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The History of the Landscape in Western Art. 30,000 B.C. – 850 B.C. Historical Events 10, 000 – 8,000 b.c. - Ice Age Ends 8,000 b.c. – 2,500 b.c. - New Stone Age Art Periods Stone Age – Cave paintings, (e.g. Lascaux) megalithic structures(e.g. Stonehenge) - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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The History of the Landscape in Western Art
30,000 B.C. – 850 B.C. Historical Events
◦ 10, 000 – 8,000 b.c. - Ice Age Ends
◦ 8,000 b.c. – 2,500 b.c. - New Stone Age
Art Periods
◦ Stone Age – Cave paintings, (e.g. Lascaux)
megalithic structures(e.g. Stonehenge)
◦ Egyptian Art – Mostly backgrounds of tomb
paintings
850 B.C. – 476 A.D.
Landscape with scene from the Odyssey, Rome, c. 60-40 B.C.
Historical Events◦ To 404 b.c. - Peloponnesian Wars◦ 336-323 b.c. – Alexander the Great’s conquests◦ 476 a.d – Fall of Roman Empire
Art Periods◦ Greek and Hellenistic – Greek idealism, balance, perfect proportions – Parthenon◦ Roman Art – Realism, everyday scenes, mosaics
Roman mosaic. Landscape was a backdrop for figures and animals.
Middle Ages 500 - 1400 Historical Events
◦ 793 – 1066 – Viking raids on Britain◦ 1066 – Battle of Hastings◦ 1095 – 1204 - Crusades◦ 1347 – 1351 – Black Death plague 1337 – 1453 – Hundred Years’ War
Art Periods◦ Celtic Art – metal artefacts, illustrated religious books e.g. Book of Kells ◦ Carolingian – Mostly religious works created in monasteries◦ Romanesque – Mostly figurative decoration, landscapes only as backgrounds◦ Gothic – anti-classical e.g. Notre Dame de Paris
more secular art e.g. Giotto
St.Francis giving away his cloak, Giotto 1267 -1337
Notre Dame de Paris cathedral completed 1345
1400 – 1550 Early and High Renaissance Historical Events
◦ 1447 – Gutenburg invents movable type◦ 1453 – Turks conquer Constantinople◦ 1492 – Columbus lands in New World◦ 1517 – Martin Luther and beginning of Protestantism 1520 -22 – Magellan circumnavigates globe
Art Periods◦ Renaissance – Rebirth of classical culture. Spreads from Italy to France, Netherlands,
Poland,Germany and Britain ◦ Artists include - Botticelli, Da Vinci, Michelangelo, Raphael, Bellini, Titian, Durer, Bosch,
Jan van Eyck, Roger van der Weyden
Leonardo da Vinci “Virgin of the Rocks” c1483-1486
Jan van Eyck (1390 – 1441), Adoration of the Lamb
Landscape with Charon Crossing the Styx (1515 -24) by Joachim Patinir, Flemish artist
1527 – 1750 Mannerism & Baroque Historical Events
◦ 1543 – Copernicus proves the Earth revolves round the Sun
◦ 1558 – 1603 – Elizabeth I was Queen of England
◦ 1618 – 1648 – Thirty Years’ War between Catholics and
Protestants
Art Periods
◦ Mannerism – Succeeded Renaissance. Favours compositional
tension and instability rather than the balance and clarity of earlier Renaissance painting. Artifice over nature
◦ Artists – Tintoretto, El Greco, Bronzino, Cellini, Breugel
◦ Baroque – Uses exaggeration and clear detail to produce drama, tension, exuberance, and grandeur in sculpture, painting, architecture, literature, dance, and music. The style began around 1600 in Rome spreading later to most of Europe. Favoured by Catholic church to communicate religious themes.
◦ Artists – Reubens, Rembrandt, Caravaggio, Claude Lorrain, Nicolas Poussin
“The Harvesters” by Pieter Breugel 1565.
Landscape with Apollo Guarding the Herds of Admetus – Claude Lorrain 1645
Landscape with Orpheus and Euridice by Nicolas Poussin 1650
1750 – 1850 Neo-Classical Historical Events
◦ 18th Century - Enlightenment intellectual movement
◦ 1760 – 1850 - Industrial Revolution
◦ 1775 – 1783 – American Revolution
◦ 1789 – 1799 – French Revolution Art Periods
◦ Neo-Classical – Art that aims to recreate Greco-Roman classicism. Landscapes were mostly just backgrounds for historical themes
◦ Artists – David, Ingres, Greuze, Canova, Robert
Roger rescuing Angelica, 1819 - Ingres
'The Landing Place' by Robert, 1788
1780 – 1850 Romanticism Historical Events
1803 –Napoleon crowned Emperor of France 1833 – Abolition of Slavery in British Empire 1837 – Victoria ascends to throne of Britain
• 1840 - Penny post established in UK• Spread of railways and Industrial Revolution in Britain
Art Periods
◦ Romanticism – The triumph of imagination and individuality
◦ Artists – Caspar Freidrich, Gericault, Delacroix, Constable, Turner
The Raft of the Medusa, 1818 – 1819 by Gericault
The Haywain, 1821 by Constable The New Moon, 1840 by JMW Turner
1848 – 1900 Realism Historical Events
• 1848 – European democratic revolutions• 1851 – Great Exhibition at Crystal Palace,; photography included• 1854 – Start of Crimean war• 1861 – 1865 American Civil War• 1863 – Emancipation of US slaves• 1870s – Advent of telephone, phonograph and tram • 1885 – First motor car (Benz)
Art Periods
◦ Realism – Rustic painting “en plein air” . Barbizon school. Celebration of working class and peasants. Inspiration directly from nature.
◦ Artists – Corot, Courbet, Daumier, Millet
The Gleaners, 1857 by Jean-Francois Millet
The Stone-breakers 1849-50 by Gustave Courbet
Peasant Woman with a Cow 1865-1870 by Jean-Baptiste-Camille Corot
1865 – 1910 Impressionism & Post-Impressionism Historical Events
• 1870 – Franco-Prussian war• 1874 – First French Impression exhibition in Paris• 1901 – Queen Victoria dies• 1905 – Japan defeats Russia
Art Periods
◦ Impressionism– Capturing the fleeting effects of natural light
◦ Artists – Monet, Manet, Renoir, Pisarro, Cassatt, Morisot, Degas
◦ Post-Impressionism– A movement which extended the horizons of Impressionism but rejected its limitations especially in terms of subject matter. The Post-Impressionists used distortion, emphasized geometric form sand used unrealistic colours.
◦ Artists – Van Gogh, Gaugin, Cezanne, Seurat
Mont Ste Victoire 1882 by Paul Cezanne
The Cliffs at Pourville 1882 by Claude Monet
Vincent Van Gogh 'Starry Night' 1889
1900 – 1935 Fauvism, Expressionism Historical Events
• 1900– Boxer Rebellion in China• 1914 – 1918 Word War I
Art Periods
◦ Fauvism – Uses bright colour and flat surfaces, distorted perspectives.
◦ Artists – Matisse, Kirchner, Dufy
◦ Expressionism– Forms distorted by emotion
◦ Artists – Kandinsky, MarcThe Bank. 1907. by Henri Matisse
Der Blaue Reiter 1903 by Wassily KandinskyThe Bay of Angels, 1929, Raoul Dufy
1905 – 1930 Cubism, Futurism, Constructivism Historical Events
• 1917 – Russian Revolution• 1925 – Hitler publishes Mein Kampf• 1929 - The Stock Market crash, The Great Depression of America
Art Periods
◦ Cubism, Futurism, Constructivism – Pre– and Post–World War 1 art experiments: new forms to express modern life
◦ Artists – Picasso, Braque, Leger, Boccioni, Severini, Malevich
Le Viaduc de L’Estaque, 1908 by Georges Braque
Landscape, 1908 by Pablo Picasso
The Boulevard, 1911 by Gino Severini
1917 – 1950 – Dada and Surrealism
Historical Events
• Post World War I disillusion• 1929 – 38 - The Great Depression • 1939 – 45 World War II • Rationing and austerity after WWII
Art Periods
◦ Dada and Surrealism – Unexpected art, painting dreams and exploring the unconscious◦ Artists – Duchamp, Dalí, Ernst, Magritte, de Chirico, Kahlo
The Entire City, 1935 by Max Ernst
Nude in the Desert 1946 by Salvador Dali
Le Plagiat (The Plagiary), 1940 by Rene Magritte
1940s-1960s – Abstract Expressionism and Pop Art Historical Events
• Cold War – Russia suppresses revolts in Hungary (1956) and Czechoslovakia (1968)• 1965 – America involved in Vietnam War• 1968 – Student revolts in Paris
Art Periods
◦ Abstract Expressionism – Pure abstraction ; expression without form
◦ Artists – Gorky, Pollock, de Kooning, Rothko◦ Pop Art – reflection of consumerism
◦ Artists – Warhol, Lichtenstein, Riley
No. 2, 1962 by Mark Rothko,
Convergence, 1952 by Jackson Pollock
Sunrise, 1965 by Roy Lichtenstein
1970 –Postmodernsim and Deconstructivism Historical Events
• End of Cold War • Collapse of communism in Eastern Europe and USSR• Boom and bust economical cycles
Art Periods
◦ Postmodernism /Deconstructivism – Art without a centre ;
reworking and mixing past styles
◦ Artists – Anish Kapoor, Anselm Kiefer, Cindy Sherman,
◦ David Hockney
Landscape in Yorkshire, 2007 by David Hockney
March Heath, 1974 by Anselm Kiefer
C-curve , 2007 by Anish Kapoor