The Indigenous Peoples of Mainland ARMM

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DevelopmentConsultants Inc.DEVCON

E U R O P E A N

U N I O N


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T H E I N D I G E N O U S P E O P L E S O F M A I N L A N D ARMM

A brief socio-cultural, economic, and demographic pro le of theTeduray, Lambangian, Dulangan Manobo and Higaonon Societies

in the Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao


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EDITORIAL INFORMATION

PUBLISHER

Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung Philippines Of ce5/F Cambridge Center Bldg.108 Tordesillas cor. Gallardo Sts.Salcedo Village, Makati CityMetro Manila, PhilippinesTel: +63 2 894 3737Email: [email protected]: http://www.kas.de/philippinen

DESIGN

FT Freelance Team, Makati City, Metro Manila

PICTURE CREDITS

IP DEV

This publication is protected in its entirety by copyright law.Any use without the consent of the Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftunge.V. is prohibited. This applies particularly to reproductions,translations, micro lms and all forms of digital storage or pro -cessing. Any reproduction, including extracts, may only becarried out with the consent of the Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung.

Printed in the Philippines.

Copyright 2014, Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung PhilippinesMakati City, Metro Manila

www.kas.de/philippinen


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BY H.E. AMBASSADOR GUY LEDOUX

The protection of the rights of indigenous peo -ples to determine their own social, economicand cultural development, control their territo -ry and manage its natural resources is one ofthe priorities of the European Unions policy onhuman rights. Their traditional knowledge sys -tems and practices should also be preservedand protected as a major contribution to theworlds cultural heritage. The European Unionpromotes the integration of indigenous peo-ples issues in all aspects of its external poli -cies and supporting speci c projects to addressthem.

With its vast and varied indigenous population,the Philippines is a case in point. The countrycan pride itself on being one of the few havinga speci c legislation that recognizes the rightsof indigenous peoples. Yet, the IndigenousPeoples Rights Act enacted in 1997 has so farbeen insuf ciently and unequally implement -ed. The European Union therefore continues totake up the issue in its political dialogue withthe Government and to provide extensive -nancial support to endeavours for the protec -tion and promotion of the rights of indigenouspeoples and their development. Since 2009,

our support has exceeded EUR 8.5 M (Php 512M) in grants to civil society organisations forsustainable livelihoods development, environ -mental governance and indigenous humanrights defenders. In addition, a direct supportin the amount of EUR 7 M (PhP 422 M) is cur -rently provided to the National Commission onIndigenous Peoples (NCIP) and the United Na -tions Fund for Population (UNFPA) in the area

of maternal, neonatal and child health and nu -trition of IPs in Mindanao.

F O R E W O R D

vi | The Indigenous Peoples of Ma inland ARMM

H.E. Guy Ledoux is the Ambas-sador of the Delegation of theEuropean Union to the Philippines.Source | EU Delegation Philippines


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The Indigenous Peoples of Mainland ARMM | vii

If indigenous communities across the Philippines continue to suffer from discrim -ination and underdevelopment, their situation in the Autonomous region of Mus -lim Mindanao (ARMM) where the IPRA was up until recently considered invalid

is particularly dire. The project for the Recognition of the Rights of IndigenousPeoples in the ARMM for their Empowerment and Sustainable Development or

IPDEV implemented by the Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung and its local partners isthus of speci c relevance. Along with capacity-building activities for local IP com -munities and advocacies for socio-legal and administrative reforms, the projectprovides assistance for the formulation and implementation of Ancestral DomainSustainable Development and Protection Plans and their integration into devel -opment plans of the local government units. This rst-of-its-kind socio-cultural,economic and demographic survey of indigenous peoples living in the provinc -

es of Maguindanao and Lanao del Sur lays the foundation for that initiative. Itprovides the necessary baseline data for the development of Speci c, Measur -able, Achievable, Realistic, and Time-bound (SMART) plans going beyond wishfulthinking and leading to tangible improvements in the lives of these communities.Following the recent signing of the Comprehensive Peace Agreement betweenthe Government and the Moro Islamic Liberation Front, it is also particularlytimely with respect to ensuring the protection and development of indigenouspeople in the future Bangsamoro which the EU, as a major partner of the peaceprocess, has always advocated for.

GUY LEDOUXAMBASSADOR

HEAD OF DELEGATIONEUROPEAN UNION TO THE PHILIPPINES


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viii | The Indigenous Peoples of Ma inland ARMMviii | The Indigenous Peoples of Ma inland ARMM


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The Indigenous Peoples of Mainland ARMM | 1

DevelopmentConsultants Inc.DEVCON

The project Recognition of the Rights of the IndigenousPeoples in the Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao fortheir Empowerment and Sustainable Development , or shortIP DEV , was launched in February 2012 and is implemented bythe consortium of the KAS Philippines, its institutional partnerInstitute for Autonomy and Governance (IAG) 1 and Development

Consultants Inc (DEVCON). It is carried out for a three-year periodand is co-funded by the EU and the German Ministry for EconomicCooperation and Development (BMZ) through the KAS.

1 | A detailed list of the acronyms can be found on page 39.

W HAT IS ?

Source | IPDEV


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2 | The Indigenous Peoples of Ma inland ARMM

PROJECT BACKGROUND

The Indigenous Peoples Rights Act(IPRA) was introduced in 1997 andgranted fundamental rights such asancestral domains, cultural integrity,self-governance and empowermentas well as social justice and humanrights to the indigenous peoples (IP)in the Philippines. However, in the Au -tonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao

(ARMM) marginalized ethnic groupshave not been able to fully enjoy andexercise these fundamental rights asthe IPRA has for the longest time beenconsidered invalid in the ARMM. TheIP DEV project addresses these dis -criminating political and administra -tive structures and seeks the formula -tion as well as the implementation of

Ancestral Domain Sustainable De-velopment and Protection Plans(ADSDPP) as an instrument of em-powerment that should, in turn, be in -tegrated into local development plans.

The project is active in 80 barangays 2 in the provinces of Maguindanao andLanao del Sur 3 in the ARMM and workstogether with four major tribes: theTeduray, the Lambangian, the Du-langan Manobo and the Higaonon.

IP DEV s activities focus on capacitybuilding for the empowerment andstrengthening of IP self-governanceas well as advocacy for socio-legal and

2 | Barangay is the smallest administrativedivision in the Philippines.

3 | Please see a full list of barangays on page 40-41.

administrative reforms in the ARMM.The overall objective of IP DEV is thedevelopment of IP communities in theARMM that recognize and practice therights of minorities at all levels andthe improvement of living conditionsof the most marginalized population inthe ARMM.

Two years into the project, major aimshave already been met. The objectiveto gather cultural information andbaseline data and to create culturalmaps has been successfully complet -ed. This data built the foundation forthe successful formulation of the ADS -DPP, that have been approved andadopted by three of the tribes an -other milestone for the IP DEV proj -ect and thus for the IP. The projecthas successfully carried out trainingsand seminars to capacitate and equipthe indigenous peoples in ARMM withfundamental and rights-based knowl -edge and skills towards the promotion

of indigenous knowledge systems andpractices and self-governance which

Source | www.hawaii.edu


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shall eventually increase their active participation in local governance. Trainingsto enhance the IPs knowledge and skills in regard to sustainable livelihoods andnatural resource management have been carried out as well. At the same time

the project team is actively carrying out advocacy actions for socio-legal andadministrative reforms and hopes to see the implementation of the ADSDPPs aswell as their integration in the local development plans.

With the help and facilitation of IP DEV , IP leaders in the ARMM - for the rsttime ever - have the chance to get together regularly to formulate and bundletheir interests and just as importantly - make them heard. Numerous consulta -tions and public forums on the Framework Agreement on the Bangsamoro (FAB),signed in October 2012, were organised by the project and IP views on the FABwere raised in the Regional Consultative Assembly. It came as no surprise when,in March 2013, the IP in the ARMM and the Philippine Government endorsed andappointed then IP DEV Advocacy Specialist Mrs Froilyn Mendoza as member ofthe Bangsamoro Transition Commission (BTC), which is tasked to work on theformulation of the Basic Law for the Bangsamoro political entity, replacing theARMM. Her appointment to the BTC ensures that the IP are represented and thattheir rights are heard and advocated for in this decision making body.

The projects overarching goal is therecognition of the Indigenous Peoplesrights and the improvement of their liv-ing conditions as marginalized constit -uent societies of the ARMM. It standsbehind the IP in their struggle for rec -ognition as a minority in the region, andit advocates full implementation of thestate-sanctioned legal instruments forthe IP, respect for human rights, repre -sentation of the traditional systems of

justice and governance and the attain -ment of higher level of empowermentand sustainable development.

With a cross-cutting approach, theproject speci cally focuses on capaci -ty building for the empowerment andstrengthening of IP self-governance as well as advocacy for socio-legal and ad -ministrative reforms in the ARMM. It aims to gather cultural information and

baseline data for cultural pro ling and eventually set and facilitate the formula -tion of the ADSDPPs.

Source | IPDEV


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4 | The Indigenous Peoples of Ma inland ARMM4 | The Indigenous Peoples of Ma inland ARMM


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THE DEMOGRAPHIC AND ECONOMIC PROFILE OFINDIGENOUS PEOPLES IN MAINLAND ARMM

The ARMM includes ve of the 27 prov -inces of the southern island of Mind -anao in the Philippines. The provincesof Maguindanao and Lanao del Surare called mainland ARMM as theseare located within mainland Mindan -

ao. The three others - Basilan, Suluand Tawi-Tawi - comprise the smallerislets dotting the border of the Cele-bes Sea and the Sulu Sea. These areaptly called the island provinces of theARMM.

The three major Indigenous Peoples ofmainland ARMM consist of the Tedur -

ay, the Lambangian and the DulanganManobo societies. They are the origi -nal ethnic inhabitants of the DagumaMountain Range and the river delta tothe West. These areas are presentlywithin the geopolitical jurisdictions ofthe provincial government of Magu -indanao and the local government ofCotabato City.

The contiguous ancestral territories 4 of the Teduray, Lambangian and Du -langan Manobo people are cradled in

4 | The Dulangan Manobo Ancestral Domaininside the ARMM is a small area in BarangayTubak, Ampatuan, Maguindanao. Notably,the larger part of the Ancestral Domainarea is outside of the ARMM geo-political

jurisdiction in the adjacent Province of Sul-tan Kudarat.

the Daguma Mountain Range - a con -voluted natural formation of moun-tains, hills and geological pop-ups thatrim the southern portion of Maguin-danao province. Although the prom -inent mountain peaks ( 63856.40N

1242612.20E ) are mostly clusteredin the area of Ampatuan municipality,the larger portion of the range stretch -es farther northwest ( 70408.92N1240249.84E ) to the shores ofDatu Blah Sinsuat municipality.

The other Indigenous Peoples of theARMM comprise an aggregate group

of migrant IP who settled in theMuniciplality of Wao, Lanao del Sur inthe beginning of the 1960s. They donot apply for territorial claim, despitetheir long years of residency in thearea. These are the Higaonon, AgusanManobo, BLaan, Subanen, TBoli,Tigwahanon, Talaandig, Umayamnon,Mandaya, Bagobo, Pulangihon,

Matigsalug, Ilyanun, Klata Manobo(Dyangan), Igorot, Mangyan, Ivatanand Tingguian from the nearby townsof Bukidnon who migrated to Waofor economic reasons. A few of theseeven come from the Northern island ofLuzon, such as the Igorot, Ivatan andTingguian. These IP migrants came as


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individuals or families and eventuallyestablished their economic activities,livelihood and residence among theChristian settlers and the IslamizedIranuns 5 of Wao.

5 | The Islamized Iranun society is indigenous to Wao and the adjacent municipalities of

Buldon and Barira. It is one of the 13 Islamized societies in Mindanao which constitute theMoro group together with the Maguindanao, Maranaw, Tausug and others.

Source | IPDEV

Source | IPDEV


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D E M O G R A P H I C P R O F I L E

Overall, the constitutive IP societies already indicate 21 ethnic af liations, whichaltogether comprise the 117,189 total Indigenous Peoples population in main-land ARMM ( IP DEV 2013) 6 .

The Indigenous Peoples Population in Mainland ARMM

Ethnic Af liation No. ofHousehold

No. of IPSpouse

Other Members of theHousehold TOTAL

Male Female

1. Teduray 14,563 14,688 42,512 38,796 110,559

2. Dulangan Manobo 383 409 1,070 1,042 2,904

3. Lambangian 480 468 1,179 1,012 3,139

4. Higaonon 24 23 63 51 161

5. Agusan Manobo 13 22 28 30 93

6. BLaan 10 5 25 17 57

7. Subanen 8 3 23 20 54

8. TBoli 7 5 19 14 45

9. Tigwahanon 5 5 16 17 43

10. Talaandig 4 10 11 4 29

11. Umayamnon 3 4 12 6 25

12. Mandaya 2 4 3 6 15

13. Bagobo 2 4 4 3 13

14. Pulangihon 1 2 4 3 10

15. Matigsalug 1 1 3 2 7

16. Ilyanun 1 1

17. Dyangan (Klata) 1 1

18. Igorot 3 1 11 6 21

19. Mangyan 1 1 4 3 9

20. Ivatan 2 2

21. Tingguian 1 1

TOTAL 15,510 15,660 44,987 41,032 117,189

6 | This gure is based on the 2013 Indigenous People population survey among 80 baran -gays of the twelve municipalities with sizable IP population in mainland ARMM. It indicatesthe current unof cial record of the IP population in mainland ARMM, pending the of cial IP

population data of the National Statistics Of ce (NSO) for ARMM.


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The Teduray, Lambangian and Dulangan Manobo the three major indigenous so -cieties in mainland ARMM are culturally distinct. However, territorial and phys -ical proximity has bound them to each other, in a unique and lasting relationship

informed by intermarriages, traditional alliances, inter-tribal wars, trading prac -tices, including some shared myths, stories and legends passed on through mil -lennial oral tradition. These deeply entrenched historical and socio-cultural linksrender their respective societies somewhat different but substantively related.

Linguistic differences appear to be the most evident cultural marker that setsthem apart. They each speak a different and distinguishable language. Never -theless, large numbers of shared-terms mutually manifest across their speci cdialects. Oftentimes, the linguistic distinction can be as trivial as mere nuances inthe pronunciation. For instance, while the Teduray and Lambangian both prom -inently pronounce the letter r, the Dulangan Manobo tongue just substitutesthe same sound with the letter . Hence, Tudok Mrawir (Mt. Merawir) is called

Mlawil by the Dulangan Manobos.

Their shared history of trading with Maguindanaons the Islamized natives ofCentral Mindanao and their subsequent subjugation to the Sultanate whichthe later established looms large as the common historical, cultural and politicalbackdrop against which their social relationship has spun over the ages. TheTeduray mutually share with Maguindanaos the archetypal story of fraternal bondand legendary peace pact between their ancestors Mamalu and Tabunaway 7 .

HOUSEHOLD SET-UP

There are 15,510 accounted Indigenous People households 8 in mainland ARMMin the rst decade of the 21st century. The number comprises 59 percent of thetotal 26,477 households in 80 IP-dominated barangays constituting the twelvemunicipalities with sizable IP residents. Among these, a total of 14,563 comprisethe Teduray households; 383 comprise Dulangan Manobo households; 480 com -prise Lambangian households in eleven municipalities of Maguindanao provinceand 84 comprise households of aggregate IP group in the town of Wao, Lanaodel Sur. 9

7 | See Eric Casinos account in Mindanao Statecraft and Ecology (2000).

8 | Based on the 2013 Indigenous People population survey among 80 barangays of the 12municipalities with sizable IP population in mainland ARMM.

9 | The IP organization Mga Katutubo conducted a survey from April-May 2014, covering all

26 barangays. The survey revealed an IPs population of 2,500+ and at least one more tribe,such as the Tagakaolo was added.


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The survey showed that there are no baran-gays with purely IP inhabitants within main -land ARMM. The general populace at barangay

level consists of the inter-ethnic and inter-cul -tural mix of varying population distributionpercentages of Lumad 10 , Moros 11 and ChristianSettlers 12 . The gradual but persistent in uxof other people into the IP ancestral territoryeventually compel the Teduray, Lambangianand Dulangan Manobo to live side by side withthe politically dominant Muslim Maguindanaosand or the enterprising migrant Christian Set-

tlers (Ilonggos, Cebuanos, Ilocanos and Taga -logs) within their communities. On top of this,one also needs to mention the aggressive ad-vancement of logging, mining and agro-indus -trial ventures of giant companies into IP lands.These political and socio-cultural factors havecontinuously contributed to the marginaliza -tion process plaguing the Indigenous Peoplesof the region and the rest of the island since

the 1930s.

Over the years IP households, just as with theirindividual members, have exhibited resiliencyand adaptability towards the fast-paced hi-techenvironment of the new millennium. Television

10 | Lumad is the Bisayan word for indigenous ornative. It was adopted by a group of 15 out of themore than 18 Mindanao ethnic groups in their Cotaba-

to Congress in June 1986 in order to distinguish themfrom the other Mindanaons, Moro or Christians.

11 | Moro refers to the 13 Islamized people of Min-danao and Sulu. In recent years, the mainland Morosocieties resolutely pursued the use of Bangsamorofor historical and political correctness. It eventuallybecame of cial with the signing of the Comprehensive

Agreement on the Bangsamoro (CAB) between thePhilippine Government and the Moro Islamic Libera-tion Front (MILF) on March 27, 2014.

12 | Tri-people is the recent term introduced by de-velopment workers to collectively refer to the Moro

(Islamized), Lumad (indigenous people) and the Set -tler (migrant Christian) populations of Mindanao. Still,there is ongoing debate pertaining to the validity ofthe term as general category for the diverse and plu-ralistic cultures of Mindanao.

10 | The Indigenous Peoples of Mainland ARMM

Source | IPDEV


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sets and motorbikes have become common possessions among urban house -holds. Likewise, most of the remote rural households are relatively in sync withmodern time. Individuals, especially the youth, own cellular phones, shoes and

unisex shirts and jeans with the latest modern designs. Most of these, however,are acquired at lower prices from the so-called ukay-ukay ( ea market shops)and roadside stalls that sell imitated personal accessory products.

Despite the relentless lure of modernity, indigenous peoples households did nottotally abandon their traditions, just yet. It is observed that most families stillmaintain traditional clustering of houses among their group. They exhibit theconservative habitation pattern of keeping physically close to each other, as psy -cho-social re ex for self-preservation against the dominant presence ofnon-IP societies . Indigenous families instinctively band tightly together whenconfronted with situations or occasions in which Muslim Maguindanaons or Chris -tian settlers are present as well. The adaptive strategy results in the formationof small, purely IP sitios (enclaves) or puroks (clusters) within some barangays.However, that is just how far the traditional household set-up could hold-outagainst the attraction of mainstream lifestyle.

Adherence to the normative scheme of the ideal extended family - that is strong -ly bonded around the collective tradition and value of unity within the typicallyshared household - has largely diminished among the indigenous Teduray, Lam -bangian and Dulangan Manobo lifestyle. This scenario is more evident amongthe Teduray families who have adopted to living in the town centers of the townsof Upi, South Upi and Cotabato City. Nevertheless, momentary visits that maylast for few days or weeks the usual mode of maintaining kin ties and bonds- from clan members or families remain a common phenomenon. On extremeoccasions, such as evacuations during armed con icts or natural disasters, theseurban-dwelling IP become buffers that readily absorb their displaced relatives.

The usual size of families among IP households is relatively small. A majority

of 52 percent (8,108) of the households belong to the ideal-size of the nuclearfamily that consists of four members or less (see gure household size). On theother hand, large families, which consist of nine members and above, compriseonly 1,038 or 7 percent of the total IP households.

Source | IPDEV


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The data collected by IP DEV suggests low incidenceof intermarriage between the IP and the Maguind-anaons or between IP and migrant settlers. This canbe gleaned from the data of 15,660 IP spouses thatis 150 higher than the indicated IP households of

15,510. This fact suggests 150 non-IP spouses amongthe overall married population. It is indicative of only0.09 percent incidence of either IP-Maguindanaon orIP-settler mixed marital partnership.

Source | IPDEV

0

2,000

4,000

6,000

8,000

10,000

9 o r m o r e

5 -

8

4 o r

l e s s

8,108

6,304

1,038

Household Members

N u m

b e r o f

H o u s e

h o l

d s

Household Size


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AGE AND GENDER DISTRIBUTION

The majority of the IP population in mainland ARMM is very young with more

than half (56 percent) of the population assembled within the cluster of 1-20year old respondents. This marks the developmental stage from toddlerhoodto adolescence. Speci cally, the number peaks at the cluster of 610 year old,indicating that the IP societies in mainland ARMM nurture a highly dependentpopulation. In addition, the male population is higher than the female populationby eleven percent within this juvenile group.

2

Source | IPDEV

02 ,000 4,000 6,000 8,000 10,000 12,000

Infants

1 to 5 year s

6 to 10 year s

11 to 15 year s

16 to 20 year s

21 to 25 year s

26 to 30 year s

31 to 40 year s

41 to 50 year s

51 to 60 year s

61 to 70 year s

71 above

A g e

R a n g e 1,599

9,546

8,460

7,774

4,076

4,939

7,646

6,699

4,528

2,008

597

Frequency

Age Distribution

11,990


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The gender distribution gure revealsa cumulative male-dominant popu -lation from infants to 20 year olds.However, a dramatic reversal is highlyobservable within the cluster of 21-25 year olds, where females outnum -bered males at a 3:1 ratio based onthe xed population of 3,079 femalesand 997 males. Intriguingly, this isthe only category in the age distribu -tion data where girls register a stag-gering 309 percent higher populationthan boys. Data beyond the 25 yearold mark show once again the dom -

inance of male population onward tothe very senior group of 71 year oldsand above.

High mobility has been the most prof -fered reason for the minimal pres-ence or even the absence of juvenilemales in the community. Many werenot present in their households at thetime of the survey. The 20-25 yearolds are considered to be of earningage among able-bodied members ofIP communities. They usually move

out to engage in paid jobs in CotabatoCity and other urban areas of Central

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

71 above

A g e

R a n g e

Percentage

61 to 70 year s

51 to 60 year s

41 to 50 year s

31 to 40 year s

26 to 30 year s

21 to 25 year s

16 to 20 year s

11 to 15 year s

6 to 10 year s

1 to 5 year s

Infants 708 891

2,134

4,680

4,538

3,743

3,855

3,079

2,465

3,658

3,126

655

238

4,866

7,452

4,717

3,919

997

2,474

3,988

3,573

2,394

1,353

359

Gender Distribution

FemaleMale


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Mindanao. Huge numbers of young men workoutside their villages and localities duringthis most productive age bracket. Mostly goto urban centres where they earn wages ashired labourers in department stores andother business establishments. Most of them

nd work as drivers, delivery boys, construc -tion workers and assistant bakers. In con -trast, income of older and more senior IP istied to farming and agriculture which doesnot generally rake-in the nancial needs forthe family.

This implies that young IP males carry theload of supporting the basic needs of a largepopulation of dependents. They are theircommunitys workhorses who continuous -ly provide for the economic needs of theirfamilies back home. Comparably, althoughyoung IP females also engage in some paid

jobs outside their villages, they usually dothis intermittently and in shorter time pe -riods. Female IP are not expected to stayaway from their houses for too long. If theydo, a member of the family usually comesfor an investigatory visit. Overall, the earn -

ing age phenomenon explains why both themale and the female clusters of ages 20-25year olds also register the highest numberof school dropouts among IP of school age.


Source | IPDEV


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EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT

Although it is generally stated that IP children have equal chances to non-IP kids

for formal schooling in the public school system, the half-baked character of IPaccess to education remains more visible. A common observation attests thatschool attendance usually starts strong at elementary level and wanes at highschool and college levels. Indeed, the data collected by IP DEV shows that al-most half of the respondents (48.5 percent) have attended the elementary levelof formal education.

Distribution of Educational Level among IP in ARMM

Male Female TotalFrequency % Frequency % Frequency %

Day care 1,323 3.9 1,111 4.0 2,434 3.9

Kindergarten 629 1.8 2,209 8.0 2,838 4.6

Elementary level 18,104 52.9 11,923 43.1 30,027 48.5

Elementary graduate 3,746 10.9 3,189 11.5 6,935 11.2

High school level 3,702 10.8 3,432 12.4 7,134 11.5

High school graduate 1,217 3.6 1,244 4.5 2,461 4.0

Vocational graduate 54 0.2 27 0.1 81 0.1

College level 1,267 3.7 864 3.1 2,131 3.4

College graduate 292 0.9 334 1.2 626 1.0

Postgraduate 3 0.0 7 0.0 10 0.0

No formal schooling 3,915 11.4 3,315 12.0 7,230 11.7

Total 34,252 100.0 27,655 100 61,907 100

However, for most IP surveyed the elementary school level has unfortunatelyproven to be the highest attained education. The number of school attendeesdramatically reduces as the school years advance. A little more than elevenpercent were able to nish the elementary grades and proceeded to high schoolwhile a huge number have eventually dropped out of school. The necessity ofemployment has been the primary reason for leaving school. Many drop out ofschool as teenagers. Most of them join their parents and older siblings, who arealso drop-outs, in earning money in the farms (or in many cases earning moneyas paid labourers in other peoples farms). Once they have reached their 20s,

they start leaving their communities to seek non-professional employment else -where.


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Finally, the educational continuum ends with just a mere onepercent able to nish college education. These few collegegraduates are mostly holders of a degree in elementary ed -ucation who will, in turn, teach in the public schools in theirbarangays.

It is striking to note, that a sizable number of 7,230 individ -uals or 11.7 percent con rmed that they have not receivedany kind of formal education. Despite this, the literacy rateamong the Indigenous Peoples in the ARMM is relatively high.

With regards to their educational status, of those who arecurrently of school-age, girls (67 percent) and boys (74 per -cent) almost equally compose those who attend elementaryschool.

Hill 224 produces its rst eight graduates through Kyamko ElementarySchool, the only school within the Mt Firis Complex. This was achievedthrough the concerted efforts of the Department of Education-ARMM,the 1st Mechanized Brigade, the 5th Special Forces Battalion and IP-DEV among others. Source | IPDEV

Source | IPDEV


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02 04 06 08 0 100

8 4 % 5 % 4 % 6 %

1 3 %

4 % 9 % 7 4 %

2 8 %

3 7 %

3 5 %

4 8 %

5 % 1 9 %

2 8 %

3 -5

years ol d

6 -14

years ol d

15 -18

years ol d

19 -25

years ol d

While some of those aged 15-18 yearsold already reached high school level,there is still a signi cant rate of girlsand boys in this age range who remainat elementary level. Furthermore, astheir age increases, the number ofthose of their communities who areout of school does too. For both girlsand boys, the number of those out

of school is high among those aged19-25 years old (91 percent amonggirls and 84 percent among boys)and those aged 15-18 years old (47percent among girls and 48 percentamong boys). They opt to look forpaid jobs and earn income instead of

attending school. It must be noted,however, that the low number of maledrop-outs also means that there wasa low turn-out of boy respondents.Most boy drop outs have already lefttheir communities at the time of thesurvey. Lastly, the number of children(aged 3-5 years old) who may not yetbe in their schooling age add to the

relatively high rate of those who havenot earned formal education.

Day Care

Elementar y

High School

College

Out of School

Educational Status Among Girls

Educational Status Among Boys

0 20 40 60 80

0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000

2 , 6

5 6

1 5 5

1 3 4

2 0 1

1 , 1

1 1

3 3 4

7 3 2

6 , 1

0 4

6 5 5

8 4 9

8 0 5

1 , 4

2 5

1 4 3

5 7 2

8 4 3

3 -5

years ol d

6 -14

years ol d

15 -18

years ol d

19 -25

years ol d

0 20 40 60 80 100


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MARITAL STATUS

Marriage among the Teduray, Lambangian and Dulangan Manobo is traditionally

arranged. Parents betroth their children for marriage. But the power to negoti -ate rests entirely on the males and females usually cannot negotiate during theritualistic betrothal process. Furthermore, many times they do not have priorknowledge and it comes as a surprise to most females when their marriage isalready to be undertaken. Informants attest that some betrothed brides collapseout of astonishment and disbelief over their de nitive fate.

That men have the power to negotiate their preferences while women are boundto submit provides an explanation for the fact that more women than men en -gage into marriage when they are as young as 15-17 years of age (247 womenand 43 men) and 18-25 years old (3,370 women and 2,007 men). But as ageincreases these gures are reversed. Data shows that there are more marriedmen than women between the ages of 26 years and above. A community obser -vation suggests that more women at these ages search for work, commonly ashousehold help, in towns and cities outside of their localities.

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

41 above31-40

years ol d26-30

years ol d18-25

years ol d15-17

years ol d12-14

years ol d

4 5 9

4 6 6 8

3 4 7 0

8 1 3 8

3 1 9 2

2 7 6 3

5 9 5 5

2 1 7 8

1 8 6 3

4 0 4 1

2 0 0 7

3 3 7 0

5 3 7 7

4 3 2 4 7 2 9

0

Distribution of Marriage among IPs

MaleFemaleTotal


28/52


Few mix-married couples openly declare their inter-ethnic marital status. It isalso common for IP, who have intermarried with non-IP, to identify themselveswith the ethnic and religious af liations of their spouses, thus, defaulting their

inclusion in the IP count. Teduray local of cials recently refer to these as the assimilated members of their indigenous society or IP who have voluntarilyassimilated to other cultures. In addition, many indigenous individuals tend tohide their IP identities for fear of discrimination in the mixed communities theylive in, or in schools as well as in private or public establishments offering jobs. Inthis respect it can be suggested that the real incidence of inter-ethnic marriagesis signi cantly higher than what is currently claimed.

HOUSING AND HOUSEHOLD AMENITIES

When it comes to house ownership and housing materials used, data shows thata majority of 87 percent (13,579) con rm solo-ownership of their houses. Incontrast, only a relatively small number of 448 of households (3 percent) stillmaintain the ancestral practice of sharing a common house with the kinsfolksfamilies. The data suggests a strong departure from the customary practice oflarge extended families living in a single household within the traditional longhouse set-up. It is also a convincing indication that they have adopted the mod -ern practice of a one family-one householdone house set-up.

Concret e

Semi-concret e

Re cycled

Light

House Materials Used

3122%

3883%

4483%

12,89892%


29/52


With regard to housing material, most houses (12,898 or 86 percent) are madeof light housing materials such as nipa palm and/or bamboo. The types of materi -als used for the physical infrastructure vary among individual families. There are

a number of 448 who have declared that they used recycled materials, 338 useda mix of concrete and light materials and 312 used purely concrete materials.

Interestingly, most IP families today tend to avoid the traditional house sharingwithin the clan. Rather than sharing a common house with others, families whocould not afford to build their own usually opt to borrow the abandoned housesor farm shacks of relatives or friends in the village. There are 256 householdsthat con rmed this practice. Yet, renting of houses only happens among the townor city dwellers.

House Ownership

RentedBorrowed

Shared

Owned

Source | IPDEV

490.3%

2562%

448

3%

13,57995%


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When it comes to lighting facilities, nine percent or1,341 households avail of electric energy throughlocal cooperatives, such as the Maguindanao Elec -

tric Company (MAGELCO) and Lanao del Sur Elec -tric Company (LASURECO). In addition, there arevery few household who draw their light energyfrom solar-powered portable generators.

Urban-living indigenous households avail of publicaccess to government run electric power systemsfor domestic power supply. They secure electricalconnections through direct application for elec -trical connection to the electric cooperative, orthrough clandestine agreement with neighbourswho have legitimate electric meters but sell itsaccess. This is locally called series connection.The rst mode is considered legal while the otheris not. Indeed, some IP households employ the

series connection strategy for securing theirhousehold electrical supply. This is done in the manner by which owners of legiti -mate electric meters allow their neighbours to connect directly from their electricsource. These meter owners maintain a network of octopus connections aroundthe neighbourhood and make a business out of it. 13

There are two main reasons why some IP opt for the series connection. Firstly,legal application for electric connection takes time and incurs higher nancialcosts. Secondly, they nd the cost for required standard materials already ex -pensive, on top of the mandatory amount for the registration fee. Urban lifecompels IP households to satisfy other urgent basic needs than going throughthe circuitous and costly legal process for installing electric power. Hence, thealternative becomes more likely. They are aware of the chance to circumvent

the legal requirements and forego the additional costs, if they just settle with a series connection of their enterprising neighbours. Many IP families who haveestablished their residence in urban settings, such as the Awang Airport area inDatu Odin Sinsuat town or the many squatters sections of Cotabato City, usuallysettle to a series connection agreement with legitimate line owners. Despiteits illegal and hazardous nature, aseries connection is more appealing becauseit facilitates instantaneous and cheap electric lighting. In addition, it readily en -

13 | It should be noted that this strategy for securing electric power is not unique among IPs.

They are simply utilizing the common and existing strategies which their non-IP neighbourshave already employed in various urban enclaves in mainland ARMM.

Solar

Grid P owerGas Lam p

Lighting Facility

1401%

1,3419%

12,81690%


31/52


sures operation of what many IP households consider as the rst manifestationof af uence television sets and refrigerators.

With regard to lamps, the large majority of the IP population (90 percent) stillrely on kerosene lamps (gas lamps) for domesticlighting (Picture 1). The main reason is lack ofelectric power supply in the rural barangays. Theprimary power line is installed along the Cota -bato-Lebak Highway which traverses the Tedur -ay and Lambangian territories. But energy sup -ply is only provided among barangays along thehighway. Occasionally, electric power lines alsoreach barangays with relatively higher agricul -tural income, such as Pandan in South Upi andDarugao in Upi. Other than these, Teduray andLambangian households living in far- ung baran -gays still rely on the traditional kerosene lampsfor lighting.

The Dulangan Manobo community in BarangayTubak of Ampatuan Town is located far awayfrom the main highway. The remoteness of thecommunity renders it impossible for the powerprovider to energize the IP households there. Butin 2012, the provincial government of Sultan Kudarat installed a solar-poweredlamp post that is just enough to illuminate the vicinity of the barangay hall andthe community health center. For this, this was their rst taste of electricity.However, the sustainability of the project is highly questionable, as no one in thecommunity is knowledgeable about the maintenance of solar-powered lamps.

Kerosene Lamp

Source | www.redorbit.com


32/52


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With regard to the households water source, more than half or 56 percent ofthe 15,510 households lack water facility installation in their communities. They,thus, contend with drawing domestic water supply from springs and rivers and

also by collecting rainwater from the regular afternoon downpour. IP householdsin interior barangays readily fetch water from the rivers and springs nearby.From these natural sources, water is hauled in plastic containers and then storedin bigger containers at home. These interior IP communities are better off thanother communities who are situated near the highway, even though they lackwater system facilities.

Communities in some barangays of DatuOdin Sinsuat, Upi and South Upi that arelocated far away from rivers and springscan only rely on rainwater for most oftheir domestic needs. Rainwater is gen -erally used for bathing, washing laundry,washing utensils and ushing the toilet(if a water-sealed toilet is in place). Theonly recourse to secure potable water is todraw it from natural springs, regardless ofthe distance. In this situation, children areoften seen pushing rickety wooden cartsfull of plastic containers for fetching water.They go in convoys - either downhill and/or uphill - from the barangays to rivers orsprings that are not rarely more than halfa mile away.

Moreover, a total of 4,902 households (32percent) draw water from open/dug wellscalled balon . These are considered the

number one facilities where concrete wa -ter catchments are installed in situ. Aside from these natural sources, a minimalfour percent (1,285 households) have installed manual jetmatic pumps or bomba from the location where they get their drinking water.

Actually, many of these communities are bene ciaries of water system projects.Non-Governmental Organizations, such as OXFAM, UNDP, CFSI, A Single Drop ofSafe Water, Mindanao Tulong Bakwet, UNYPAD, among others have donated var -ious levels of water system facilities through the Water Sanitation and Hygiene

(WASH) projects. Unfortunately, many of these projects have ceased to functionfor lack of proper maintenance, if not outright neglect.

Level

Jetmatic

Spring/River/Rain

Open/Dug Well

Source of drinking water

4,90235%

5884%

7,3639%

7,36352%


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HEALTH STATUS AND A CCESS TO SERVIC ES

A total of 5,178 respondents identify fever as the number one common illness

they experience. In addition, respondents con rmed experiences of viral diseas -es, such as Dengue, Malaria, ulcers, Diarrhoea and Tuberculosis, among othersin their communities.

But frequency remains low as these are only experienced by not greater than1 percent of the total population. Observations show that this condition is notbrought about by lack of food but because of hazardous practices, such as ex -cessive smoking and alcohol drinking. This is consistent with the data showingthat Tuberculosis is among the top illnesses experienced in the community. Otherlifestyle-related conditions include urinary track infection (by 93 persons), hy -pertension (by 60 persons) and diabetes (by three persons).

Although the survey did not include the nutrition aspect of the overall health sta -

tus of IP communities, common observations attest to evidences of widespreadmalnutrition, especially among IP children in the barangays.

0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000

Others

Anemia

Diabetes

Tonsillitis

Bleeding

Goiter

Cardiovascular

Rheumatism

Hypertension

Urinary tract infection

Tetanus

Skin Irritation

Asthma

Measles

Colds/SinusitisTuberculosis

Diarrhea

Ulcers

Malaria/Dengue/Meningitis

Fever5,1781,0701,052934

608294

2031581421279860

2321104433

2

Health Problems


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Having experienced such symptoms and chronic diseases, the majority of therespondents consulted medical professionals, such as doctors (by 3,441 respon -dents) and midwives (by 2,492 respondents). On the other hand, traditionalhealers, who are called Bliyan , are also consulted by a relatively large numberof respondents (2,292). It is worth noting that around the same number do notseek health intervention from any kind of health expert.

Source | IPDEV

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

NoneNurseMidwifeCombinationDoctorB'li ya n

Health Personnel Consulted

2,292

3,441

626

2,492

366

2,545


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Relatively consistent with previousdata, services of medical physiciansare accessed at government-operat -ed health facilities. Rural health units,such as Barangay Health Centers, areaccessed by the majority of the re -spondents (4,277) out of accessibility,while municipal and regional hospitalsare accessed out of cost-effectiveness.Despite such, a great number (3,861)still do not access any kind of healthfacility. Source | IPDEV

Source | IPDEV Source | IPDEV

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

NoneRegionalHospital

Priv ate Clinic /Hospital

Municipal /District Hospita l

Bar angayHealth Center

Health Personnel Accessed

1,764

4,277

545

619

3,861


37/52

The Indigenous Peoples of Mainland ARMM | 29 The Indigenous Peoples of Mainland ARMM | 29

Source | IPDEV


38/52


LIVELIHOOD ACTIVITIES AND RESOURCES

Agriculture remains the major source of income in the communities. Among thecrops generally produced are corn (by 7,950 households), rice (by 2,082 house -holds) and coconut (by 1,792 households) from which they earn income on ayearly basis, while short term cash crops include banana and cassava or camote .Tools owned and used to carry out farm activities are limited to plough and har -row, bolo and sprayer. Post-harvest facilities in the barangays are few and onlyinclude one thresher, two corn shellers and one rice mill.

E C O N O M I C P R O F I L E

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

7000

8000

RubberCoffeeGingerRootcropBananaCoconutRiceCorn

Crops

2,082

7,950

1,792

453353 115 50 8


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The livestock commonly raised include chicken (by 3,418 households), pigs (by2,647 households), carabaos/water buffalos (by 2,197 households), horses (by1,836 households) and cows (by 1,711 households). These are either sold, con -sumed or used in the farm and for transportation.

Source | IPDEV

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

DuckGoatCarabaoHorseCowPigChicke n

Livestock

2,647

3,418

1,711

1,836

2,197

724 93


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SOURCE OF INCOME

Looking at the source of income , a large number of the surveyed householdsengage in farming (3,261 households), work as farm labourers (2,839 house -holds), grow vegetables and raise livestock for sale (529 households) and shing(132 households). A few respondent households also engage in rubber tappingas it is considered a crop useful for livelihood.

Other economic activities they engage in include jobs that provide services topeople, such as being an employee, a barangay of cial, a driver/conductor, car -

penter or a labandera (laundress).

To augment income from identi ed sources, some households stated that theyborrow money from traders and relatives. The amounts borrowed start small butcan scale up to Php 5,000 at interest rates from three to ten percent.

0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3500

3,2612,839

529132126

7050

2927232321

12986546

Source of Income

Others (Rubber Tapper, Barber, Baker)

Security Guard

Pension

Barangay Official

CAFGU

Pataya

Carpentry

Oversea Filipino Worker

Children's Support

Private Employment

Labourer

Laundry work

Local Government Unit Employment

Driving

Government Employment

Fishing

Vending

Farm Work/LabourFarming


41/52


The monthly incomehouseholds genera terange from Php 1,407

to 5,624 for the majori -ty (8,034 households). Arelatively large numberof households (4,428)earn merely Php 1,406 orless. And, only very few(142 households) reportincome that satisfactorilyranges from 12,655 and

above.

LAND OWNERSHIP AND LAND TITLES

With regard to the land tilled for agriculture and other signi cant purposes, themajority of household respondents (5,176) said they are occupants or claimants ofthe land. A total of 1,853 households said they are shareholder tenants, while onlyvery few (106 households) report ownership of the land.

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12,655and above

8,437 -12,654

5,625 -8,436

1,407 -5,624

1,406or less

Monthly Income8,034

4,428

1,241

207 142

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

Contra ctHolder

LeaseHolder

Owner-Manager

Owner-Farmer

Occupant /Claimant

ShareholderTenant

Land Ownership

5,176

1,853

536106

360 179


42/52


43/52


LIVELIHOOD SKILLS

The skills developed for livelihood by respondents aged 15 years and above vary

depending on gender. Carpentry was mentioned by 1,427 men and 38 womenand driving was indicated by 318 men and 22 women. These are typically rathercarried out by men than by women.

On the other hand, weaving was indicated by 369 women and 111 men, hand -icraft by 497 women and 285 men, and masseur/masseuse was named by 88women and 44 men. These are skills rather developed by women than by men.

Skills equally developed by women and men include baking and midwife.

0 300 600 900 1200 1500

Bake r

Blacksmit h

Electrician

Mechanic

Midwife

Masseur/Masseuse

Making MusicInstruments

Driving

Weaving

Handicaf t

Carpentry1,427

38

285497

111369

318

22142

74

4488

2324

2610

2013

275

32

Livelihood Skills

MaleFemale


44/52


The marginal situation of the indigenous people is an undeniable reality. The de -mographic and socio-economic data attest to this status. However, explanationbeyond the numbers point to the structural and systemic aws in the local andnational mechanisms and agencies responsible for accounting for IP realities andaddressing the consequent problems and challenges. Thus, the basic issues ofrecognition and empowerment, despite the clear provisions of the IndigenousPeoples Rights Act (IPRA), remain neglected and unrealized.

The Indigenous People of mainland ARMM continuously assert their distinctidentity as people with rich culture, history, social arrangement, and collectiveaspirations that are distinguishable from the Bangsamoro and Christian settlerinhabitants of Mindanao. The overall demographic gures, presented herein,de nitively establish the existence of the Teduray, Lambangian, and DulanganManobo as Tribal People amidst the raucous claims of other identities in theregion.

Based on the 2013 IPDEV population survey, there are currently 117,189 Indige -nous individuals in 15,510 households among 80 barangays in 12 municipalitiesof the mainland ARMM. The gure comprises the Teduray, Lambangian, and Du -langan Manobo indigenous societies in the provinces of Maguindanao and Lanaodel Sur. There are 110,559 Teduray, 3,139 Lambangians, and 2,905 DulanganManobos. They are joined by 587 individuals comprising the 17 non-ARMM IPgroups who migrated to the Municipality of Wao, Lanao del Sur.

Overall, the IP population is 6.24 percent of the 1,877,978 combined populationsof Maguindanao and Lanao del Sur provinces (NSO Census of Population and

Housing 2010) in mainland ARMM.

There are 15,510 households or 59 percent of the total 26,477 households of the80 IP-dominated barangays (see list of project barangays). The typical IP house -hold is relatively small with an average family size of 4 members. The distinctivetraditional pattern of shared house set-up where several households and familiescommunally share and live together inside a single house has been fast dimin -ishing. Most IP families today settle as individual households within a cluster ofIP houses in the barangay residential zone.

C O N C L U S I O N


45/52


Rural-dwelling IPs, who form a major -ity among the overall IP population,completely rely on kerosene-fuelled

lamps for lighting and on rewood forhousehold cooking. They are also themost vulnerable to man-made disasters(armed-con ict, harassment, banditry)and natural calamities ( ood, landslide,crop infestations). In either scenario,mass evacuation becomes their only re -course. They seek refuge to temporaryshelters by the NGOs and government

agencies or among their city-dwellingrelatives.

The majority of the Teduray, Lambangian, and Dulangan Manobo population inmainland ARMM is rather young. More than half or 56 percent are within the 1 20 years old age cluster. Quite intriguingly, the main income earners also belongto this age bracket. Most male juveniles work outside of their communities toearn money. They are the main income earners. Female youths periodically workas domestic helpers in the towns and cities. The situation negatively impactsthe general status IP education. Only 11 percent of the schooling age populationreaches the high school level. There are 47 percent among the 15-18 years oldgirls who have stopped attending school. Comparably, 48 percent among boysof the same age bracket are school drop-outs. Earning for family sustenance hasbeen the inescapable imperative among these youths.

Marital pattern shows that the majorityof girls commit to marriage much ear -lier than boys. There are 247 marriedfemales as against 43 married males

who attest of their early marriage atthe age of 15-17 years old. This is ex -plained by the fact that IP families stillretain the practice of betrothing theiryoung daughters without the bene t ofinformed consent. Marriage remains amale prerogative through the circuitousdowry negotiations.

Source | IPDEV

Source | IPDEV


46/52


The most common diseases among IP communities are malaria, dengue, ulcer,and tuberculosis. These cases are mostly brought to the attention of the barangayhealth workers. From that point, the af icted IPs are sent to traditional healers

called Bliyan instead of licensed doctors. One obvious reason for this is the lackof money to pay the bills in municipal or provincial hospitals. This is the main rea -son why a mean 500 600 cases out of the 4,000-5,000 cases were submittedto hospitals in 2013. As they are mostly farmers and farm workers, rural-dwellingIP families can just about afford to buy bare basic necessities. Aspects of educa -tion, health, and political participation are relegated to the background. And thisis primarily framed by their non-ownership of the basic resource: land.

Despite their marginal situation, the IPs have bounced back time and again toassert their identity and rights. They have put up peoples organizations and ad -vocacies, such as the Teduray Lambangian Ancestral Domain Claim (TLAMADC),Teduray Lambangian Womens Organization, Inc. (TLWOI), Organization ofTeduray Lambangian Conference (OTLAC), among others, to ameliorate theircollective status. They have revived the Timuay Justice and Governance (TJG)and have positioned it structurally to be interface-ready with the ARMM politicalstructure and the upcoming Bangsamoro Government. A Teduray woman who isa staunch advocate of IP rights and gender equality currently sits as Commis -sioner in the Bangsamoro Transition Commission (BTC). Timuays, Datus, andBliyans are actively keeping the IP culture evermore alive and assertive of theirrich culture, history and envisioned destiny in the 21st century. But the road toeconomic and political empowerment remains long and winding for the Indige -nous Peoples in the Bangsamoro.

Source | IPDEV


47/52


LIST OF ACRONYMS

ADSDPP Ancestral Domain Sustainable Development and Protection Plan

ARMM Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao

BMZ German Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation andDevelopment

BTC Bangsamoro Transition Commission

CAFGU Citizen Armed Geographical Unit

CFSI Community and Family Service International

CLOA Certi cate of Land Ownership Awards

DENR Department of Environment and Natural Resources

DEVCON Development Consultants, Inc.

EU European Union

EUR Euro

FAB Framework Agreement on the Bangsamoro

IAG Institute for Autonomy and Governance

IP non-Christianised, non-Islamised Indigenous

IPRA Indigenous Peoples Rights Act

KAS Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung

LPG Lique ed petroleum gas

NCIP National Commission for Indigenous Peoples

NGO Non-Governmental Organization

NSO National Statistics Of ce of the Philippines

OXFAM Oxford Committee for Famine Relief

OLT Operation Land TransferPHP Philippine Peso

UNDP United Nations Development Program

UNYPAD United Youth for Peace and Development


48/52

40 | The Indigenous Peoples of Ma inland ARMM40 | The Indigenous Peoples of Mainland ARMM

LIST OF 80 BARANGAYS (12 MUNICIPALITIES)

IN MAINLAND ARMM WITH SIZABLE IPPOPULATIONS

Municipality No. BarangayName

Ampatuan 01 Kauran

02 Salman

03 Saniag

04 Tomicor

05 Tubak

Datu AbdullahSangki

06 Talisawa

Datu BlahSinsuat

07 Kinimi

08 Lapaken

09 Matuber

10 Nalkan

11 Penansaran

12 Pura

13 Resa

14 Sedem

15 Sinipak

16 Tambak

17 Tubuan

Datu HoferAmpatuan 18 Apas19 Limpongo

20 Mantao

21 Sayap

22 Taib

23 Talibadok

24 Tuayan

Municipality No. BarangayName

Datu OdinSinsuat

25 Awang

26 Badak

27 Bugawas

28 Kinebeka

29 Kusiong

30 Labungan

31 Linek

32 Mompong

33 Sibuto

34 Sifaran

35 Tapian

36 Tenonggos

Datu SaudiAmpatuan

37 Kabingi

Datu Unsay 38 Maitumaig

Guindulungan 39 Ahan

South Upi 40 Bongo

41 Biarong

42 Itaw

43 Lamud

44 Kigan

45 Kuya

46 Looy

47 Pandan

48 Pilar

49 Romonggaob

50 San Jose


49/52


50/52


CONTACT

COORDINATION OFFICE

Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung

5/F Cambridge Bldg.,

108 Tordesillas cor. Gallardo Sts.,

Makati City, Philippines

Tel: +63 2 403 6773

Mob: +63 915 139 1449

Email: [email protected]

IMPLEMENTING OFFICE

Institute for Autonomy and Governance

2/F UMEX Building

Notre Dame University

Notre Dame Avenue

Cotabato City, Philippines

Telefax: +63 4 421 2071

Mob: +63 999 991 3221

Email: [email protected]

DELEGATION OF THE EUROPEAN UNION TO THE

PHILIPPINES

30/F Tower II, RCBC Plaza,

6819 Ayala Ave. cor. Gil Puyat

Makati City, 1200, Philippines

Phone: +63 2 859 5100

Fax: +63 2 859 5109

Website: http://eeas.europa.eu/delegations/philippines

This project issupported by theEuropean Union

42 | The Indigenous Peoples of Mainland ARMM

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Documents

The Indigenous Peoples of Mainland ARMM