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1900-1939: ARTS AND CRAFTS
MOVEMENT AND THE INFLUENCE OF WWI
History of Occupational Therapy
Time line
1900: US Population Increases Progressive era fuels reform Increase of women in the work place
1917: US enters WWI1919: WWI ends (Treaty of Versailles)1920: Women gain the right to vote1929: Great depression
Women’s Movement and Influence
Goal: establish selves outside of domestic sphere
Arguments for women in professional roles: Morally superior Naturally nurturing Alturistic
Reform impulses Christian charity
Helping the poor or “the suffering”Gender roles clearly defined within this period
Men: Leadership in the public sector Women: Establish institutes
Hull House
Established by Jane Addams and Ellen Gates Starr
All female and secular society
Goal: Bridge gap between middle-class reformers and the poor Education Improvement using skills
trainingMeeting house for
supporters of contemporary social movements Chicago Arts and Crafts
Society
“This emphasis on the work ethic and on the idea that idleness produces an immoral character appears to have been intimately linked to early occupational therapy philosophy and to the arts-and-crafts movement or anti-modernism” - (Gutman,1995, p.259)
Anti-Modernism
Reaction to industrialism, emphasis on hand-made products
Equated idle hands with immoral characterLinked to the arts & crafts movement,
appreciation for meaning in simplicity (Transcendentalism)
Arts and Crafts Movement
British roots“humans, not machines, completed objects;
therefore, work was not abstracted from life but had a place at its very core” -Ruskin
Relevance to American happenings Machine “gimcrackery”
Arts & Crafts Reaches America
Quality of design Natural materials Handmade designs Simple in design
Quality of life “handicraft clubs” “arts-and-crafts societies”
Meanwhile in Medicine…
AdvancesShift towards a scientific foundation“Disease was understood in terms of
physiological processes rather than in terms of suffering or personal disorientation; specialists concerned themselves with organs and tissues rather than the whole patient” (Levin, 1987, p. 249)
Alternative Medical Approach
Dr. Herbert J. Hall Work cure
Adolf Meyer, Mary Potter Brooks Meyer, and William Rush Dunton Curative occupation Goal-directed activity
Julia LathropSusan Tracy
Nursing
“These progressive physicians, Meyer, Hall, and Dunton, worked with social caretakers Lathrop and Tracy to link the holistic treatment of the past with the modern, scientific approaches” (Levin, 1987, p. 250)
Sheltered Workshops
Items sold in shopsThree purposes
Employ talented people who could earn a living by making authentic objects
To give spiritual support to craftspeople who pursued crafts as an avocation
To help employ the mentally and physically handicapped
“The early occupational therapy link to the arts-and-crafts movement did not end with the demise of the therapeutic workshop.”
Slagle and Meyer Unite
Belief that life should become as routine as possible
Meyer’s research on the “unbalanced” cycles of schizophrenia
Habit training= practice model Meyers and Slagle when at Henry Phipps Clinic at John Hopkins
Habit Training
Balance of occupational cycles
Habit Formation as a learning process
Sequence of occupational cycles
Habit Training
Roots of Rehabilitation in War
US Army rehabilitation program based on English reconstruction model “Bedside occupation and curative
workshops”Army Division of OrthopedicsBritish colonel Robert Jones’
Orthopedic rehabilitation back in war Society’s social & moral responsibility
Reconstruction Aides
1918: Walter Reed Hospital (DC), Orthopedic Department uses physiotherapists & occupational therapists
“The employment of reconstruction aides [is] inadvisable […] it is not desirable to employ women in this type of work in military hospitals”
Commanding officers begin to call for more
Evolution of reconstruction aides
Requirements established for R.A. position Educational training (medical disabilities,
anatomy, physiology) Demonstrate 3 fields occupation (crafts)
Reasons for pursuing career: Economic necessity Contribute something to society Experienced
ACTIVITIES OF MEANING, PURPOSE
The Fight of Reconstruction Aides
ORTHOPEDISTS
RECONSTRUCTIONAIDES:
Physiotherapists, OTs
VOCATIONAL EDUCATORS
NURSES
After WWI
Medical orientation in OT-curriculums
First occupational therapy program -Milwaukee
Elizabeth Upham
Started 1st OT program at Milwaukee Downer College
Taught Intensive work in crafts Lectures covering medical, psychology, sociology,
economics and theory Hospital practice training
Elizabeth Upham
Believed in moral character improvement through purposeful activity
Established the program to align OT with stronger medical affiliation and offered more structured course work to gain more credibility for the profession
Elizabeth Upham
Suggested a person “who becomes an independent wage-earner adds to the resource of the country, while every one who cannot increases the drain of dependents” (p.259, Gutman, 1995).
Organizations
National Society for promotion of Occupational Therapy
First meeting in 1917 Only six people attended: George E. Barton, Isabel
Newton, Eleanor Clark Stagle, William Dunton Jr, Thomas Kinder and Susan Cox Johnson
By 3rd meeting in 1919 300 people attendedChanged name to AOTA in 1921
Academia
First issue of Archives of Occupational Therapy published in 1922 by AOTA
Later became known as American Journal of Occupational Therapy (AJOT)
Federal Industrial Rehabilitation Act
Passed in 1923Mandated hospitals that were caring for
people with industrial injuries or illness to use OT
Program goal is to allow disabled individuals to be “restored to useful, remunerative employment and to self-respecting, self-supporting lives” (Clark, 1945, p. 504)
Contributions we see now…
Women’s MovementArts and Crafts MovementMultidisciplinaryHolisticAOTA
Standardization Curriculum
Balance
References
Crark, D. (1945). Industrial hygiene and the expandable federal state vocational rehabilitation program. American Journal of Public Health, 35, 504
Ajenda Interactive Media (2009). Jane Addams Hull House Association: History. Retrieved from http://www.hullhouse.org/aboutus/history.html
Gutman, S.A.(1995). Influence of the U.S. military and occupational therapy reconstruction aides in World War I on the development of occupational therapy. The American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 49 (3), 256-262.
Levine, R. (1987). The influence of the arts-and-crafts movement on the professional status of occupational therapy. The American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 41 (4), 248-254.
Quiroga, V. A. M. (1995). Occupational therapy: the first 30 years 1900-1930. Bethesda, Maryland: American Occupational Therapy Association.
Reed, K.L,& Sanderson, S.N. (1999). Concepts of occupational therapy. p.238-241. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Photos found in Google Image Searches (sheltered workshops, industrial revolution factories, arts and crafts clip art and societies, academic OT, american journal of occupational therapy)
Photos from http://www.aota.org/About/39983.aspx