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Why study History?

Our understanding of the real world

(Subjective reality) is influenced by

external knowledge.

Knowledge has evolved over a period oftime.

Understanding the historical context will

help us reduce bias.

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Industrial Revolution

Social impact

Specialization of labour

Machines and mass production

Organizing resources for efficiency

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Evolution of OT

Time Frame 1900-1930 1930-1960 1960-1975 1975 -

Systems

perspective

Closed Closed Open Open

Ends

perspective

Rational Social Rational Social

Central theme Mechanical

efficiency

People and

human

relations

Contingency

designs

Power and

politics

Theoretical

classification

Type 1 Type 2 Type 3 Type 4

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Type 1 Theorists

Fredrick Taylor and ScientificManagement

1. Scientifically study each part of the job anddevelop best method (time-and-motion study)

2. Select and train workers using scientificallydeveloped methods

3. Cooperate with workers to ensure that they usethe proper method

4. Divide work and responsibility amongmanagement and workers

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8PdmNbqtDdI

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8PdmNbqtDdIhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8PdmNbqtDdI

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Type 1 Theorists

Henry Fayol and Principles of Organization1. Division of work

2. Authority

3. Discipline

4. Unity of command

5. Unity of direction6. Subordination of individual interests to general interests

7. Remuneration

8. Centralization

9. Scalar chain

10. Order

11. Equity12. Stability of personnel tenure

13. Initiative

14. Esprit de corps

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Type 1 Theorists

Max Weber (1864-1920) and Bureaucracy

Bureaucracy to avoid nepotism and class

consciousness

To improve rationality and objectivity Characteristics of an ideal bureaucracy

1. Specialization of labor

2. Formal rules and procedures

3. Impersonality

4. Well-defined hierarchy

5. Career advancement based on merit

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Type 1 Theorists

Ralph Davis and Rational Planning

Rational planning perspective: structure is

the logical outcomes of the organizations

objectives. Structure is contingent upon the

organizations objectives.

Management planning determines the

organizations objectives. These objectives,then, in logical fashion, determines the

development of organization structure.

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Type 2 Theorists

Elton Mayo and Hawthorne Studies Group of studies conducted at the Hawthorne

plant of the Western Electric Company duringthe late 1920s and early 1930s.

Led to the human relations view of management Role of social aspects on productivity

First set of studies (1924-27): illuminationstudies

Second set of studies (1927-1933): relay

assembly test room study Third set of studies (1931-1932): bank wiring

observation room study

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Type 2 Theorists

Chester Barnard and Cooperative

Systems

The functions of the Executive.

Tasks and people have to be maintained atan equilibrium state.

The role of the informal organization.

Managers major roles were to facilitatecommunication and motivate subordinates.

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Type 2 Theorists

Douglas McGregor and Theory X

Theory

Warren Bennis and the Death of the

Bureaucracy

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Type 3 Theorists

Herbert Simon and contingency

approach

Katz and Kahns environmental

perspective

Woodward and Perrows model (1960s)

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Type 4 Theorists

March and Simons cognitive limits to

rationality.

Pfeffers organizations as political

arenas

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http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I

jarLbD9r30&feature=related

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IjarLbD9r30&feature=relatedhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IjarLbD9r30&feature=relatedhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IjarLbD9r30&feature=relatedhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IjarLbD9r30&feature=related