 0.00 50029 52426

OFFICE, COMPUTING, & ACCOUNTINGMACHINERY

3825 20536 36917 7286 3984 14 0.00 27836 40901

MACHINERY & EQUIPMENT, N.E.C. 3829 47981 62699 21584 12847 1519 0.00 71084 75546

ELECTRICAL INDUSTRIAL MACHINERY 3831 38279 18914 198 57392

RADIO, TV, & COMMUNICATIONEQUIPMENT

3832 80974 50333 73050 38661 716 0.00 154740 88994

ELECTRICAL APPLIANCES &HOUSEWARES

3833 23364 13542 5 36911

ELECTRICAL APPARATUS AND SUPPLIES,N.E.C.

3839 45587 29582 94347 31193 1135 0.00 141069 60775

SHIPBUILDING AND REPAIRING 3841 155191 536301 22370 3342 22 0.00 177583 539644

RAILROAD EQUIPMENT 3842 46764 25083 27 71874

MOTOR VEHICLES 3843 109559 83684 49535 23856 543 0.00 159637 107540

MOTORCYCLES AND BICYCLES 3844 35827 26005 14501 76333

AIRCRAFT 3845 77942 82864 40352 25276 173 0.00 118467 108141

PROFESSIONAL & SCIENTIFIC EQUIPMENT 3851 30241 48061 14770 10555 107 0.00 45118 58616

PHOTOGRAPHIC AND OPTICAL GOODS 3852 62895 34232 6 97132

WATCHES AND CLOCKS 3853 56251 29088 0 85339

JEWELERY AND RELATED ARTICLES 3901 16009 5764 1589 23363

MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS 3902 53327 40361 0 93688

6



Inter- Quartile

SPORTING AND ATHLETIC GOODS 3903 37445 121707 11518 15245 27 0.00 48990 136952

MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES, N.E.C. 3909 39484 85886 18001 19307 326 0.00 57812 105193

7

Annex A1.2 Toxic Pollution Intensity by Medium with respect to Total Value of Output(Pounds/1987 US $)


Code LowerBound

Inter-Quartile

Lower-Bound

Inter-Quartile

Lower-Bound

InterQuartile

Lower-Bound

Inter-Quartile

MEAT PRODUCTS 3111 47.47 91.88 44.34 7.91 7.11 0.00 98.92 99.79

DAIRY PRODUCTS 3112 31.03 11.66 254.19 464.37 22.35 0.00 307.56 476.04

PRESERVED FRUITS & VEGETABLES 3113 64.61 55.92 225.98 56.57 18.17 0.00 112.49

FISH PRODUCTS 3114 11.20 12.79 0.00 24.00

OILS AND FATS 3115 161.59 50.33 944.13 33.55 52.26 0.00 1157.99 83.88

GRAIN MILL PRODUCTS 3116 5.73 2.42 0.00 8.15

BAKERY PRODUCTS 3117 4.79 5.83 0.00 10.62

SUGAR FACTORIES & REFINERIES 3118 55.35 16.98 264.45 307.94 1.54 0.00 321.34 324.93

CONFECTIONERY PRODUCTS 3119 29.55 36.81 0.00 66.36

FOOD PRODUCTS, N.E.C. 3121 49.02 24.43 87.30 12.62 3.49 0.00 139.80 37.05

PREPARED ANIMAL FOODS 3122 20.31 76.66 26.68 16.88 1.72 0.00 48.71 93.54


WINE INDUSTRIES 3132 61.06 154.87 0.00 215.92

MALT LIQUORS AND MALT 3133 109.91 59.29 6.23 175.42

TOBACCO MANUFACTURES 3140 271.80 26.93 1.85 300.58

SPINNING, WEAVING, & FINISHING TEXTILES 3211 350.96 353.79 326.21 155.89 178.85 0.32 856.02 509.99

MADE-UP TEXTILES EXCEPT APPAREL 3212 244.02 41.15 3.31 288.48

KNITTING MILLS 3213 139.68 75.38 273.27 588.20 12.87 0.04 425.82 663.62

CARPETS AND RUGS 3214 192.69 247.46 347.53 415.11 46.26 0.00 586.48 662.57

8


Code LowerBound

Inter-Quartile

Lower-Bound

Inter-Quartile

Lower-Bound

InterQuartile

Lower-Bound

Inter-Quartile

CORDAGE, ROPE & TWINE 3215 2123.56 5.82 0.00 2129.38

TEXTILES, N.E.C. 3219 5253.30 3413.19 1183.45 286.33 0.47 0.00 6437.23 3699.52

WEARING APPAREL 3220 12.70 4.79 0.00 17.49

TANNERIES AND LEATHER FINISHING 3231 4733.22 2332.36 12687.84 5278.62 220.02 0.00 17641.08 7610.98

FUR DRESSING AND DYEING 3232 692.88 861.93 20.08 1574.89

LEATHER PRODUCTS 3233 81.70 4.84 0.00 86.54

FOOTWEAR 3240 472.39 13.96 0.06 486.41

SAWMILLS, PLANING & OTHER WOOD MILLS 3311 226.97 556.97 71.31 54.94 1.09 0.00 299.36 611.91

WOODEN & CANE CONTAINERS; SMALL CANE WARE 3312 8.50 0.60 0.00 9.09

WOOD & CORK PRODUCTS, N.E.C. 3319 1490.24 138.85 0.13 1629.21

FURNITURE & FIXTURES, NONMETAL 3320 1390.62 4446.51 125.28 104.35 1.00 0.00 1516.90 4550.86

PULP, PAPER, & PAPERBOARD 3411 3627.03 1028.90 1671.80 45.36 1209.31 38.52 6508.15 1112.78

PAPER & PAPERBOARD CONTAINERS & BOXES 3412 435.38 1746.46 79.59 191.73 6.61 0.00 521.59 1938.19

PULP, PAPER & PAPERBOARD ARTICLES, 3419 1589.12 4709.00 400.67 420.21 6.00 0.00 1995.79 5129.21

PRINTING & PUBLISHING 3420 413.12 1546.91 55.79 164.80 0.02 0.00 468.93 1711.72

INDUSTRIAL CHEMICALS EXCEPT FERTILIZER 3511 5923.99 813.65 20577.03 903.72 2992.90 0.59 29493.91 1717.97

FERTILIZERS & PESTICIDES 3512 2363.89 243.21 3204.00 138.83 110.89 0.00 5678.79 382.04

SYNTHETIC RESINS, PLASTICS MATERIALS, & MANMADEFIBRES

3513 5692.07 1383.88 4718.77 527.61 416.18 0.27 10827.01 1911.77

PAINTS, VARNISHES, & LACQUERS 3521 1621.59 746.57 3891.10 416.51 4.22 0.00 5516.92 1163.08

DRUGS AND MEDICINES 3522 1451.39 802.73 2172.40 359.78 56.08 0.00 3679.87 1162.50

SOAP, CLEANING PREPS., PERFUMES, & TOILET PREPS. 3523 363.94 144.87 616.05 102.11 5.23 0.00 985.22 246.98

9


Code LowerBound

Inter-Quartile

Lower-Bound

Inter-Quartile

Lower-Bound

InterQuartile

Lower-Bound

Inter-Quartile

CHEMICAL PRODUCTS, N.E.C. 3529 2042.06 601.86 927.63 238.58 61.18 0.00 3030.86 840.44

PETROLEUM REFINERIES 3530 607.86 281.50 2574.07 49.70 45.84 8.91 3227.77 340.11

MISC. PETROLEUM & COAL PRODUCTS 3540 398.09 43.70 117.18 50.51 11.66 0.00 526.92 94.21

TIRES AND TUBES 3551 137.76 100.23 237.89 154.84 2.85 0.00 378.49 255.06

RUBBER PRODUCTS, N.E.C. 3559 1757.17 1943.34 671.38 339.74 0.43 0.00 2428.99 2283.08

PLASTICS PRODUCTS, N.E.C. 3560 1896.01 4141.55 561.73 132.58 4.63 0.00 2462.38 4274.13

POTTERY, CHINA, & EARTHENWARE 3610 456.27 310.82 746.58 652.42 0.97 0.00 1203.82 963.24

GLASS AND GLASS PRODUCTS 3620 211.54 147.36 136.09 13.64 17.15 0.00 364.78 161.01

STRUCTURAL CLAY PRODUCTS 3691 949.03 40.54 418.32 142.85 1.88 0.00 1369.23 183.39

CEMENT, LIME, AND PLASTER 3692 27.95 25.53 79.76 40.42 43.17 0.00 150.89 65.95

NONMETALLIC MINERAL PRODUCTS, N.E.C. 3699 417.88 842.35 687.98 354.27 2.08 0.00 1107.93 1196.62

IRON AND STEEL 3710 985.15 393.59 5647.07 1454.03 350.16 0.16 6982.37 1847.77

NONFERROUS METALS 3720 2988.29 391.40 7920.98 350.57 116.07 0.00 11025.34 741.97

CUTLERY, HAND TOOLS, & GENERAL HARDWARE 3811 726.01 942.34 397.16 324.35 2.50 0.00 1125.67 1266.69

FURNITURE & FIXTURES OF METAL 3812 602.41 966.42 308.07 299.83 1.30 0.00 911.78 1266.24

STRUCTURAL METAL PRODUCTS 3813 289.96 709.63 326.82 186.37 72.85 0.00 689.63 896.00

FABRICATED METAL PRODUCTS 3819 1226.97 1246.20 1498.62 645.46 41.14 0.00 2766.72 1891.66

ENGINES AND TURBINES 3821 565.63 705.07 497.01 326.01 6.87 0.00 1069.51 1031.08

AGRICULTURAL MACHINERY & EQUIPMENT 3822 250.49 540.32 69.07 34.33 9.32 0.00 328.89 574.64

METAL & WOOD WORKING MACHINERY 3823 154.24 353.16 338.54 110.35 3.55 0.00 496.33 463.51

SPECIAL INDUSTRIAL MACHINERY & EQUIPMENT 3824 148.61 320.63 245.51 60.58 2.67 0.00 396.79 381.21

OFFICE, COMPUTING, & ACCOUNTING MACHINERY 3825 111.20 262.44 39.46 25.78 0.08 0.00 150.74 288.22

10


Code LowerBound

Inter-Quartile

Lower-Bound

Inter-Quartile

Lower-Bound

InterQuartile

Lower-Bound

Inter-Quartile

MACHINERY & EQUIPMENT, N.E.C. 3829 472.39 636.59 212.51 128.54 14.95 0.00 699.85 765.13

ELECTRICAL INDUSTRIAL MACHINERY 3831 381.77 188.64 1.97 572.38 0.00

RADIO, TV, & COMMUNICATION EQUIPMENT 3832 732.25 638.96 660.59 525.21 6.47 0.00 1399.32 1164.17

ELECTRICAL APPLIANCES & HOUSEWARES 3833 203.56 117.99 0.04 321.59 0.00

ELECTRICAL APPARATUS AND SUPPLIES, N.E.C. 3839 414.90 254.13 858.69 237.32 10.33 0.00 1283.92 491.45

SHIPBUILDING AND REPAIRING 3841 1970.26 5291.43 284.00 36.46 0.28 0.00 2254.54 5327.89

RAILROAD EQUIPMENT 3842 413.34 221.70 0.24 635.28 0.00

MOTOR VEHICLES 3843 445.62 465.61 201.48 154.76 2.21 0.00 649.31 620.37

MOTORCYCLES AND BICYCLES 3844 236.54 171.69 95.74 503.97 0.00

AIRCRAFT 3845 607.54 854.20 314.53 247.51 1.35 0.00 923.42 1101.71

PROFESSIONAL & SCIENTIFIC EQUIPMENT 3851 306.97 508.07 149.92 106.22 1.09 0.00 457.97 614.29

PHOTOGRAPHIC AND OPTICAL GOODS 3852 773.23 420.85 0.07 1194.15 0.00

WATCHES AND CLOCKS 3853 531.95 275.08 0.00 807.03 0.00

JEWELERY AND RELATED ARTICLES 3901 136.69 49.22 13.57 199.48 0.00

MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS 3902 779.85 590.22 0.00 1370.07 0.00

SPORTING AND ATHLETIC GOODS 3903 381.74 1228.02 117.42 155.47 0.28 0.00 499.43 1383.49

MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES, N.E.C. 3909 496.12 1089.30 226.19 250.08 4.10 0.00 726.42 1339.38

11

Annex A1.3 Toxic Pollution Intensity by Medium with respect to Value Added(Pounds/1987 US $ Million)


Code Lower-Bound

Inter-Quartile

Lower-Bound

Inter-Quartile

Lower-Bound

Inter-Quartile

Lower-Bound

Inter-Quartile

MEAT PRODUCTS 3111 263.90 488.16 246.54 40.80 39.54 0.00 549.98 528.96

DAIRY PRODUCTS 3112 116.96 51.55 958.09 2083.65 84.23 0.00 1159.28 2135.20

PRESERVED FRUITS & VEGETABLES 3113 136.31 125.33 476.74 117.90 38.34 0.00 651.39 243.23

FISH PRODUCTS 3114 40.10 45.79 0.00 85.89

OILS AND FATS 3115 631.87 114.19 3691.79 174.25 204.36 0.00 4528.02 288.44


BAKERY PRODUCTS 3117 7.48 9.09 0.00 16.57

SUGAR FACTORIES & REFINERIES 3118 195.90 46.36 935.97 758.16 5.47 0.00 1137.34 804.53

CONFECTIONERY PRODUCTS 3119 57.12 71.14 0.00 128.26

FOOD PRODUCTS, N.E.C. 3121 102.37 75.10 182.31 27.10 7.28 0.00 291.97 102.20

PREPARED ANIMAL FOODS 3122 62.37 273.82 81.94 44.75 5.30 0.00 149.61 318.57


WINE INDUSTRIES 3132 141.39 358.62 0.00 500.01


TOBACCO MANUFACTURES 3140 395.25 39.17 2.69 437.10



KNITTING MILLS 3213 301.39 200.44 589.64 1492.92 27.77 0.14 918.80 1693.50

CARPETS AND RUGS 3214 615.15 669.82 1109.46 1650.27 147.68 0.00 1872.29 2320.09

12


Code Lower-Bound

Inter-Quartile

Lower-Bound

Inter-Quartile

Lower-Bound

Inter-Quartile

Lower-Bound

Inter-Quartile


WEARING APPAREL 3220 24.10 9.08 0.00 33.18

TANNERIES AND LEATHER FINISHING 3231 13889.81 7834.84 37232.96 15288.72 645.66 0.00 51768.42 23123.56

TEXTILES, N.E.C. 3219 11534.67 7610.42 2598.51 735.22 1.04 0.00 14134.22 8345.64


LEATHER PRODUCTS 3233 147.48 8.73 0.00 156.22

FOOTWEAR 3240 904.62 26.74 0.11 931.47




FURNITURE & FIXTURES, NONMETAL 3320 2616.08 8026.37 235.68 184.59 1.88 0.00 2853.65 8210.96


PAPER & PAPERBOARD CONTAINERS & BOXES 3412 1152.61 4549.88 210.70 440.34 17.50 0.00 1380.81 4990.21

PULP, PAPER & PAPERBOARD ARTICLES, 3419 3221.01 10062.26 812.12 915.38 12.17 0.00 4045.30 10977.64



FERTILIZERS & PESTICIDES 3512 4393.70 618.08 5955.21 216.02 206.12 0.00 10555.03 834.10

SYNTHETIC RESINS, PLASTICS MATERIALS, &MANMADE FIBRES

3513 12908.77 3736.73 10701.47 1367.73 943.83 0.50 24554.07 5104.96


DRUGS AND MEDICINES 3522 2022.74 1402.92 3027.57 563.53 78.15 0.00 5128.46 1966.46


13


Code Lower-Bound

Inter-Quartile

Lower-Bound

Inter-Quartile

Lower-Bound

Inter-Quartile

Lower-Bound

Inter-Quartile




TIRES AND TUBES 3551 258.41 196.85 446.25 313.48 5.35 0.00 710.01 510.33



POTTERY, CHINA, & EARTHENWARE 3610 653.49 451.26 1069.29 913.97 1.38 0.00 1724.17 1365.23

GLASS AND GLASS PRODUCTS 3620 373.23 279.44 240.12 22.53 30.25 0.00 643.60 301.96


CEMENT, LIME, AND PLASTER 3692 53.21 55.47 151.82 69.56 82.18 0.00 287.21 125.03

NONMETALLIC MINERAL PRODUCTS, N.E.C. 3699 808.70 1459.75 1331.42 671.65 4.02 0.00 2144.14 2131.40

IRON AND STEEL 3710 2263.07 818.52 12972.32 2856.52 804.37 0.30 16039.76 3675.34






ENGINES AND TURBINES 3821 1157.62 1500.72 1017.19 623.39 14.07 0.00 2188.88 2124.11

AGRICULTURAL MACHINERY & EQUIPMENT 3822 513.16 1065.78 141.51 69.48 19.09 0.00 673.75 1135.26




14


Code Lower-Bound

Inter-Quartile

Lower-Bound

Inter-Quartile

Lower-Bound

Inter-Quartile

Lower-Bound

Inter-Quartile


ELECTRICAL INDUSTRIAL MACHINERY 3831 700.30 346.02 3.62 1049.94


ELECTRICAL APPLIANCES & HOUSEWARES 3833 402.67 233.39 0.08 636.14


SHIPBUILDING AND REPAIRING 3841 3559.98 10487.79 513.15 66.06 0.50 0.00 4073.63 10553.86

RAILROAD EQUIPMENT 3842 788.99 423.19 0.46 1212.63

MOTOR VEHICLES 3843 1346.22 1216.53 608.67 376.23 6.67 0.00 1961.56 1592.75

MOTORCYCLES AND BICYCLES 3844 693.10 503.08 280.53 1476.70

AIRCRAFT 3845 1066.05 1355.25 551.91 386.83 2.36 0.00 1620.32 1742.08


WATCHES AND CLOCKS 3853 1108.50 573.22 0.00 1681.72

JEWELERY AND RELATED ARTICLES 3901 320.69 115.46 31.84 467.99

MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS 3902 1263.09 955.96 0.00 2219.05

15

Annex A1.4 Toxic Pollution Intensity by Medium with respect to Value Added(Pounds/1987 US $ Million)

To Air To Land To Water Total

Four Digit ISIC Description ISICCode

Lower-Bound

Inter-Quartile

Lower-Bound

Inter-Quartile

Lower-Bound

Inter-Quartile

Lower-Bound

Inter-Quartile

SPORTING AND ATHLETIC GOODS 3903 698.75 2337.64 214.94 278.20 0.51 0.00 914.19 2615.84


MEAT PRODUCTS 3111 0.00 5.83 84.38 90.20

DAIRY PRODUCTS 3112 7.31 0.00 0.00 7.31


FISH PRODUCTS 3114 0.00

OILS AND FATS 3115 33.34 10583.23 6.67 10623.24


BAKERY PRODUCTS 3117 0.00


CONFECTIONERY PRODUCTS 3119 0.00

FOOD PRODUCTS, N.E.C. 3121 2.09 58.98 79.28 140.36

PREPARED ANIMAL FOODS 3122 145.63 185.01 0.00 330.65

DISTILLED SPIRITS 3131 0.00

WINE INDUSTRIES 3132 0.00 162.44 0.00 162.44


TOBACCO MANUFACTURES 3140 0.00

SPINNING, WEAVING, & FINISHING TEXTILES 3211 270.95 3774.38 5483.01 12923.55 18.27 362.51 5772.23 17060.


16



Lower-Bound

Inter-Quartile

Lower-Bound

Inter-Quartile

Lower-Bound

Inter-Quartile

Lower-Bound

Inter-Quartile

KNITTING MILLS 3213 0.00 86.51 0.00 86.51

CARPETS AND RUGS 3214 0.00


TEXTILES, N.E.C. 3219 177.42 3655.61 33.47 3866.50

WEARING APPAREL 3220 0.58 46.67 0.00 47.25

TANNERIES AND LEATHER FINISHING 3231 252.88 134329.10 204.01 134785.98


LEATHER PRODUCTS 3233 0.00

FOOTWEAR 3240 0.00

SAWMILLS, PLANING & OTHER WOOD MILLS 3311 257.72 1471.27 3423.42 8021.60 5.34 0.00 3686.49 9493.



FURNITURE & FIXTURES, NONMETAL 3320 60.24 127.31 0.00 187.55

PULP, PAPER, & PAPERBOARD 3411 82.15 0.00 4128.88 17947.79 1883.67 4025.55 6094.70 21973.

PAPER & PAPERBOARD CONTAINERS & BOXES 3412 0.00 9.49 0.00 9.49

PULP, PAPER & PAPERBOARD ARTICLES 3419 1690.92 2170.09 80.49 3941.50

PRINTING & PUBLISHING 3420 1.83 0.00 129.03 10808.61 0.13 0.00 130.99 10809.

INDUSTRIAL CHEMICALS EXCEPT FERTILIZER 3511 9227.84 3767.84 292572.92 74595.21 8571.05 82.71 310371.81 78446.


SYNTHETIC RESINS, PLASTICS MATERIALS, & MANMADE FIBRES 3513 416.58 429.77 64863.89 22024.29 1356.58 14.66 66637.05 22469.

PAINTS, VARNISHES, & LACQUERS 3521 3225.47 4059.91 24839.00 13913.61 20.41 0.00 28084.88 17974.


17



Lower-Bound

Inter-Quartile

Lower-Bound

Inter-Quartile

Lower-Bound

Inter-Quartile

Lower-Bound

Inter-Quartile

SOAP, CLEANING PREPS., PERFUMES, & TOILET PREPS. 3523 103.00 232.08 7814.55 53130.08 69.33 0.00 7986.88 53362.

CHEMICAL PRODUCTS, N.E.C. 3529 212.04 701.04 3314.65 8650.70 687.37 0.00 4214.06 9352.

PETROLEUM REFINERIES 3530 7840.02 1581.50 72479.19 27170.60 3110.23 920.23 83429.44 29672.

MISC. PETROLEUM & COAL PRODUCTS 3540 213.86 424.35 6890.38 6298.84 70.16 53.96 7174.40 6777.

TIRES AND TUBES 3551 855.10 588.15 33264.76 21205.01 42.78 0.00 34162.63 21793.

RUBBER PRODUCTS, N.E.C. 3559 270.86 253.42 25331.77 30902.73 22.89 0.00 25625.52 31156.

PLASTICS PRODUCTS, N.E.C. 3560 46.57 513.97 1795.14 9580.32 101.03 0.00 1942.74 10094.

POTTERY, CHINA, & EARTHENWARE 3610 212.10 18247.86 34.87 18494.82

GLASS AND GLASS PRODUCTS 3620 2642.23 3361.37 7.17 6010.77

STRUCTURAL CLAY PRODUCTS 3691 1149.21 2321.43 30303.24 9540.58 81.72 0.00 31534.18 11862.

CEMENT, LIME, AND PLASTER 3692 199.98 8219.87 0.41 8420.25

NONMETALLIC MINERAL PRODUCTS, N.E.C. 3699 841.84 5940.92 6.60 6789.35

IRON AND STEEL 3710 26937.00 4579.16 593910.56 141519.94 4072.73 93.36 624920.28 146192.

NONFERROUS METALS 3720 40127.67 17012.01 1329440.21 18503.21 798.82 17.37 1370366.71 35533.

CUTLERY, HAND TOOLS, & GENERAL HARDWARE 3811 1116.06 777.38 12815.87 19574.12 16.46 0.00 13948.40 20352.

FURNITURE & FIXTURES OF METAL 3812 130.58 363.98 1923.23 11052.31 0.48 0.00 2054.30 11416.

STRUCTURAL METAL PRODUCTS 3813 637.13 1476.20 9790.10 13955.18 142.98 0.00 10570.21 15431.

FABRICATED METAL PRODUCTS 3819 1129.07 1008.74 50735.25 40907.25 388.12 0.00 52252.44 41916.

ENGINES AND TURBINES 3821 5007.11 14151.61 38.65 19197.38

AGRICULTURAL MACHINERY & EQUIPMENT 3822 191.54 1604.76 12.57 1808.87

METAL & WOOD WORKING MACHINERY 3823 257.90 2066.99 21581.51 11519.74 1.71 0.00 21841.12 13587.

SPECIAL INDUSTRIAL MACHINERY & EQUIPMENT 3824 131.43 829.51 4294.41 13833.15 3.60 0.00 4429.45 14663.

18



Lower-Bound

Inter-Quartile

Lower-Bound

Inter-Quartile

Lower-Bound

Inter-Quartile

Lower-Bound

Inter-Quartile

OFFICE, COMPUTING, & ACCOUNTING MACHINERY 3825 17.38 42.77 877.79 12307.71 2.29 0.00 897.45 12350.



RADIO, TV, & COMMUNICATION EQUIPMENT 3832 93.62 86.20 8079.26 17099.99 17.89 0.00 8190.76 17186.


ELECTRICAL APPARATUS AND SUPPLIES, N.E.C. 3839 1358.53 1356.47 51511.13 30858.19 48.61 0.00 52918.27 32215.

SHIPBUILDING AND REPAIRING 3841 3547.39 2389.51 11.50 5948.40


MOTOR VEHICLES 3843 476.94 551.25 9985.07 6995.20 9.44 0.00 10471.44 7546.


AIRCRAFT 3845 59.47 215.71 5023.72 6241.87 11.57 1.29 5094.76 6459.

PROFESSIONAL & SCIENTIFIC EQUIPMENT 3851 14.86 137.98 1626.79 10082.58 2.11 0.00 1643.76 10221.

PHOTOGRAPHIC AND OPTICAL GOODS 3852 5.95 3012.42 0.00 3018.37




SPORTING AND ATHLETIC GOODS 3903 29.92 1718.10 27.13 1775.15

MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES, N.E.C. 3909 613.03 678.38 6580.27 21606.99 23.26 172.60 7216.56 22458.

19

Annex A1.5 Toxic Metal Pollution Intensity by Medium with respect to Value of Output(Pounds/1987 US $ Million)


Code LowerBound

InterQuartile

LowerBound

InterQuartile

LowerBound

Inter-Quartile

Lower--Bound

Inter-Quartile

MEAT PRODUCTS 3111 0 0.0255628 0.3702836 0.3958464

DAIRY PRODUCTS 3112 0.0227366 0 0 0.0227366

PRESERVED FRUITS & VEGETABLES 3113 0 0.5593429 0.1340437 0.6933866

FISH PRODUCTS 3114

OILS AND FATS 3115 0.0608997 19.331864 0.0121799 19.404943

GRAIN MILL PRODUCTS 3116 0.0599848 1.5329088 0 1.5928936


SUGAR FACTORIES & REFINERIES 3118 0 1.1015761 0 1.1015761

CONFECTIONERY PRODUCTS 3119


PREPARED ANIMAL FOODS 3122 0.4110766 0.5222341 0 0.9333107

DISTILLED SPIRITS 3131

WINE INDUSTRIES 3132 0 0.6689176 0 0.6689176




MADE-UP TEXTILES EXCEPT APPAREL 3212 2.356797 6.807881 0 9.1646779

KNITTING MILLS 3213 0 1.2859897 0 1.2859897


CORDAGE, ROPE & TWINE 3215 8.7273743 0 0 8.7273743

TEXTILES, N.E.C. 3219 1.0768821 22.188918 0.2031853 23.468985

WEARING APPAREL 3220 0.0105307 0.8428808 0 0.8534116



LEATHER PRODUCTS 3233

FOOTWEAR 3240


WOODEN & CANE CONTAINERS; SMALL CANE WARE 3312 0 0.5958914 0 0.5958914

20


Code LowerBound

InterQuartile

LowerBound

InterQuartile

LowerBound

Inter-Quartile

Lower--Bound

Inter-Quartile

WOOD & CORK PRODUCTS, N.E.C. 3319 0.0643312 0.660553 0 0.7248842

FURNITURE & FIXTURES, NONMETAL 3320 0.8729709 1.844975 0 2.7179459

PULP, PAPER, & PAPERBOARD 3411 0.342111 0 17.194217 66.142885 7.8443197 13.9122 25.380648 80.0551

PAPER & PAPERBOARD CONTAINERS & BOXES 3412 0 0.0695779 0 0.0695779

PULP, PAPER & PAPERBOARD ARTICLES, 3419 9.582677 12.298231 0.4561529 22.337061

PRINTING & PUBLISHING 3420 0.0194735 0 1.3723659 85.05069 0.0013741 0.0000 1.3932134 85.0507




3513 1.5789967 1.5569748 245.85827 87.89604 5.1419582 0.0460 252.57922 89.4990







TIRES AND TUBES 3551 5.3541015 3.7295327 208.28418 151.73043 0.2678445 0.0000 213.90612 155.4600








IRON AND STEEL 3710 169.11075 37.496486 3728.576 1078.834 25.568609 0.4675 3923.2554 1116.7980








21


Code LowerBound

InterQuartile

LowerBound

InterQuartile

LowerBound

Inter-Quartile

Lower--Bound

Inter-Quartile











MOTOR VEHICLES 3843 1.9399176 4.4443077 40.613467 36.32414 0.0383849 0.0000 42.59177 40.7684

MOTORCYCLES AND BICYCLES 3844 4.56468 33.197672 1.8154977 39.57785 0.0000

AIRCRAFT 3845 0.4635816 2.4108782 39.15878 71.102047 0.0901489 0.0085 39.71251 73.5215


PHOTOGRAPHIC AND OPTICAL GOODS 3852 0.073132 37.034946 0 37.108078

WATCHES AND CLOCKS 3853 1.2689056 0.2114843 0 1.4803899


MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS 3902 4.2616113 42.4379 0 46.699511



22

Annex A1.6 Toxic Metal Pollution Intensity by Medium with respect to Value Added(Pounds/1987 US $ Million)


Code Lower-Bound

Inter-Quartile

Lower-Bound

Inter-Quartile

Lower--Bound

Inter-Quartile

Lower-Bound

Inter-Quartile

MEAT PRODUCTS 3111 0.00 0.14 2.06 2.20

DAIRY PRODUCTS 3112 0.09 0.00 0.00 0.09


FISH PRODUCTS 3114 0.00

OILS AND FATS 3115 0.24 75.59 0.05 75.88






PREPARED ANIMAL FOODS 3122 1.26 1.60 0.00 2.87

DISTILLED SPIRITS 3131

WINE INDUSTRIES 3132 0.00 1.55 0.00 1.55





KNITTING MILLS 3213 0.00 2.77 0.00 2.77



TEXTILES, N.E.C. 3219 2.36 48.72 0.45 51.53

WEARING APPAREL 3220 0.02 1.60 0.00 1.62




FOOTWEAR 3240



23


Code Lower-Bound

Inter-Quartile

Lower-Bound

Inter-Quartile

Lower--Bound

Inter-Quartile

Lower-Bound

Inter-Quartile


FURNITURE & FIXTURES, NONMETAL 3320 1.64 3.47 0.00 5.11


PAPER & PAPERBOARD CONTAINERS & BOXES 3412 0.00 0.18 0.00 0.18

PULP, PAPER & PAPERBOARD ARTICLES, 3419 19.42 24.93 0.92 45.28




SYNTHETIC RESINS, PLASTICS MATERIALS, & MANMADE FIBRES 3513 3.58 3.20 557.57 221.74 11.66 0.07 572.81 225.01







TIRES AND TUBES 3551 10.04 7.23 390.72 298.79 0.50 0.00 401.26 306.01








IRON AND STEEL 3710 388.48 73.53 8565.20 2099.08 58.74 1.04 9012.42 2173.65









24


Code Lower-Bound

Inter-Quartile

Lower-Bound

Inter-Quartile

Lower--Bound

Inter-Quartile

Lower-Bound

Inter-Quartile






ELECTRICAL APPLIANCES & HOUSEWARES 3833 0.26 30.95 0.06 31.26 0.00




MOTOR VEHICLES 3843 5.86 8.77 122.69 98.08 0.12 0.00 128.67 106.86


AIRCRAFT 3845 0.81 3.67 68.71 109.82 0.16 0.01 69.68 113.51


PHOTOGRAPHIC AND OPTICAL GOODS 3852 0.11 56.83 0.00 56.94






25

Annex A1.7 Air Pollution Intensities with respect to EmploymentLower Bound Intensity Estimates (Pounds/'000 Employees)

Four Digit ISIC Description ISIC SO2 NO2 CO Volatile OrganicCompounds

Fine Particulates Total SuspendedParticulates

MEAT PRODUCTS 3111 44323 455101 113689 2308 1266 12838

DAIRY PRODUCTS 3112 45381 63808 11378 2940 146 23371


FISH PRODUCTS 3114 25533 11223 795 327 234 4770

OILS AND FATS 3115 5138719 1839383 410690 1407836 3230523 5263863


BAKERY PRODUCTS 3117 1843 4138 536 20448 0 1853






WINE INDUSTRIES 3132 112248 16894 1462 325 0 11696



SPINNING, WEAVING, & FINISHING TEXTILES 3211 226919 313100 42020 85891 6074 40606

MADE-UP TEXTILES EXCEPT APPAREL 3212 1436 885 205 10244 0 2126

KNITTING MILLS 3213 14564 6025 2514 4895 865 9129



26



TEXTILES, N.E.C. 3219 123187 50971 9284 978264 0 73287

WEARING APPAREL 3220 1747 658 184 436 16 82

TANNERIES AND LEATHER FINISHING 3231 204304 53953 19877 600508 6427 24660



FOOTWEAR 3240 910 107 0 7793 0 54

SAWMILLS, PLANING & OTHER WOOD MILLS 3311 115100 260044 655365 278642 10260 361844

WOODEN & CANE CONTAINERS; SMALL CANE WARE 3312 59 119 475 2376 1010 15385




PAPER & PAPERBOARD CONTAINERS & BOXES 3412 27467 200638 46536 60764 1107 6264

PULP, PAPER & PAPERBOARD ARTICLES 3419 73662 22531 6872 123471 12 1718


INDUSTRIAL CHEMICALS EXCEPT FERTILIZER 3511 3668697 2725058 2104691 2129347 124382 589541



3513 1367978 3555516 525710 2601877 1104 208980



SOAP, CLEANING PREPS., PERFUMES, & TOILET PREPS. 3523 144125 171684 59431 55590 58487 77160



27



MISC. PETROLEUM & COAL PRODUCTS 3540 6230651 3876530 2934821 973230 191288 2389915

TIRE AND TUBES 3551 606466 209569 25712 613870 8663 67061







NONMETALLIC MINERAL PRODUCTS, N.E.C. 3699 390064 174035 83520 47896 238441 657245

IRON AND STEEL 3710 2845984 1236233 4435070 380969 786589 659404


CUTLERY, HAND TOOLS, & GENERAL HARDWARE 3811 14459 93182 7432 23388 0 4066





AGRICULTURAL MACHINERY & EQUIPMENT 3822 375779 102244 130788 220647 27 62839


SPECIAL INDUSTRIAL MACHINERY & EQUIPMENT 3824 62699 53715 9512 40603 163 12469

OFFICE, COMPUTING, & ACCOUNTING MACHINERY 3825 841 707 67 11750 0 372


ELECTRICAL INDUSTRIAL MACHINERY 3831 287267 75597 11800 47035 146 5335

RADIO, TV, & COMMUNICATION EQUIPMENT 3832 7422 3711 964 45140 289 562

28



ELECTRICAL APPLIANCES & HOUSEWARES 3833 227 1699 283 79916 113 57

ELECTRICAL APPARATUS AND SUPPLIES, N.E.C. 3839 42980 92928 194662 45305 1212 33571



MOTOR VEHICLES 3843 68596 34614 46389 319001 2905 34469


AIRCRAFT 3845 13622 11102 28497 42214 390 2110

PROFESSIONAL & SCIENTIFIC EQUIPMENT 3851 1331 2312 296 3378 0 404



JEWELERY AND RELATED ARTICLES 3901 22154 7415 1854 6058 0 7098



MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES, N.E.C. 3909 2272 1105 847 32467 0 589

29

Annex A1.8 Air Pollution Intensities with respect to Total Value of OutputLower Bound Intensity Estimates (Pounds/1987 US $ Million)

Four Digit ISIC Description ISIC SO2 NO2 CO VolatileOrganic

Compounds


MEAT PRODUCTS 3111 195 1997 499 10 6 56

DAIRY PRODUCTS 3112 141 198 35 9 0 73


FISH PRODUCTS 3114 173 76 5 2 2 32

OILS AND FATS 3115 9387 3360 750 2572 5901 9615


BAKERY PRODUCTS 3117 16 36 5 179 0 16






WINE INDUSTRIES 3132 462 70 6 1 0 48





KNITTING MILLS 3213 217 90 37 73 13 136


30


Compounds



TEXTILES, N.E.C. 3219 748 309 56 5938 0 445





FOOTWEAR 3240 16 2 0 134 0 1







PULP, PAPER & PAPERBOARD ARTICLES, 3419 417 128 39 700 0 10




SYNTHETIC RESINS, PLASTICS MATERIALS, & MANMADE FIBRES 3513 5185 13477 1993 9862 4 792





31


Compounds




TIRES AND TUBES 3551 3797 1312 161 3844 54 420








IRON AND STEEL 3710 17867 7761 27843 2392 4938 4140












32


Compounds








MOTOR VEHICLES 3843 279 141 189 1298 12 140


AIRCRAFT 3845 106 87 222 329 3 16








33

Annex A1.9 Air Pollution Intensities with respect to Value AddedLower Bound Intensity Estimates (Pounds/1987 US $ Million)



MEAT PRODUCTS 3111 1081 11103 2774 56 31 313

DAIRY PRODUCTS 3112 532 748 133 34 2 274


FISH PRODUCTS 3114 618 272 19 8 6 115

OILS AND FATS 3115 36704 13138 2933 10056 23075 37598


BAKERY PRODUCTS 3117 25 57 7 280 0 25






WINE INDUSTRIES 3132 1070 161 14 3 0 112





KNITTING MILLS 3213 467 193 81 157 28 293



TEXTILES, N.E.C. 3219 1642 679 124 13038 0 977





FOOTWEAR 3240 30 4 0 257 0 2




34






PULP, PAPER & PAPERBOARD ARTICLES, 3419 846 259 79 1418 0 20





3513 11759 30563 4519 22366 9 1796







TIRES AND TUBES 3551 7123 2462 302 7210 102 788








IRON AND STEEL 3710 41044 17829 63961 5494 11344 9510










35











MOTOR VEHICLES 3843 843 425 570 3920 36 424


AIRCRAFT 3845 186 152 390 577 5 29








36

Annex A1.10 Air Pollution Intensities with respect to EmploymentInter-Quartile Intensity Estimates (Pounds/'000 Employees)

Four Digit ISIC Description ISIC Code SO2 NO2 CO Volatile OrganicCompounds


MEAT PRODUCTS 3111 3966 55486 13519 2258 0 3898

DAIRY PRODUCTS 3112 94058 264715 52612 260 0 23779


FISH PRODUCTS 3114

OILS AND FATS 3115 2625413 1846622 370432 909298 28353 2342853


BAKERY PRODUCTS 3117 248 18650 3097 92096 0 3310






WINE INDUSTRIES 3132




MADE-UP TEXTILES EXCEPT APPAREL 3212

KNITTING MILLS 3213



37



TEXTILES, N.E.C. 3219 23955 88257 8631 1524921 0 17152

WEARING APPAREL 3220


FUR DRESSING AND DYEING 3232


FOOTWEAR 3240


WOODEN & CANE CONTAINERS; SMALL CANE WARE 3312





PULP, PAPER & PAPERBOARD ARTICLES 3419





3513 270527 415721 39263 893381 0 115610






38




TIRES AND TUBES 3551

RUBBER PRODUCTS, N.E.C. 3559

PLASTICS PRODUCTS, N.E.C. 3560






IRON AND STEEL 3710 29526 72064 545900 16418 0 172642










OFFICE, COMPUTING, & ACCOUNTING MACHINERY 3825


ELECTRICAL INDUSTRIAL MACHINERY 3831


39



ELECTRICAL APPLIANCES & HOUSEWARES 3833



RAILROAD EQUIPMENT 3842

MOTOR VEHICLES 3843 1211 11560 1958 285218 0 3638

MOTORCYCLES AND BICYCLES 3844

AIRCRAFT 3845 113 7341 901 59632 0 1078


PHOTOGRAPHIC AND OPTICAL GOODS 3852

WATCHES AND CLOCKS 3853

JEWELERY AND RELATED ARTICLES 3901




40

Annex A1.11 Air Pollution Intensities with respect to Total Value of OutputInter-Quartile Intensity Estimates (Pounds/1987 US $ Million)

ISIC Code SO2 NO2 CO Volatile OrganicCompounds

Fine Particulates TotalSuspendedParticulates

MEAT PRODUCTS 3111 35.53 265.27 77.61 22.22 0.00 22.01

DAIRY PRODUCTS 3112 219.32 551.96 112.11 0.64 0.00 44.42

PRESERVED FRUITS & VEGETABLES 3113 828.83 880.51 151.68 4.14 0.00 74.46

FISH PRODUCTS 3114

OILS AND FATS 3115 2875.93 1882.61 338.91 803.25 90.75 1971.68

GRAIN MILL PRODUCTS 3116 0.00 71.89 4.47 0.00 0.00 2133.12

BAKERY PRODUCTS 3117 1.11 149.05 21.17 710.23 0.00 22.70

SUGAR FACTORIES & REFINERIES 3118 9568.19 8405.41 3066.88 85.86 0.00 5282.89


FOOD PRODUCTS, N.E.C. 3121 75.05 212.86 22.32 7.80 0.00 38.65

PREPARED ANIMAL FOODS 3122 0.00 31.22 0.00 0.00 0.00 3291.84

DISTILLED SPIRITS 3131 787.44 551.40 162.36 18078.93 0.00 146.62


MALT LIQUORS AND MALT 3133 535.67 1180.82 127.15 15.01 0.00 34.29

TOBACCO MANUFACTURES 3140 752.47 193.07 42.24 260.32 7.27 5.01

SPINNING, WEAVING, & FINISHING TEXTILES 3211 7481.59 3965.13 371.74 128.12 15.34 527.98


KNITTING MILLS 3213


41




TEXTILES, N.E.C. 3219 220.13 536.67 53.37 12181.55 0.00 133.73


TANNERIES AND LEATHER FINISHING 3231 2138.92 976.81 142.20 8438.76 0.00 269.49



FOOTWEAR 3240

SAWMILLS, PLANING & OTHER WOOD MILLS 3311 128.16 3166.62 6153.77 2464.65 0.00 7239.26

WOODEN & CANE CONTAINERS; SMALL CANE WARE 3312


FURNITURE & FIXTURES, NONMETAL 3320 47.56 147.02 220.89 16653.09 0.00 163.57

PULP, PAPER, & PAPERBOARD 3411 21219.90 10262.11 4904.09 1259.23 0.00 2173.43

PAPER & PAPERBOARD CONTAINERS & BOXES 3412 0.02 404.84 66.02 31.31 0.00 69.07


PRINTING & PUBLISHING 3420 0.00 41.99 0.92 4148.15 0.00 0.00

INDUSTRIAL CHEMICALS EXCEPT FERTILIZER 3511 4803.58 3922.13 477.52 780.92 0.00 1139.59

FERTILIZERS & PESTICIDES 3512 91.68 976.08 3.41 50.15 0.00 250.45


3513 1480.94 1521.24 140.67 3279.35 0.00 434.39

PAINTS, VARNISHES, & LACQUERS 3521 0.00 17.23 2.27 4614.44 0.00 25.40

DRUGS AND MEDICINES 3522 1001.59 386.74 38.72 1471.14 0.00 116.05

SOAP, CLEANING PREPS., PERFUMES, & TOILETPREPS.

3523 11.39 393.49 128.01 325.03 0.00 113.93

42



CHEMICAL PRODUCTS, N.E.C. 3529 681.67 707.47 49.60 3553.31 0.00 144.01

PETROLEUM REFINERIES 3530 9123.11 4671.79 1063.34 4579.11 0.00 741.06

MISC. PETROLEUM & COAL PRODUCTS 3540 1307.25 1093.10 656.66 738.57 0.00 4263.76




POTTERY, CHINA, & EARTHENWARE 3610 13.64 607.75 86.96 1321.27 0.00 1217.45

GLASS AND GLASS PRODUCTS 3620 6456.71 15348.04 330.22 463.50 0.00 3013.68

STRUCTURAL CLAY PRODUCTS 3691 192.10 1663.19 273.37 108.67 0.00 12899.29

CEMENT, LIME, AND PLASTER 3692 88210.97 54281.38 3113.18 116.15 0.00 22877.82

NONMETALLIC MINERAL PRODUCTS, N.E.C. 3699 18.25 423.35 66.96 32.23 0.00 3290.21

IRON AND STEEL 3710 344.69 558.09 4291.44 145.32 0.00 1525.50


CUTLERY, HAND TOOLS, & GENERAL HARDWARE 3811 7.34 127.33 30.83 550.36 0.00 28.25

FURNITURE & FIXTURES OF METAL 3812 0.01 37.75 1.91 5162.30 0.00 32.21

STRUCTURAL METAL PRODUCTS 3813 0.00 31.45 0.42 1330.41 0.00 2.88

FABRICATED METAL PRODUCTS 3819 0.00 96.29 3.58 4315.23 0.00 7.46

ENGINES AND TURBINES 3821 22.69 133.21 36.08 612.90 0.00 16.81

AGRICULTURAL MACHINERY & EQUIPMENT 3822 0.72 56.34 14.49 825.49 0.00 30.39

METAL & WOOD WORKING MACHINERY 3823 6.05 100.55 13.17 347.89 0.00 52.21

SPECIAL INDUSTRIAL MACHINERY & EQUIPMENT 3824 5.91 129.50 28.33 618.62 0.00 10.30

OFFICE, COMPUTING, & ACCOUNTING MACHINERY 3825

43



MACHINERY & EQUIPMENT, N.E.C. 3829 0.07 57.68 4.68 1204.95 0.00 15.40


RADIO, TV, & COMMUNICATION EQUIPMENT 3832 0.00 75.71 0.62 2239.81 0.00 1.37


ELECTRICAL APPARATUS AND SUPPLIES, N.E.C. 3839 44.60 65.06 2.29 586.33 0.00 74.15

SHIPBUILDING AND REPAIRING 3841 0.00 0.00 0.00 5642.84 0.00 20.00


MOTOR VEHICLES 3843 4.10 38.98 6.27 1082.39 0.00 11.94


AIRCRAFT 3845 0.94 60.84 8.27 608.16 0.00 11.20

PROFESSIONAL & SCIENTIFIC EQUIPMENT 3851 0.00 30.83 2.71 412.75 0.00 0.00



JEWELERY AND RELATED ARTICLES 3901


SPORTING AND ATHLETIC GOODS 3903 0.00 43.65 0.00 7984.18 0.00 38.87

MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES, N.E.C. 3909 0.05 118.86 107.10 4623.62 0.00 59.59

44

Annex A1.12 Air Pollution Intensities with respect to Value AddedInter-Quartile Intensity Estimates (Pounds/1987 US $ Million)



MEAT PRODUCTS 3111 201.37 1125.53 387.34 164.68 0.00 82.37

DAIRY PRODUCTS 3112 911.56 4292.74 754.42 1.13 0.00 160.51

PRESERVED FRUITS & VEGETABLES 3113 1628.02 2448.17 380.10 8.02 0.00 211.29

FISH PRODUCTS 3114

OILS AND FATS 3115 20758.14 14536.39 2945.29 6725.64 291.96 17444.28

GRAIN MILL PRODUCTS 3116 0.00 170.28 9.53 0.00 0.00 10539.86

BAKERY PRODUCTS 3117 1.71 252.58 35.33 1189.48 0.00 35.52

SUGAR FACTORIES & REFINERIES 3118 30330.86 27245.92 9563.41 298.39 0.00 15298.38


FOOD PRODUCTS, N.E.C. 3121 285.88 539.97 51.31 43.27 0.00 81.06

PREPARED ANIMAL FOODS 3122 0.00 75.20 0.00 0.00 0.00 9726.49

DISTILLED SPIRITS 3131 1259.11 871.38 263.95 32971.97 0.00 268.06


MALT LIQUORS AND MALT 3133 1016.48 2357.51 273.83 27.13 0.00 65.76

TOBACCO MANUFACTURES 3140 1178.59 326.96 96.15 341.07 19.74 6.83

SPINNING, WEAVING, & FINISHING TEXTILES 3211 16424.40 8658.79 814.94 275.06 51.73 1047.18


KNITTING MILLS 3213



45



TEXTILES, N.E.C. 3219 358.10 980.85 98.35 27839.34 0.00 273.36


TANNERIES AND LEATHER FINISHING 3231 9422.69 3734.32 545.63 25417.69 0.00 903.46



FOOTWEAR 3240

SAWMILLS, PLANING & OTHER WOOD MILLS 3311 375.41 9409.99 17763.09 7313.64 0.00 22167.28

WOODEN & CANE CONTAINERS; SMALL CANEWARE

3312


FURNITURE & FIXTURES, NONMETAL 3320 86.21 258.54 401.95 30569.23 0.00 312.95

PULP, PAPER, & PAPERBOARD 3411 45125.70 22115.00 10599.14 2641.26 0.00 4560.85

PAPER & PAPERBOARD CONTAINERS & BOXES 3412 0.07 1315.21 217.49 110.97 0.00 224.07


PRINTING & PUBLISHING 3420 0.00 88.25 1.68 8862.20 0.00 0.00

INDUSTRIAL CHEMICALS EXCEPT FERTILIZER 3511 10068.36 8377.82 1066.53 1654.73 0.00 2437.80

FERTILIZERS & PESTICIDES 3512 209.86 2674.59 5.08 159.00 0.00 863.19


3513 3071.68 3932.27 324.11 8260.42 0.00 1057.74

PAINTS, VARNISHES, & LACQUERS 3521 0.00 38.50 4.68 10094.90 0.00 50.53

DRUGS AND MEDICINES 3522 1388.86 576.04 55.32 2300.79 0.00 168.67

SOAP, CLEANING PREPS., PERFUMES, & TOILETPREPS.

3523 31.86 833.07 217.99 697.43 0.00 263.33

CHEMICAL PRODUCTS, N.E.C. 3529 1182.87 1326.92 93.80 7160.25 0.00 264.99

46



PETROLEUM REFINERIES 3530 75783.00 37989.55 9068.34 41417.25 0.00 6832.88

MISC. PETROLEUM & COAL PRODUCTS 3540 3675.23 3297.91 2102.24 2157.10 0.00 13998.73




POTTERY, CHINA, & EARTHENWARE 3610 26.75 1005.32 129.03 1945.63 0.00 1799.74

GLASS AND GLASS PRODUCTS 3620 11028.19 27501.19 561.67 775.41 0.00 5247.83

STRUCTURAL CLAY PRODUCTS 3691 323.25 2654.97 429.41 179.11 0.00 22558.17

CEMENT, LIME, AND PLASTER 3692 179067.42 105145.30 5574.36 211.36 0.00 45691.30

NONMETALLIC MINERAL PRODUCTS, N.E.C. 3699 25.88 848.16 120.94 67.52 0.00 7111.83

IRON AND STEEL 3710 623.50 1255.21 9761.60 300.36 0.00 3337.31


CUTLERY, HAND TOOLS, & GENERAL HARDWARE 3811 9.31 260.24 57.68 893.07 0.00 43.15

FURNITURE & FIXTURES OF METAL 3812 0.01 68.27 2.97 9428.63 0.00 62.49

STRUCTURAL METAL PRODUCTS 3813 0.00 52.40 0.14 2445.86 0.00 2.63

FABRICATED METAL PRODUCTS 3819 0.00 199.73 7.21 11434.62 0.00 16.29

ENGINES AND TURBINES 3821 39.41 266.11 74.24 1087.00 0.00 28.27

AGRICULTURAL MACHINERY & EQUIPMENT 3822 1.22 133.96 30.46 1913.95 0.00 82.27

METAL & WOOD WORKING MACHINERY 3823 8.87 185.64 25.59 521.49 0.00 69.97

SPECIAL INDUSTRIAL MACHINERY & EQUIPMENT 3824 21.79 253.71 60.94 1415.08 0.00 25.95

OFFICE, COMPUTING, & ACCOUNTINGMACHINERY

3825

MACHINERY & EQUIPMENT, N.E.C. 3829 0.14 111.73 11.29 2545.54 0.00 30.82

47




RADIO, TV, & COMMUNICATION EQUIPMENT 3832 0.00 136.39 1.74 3765.93 0.00 3.22


ELECTRICAL APPARATUS AND SUPPLIES, N.E.C. 3839 83.87 112.26 4.72 1165.81 0.00 155.67

SHIPBUILDING AND REPAIRING 3841 0.00 0.00 0.00 12171.17 0.00 36.25


MOTOR VEHICLES 3843 6.44 99.35 13.65 2868.67 0.00 33.00


AIRCRAFT 3845 1.71 98.31 12.61 1299.95 0.00 17.88

PROFESSIONAL & SCIENTIFIC EQUIPMENT 3851 0.00 50.08 3.82 594.13 0.00 0.00



JEWELLERY AND RELATED ARTICLES 3901


SPORTING AND ATHLETIC GOODS 3903 0.00 66.50 0.00 15367.30 0.00 80.10

MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES, N.E.C. 3909 0.08 286.26 282.31 10305.23 0.00 129.61

48

Annex A1.13 Water Pollution Intensities with respect to EmploymentInter-Quartile Intensity Estimates (Pounds/'000 Employees)

Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) Total Suspended Solids (TSS)

Four Digit ISIC Description ISIC Code Lower-Bound Inter-Quartile Lower-Bound Inter-Quartile

MEAT PRODUCTS 3111 7182.2 17356.1 8906.8 25907.3

DAIRY PRODUCTS 3112 2556411.0 50566.5 368217.1 46249.8


FISH PRODUCTS 3114 84938.7 0.0 144803.4 51447.6

OILS AND FATS 3115 95975.3 177784.0 108436.3 219827.2











SPINNING, WEAVING, & FINISHING TEXTILES 3211 9198.9 47962.4 14285.3 86906.6

MADE-UP TEXTILES EXCEPT APPAREL 3212 0.0 0.0



49




TEXTILES, N.E.C. 3219 0.0 527.1


TANNERIES AND LEATHER FINISHING 3231 95498.5 180341.8



FOOTWEAR 3240 5832.4 5718.9

SAWMILLS, PLANING & OTHER WOOD MILLS 3311 11115.1 52412.3

WOODEN & CANE CONTAINERS; SMALL CANE WARE 3312 257.8 461.8




PAPER & PAPERBOARD CONTAINERS & BOXES 3412 11389.4 19555.4

PULP, PAPER & PAPERBOARD ARTICLES 3419 41969.9 41398.8


INDUSTRIAL CHEMICALS EXCEPT FERTILIZER 3511 1255448.8 13141.2 1940529.1 142156.2



3513 55872.2 29999.6 180549.5 65734.0



SOAP, CLEANING PREPS., PERFUMES, & TOILET PREPS. 3523 33360.2 37197.7 47118.9 47506.7


50




MISC. PETROLEUM & COAL PRODUCTS 3540 6558.0 1137.5 8049.9 18917.5









IRON AND STEEL 3710 2105.4 0.0 31018255.6 48407.9


CUTLERY, HAND TOOLS, & GENERAL HARDWARE 3811 0.0 42.0





AGRICULTURAL MACHINERY & EQUIPMENT 3822 0.0 728.5


SPECIAL INDUSTRIAL MACHINERY & EQUIPMENT 3824 835.5 683.2

OFFICE, COMPUTING, & ACCOUNTING MACHINERY 3825 0.3 103.3


51




RADIO, TV, & COMMUNICATION EQUIPMENT 3832 4477.8 2.2 6196.2 1090.7


ELECTRICAL APPARATUS AND SUPPLIES, N.E.C. 3839 39.3 182.0 241.1 3087.1



MOTOR VEHICLES 3843 57.3 0.0 288.1 1578.0


AIRCRAFT 3845 132.6 50.9 1153.2 1390.1

PROFESSIONAL & SCIENTIFIC EQUIPMENT 3851 68.3 75.9



JEWELLERY AND RELATED ARTICLES 3901 0.0 2875077.4



MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES, N.E.C. 3909 6.8 41.5

52

Annex A1.14 Water Pollution Intensities with respect to Total Value of OutputInter-Quartile Intensity Estimates (Pounds/1987 US $ Million)



MEAT PRODUCTS 3111 31.52 102.18 39.09 129.61

DAIRY PRODUCTS 3112 7948.66 140.73 1144.90 120.40


FISH PRODUCTS 3114 574.42 0.00 979.27 344.55

OILS AND FATS 3115 175.31 315.58 198.08 577.26















53




TEXTILES, N.E.C. 3219 0.00 3.20





FOOTWEAR 3240 100.62 98.67












3513 211.78 74.19 684.35 174.15





54













IRON AND STEEL 3710 13.22 0.00 194732.90 308.05












55









MOTOR VEHICLES 3843 0.23 0.00 1.17 10.14


AIRCRAFT 3845 1.03 0.48 8.99 11.89




JEWELLERY AND RELATED ARTICLES 3901 0.00 24548.94




56

Annex A1.15 Water Pollution Intensities with respect to Value AddedInter-Quartile Intensity Estimates (Pounds/1987 US $ Million)



MEAT PRODUCTS 3111 175.23 395.04 217.30 581.81

DAIRY PRODUCTS 3112 29960.63 730.86 4315.43 569.74


FISH PRODUCTS 3114 2056.13 0.00 3505.29 1622.58

OILS AND FATS 3115 685.52 963.50 774.52 1804.56















57




TEXTILES, N.E.C. 3219 0.00 7.02





FOOTWEAR 3240 192.70 188.95











SYNTHETIC RESINS, PLASTICS MATERIALS, & MANMADE FIBRES 3513 480.28 187.01 1552.00 445.61





58













IRON AND STEEL 3710 30.36 0.00 447336.23 804.68












59









MOTOR VEHICLES 3843 0.70 0.00 3.54 20.28


AIRCRAFT 3845 1.81 0.72 15.77 17.60




JEWELERY AND RELATED ARTICLES 3901 0.00 57592.27




60

Annex A2 TRI Chemicals, 1989

Chemical Abstract # Chemical Name Metals

71556 1,1,1-TRICHLOROETHANE

79345 1,1,2,2-TETRACHLOROETHANE

79005 1,1,2-TRICHLOROETHANE

57147 1,1-DIMETHYL HYDRAZINE

120821 1,2,4-TRICHLOROBENZENE

95636 1,2,4-TRIMETHYLBENZENE

106887 1,2-BUTYLENE OXIDE

96128 1,2-DIBROMO-3-CHLOROPROPANE

106934 1,2-DIBROMOETHANE

95501 1,2-DICHLOROBENZENE

107062 1,2-DICHLOROETHANE

540590 1,2-DICHLOROETHYLENE

78875 1,2-DICHLOROPROPANE

122667 1,2-DIPHENYLHYDRAZINE

106990 1,3-BUTADIENE


542756 1,3-DICHLOROPROPYLENE


123911 1,4-DIOXANE

82280 1-AMINO-2-METHYLANTHRAQUINONE

95954 2,4,5-TRICHLOROPHENOL

88062 2,4,6-TRICHLOROPHENOL

94757 2,4-D

615054 2,4-DIAMINOANISOLE

39156417 2,4-DIAMINOANISOLE SULFATE

120832 2,4-DICHLOROPHENOL

105679 2,4-DIMETHYLPHENOL

95807 2,4-DIAMINOTOLUENE

51285 2,4-DINITROPHENOL

121142 2,4-DINITROTOLUENE

61


606202 2,6-DINITROTOLUENE

87627 2,6-XYLIDINE

53963 2-ACETYLAMINOFLUORENE

117793 2-AMINOANTHRAQUINONE

532274 2-CHLOROACETOPHENONE

110805 2-ETHOXYETHANOL

109864 2-METHOXYETHANOL

88755 2-NITROPHENOL

79469 2-NITROPROPANE

90437 2-PHENYLPHENOL

91941 3,3'-DICHLOROBENZIDINE

119904 3,3'-DIMETHOXYBENZIDINE

119937 3,3'-DIMETHYLBENZIDINE

101804 4,4'-DIAMINODIPHENYL ETHER

80057 4,4'-ISOPROPYLIDENEDIPHENOL

101144 4,4'-METHYLENEBIS (2-CHLOROANILINE) (MBOCA)

101611 4,4'-METHYLENEBIS (N,N-DIMETHYL) (BENENAMINE

101779 4,4'-METHYLENEDIANILINE

139651 4,4'-THIODIANILINE

534521 4,6-DINITRO-O-CRESOL

60093 4-AMINOAZOBENZENE

92671 4-AMINOBIPHENYL

60117 4-DIMETHYLAMINOAZOBENZENE

92933 4-NITROBIPHENYL

100027 4-NITROPHENOL

99592 5-NITRO-O-ANISIDINE

75070 ACETALDEHYDE

60355 ACETAMIDE

67641 ACETONE

75058 ACETONITRILE

107028 ACROLEIN

79061 ACRYLAMIDE

62


79107 ACRYLIC ACID

107131 ACRYLONITRILE

309002 ALDRIN

107051 ALLYL CHLORIDE

134327 ALPHA-NAPHTHYLAMINE

7429905 ALUMINUM (FUME OR DUST) m

7664417 AMMONIA

6484522 AMMONIUM NITRATE (SOLUTION)

7783202 AMMONIUM SULFATE (SOLUTION)

62533 ANILINE

120127 ANTHRACENE

7440360 ANTIMONY m

7440382 ARSENIC

1332214 ASBESTOS (FRIABLE)

7440393 BARIUM m

98873 BENZAL CHLORIDE

55210 BENZAMIDE

71432 BENZENE

92875 BENZIDINE

98077 BENZOIC TRICHLORIDE

98884 BENZOYL CHLORIDE

94360 BENZOYL PEROXIDE

100447 BENZYL CHLORIDE

7440417 BERYLLIUM m

91598 BETA-NAPHTHYLAMINE

57578 BETA-PROPIOLACTONE

92524 BIPHENYL

108601 BIS (2-CHLORO-1-METHYLETHYL) ETHER

111444 BIS(2-CHLOROETHYL) ETHER

103231 BIS(2-ETHYLHEXYL) ADIPATE

542881 BIS(CHLOROMETHYL) ETHER

75252 BROMOFORM

63


74839 BROMOMETHANE

141322 BUTYL ACRYLATE

85687 BUTYL BENZYL PHTHALATE

123728 BUTYRALDEHYDE

4680788 C.I. ACID GREEN 3

569642 C.I. BASIC GREEN 4

989388 C.I. BASIC RED 1

1937377 C.I. DIRECT BLACK 38

2602462 C.I. DIRECT BLUE 6

16071866 C.I. DIRECT BROWN 95 m

2832408 C.I. DISPERSE YELLOW 3

3761533 C.I. FOOD RED 5

3118976 C.I. SOLVENT ORANGE 7

842079 C.I. SOLVENT YELLOW 14



128665 C.I. VAT YELLOW 4

81889 C.I.FOOD RED 15

7440439 CADMIUM m

156627 CALCIUM CYANAMIDE

133062 CAPTAN

63252 CARBARYL

75150 CARBON DISULFIDE

56235 CARBON TETRACHLORIDE

463581 CARBONYL SULFIDE

120809 CATECHOL

133904 CHLORAMBEN

57749 CHLORDANE

7782505 CHLORINE

10049044 CHLORINE DIOXIDE

79118 CHLOROACETIC ACID

108907 CHLOROBENZENE

64


510156 CHLOROBENZILATE

75003 CHLOROETHANE

67663 CHLOROFORM

74873 CHLOROMETHANE

107302 CHLOROMETHYL METHYL ETHER

126998 CHLOROPRENE

1897456 CHLOROTHALONIL

7440473 CHROMIUM m

7440484 COBALT m

7440508 COPPER m

1319773 CRESOL (MIXED ISOMERS)

98828 CUMENE

80159 CUMENE HYDROPEROXIDE

135206 CUPFERRON

110827 CYCLOHEXANE

1163195 DECABROMODIPHENYL OXIDE

117817 DI(2-ETHYLHEXYL) PHTHALATE

2303164 DIALLATE

25376458 DIAMINOTOLUENE (MIXED ISOMERS)

334883 DIAZOMETHANE

132649 DIBENZOFURAN

84742 DIBUTYL PHTHALATE

25321226 DISCHLOROBENZENE (MIXED ISOMERS)

75274 DICHLOROBROMOMETHANE

75092 DICHLOROMETHANE

62737 DICHLORVOS

115322 DICOFOL

1464535 DIEPOXYBUTANE

111422 DIETHANOLAMINE

84662 DIETHYL PHTHALATE

64675 DIETHYL SULFATE

131113 DIMETHYL PHTHALATE

65


77781 DIMETHYL SULFATE

79447 DIMETHYLCARBAMYL CHLORIDE

106898 EPICHLOROHYDRIN

140885 ETHYL ACRYLATE

541413 ETHYL CHLOROFORMATE

100414 ETHYLBENZENE

74851 ETHYLENE

107211 ETHYLENE GLYCOL

75218 ETHYLENE OXIDE

96457 ETHYLENE THIOUREA

151564 ETHYLENEIMINE

2164172 FLUOMETURON

50000 FORMALDEHYDE

76131 FREON 113

76448 HEPTACHLOR

87683 HEXACHLORO-1,3-BUTADIENE

118741 HEXACHLOROBENZENE

77474 HEXACHLOROCYCLOPENTADIENE

67721 HEXACHLOROETHANE

1335871 HEXACHLORONAPHTHALENE

680319 HEXAMETHYLOPHOEPHORAMIDE

302012 HYDRAZINE

10034932 HYDRAZINE SULFATE

7647010 HYDROCHLORIC ACID

74908 HYDROGEN CYANIDE

7664393 HYDROGEN FLUORIDE

123319 HYDROQUINONE

78842 ISOBUTYRALDEHYDE

67630 ISOPROPYL ALCOHOL (MANUFACTURING)

7439921 LEAD m

58899 LINDANE

108394 M-CRESOL

66


108316 MALEIC ANHYDRIDE

12427382 MANEB m

7439965 MANGANESE m

7439976 MERCURY m

67561 METHANOL

72435 METHOXYCHLOR

96333 METHYL ACRYLATE

78933 METHYL ETHYL KETONE

60344 METHYL HYDRAZINE

74884 METHYL IODIDE

108101 METHYL ISOBUTYL KETONE

624839 METHYL ISOCYANATE

80626 METHYL METHACRYLATE

1634044 METHYL TERT-BUTYL ETHER

74953 METHYLENE BROMIDE

101688 METHYLENEBIS (PHENYLISOCYANATE)

90948 MICHLER'S KETONE

1313275 MOLYBDENUM TRIOXIDE m

505602 MUSTARD GAS

121697 N,N-DIMETHYLANILINE

71363 N-BUTYL ALCOHOL

117840 N-DIOCTYL PHTHALATE

759739 N-NITROSO-N-ETHYLUREA

684935 N-NITROSO-N-METHYLUREA

924163 N-NITROSODI-N-BUTYLAMINE

621647 N-NITROSODI-N-PROPYLAMINE

55185 N-NITROSODIETHYLAMINE

62759 N-NITROSODIMETHYLAMINE

86306 N-NITROSODIPHENYLAMINE

4549400 N-NITROSOMETHYLVINYLAMINE

59892 N-NITROSOMORPHOLINE

16543558 N-NITROSONORNICOTINE

67


100754 N-NITROSOPIPERIDINE

91203 NAPHTHALENE

7440020 NICKEL m

7697372 NITRIC ACID

139139 NITRILOTRIACETIC ACID

98953 NITROBENZENE

1836755 NITROFEN

51752 NITROGEN MUSTARD

55630 NITROGLYCERIN

90040 O-ANISIDINE

134292 O-ANISIDINE HYDROCHLORIDE

95487 O-CRESOL

95534 O-TOLUIDINE

636215 O-TOLUIDINE HYDROCHLORIDE

95476 O-XYLENE

2234131 OCTACHLORONAPHTHALENE

20816120 OSMIUM TETROXIDE m

104949 P-ANISIDINE

120718 P-CRESIDINE

106445 P-CRESOL

156105 P-NITROSODIPHENYLAMINE

106503 P-PHENYLENEDIAMINE

106423 P-XYLENE

56382 PARATHION

87865 PENTACHLOROPHENOL

79210 PERACETIC ACID

108952 PHENOL

75445 PHOSGENE

7664382 PHOSPHORIC ACID

7723140 PHOSPHORUS (YELLOW OR WHITE)

85449 PHTHALIC ANHYDRIDE

88891 PICRIC ACID

68


1336363 POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS

1120714 PROPANE SULTONE

123386 PROPIONALDEHYDE

114261 PROPOXUR

115071 PROPYLENE

75569 PROPYLENE OXIDE

75558 PROPYLENEIMINE

110861 PYRIDINE

91225 QUINOLINE

106514 QUINONE

82688 QUINTOZENE

61072 SACCHARIN (MANUFACTURING ONLY, NO PROCESSOR REPORTING)

94597 SAFROLE

78922 SEC-BUTYL ALCOHOL

7782492 SELENIUM

7440224 SILVER m

100425 STYRENE

96093 STYRENE OXIDE

7664939 SULFURIC ACID

75650 TERT-BUTYL ALCOHOL

127184 TETRACHLOROETHYLENE

961115 TETRACHLORVINPHOS

7440280 THALLIUM m

62555 THIOACETAMIDE

62566 THIOUREA

1314201 THORIUM DIOXIDE m

7550450 TITANIUM TETRACHLORIDE m

108883 TOLUENE

584849 TOLUENE-2,4-DIISOCYANATE

91087 TOLUENE-2,6-DIISOCYANATE

8001352 TOXAPHENE

68768 TRIAZIQUONE

69


52686 TRICHLORFON

79016 TRICHLOROETHYLENE

1582098 TRIFLURALIN

126727 TRIS (2,3-DIBROMOPROPYL) PHOSPHATE

51796 URETHANE

7440622 VANADIUM (FUME OR DUST) m

108054 VINYL ACETATE

593602 VINYL BROMIDE

75014 VINYL CHLORIDE

75354 VINYLIDENE CHLORIDE

1330207 XYLENE (MIXED ISOMERS)

7440666 ZINC (FUME OR DUST) m

12122677 ZINEB m

ANTIMONY COMPOUNDS m

ARSENIC COMPOUNDS

BARIUM COMPOUNDS m

BERYLLIUM COMPOUNDS m

CADMIUM COMPOUNDS m

CHLOROPHENOLS

CHROMIUM COMPOUNDS m

COBALT COMPOUNDS m

COPPER COMPOUNDS m

CYANIDE COMPOUNDS

GYLCOL ETHERS

LEAD COMPOUNDS m

MANGANESE COMPOUNDS m

MERCURY COMPOUNDS m

NICKEL COMPOUNDS m

POLY BROMINATED BIPHENYLS

SELENIUM COMPOUNDS

SILVER COMPOUNDS m

THALLIUM COMPOUNDS m

70


ZINC COMPOUNDS m

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THE INDUSTRIAL POLLUTION PROJECTION SYSTEM