The History of MicrobiologyWhat is microbiology and how has this science come to be a specialized part of biology?

•Microbiology as a Science• Organisms of study: bacteria, fungi, protozoans, algae, helminths, viruses

•The Discovery of Cells• Anton Leeuwenhoek and Robert Hooke• The Cell Theory

•Schleiden, Schwann and Virchow•The Debate over Spontaneous Generation

• Francesco Redi and rotten meat (1668)• Lazarro Spallazani and chicken broth (1765)• Pasteur and swan-necked flasks (1861)• Tyndall and Sterility

•The Golden Age of Microbiology (1857-1914)• Fermentation and Pasteurization• Germ Theory of Disease (Koch)• Vaccines (Edward Jenner)

•Developments in the 20th Century•Salvarsan for syphilis, sulfa drugs•Antibiotics (penicillin in 1928 by Fleming)•Discovery of viruses•Molecular biology and DNA technology• Microbes in the Environment; Bioremediation•Sub-disciplines of microbiology

The study of microbiology came into being with the discovery of cells and disproving spontaneous generation.

Microorganisms in our lives

Food and Chemical Production

Decomposition & Spoilage Disease

Learning about life

Leading Causes of Death in 1998*

United States Africa Southeast Asia

1. Heart disease2. Stroke3. Cancer4. Resp. infections5. Accidents6. Diabetes7. Suicide8. Liver disease

1. AIDS/HIV2. Resp. infections3. Diarrheal diseases4. Perinatal conditions5. Strokes6. Heart disease7. Accidents

1. Heart disease2. Resp. infections3. Diarrheal diseases4. Stroke5. Perinatal conditions6. Tuberculosis7. AIDS/HIV

*Infectious diseases caused by microbes are highlighted in red

Three Domain System of Classification

Bacteria Eucarya

Plants AnimalsFungi Protists

Soil bacteriaWater bacteriaDisease bacteriaPhotosynthetic bacteria

“Extreme” bacteria that live in highsalt, hot water,acid, or alkali(unusual “bacteria”)

All living things

Antoni van Leeuwenhoek (1632-17330

Leeuwenhoek’s microscope

Leeuwenhoek discovers “animalcules” in 1670

Robert Hooke’s microscope and light source

Robert Hooke discovers “boxes” in cork

Spontaneous generation: Francisco Redi’s experiments in 1668

Maggots develop spontaneously on meat?

Box uncovered Box covered with cheesecloth

Microbes develop spontaneously in chicken broth?

Chicken broth Sealed in flask Boiled No growth

Disproving Spontaneous Generation: Lazzaro Spallanzani ~1750

Pasteur disproves spontaneous generation conclusively in 1861

Pasteur’s Swan-necked flask experiment

Tyndall (1820-1893) Showed That Some Infusions Had to Be Boiled Longer than in

Pasteur’s Experiments

Tyndall’s apparatus showing that air withoutdust grows no microbes.

Cell TheoryDeveloped by Virchow, Schleiden, Schwann and Pasteur

1. All living things are made of one or more cells

2. All existing cells arise from pre-existing cells (biogenesis)

Semmelweis introduces hand-washing to reduce puerperal fever in 1840

Pasteur describes fermentation and invents pasteurization in 1864

Lister uses phenol as an antiseptic to control infections in 1860

Germs Cause Disease: Koch’s Postulates to prove causation

Jenner demonstrates effectiveness of vaccination with cowpox in 1796

Paul Ehrlich discovers first chemotherapeutic agent (salvarsan) in 1910

Alexander Fleming discovers first antibiotic in 1928

James Watson and Francis Crick work out DNA structure in 1952

DNA technology: food, medicines, environmental cleanup

Microbial EcologyHow do microbes grow in nature? How does this information pertain to

controlling or fostering growth?

Biofilm growing on a medical implant

BioremediationHow can we utilize the abilities of microbes in cleaning up

our messes?

Modern Branches of Microbiology

Bacteriology Bacteria

ImmunologyResistance to disease

Virology Viruses

MycologyFungal diseases

ParasitologyProtozoans & animal parasitic worms

EpidemiologyDisease transmission

Rabies virus

Trypanosoma

Staph. aureus

AspergillisEbola Virus

Macrophage

The History of MicrobiologyWhat is microbiology and how has this science come to be a specialized part of biology?

•Microbiology as a Science• Organisms of study: bacteria, fungi, protozoans, algae, helminths, viruses

•The Discovery of Cells• Anton Leeuwenhoek and Robert Hooke• The Cell Theory

•Schleiden, Schwann and Virchow•The Debate over Spontaneous Generation

• Francesco Redi and rotten meat (1668)• Lazarro Spallazani and chicken broth (1765)• Pasteur and swan-necked flasks (1861)• Tyndall and Sterility

•The Golden Age of Microbiology (1857-1914)• Fermentation and Pasteurization• Germ Theory of Disease (Koch)• Vaccines (Edward Jenner)

•Developments in the 20th Century•Salvarsan for syphilis, sulfa drugs•Antibiotics (penicillin in 1928 by Fleming)•Discovery of viruses•Molecular biology and DNA technology• Microbes in the Environment; Bioremediation•Sub-disciplines of microbiology

The study of microbiology came into being with the discovery of cells and disproving spontaneous generation.