Located in the Thoracic Cavity, between the two lungs and
slightly to the left About the size of a clenched fist. Weighs
around a pound The Human Heart
http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/presentations/100
147_1.htm
Slide 3
Pericardium protective membrane around the heart Made up of 3
layers: Epicardium outermost layer, reduces friction Myocardium
thick layer, contains cardiac muscle Endocardium innermost layer,
contact with blood Pericardium: Protecting the Heart
http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/imagepages/18081.htm
Slide 4
Has two sides with two chambers. Is divided into a right and
left side The right atrium and right ventricle. The left atrium and
left ventricle Chambers of the Heart
Slide 5
Blood flows through the chambers of the heart in one direction.
Valves control the blood flow and to prevent blood from
back-flowing. Blood is pumped through the system of arteries and
veins. Arteries carry blood away from the heart. Veins carry blood
toward the heart. Blood Flow
Slide 6
Heart pumps blood through the body through contraction. What do
valves do for our heart? Heart Pumping MRI at Charite Mitte, Berlin
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/
File:Cardiac_mri_ani_sagittal_bionerd.gif MRI of a Human Heart
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0004820/
Slide 7
The Heart has four valves Bicuspid (mitral) Tricuspid Pulmonary
Aortic Heart Valves
One-way valves are vital to move blood in the correct direction
Heart Valves 2006 Patrick J. Lynch, medical illustrator
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Heart_t
ee_tricuspid_valve.jpg Tricuspid Valve Cross section of the heart,
focusing on the Aortic Valve 2006 Patrick J. Lynch, medical
illustrator
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Heart_bicuspid_aortic_valve.svg
Slide 10
The Heart and the Path of Blood Exterior View of the Heart
http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health//dci/Diseases/hhw/hhw_all.html
Slide 11
The Heart
Slide 12
The Heart and the Path of Blood Interior View of the Heart,
with the path of the blood
http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health//dci/Diseases/hhw/hhw_all.html
Slide 13
Ventricular Septal Defect The most common congenital heart
defect Muscular wall (septum) separating the bottom ventricles
doesnt fully form. The hole allows oxygen rich blood to leak from
the left ventricle into the right ventricle, instead of moving into
the aorta and on to the body.
Slide 14
Possible complications of VSD: Heart failure Pulmonary
Hypertension (high blood pressure in the lungs) Endocarditis
(infection of the heart) Arrhythmias (irregular heartbeats) Delayed
growth Ventricular Septal Defect
Slide 15
Treatment Small holes heal on their own or cause no symptoms
Larger holes may require surgery to stitch the hole closed or to
cover the hole with a patch. Ventricular Septal Defect
Slide 16
There is a hole in the muscular wall (septum) separating the
top two chambers of the heart and doesnt close properly. Oxygen
rich blood from the left atrium flows into the right atrium. Atrial
Septal Defect
Slide 17
Minor cases of ASD may cause no symptoms and may not require
treatment. Large defects may require surgery or cardiac
catheterization to repair the hole. Atrial Septal Defect
Slide 18
Patent Ductus Arteriosus Before birth, a blood vessel called
ductus arteriosus connects the pulmonary artery and aorta. Before
birth this ductus allows blood to bypass the lungs because the baby
receives oxygen through the placenta and umbilical cord.
Slide 19
The ductus normally closes right after birth, however, if it
does not it is called a patent ductus. Blood that should flow
through the body goes to the lungs. Patent Ductus Arteriosus
Slide 20
Complications & Treatment Heart failure Endocarditis
Treatment Infants it can be closed with medications In older
children and adults, surgery is performed to close the vessel.
Patent Ductus Arteriosus
Slide 21
Pulmonary Valve Stenosis Blood flow from the right ventricle is
slowed by narrowing at the pulmonary valve. The narrowing
(stenosis) causes the right ventricle to pump harder to get the
blood into the pulmonary artery.
Slide 22
Pulmonary Valve Stenosis Complications & Treatment Most
cases are mild and do not require treatment. Often can be corrected
by a balloon (pulmonary valvuloplasty) which opens the narrowed
valve. Surgery might be necessary for people with multiple heart
defects.
Slide 23
Aortic Stenosis Defect that narrows/blocks the aortic valve
opening Makes it difficult for the heart to pump blood into the
aorta, which also makes it hard to pump blood to the rest of the
body.
Slide 24
Aortic Stenosis Complications Heart can get bigger
(hypertrophy) Left-sided heart failure Arrhythmias Endocarditis
Fainting
Slide 25
Aortic Stenosis Treatments Surgery to repair or replace the
valve Widening of the valve through balloon valvuloplasty
Slide 26
Coarctation of the Aorta Narrowing in the hearts main artery
(aorta). Forces the heart to pump harder
Slide 27
Coarctation of the Aorta Complications Life threatening defect
Severe high blood pressure Aortic Aneurysm (bulge in the aorta that
can burst) Endocarditis Brain Hemorrhage Stroke Heart failure
Slide 28
Coarctation of the Aorta Treatments Repair is recommended
before 1o years of age. Surgically remove the affected portion.
Widening the narrowed area with balloon angioplasty Placement of a
stent (holds the aorta open)
Slide 29
Congenital Heart Defects Transposition of the Great Vessels
Tetralogy of Fallot
Slide 30
Common Causes of Heart Diseases Coronary Artery Disease #1
Killer in America Occurs from plaque buildup in your arteries
(atherosclerosis). Plaque blocks the flow of blood and increases
the risk for heart attack and stroke.
Slide 31
Hypertension Systolic pressure is greater than 140 mm Hg and
Diastolic pressure is greater than 90 mm Hg Common causes Stress,
anxiety, obesity, high-salt intake, aging, kidney disease, thyroid
deficiency. If left untreated can lead to stroke, kidney disease,
hypertrophy and heart disease.
Slide 32
Congestive Heart Failure The heart ability to pump adequately
slowly diminishes Fluid accumulates and is retained in the tissues
Complications & Symptoms Increased heart rate, greater force of
contractions Retention of fluid by kidneys Enlargement of the heart
(hypertrophy)
Slide 33
Myocardial Infarction Also referred to as a heart attack
Necrosis (death) of heart muscle as a result of prolonged ischemia.
Causes Elevated cholesterol levels, which can lead to plaque build
up in the coronary arteries. Saturated fats (found mostly in meats)
Trans fat (found in meats and some oils)
Slide 34
Also known as a stroke and is the No. 4 cause of death in the
U.S. Is a disease that affects the arteries leading to and within
the brain. Blood vessels that carry oxygen and nutrients to the
brain is either blocked by a clot or burst (ruptures).
Blockage/rupture prevents blood & oxygen from getting to the
brain. Cerebrovascular Attack
Slide 35
Uncontrollable risk factors for heart disease are: Age Men
Heredity Post-menopausal Race (African Americans, American Indians
& Mexican Americans) Common Risk Factors
Slide 36
Controllable risk factors for heart disease: Lifestyle habits
(smoking) High LDL (low density lipids) bad cholesterol and low HDL
(high density lipids) good cholesterol Uncontrolled hypertension
Lack of exercise Obesity Uncontrolled diabetes Uncontrolled stress
and anger Common Risk Factors
Slide 37
Quit smoking Improve your diet- Diet low in cholesterol,
saturated fats, trans fat and simple sugars Regular exercise
Control high blood pressure Manage stress What can you do to reduce
your risk?