Industrial Waste Water Pollution

8/13/2019 Industrial Waste Water Pollution

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Water pollution

Water pollutionis the contamination of waterbodies(e.g. lakes, rivers, oceans, aquifersand groundwater). Water pollutionoccurs whenpollutantsare discharged directly or indirectly into waterbodies without adequate treatmentto remove harmful compounds.

Water pollution affects plants and organisms living in these bodies ofwater. In almost all cases the effect is damaging not only toindividual speciesand populations, but also to the natural biologicalcommunities.

Introduction

Water pollution is a major global problem which requiresongoing evaluation and revision of water resource policyat all levels(international down to individual aquifers and wells). It has beensuggested that it is the leading worldwide cause of deaths and diseases,!"#"and that it accounts for the deaths of more than !$,%%% people daily.#"&n estimated '%% million Indianshave no access to a proper toilet, and!,%%% Indian children die of diarrheal sickness every day. "ome *%+of hina-s cities suffer from some degree of water pollution,$"and nearly

%% million people lack access to safe drinking water."In addition to theacute problems of water pollution in developing countries, developedcountriescontinue to struggle with pollution problems as well. In themost recent national report on water qualityin the /nited tates, $percent of assessed stream miles, $' percent of assessed lake acres,and # percent of assessed baysand estuarinesquare miles wereclassified as polluted.0"

Water is typically referred to as polluted when it is impaired

by anthropogeniccontaminants and either does not support a humanuse, such as drinking water, and1or undergoes a marked shift in its abilityto support its constituent biotic communities, such as fish. 2aturalphenomena such as volcanoes,algae blooms, storms, and earthquakesalso cause major changes in water quality and the ecological status ofwater.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riverhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_pollutionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquiferhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollutanthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_treatmenthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodies_of_waterhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodies_of_waterhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specieshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biocoenosishttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biocoenosishttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_pollution#cite_note-death-1https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_pollution#cite_note-death2-2https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_pollution#cite_note-death2-2https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_pollution#cite_note-creaking-3https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People's_Republic_of_Chinahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_pollution_in_Chinahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_pollution#cite_note-4https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_pollution#cite_note-5https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Developing_countryhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Developed_countrieshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Developed_countrieshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_qualityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estuaryhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_pollution#cite_note-6https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_impact_on_the_environmenthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drinking_waterhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volcanohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algae_bloomhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riverhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_pollutionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquiferhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollutanthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_treatmenthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodies_of_waterhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodies_of_waterhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specieshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biocoenosishttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biocoenosishttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_pollution#cite_note-death-1https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_pollution#cite_note-death2-2https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_pollution#cite_note-death2-2https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_pollution#cite_note-creaking-3https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People's_Republic_of_Chinahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_pollution_in_Chinahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_pollution#cite_note-4https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_pollution#cite_note-5https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Developing_countryhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Developed_countrieshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Developed_countrieshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_qualityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estuaryhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_pollution#cite_note-6https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_impact_on_the_environmenthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drinking_waterhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volcanohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algae_bloomhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water


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ategories

urface water and groundwater have often been studied andmanaged as separate resources, although they are interrelated.'"

urface water seeps through the soil and becomes groundwater.onversely, groundwater can also feed surface water sources. ourcesof surface water pollution are generally grouped into two categoriesbased on their origin.

3oint sources

3oint source pollution 4 hipyard4 5io de 6aneiro.

3oint source water pollutionrefers to contaminants that enter a waterwayfrom a single, identifiable source, such as a pipeor ditch. 78amples of

sources in this category include discharges from a sewagetreatmentplant, a factory, or a city storm drain. 9he /.. lean Water

&ct(W&) defines point source for regulatoryenforcement purposes.:"9he W& definition of point source was amended in !*:' to includemunicipal storm sewer systems, as well as industrial stormwater, such asfrom construction sites.*"

Nonpoint sources

2onpoint source pollutionrefers to diffuse contaminationthat does not originate from a single discrete source. 23 pollution isoften the cumulative effect of small amounts of contaminants gatheredfrom a large area. & common e8ample is the leaching outof nitrogencompounds from fertili;ed agricultural lands.2utrient runoffin stormwaterfrom


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Interactions between groundwaterand surface waterare comple8. onsequently, groundwater pollution, sometimes referredto as groundwater contamination, is not as easily classified as surfacewater pollution.'">y its very nature, groundwater aquifersare susceptible

to contamination from sources that may not directly affect surface waterbodies, and the distinction of point vs. non?point source may beirrelevant. & spill or ongoing releases of chemicalor radionuclidecontaminants into soil (located away from a surface waterbody) may not create point source or non?point source pollution, but cancontaminate the aquifer below, defined as a to8in plume. 9he movementof the plume, called a plume front, may be analy;ed througha hydrological transport modelor groundwater model. &nalysis of

groundwater contamination may focus on the soilcharacteristics and sitegeology, hydrogeology, hydrology, and the nature of the contaminants.

Causes

9he specific contaminants leading to pollution in water include awide spectrum of chemicals, pathogens, and physical or sensorychanges such as elevated temperature and discoloration. While many ofthe chemicals and substances that are regulated may be naturallyoccurring (calcium, sodium, iron, manganese, etc.) the concentrationis

often the key in determining what is a natural component of water, andwhat is a contaminant. =igh concentrations of naturally occurringsubstances can have negative impacts on aquatic flora and fauna.

@8ygen?depleting substances may be natural materials, such as plantmatter (e.g. leaves and grass) as well as man?made chemicals. @thernatural and anthropogenic substances may causeturbidity(cloudiness)which blocks light and disrupts plant growth, and clogs the gillsof somefish species.!%"

Aany of the chemical substances are to8ic. 3athogens canproduce waterborne diseasesin either human or animal hosts.!!"&lteration of water-s physical chemistry includes acidity (changeinp=), electrical conductivity, temperature, andeutrophication. 7utrophicationis an increase in the concentration of
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groundwaterhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_pollution#cite_note-circ1139-7https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquiferhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radionuclidehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plume_(hydrodynamics)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrological_transport_modelhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groundwater_modelhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soilhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogeologyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrologyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemicalhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pathogenhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calciumhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodiumhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manganesehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concentrationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygenhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbidityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gillhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_pollution#cite_note-EPA-AGFact-10https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toxichttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterborne_diseaseshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_pollution#cite_note-Hogan-11https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PHhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_conductivityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eutrophicationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groundwaterhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_pollution#cite_note-circ1139-7https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquiferhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radionuclidehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plume_(hydrodynamics)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrological_transport_modelhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groundwater_modelhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soilhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogeologyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrologyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemicalhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pathogenhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calciumhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodiumhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manganesehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concentrationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygenhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbidityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gillhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_pollution#cite_note-EPA-AGFact-10https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toxichttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterborne_diseaseshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_pollution#cite_note-Hogan-11https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PHhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_conductivityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eutrophication


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chemical nutrients in an ecosystem to an e8tent that increases in theprimary productivity of the ecosystem. Bepending on the degree ofeutrophication, subsequent negative environmental effects suchas ano8ia(o8ygen depletion) and severe reductions in water quality may

occur, affecting fish and other animal populations.

& manholecover unable to contain asanitary sewer overflow.

Pathogens

oliform bacteriaare a commonly used bacterial indicatorofwater pollution, although not an actual cause of disease.@ther microorganismssometimes found in surface waters which havecaused human health problems includeC

Burkholderia pseudomallei

Cryptosporidium parvum Giardia lamblia Salmonella Novovirus and other viruses 3arasitic worms (helminths).

=igh levels of pathogens may result from inadequatelytreated sewagedischarges.!$"9his can be caused by a sewage plantdesigned with less thansecondary treatment(more typical in less?developed countries). In developed countries, older cities with aginginfrastructure may have leaky sewage collection systems (pipes, pumps,valves), which can cause sanitary sewer overflows. ome cities alsohave combined sewers, which may discharge untreated sewage duringrain storms.!"

Auddy river polluted by sediment. 3hoto courtesy of /nited tatesDeological urvey.

3athogen discharges may also be caused by poorly managed livestockoperations.

Chemical and other contaminants
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anoxic_watershttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manholehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanitary_sewer_overflowhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coliform_bacteriahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indicator_bacteriahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microorganismhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burkholderia_pseudomalleihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burkholderia_pseudomalleihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptosporidium_parvumhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giardia_lambliahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salmonellahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novovirushttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parasitic_wormhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sewagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_pollution#cite_note-14https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secondary_treatmenthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanitary_sewer_overflowhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combined_sewerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_pollution#cite_note-EPARTC-15https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Surveyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Surveyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anoxic_watershttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manholehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanitary_sewer_overflowhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coliform_bacteriahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indicator_bacteriahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microorganismhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burkholderia_pseudomalleihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptosporidium_parvumhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giardia_lambliahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salmonellahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novovirushttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parasitic_wormhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sewagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_pollution#cite_note-14https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secondary_treatmenthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanitary_sewer_overflowhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combined_sewerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_pollution#cite_note-EPARTC-15https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Surveyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey


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ontaminants may include organicand inorganicsubstances.

& garbage collection boom in an urban?area stream in&uckland, 2ewEealand.

Organic water pollutants

Betergents

Bisinfection by?products found in chemically disinfecteddrinkingwater, such as chloroform

Food processing waste, which can include o8ygen?demandingsubstances, fats and grease

Insecticides and herbicides, a huge range of organohalidesand

other chemical compounds 3etroleum hydrocarbons, including fuels (gasoline, diesel fuel, jet

fuels, and fuel oil) and lubricants (motor oil), andfuel combustionbyproducts, fromstormwaterrunoff!0"

9ree and bush debris from logging operations Golatile organic compounds (G@s), such as industrial solvents,

from improper storage. hlorinated solvents, which are dense non?aqueous phase liquids

(B2&3Hs), may fall to the bottom of reservoirs, since they don-t mi8 wellwith water and are denser.

3olychlorinated biphenyl (3>s) 9richloroethylene 3erchlorate Garious chemical compounds found in

personal hygieneand cosmeticproducts.

Inorganic water pollutants

&cidity caused by industrial discharges (especially sulfurdio8idefrom power plants)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_compoundhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inorganichttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aucklandhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detergentshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disinfection_by-producthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disinfectionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drinking_waterhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drinking_waterhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chloroformhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_processinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insecticidehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbicidehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organohalidehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_compoundshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diesel_fuelhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_oilhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combustionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stormwaterhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface_runoffhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface_runoffhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_pollution#cite_note-Burton_.26_Pitt-16https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_pollution#cite_note-Burton_.26_Pitt-16https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volatile_organic_compoundshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solventhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorinated_solventhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNAPLhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polychlorinated_biphenylhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polychlorinated_biphenylhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trichloroethylenehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perchloratehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hygienehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmeticshttps://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5c/Pollution.ogghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acidityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfur_dioxidehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfur_dioxidehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_plantshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pollution.ogghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_compoundhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inorganichttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aucklandhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detergentshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disinfection_by-producthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disinfectionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drinking_waterhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drinking_waterhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chloroformhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_processinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insecticidehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbicidehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organohalidehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_compoundshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diesel_fuelhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_oilhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combustionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stormwaterhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface_runoffhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_pollution#cite_note-Burton_.26_Pitt-16https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volatile_organic_compoundshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solventhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorinated_solventhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNAPLhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polychlorinated_biphenylhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trichloroethylenehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perchloratehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hygienehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmeticshttps://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5c/Pollution.ogghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acidityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfur_dioxidehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfur_dioxidehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_plants


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&mmonia from food processing waste hemical waste as industrial by?products Fertili;ers containing nutrients??nitratesand phosphateswhich are

found in stormwater runoff from agriculture, as well as commercial and

residential use!0" =eavy metals from motor vehicles(via urban stormwater runoff)!0"

!'"and acid mine drainage ilt (sediment) in runoff from construction sites, logging, slash and

burnpractices or land clearing sites.

Macroscopic pollution

Harge visible items polluting the watermay be termed


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9hermal pollution can also be caused by the release of very cold waterfrom the base of reservoirs into warmer rivers.

Transport and chemical reactions of water pollutants

Aost water pollutants are eventually carried by rivers into theoceans. In some areas of the world the influence can be traced hundredmiles from the mouth by studies using hydrology transport models.

&dvanced computer modelssuch as WAAor the B&A Aodelhavebeen used in many locations worldwide to e8amine the fate of pollutantsin aquatic systems. Indicator filter feedingspecies suchas copepodshave also been used to study pollutant fates in the 2ewJork >ight, for e8ample. 9he highest to8inloads are not directly at themouth of the =udson 5iver, but !%% kilometers south, since several daysare required for incorporation into planktonictissue. 9he =udsondischarge flows south along the coast due to coriolis force. Further souththen are areas of o8ygen depletion, caused by chemicals using upo8ygen and by algae blooms, caused by e8cess nutrientsfrom algal celldeath and decomposition. Fish and shellfishkills have been reported,

because to8ins climb the food chain after small fish consume copepods,then large fish eat smaller fish, etc. 7ach successive step up the foodchain causes a stepwise concentration of pollutants such as heavymetals(e.g. mercury) andpersistent organic pollutantssuch as BB9.9his is known as biomagnification, which is occasionally usedinterchangeably with bioaccumulation.

& polluted river draining an abandoned copper mineon &nglesey

Harge gyres(vorte8es) in the oceans trap floating plastic debris.9he 2orth 3acific Dyrefor e8ample has collected the so?called


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Aany chemicals undergo reactive decayor chemically changeespecially over long periods of time in groundwaterreservoirs. &noteworthy class of such chemicals is the chlorinated hydrocarbonssuchas trichloroethylene(used in industrial metal degreasing and electronics

manufacturing) and tetrachloroethyleneused in the dry cleaning industry(note latest advances in liquid carbon dio8ide in dry cleaning that avoidsall use of chemicals). >oth of these chemicals, whichare carcinogensthemselves, undergo partial decomposition reactions,leading to new ha;ardous chemicals (including dichloroethylene andvinyl chloride).

Droundwater pollution is much more difficult to abate than surfacepollution because groundwater can move great distances through

unseen aquifers. 2on?porous aquifers such as clayspartially purify waterof bacteria by simple filtration (adsorption and absorption), dilution, and,in some cases, chemical reactions and biological activityC however, insome cases, the pollutants merely transform to soil contaminants.Droundwater that moves through cracks and cavernsis not filtered andcan be transported as easily as surface water. In fact, this can beaggravated by the human tendency to use natural sinkholesas dumps inareas ofKarsttopography.

9here are a variety of secondary effects stemming not from theoriginal pollutant, but a derivative condition. &n e8ample is silt?bearing surface runoff, which can inhibit the penetration of sunlightthrough the water column, hampering photosynthesisin aquatic plants.

Measurement

Water pollution may be analy;ed through several broadcategories of methodsC physical, chemical and biological. Aost involve

collection of samples, followed by speciali;ed analytical tests. omemethods may be conducted in situ, without sampling, such astemperature. Dovernment agencies and research organi;ations havepublished standardi;ed, validated analytical test methods to facilitate thecomparability of results from disparate testing events.#!"
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Sampling

ampling of water for physical or chemical testing can be done

by several methods, depending on the accuracy needed and thecharacteristics of the contaminant. Aany contamination events aresharply restricted in time, most commonly in association with rain events.For this reason @B),##"C!%#chemical o8ygendemand(@B),##"C!%$nutrients (nitrateand phosphoruscompounds),metals (including copper, ;inc, cadmium, lead andmercury), oil andgrease, total petroleum hydrocarbons (93=), and pesticides.

Biological testing>iological testing involves the use of plant, animal, and1or

microbial indicators to monitor the health of an aquatic ecosystem.

Control of pollution

omestic sewage
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discharge_(hydrology)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biosurveyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioassayhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toxicityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Total_suspended_solidshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analytical_chemistryhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analytical_chemistryhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PHhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biochemical_oxygen_demandhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_pollution#cite_note-Newton-22https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_oxygen_demandhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_oxygen_demandhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_pollution#cite_note-Newton-22https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_pollution#cite_note-Newton-22https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitratehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphorushttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinchttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadmiumhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury_(element)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesticidehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquatic_ecosystemhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discharge_(hydrology)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biosurveyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioassayhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toxicityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Total_suspended_solidshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analytical_chemistryhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analytical_chemistryhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PHhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biochemical_oxygen_demandhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_pollution#cite_note-Newton-22https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_oxygen_demandhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_oxygen_demandhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_pollution#cite_note-Newton-22https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitratehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphorushttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinchttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadmiumhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury_(element)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesticidehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquatic_ecosystem


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Bomestic sewage is typically **.* percent water with %.! percentpollutants. &lthough found in low concentrations, these pollutants poserisk on a large scale.#"In urban areas, domestic sewage is typicallytreated by centrali;ed sewage treatment plants. Well?designed and

operated systems (i.e., secondary treatment or better) can remove *%percent or more of these pollutants. ome plants have additionalsystems to remove nutrients and pathogens. Aost municipal plants arenot specifically designed to treat to8ic pollutants found in industrialwastewater.#$"

ities with sanitary sewer overflows or combined sewer overflowsemploy one or more engineeringapproaches to reduce discharges ofuntreated sewage, includingC

utili;ing a green infrastructureapproach to improve stormwatermanagement capacity throughout the system, and reducethe hydraulicoverloading of the treatment plant#"

repair and replacement of leaking and malfunctioning equipment!"

increasing overall hydraulic capacity of the sewage collectionsystem (often a very e8pensive option).

& household or business not served by a municipal treatment plant mayhave an individual septic tank, which treats the wastewater on site anddischarges into the soil. &lternatively, domestic wastewater may be sentto a nearby privately owned treatment system (e.g. in a ruralcommunity).

Industrial wastewater

Bissolved air flotationsystem for treating industrialwastewater.

ome industrial facilities generate ordinary domestic sewage that can betreated by municipal facilities. Industries that generate wastewater withhigh concentrations of conventional pollutants (e.g. oil and grease), to8icpollutants (e.g. heavy metals, volatile organic compounds) or othernonconventional pollutants such as ammonia, need speciali;edtreatment systems. ome of these facilities can install a pre?treatment
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system to remove the to8ic components, and then send the partiallytreated wastewater to the municipal system. Industries generating largevolumes of wastewater typically operate their own complete on?sitetreatment systems.

ome industries have been successful at redesigning theirmanufacturing processes to reduce or eliminate pollutants, through aprocess called pollution prevention.

=eated water generated by power plants or manufacturing plants may becontrolled withC

cooling ponds, man?made bodies of water designed for coolingby evaporation, convection, and radiation

cooling towers, which transfer waste heat tothe atmospherethrough evaporationand1or heat transfer

cogeneration, a process where waste heat is recycled for domesticand1or industrial heating purposes.#0"

!gricultural wastewater

Nonpoint source controlsediment(loose soil) washed off fields is the largest source of

agricultural pollution in the /nited tates.!%"Farmers may utili;e erosioncontrolsto reduce runoff flows and retain soil on their fields. ommontechniques include contour plowing, crop mulching, crop rotation,planting perennialcrops and installing riparian buffers.#'"#:"Cpp. $?*4$?*0

2utrients (nitrogenand phosphorus) are typically applied to farmland ascommercial fertili;erL animal manureL or spraying of municipal orindustrial wastewater (effluent) or sludge. 2utrients may also enter runofffrom crop residues, irrigationwater, wildlife, and atmospheric deposition.

#:"Cp. #?*Farmers can develop and implement nutrient managementplansto reduce e8cess application of nutrients#'"#:"Cpp. $?'4$?:and reduce thepotential for nutrient pollution.

9o minimi;e pesticide impacts, farmers may use Integrated 3estAanagement(I3A) techniques (which can include biological pest
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control) to maintain control over pests, reduce reliance on chemicalpesticides, and protect water quality.#*"

Point source wastewater treatmentFarms with large livestock and poultry operations, such

as factory farms, are called concentrated animal feedingoperationsor feedlotsin the / and are being subject to increasinggovernment regulation.%"!"&nimal slurriesare usually treated bycontainment in anaerobic lagoonsbefore disposal by spray or trickleapplication to grassland. onstructed wetlandsare sometimes used tofacilitate treatment of animal wastes. ome animal slurries are treated bymi8ing withstrawand compostedat high temperature to produce abacteriologically sterile and friable manure for soil improvement.

Construction site stormwater

ilt fenceinstalled on a construction site.

ediment from construction sites is managed by installation ofC

erosion controls, such as mulchingand hydroseeding, and

sediment controls, such as sediment basinsand silt fences.#"

Bischarge of to8ic chemicals such as motor fuels and concrete washoutis prevented by use ofC

spill prevention and control plans, and specially designed containers (e.g. for concrete washout) and

structures such as overflow controls and diversion berms."

"r#an runoff $stormwater%

5etention basinfor controlling urban runoff

7ffective control of urban runoff involves reducing the velocity and flow ofstormwater, as well as reducing pollutant discharges. Hocal governmentsuse a variety of stormwater management techniques to reduce the
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effects of urban runoff. 9hese techniques, called best managementpractices(>A3s) in the /.., may focus on water quantity control, whileothers focus on improving water quality, and some perform bothfunctions.$"

3ollution prevention practices include low?impactdevelopmenttechniques, installation of green roofsand improvedchemical handling (e.g. management of motor fuels M oil, fertili;ers andpesticides)."5unoff mitigation systems include infiltrationbasins, bioretentionsystems, constructed wetlands,retention basinsandsimilar devices.0"'"

9hermal pollution from runoff can be controlled by stormwatermanagement facilities that absorb the runoff or direct it into groundwater,such as bioretention systems and infiltration basins. 5etention basinstend to be less effective at reducing temperature, as the water may beheated by the sun before being discharged to a receiving stream. $"Cp. ?:

Water pollution in India

Indiais recognised as has having major problems with waterpollution, predominantly due to untreated sewerage. 5ivers such asthe Danges, theJamunaand Kaveririvers, all flowing through highly

populated areas, are heavily polluted."ntreated sewage

& #%%' study finds that discharge of untreated sewage is single mostimportant cause for pollution of surface and ground water in India. 9hereis a large gap between generation and treatment of domestic wastewater in India. 9he problem is not only that India lacks sufficienttreatment capacity but also that the sewage treatment plants that e8istdo not operate and are not maintained. !"

9he majority of the government?owned sewage treatment plants remainclosed most of the time due to improper design or poor maintenance orlack of reliable electricity supply to operate the plants, together withabsentee employees and poor management. 9he wastewater generatedin these areas normally percolates in the soil or evaporates. 9he
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uncollected wastes accumulate in the urban areas cause unhygienicconditions and release pollutants that leaches to surface andgroundwater.!"

& !**# World =ealth @rgani;ation study is claimed to have reported thatout of India-s ,!!* towns and cities, just #%* have partial sewagetreatment facilities, and only : have full wastewater treatment facilities.#"Bownstream, the untreated water is used for drinking, bathing, andwashing. & !** report claimed !!$ Indian cities were dumpinguntreated sewageand partially cremated bodies directly into the Danges5iver."@pen defecationis widespread even in urban areas of India.$""9his situation is typical of India as well as other developing countries.

&ccording to another #%% report, sewage discharged from cities andtowns is the predominant cause of water pollution in India. Investment isneeded to bridge the gap between #*%%% million litre per day of sewageIndia generates, and a treatment capacity of mere 0%%% million litre perday.0"& large number of Indian rivers are severely polluted as a result ofdischarge of domestic sewage.

9he entral 3ollution ontrol >oard, a Ainistry of 7nvironment M ForestsDovernment of India entity, has established a 2ational Water Nuality

Aonitoring 2etwork comprising !$#* monitoring stations in #' states and0 in /nion 9erritories on various rivers and water bodies across thecountry. 9his effort monitors water quality year round. 9he monitoringnetwork covers #* rivers, *$ lakes, * tanks, $! ponds, : creeks, #canals, !: drains and $!! wells distributed across India. '"Watersamples are routinely analy;ed for #: parameters including dissolvedo8ygen, bacteriological and other internationally established parametersfor water quality. &dditionally * trace metals parameters and #: pesticideresidues are analy;ed. >iomonitoring is also carried out on specific

locations.

9he scientific analysis of water samples from !** to #%%: indicates thatthe organic and bacterial contamination are severe in water bodies ofIndia. 9his is mainly due to discharge of domestic wastewater inuntreated form, mostly from the urban centers of India.
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Biochemical o&ygen demandIn #%%:, the water quality monitoring found almost all rivers with

high levels of >@B. 9he worst pollution, in decreasing order, were foundin river Aarkanda (*% mg @1l), followed by river Kali (0$), river

&mlakhadi (), Jamuna canal (#$'), river Jamuna at Belhi ('%) andriver >etwa (:). For conte8t, a water sample with a day >@B between! and # mg @1H indicates a very clean water, to : mg @1H indicates amoderately clean water, : to #% indicates borderline water, and greaterthan #% mg @1H indicates ecologically?unsafe polluted water.

9he levels of >@B are severe near the cities and major towns. In ruralparts of India, the river >@B levels were sufficient to support aquatic life.

Coliform le'els

9otal coliformand fecal coliformdensities in the rivers of Indiarange between %% to !%%,%%% A321!%% ml.'"9he presence of coliformsuggests that the water is being contaminated with the fecal material ofhumans, livestocks, pets and other animals.5ivers Jamuna, Danga, Domti, Dhaggar, hambal, Aahi, Gardhaareamongst the other most coliform polluted water bodies in India. Forconte8t, coliform must be below !%$ A321!%% ml,:"preferably absentfrom water for it to be considered safe for general human use, and forirrigation where coliform may cause disease outbreak fromcontaminated?water in agriculture.*"!%"

In #%%0, $' percent of water quality monitoring the in India are highlyreported a total average annual coliform levels above %% A321!%% ml.Buring #%%:, percent of all water quality monitoring stations reporteda total coliform levels e8ceeding those levels, suggesting recent effort toadd pollution control infrastructure and upgrade treatment plants in India,may be reversing the water pollution trend.

9reatment of domestic sewage and subsequent utili;ation of treatedsewage for irrigation can prevent pollution of water bodies, reduce thedemand for fresh water in irrigation sector and become a resource forirrigation. ince #%%, Indian wastewater treatment plant market hasbeen growing annually at the rate of !% to !# percent. 9he /nited tates
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is the largest supplier of treatment equipment and supplies to India, with$% percent market share of new installation.!!"&t this rate of e8pansion,and assuming the government of India continues on its path of reform,major investments in sewage treatment plants and electricity

infrastructure development, India will nearly triple its water treatmentcapacity by #%!, and treatment capacity supply will match India-s dailysewage water treatment requirements by about #%#%.

Other pro#lems

Water resources have not been linked to either domestic orinternational violent conflict as was previously anticipated by someobservers. 3ossible e8ceptions, notes a #%%$ report, include somecommunal violence related to distribution of water from the Kaveri5iverand political tensions surrounding actual and potential populationdisplacements by dam projects, particularly on the2armada 5iver.!#"&!**' article claimed 3unjabis another hotbed of pollution, fore8ample, >uddha 2ullah, a rivulet which run through Aalwaregionof 3unjab, India, and after passing through highly populated Hudhianadistrict, before draining into utlej 5iver, a tributary of the Indus river, istoday an important case point in the recent studies, which suggest thisas another >hopal in making.!"

& joint study by 3DIA75and 3unjab 3ollution ontrol >oard in #%%:,revealed that in villages along the 2ullah, calcium, magnesium, fluoride,mercury, beta?endosulphanand heptachlorpesticide were more thanpermissible limit (A3H) in ground and tap waters. 3lus the water hadhigh concentration of @B and >@B (chemical and biochemical o8ygendemand), ammonia, phosphate, chloride, chromium, arsenicand chlorpyrifospesticide. 9he ground water also contains nickel andselenium, while the tap water has high concentration of lead, nickel and

cadmium.!$"9he=indon 5iver, which flows through the cityof Dha;iabad, highly polluted and groundwater of this city has coloredand poisoned by industrial effluents, =indon Gahini is strongly opposingof water pollution activities.
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Flooding during monsoons worsens India-s water pollution problem, as itwashes and moves all sorts of solid garbage and contaminated soils intoits rivers and wetlands.

9he annual average precipitation in India is about $%%% billion cubicmetres.0"From this, with the state of Indian infrastructure in #%%, theavailable water resource through the rivers is about !:0* billion cubicmeters. &ccounting to uneven distribution of rain over the country eachyear, water resources available for utili;ation, including ground water, isclaimed to be about !!## billion cubic meters. Auch of this water isunsafe, because pollution degrades water quality. Water pollutionseverely limits the amount of water available to Indian consumer, itsindustry and its agriculture.

Specific ri'ers

9o know why !,%%% Indian children die of diarrhoeal sickness everyday, take a wary stroll along the Danges in Garanasi. &s it enters thecity, =induismOs sacred river contains 0%,%%% faecal coliform bacteria per!%% millilitres, !#% times more than is considered safe for bathing. Fourmiles downstream, with inputs from #$ gushing sewers and 0%,%%%pilgrim?bathers, the concentration is ,%%% times over the safety limit. In

places, the Danges becomes black and septic. orpses, of semi?cremated adults or enshrouded babies, drift slowly by.

Aore than $%% million people live along the Danges5iver. &n estimated#,%%%,%%% persons ritually bathe daily in the river, which is consideredholy by =indus.!0"Danges river pollution from sewage and semi?cremated remains is thus a major health risk.

The (amuna

Belhi-s sacred Jamunariver is described as


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7ven though India revised its 2ational Water 3olicyin #%%# toencourage community participation and decentrali;e water management,the country-s >y;antine bureaucracy ensures that it remains a


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wastewater produced represent the punitive measures that would forcethe industries to reduce the pollution load. &t the same time, thegovernment has come out with a number of schemes to encouragesetting up of treatment plants to mitigate the pollution load through

subsidies and soft loans.

Water Pollution Mitigation #y IndustriesInitially, the affected industries directed their efforts to treat their

effluents so as to meet the discharge norms such as AI2& (minimumallowable standards), usually defined in terms of temperature, p=, >@B,@B, suspended loads, and to8ic constituents such as mercury,chromium, cadmium, etc. 9he norms are different for inland and coastal

discharges. Harge? and medium?scale industries have their owninfrastructure and resources, and they have adopted their own effluenttreatment schemes so as to render their discharge streamsenvironmentally safe.

mall?scale industries, because of their limited resources in terms offinance, space, and technology, cannot afford to treat their wastes. 9heconcept of ommon 7ffluent 9reatment 3lant (793) was evolved to

provide necessary assistance to this sector, wherein the wastesgenerated by a number of industries are brought together to a centralplace and treated. & number of plants are in operation in different partsof India. ignificant variations in the composition of the wastewaterarising from a cluster of industries has created difficulties in ensuring theefficiency and effectiveness of the 793. Insisting on a pretreatmentsystem by the individual industries to ensure consistency of thecomposition of effluents would defeat the very purpose of 793. Withthe knowledge that the addition of domestic sewage improves the

treatability of industrial wastewater, a new approach, referred to as aombined 7ffluent 9reatment 3lant, has evolved, wherein the domesticsewage of the surrounding community is jointly treated with the industrialwastewater!.

Water Management in Indian Industries
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9he migration of population and the clustering of industries aroundurban centers have escalated the demand for good?quality water, bothfor industrial and domestic use. Inadequate natural resources andincreased generation of sewage have created problems, both in the

supply of water and disposal of sewage, forcing the government toincrease the water charges and effluent cess. In urban centers, a dualpricing system for water is being adopted, whereby water for domesticconsumption is charged less. Furthermore, industries are encouraged toset up water recovery or desalination plants to meet their demands.onsequently, industry has not only started adopting measures tominimi;e waste, but also has been looking for various means by whichthey can recover and recycle their wastewater. ome industries, such as

5ashtriya hemicals and Fertili;ers Htd., have successfullye8perimented to recover and reuse water from their regenerant wastestreams using reverse osmosis and are in the process of setting uplarge?capacity plants.

)ole of Mem#ranes in Water )eco'ery and )euseAembrane processes, with their variety and fle8ibility, are

characteri;ed by ambient temperature operation, low energy

consumption, and modular nature. 9he physicochemical mechanism ofseparation requires only limited use of chemicals, making the processeco?friendly. In some cases, the processes allow the recovery ofvaluable chemicals for reuse. Aembranes are available in the marketcovering a wide range of characteristics. Water recycling and reuse, inthis conte8t, has assumed greater significance. 9hus, industries haveresorted to methods whereby they can recover and reuse water. 9hegeneral scheme#followed, as shown below, consists of preliminary,primary, and secondary treatments for the reduction of suspended

matter andbio?contaminants.& scheme consisting of reverse osmosis at the tertiary treatment stagehas been adopted on a trial basis by Aadras Fertili;ers Htd. (AFH) andAadras 5efineries Htd. (A5H) to recover good?quality water fromsewage. 9he water thus recovered is being used as a boiler feed afterpolishing through deminerali;ers. 9his process has encouraged the state
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government to adopt the scheme for hennai, traditionally a water?starved city in India, for recycling about % ADB of water for industrialuse.

Management of rin*ing Water9he overe8ploitation of groundwater has particularly affected the

availability of good?quality drinking water in remote villages of India. &significant number of villages have problems related to brackishness andcontamination by iron, fluoride, arsenic, etc. 5ain harvesting andgroundwater recharge techniques are being encouraged to make thevillages self?sufficient, but they have limited potential. Aembraneprocesses, such as reverse osmosis and electrodialysis, have been

widely adopted for the provision of drinking water for salinity?affectedvillages, but a number of improvements are required in order to simplifythe operating features so as to absorb the technology under the ruralinfrastructural constraints.

+uture ScenarioIt is e8pected that in the future all process industries will have water

recycling plants and coastal industries may adopt seawater desalination

plants either using process waste heat or reverse osmosis membranes.Bomestic water requirements would be met with natural resources, whileindustrial requirements may have to be supplemented by desalination.

!ssessment of the Current TechnologyAembrane technology, though originally developed for desalination,

has made a major impact in a number of industrial separations. Withreference to desalination and effluent water treatment for reuse, thetechnology is considered mature enough for large?scale e8ploitation.

Whether for domestic use or industrial process water requirements, thecost of desalted water, however, continues to be an area of attention.ost?reduction strategies include reduction in process energyrequirements by adopting1integrating energy?recovery systems andenhancing permeate recovery through better feed water pretreatmentpractices and employing high?salt rejecting membranes. 9hese


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Documents

Industrial Waste Water Pollution