THE HISTORY OF CARTOGRAPHY

VOLUMETWO,BOOKTWO

THE HISTORY OF CARTOGRAPHY

1Cartography in Prehistoric, Ancient, and Medieval Europe

and the Mediterranean

2.1Cartography in the Traditional Islamic and

South Asian Societies

2.2Cartography in the Traditional East and Southeast Asian Societies

2.3Cartography in the Traditional African, American,

Arctic, Australian, and Pacific Societies

3Cartography in the European Renaissance

4Cartography in the European Enlightenment

5Cartography in the Nineteenth Century

6Cartography in the Twentieth Century

THE HISTORY OF CARTOGRAPHY

VOLUMETWO,BOOKTWO

Cartography in the

Traditional East and Southeast

Asian Societies

Edited by

J. B. HARLEYand

DAVID WOODWARD

Associate EditorJOSEPH E. SCHWARTZBERG

Assistant EditorCORDELL D. K. YEE

THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS • CHICAGO & LONDON

j. B. Harley was professor of geography at the University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee.

David Woodward is professor of geography at the University of Wisconsin-Madison.

The University of Chicago Press, Chicago 60637The University of Chicago Press, Ltd., London

© 1994 by The University of ChicagoAll rights reserved. Published 1994

Printed in the United States of America

03 02 01 00 99 98 97 96 95 94 5 4 3 2 1

ISBN 0-226-31637-8 (v. 2, bk. 2)

@ The paper used in this publication meets the minimumrequirements of the American National Standard for

Information Sciences-Permanence of Paper for PrintedLibrary Materials, ANSI Z39.48-1984

Editorial work on The History of Cartography is supportedin part by grants from the Division of Research Programs of

the National Endowment for the Humanities and theGeography and Regional Science Program of the NationalScience Foundation, independent federal agencies. For a

complete list of foundations, organizations, and individualswho supported the editorial work, see pages v and vi.

The costs of publishing this book have been defrayed in partby three awards:

A publication grant from the National Endowment for theHumanities, an independent federal agency.

The 1992 Hiromi Arisawa Memorial Award from the Bookson japan Fund with respect to Peasant Uprising in Japan

published by the University of Chicago Press. The award isfinanced by the japan Foundation from generous donations

contributed by japanese individuals and companies.

A publication grant from the Chiang Ching-kuo Foundationfor International Scholarly Exchange.

Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendationsexpressed in The History of Cartography are those of the

authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of theagencies that provided financial support.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication datawill be found on the last page of this book

Financial Support

Federal Agencies

Division of Research Programsof the National Endowment for the Humanities

Geography and Regional Science Programof the National Science Foundation

Foundations and Institutions

Gaylord and Dorothy Donnelley Foundation The National Geographic SocietyThe Henry Luce Foundation, Inc. Rand McNally

The Japan Foundation The Luther I. Replogle FoundationThe Johnson Foundation The Hermon Dunlap Smith Center for the

The Andrew W. Mellon Foundation History of Cartography, The Newberry Library

Organizations

California Map SocietyThe Chicago Map Society

Geography and Map Division of the SpecialLibraries Association

Map and Geography Round Table, AmericanLibrary Association

Map Society of British Columbia

Founders

Roger S. and Julie BaskesArthur Holzheimer

The Mercator Society, New YorkPublic Library

Michigan Map SocietyThe New York Map Society

North East Map OrganizationThe Rocky Mountain Map Society

Washington Map Society

Mr. and Mrs. Kenneth NebenzahlMr. and Mrs. Roderick Webster

Arthur L. KellyBernard Lisker

Julie A. AndersonRichard B. Arkway

Frederick and Howard BaronStephen D. and Nancy Brink

Clive A. BurdenRand Burnette

JoAnn and Richard CastenMr. and Mrs. James R. Donnelley

Ralph EhrenbergJohan W. Eliot

Clifton F. FergusonRichard and Dorothy Fitch

Gerald F. FitzgeraldJoseph H. Fitzgerald

Benefactors

Glen McLaughlinChuck and Lia Palmer

Patrons

William B. GinsbergJohn M. GubbinsWarren HeckrotteFrancis H. HellerFrancis Herbert

Robert A. HighbargerJohn S. JoseyJay I. Kislak

Edward D. KleinbardDee LongenbaughScott A. Loomer

Douglas W. MarshallMartayan Lan, Inc.

George F. McCleary, Jr.

George ParkerDavid M. Rumsey

Barbara Backus McCorkleDonald L. McGuirk, Jr.

Braham NorwickHarold L. Osher

William Sherman ReeseJack L. Ringer

Arthur H. RobinsonJoseph E. Schwartzberg

Richard H. SigelStephen Stares

Thomas and Ahngsana SuarezAntiques of the Orient Pte. Ltd,

Michael J. Sweetlain C. Taylor and North by West

Daniel M. AmatoW. Graham Arader IIIPatricia and Stanley K. Arnett, IIJames AxtellStanley BalzekasGwendolyn R. BarckleyThomas R. BeallYasha BeresinerAnibal A. BiglieriStephen A. BrombergMichael BurackCharles A. BurroughsFred A. Cazel, Jr.Barbara Mae ChristySherry Coatney and David NiemiTim CossCray Research FoundationGerald DanzerRichard DittmanMichael J. DubinElizabeth F. DunlapOliver C. DunnClinton R. EdwardsC. EideHerbert F. EllisEdward B. Espenshade, Jr.Lucy A. FellowesBruce FetterNorman FieringRobert L. FisherJohn FondersmithTheodore N. FossJohn FryeEdward GarciaRobert GraebnerMark A. GreenEugene M. GrossmanPeter J. Guthorn

Additional support fromSusanne A. HaffnerJ. Scott HamiltonJohn B. HendersonBangbo HuAlice C. HudsonMurray HudsonIBMKit S. KappElton R. KerrAnne and Lawrence KnowlesJosef W. KonvitzSteven KosakowskiG. Malcolm LewisJanice and Chingliang LiangCatharine McClellanMichael McGuireAllen H. MeyerJack and Carmen MillerMr. and Mrs. Paul J. Mode, Jr.John T. MoncktonMark MonmonierGene MoserCurtis J. MusselmanMr. and Mrs. Jerome J. NerenbergAlfred W. NewmanJudy OlsonTheodore W. PalmerRichard P. PalmieriDouglas T. PeckMary PedleyEdward F. ·PenicoCarla Rahn and W. D. Phillips, Jr.Miklos PintherFrancesco PronteraJean M. RayDennis ReinhartzCharles D. ReynoldsJohn R. Ribeiro

Walter W. RistowSteve RitchiePierre L. SalesStephen E. SchalkDon SchnabelCherie SemansDavid Charles SheldonRobert B. ShilkretJohn D. ShugrueLawrence SlaughterThomas R. SmithJohn P. SnyderMargaret SowersBruce N. SpringMr. and Mrs. Martin SteinmannRichard J. A. TalbertG. Thomas TanselleNorman and Elizabeth ThrowerRichard M. UglandRichard UmanskyCarol UrnessDiane D. VasicaLeonard VisRainer VollmarStephen J. WalshDaniel Gilbert WattersAnn H. WellsJames A. WeluLouis WernerScott D. WestremJoan WinearlsEric W. WolfJohn WolterAlberta and Clifford WoodJennifer WoodwardJeanne and Stephen YoungRick Ray Zellmer and Erica SchmidtHis Royal Highness The Duke of Cornwall

List of Illustrations Xl

Preface, David Woodward XXlll

1 Prehistoric Cartography in Asia,Catherine Delano Smith 1

The Mapping Impulse in Prehistoric ArtPicture MapsPlan MapsCelestial MapsCosmological MapsProblems of Interpretation

Contents

5 Taking the World's Measure: Chinese Mapsbetween Observation and Text,Cordell D. K. Yee 96

The Government Interest in MeasurementWater Conservancy and CartographyEvidentiary Scholarship and CartographyMaps, Measurement, and TextNumber and Text in Pei Xiu's CartographyText and Measurement in Later CartographyThe Shape of the World: Observation versus TextThe Cartographic Grid

2 Introduction to East Asian Cartography,Nathan Sivin and Gari Ledyard 23

ScopeThe Variety of East AsiaTermsContentsHistoriographyThe Means and Ends of CartographyText and MapImplications

Cartography in China

3 Reinterpreting Traditional Chinese GeographicalMaps, Cordell D. K. Yee 35

Chinese Mapping: A Mathematical Tradition?The Use and Abuse of Cartographic History: Flaws in

the Quantitative ApproachToward a Revision of the Chinese Map Tradition

4 Chinese Maps in Political Culture,Cordell D. K. Yee 71

Maps, Ritual, and WarfarePolitical Culture and Documentary ScholarshipMaps in Han Political CultureThe Continuity of Qin and Han PracticesAstrology and Celestial Mapping in Political CultureThe Proliferation of Geographic RecordsGazetteer MapsMaps, Scholarship, and Cultural Continuity

VB

6 Chinese Cartography among the Arts: Objectivity,Subjectivity, Representation,Cordell D. K. Yee 128

The Relation between Art and RealityLiterature, Maps, and Representation of the Material

WorldThe Dual Function of Representation in LiteraturePainting and RepresentationThe Artistic Economy: Common Technologies of

ProductionCartography and the Visual Arts: Conceptual and

Stylistic ConnectionsMaps as Paintings/Paintings as MapsToward a Redefinition of the MapCombining Fact and Value

7 Traditional Chinese Cartography and the Myth ofWesternization, Cordell D. K. Yee 170

The Introduction of European CartographyEuropean Cartography and Qing MappingGauging the Extent of Western InfluenceLate Qing Manifestations of European Influence

8 Chinese Cosmographical Thought: The HighIntellectual Tradition,John B. Henderson 203

Foundations of Geometric and Nonary CosmographySchematic Arrangements of Various Types of SpaceGeomancy and Its Relation to CosmographyLater Modifications and Criticisms of Traditional

Cosmographical Schemata

Vlll

Countercosmography and Anticosmography in QingThought

9 Concluding Remarks: Foundations for a FutureHistory of Chinese Mapping,Cordell D. K. Yee 228

Cartography in Korea, Japan, and Vietnam

10 Cartography in Korea, Gari Ledyard 235The Present State of Korean Cartographic ResearchKorean Maps before the Fifteenth CenturyWorld Maps and East Asia Regional MapsThe Foundations of Korean CartographyThe Shape of KoreaLocal, Regional, and Defense MapsThe Historical and Social Setting of Korean Cartography

11 Cartography in Japan, Kazutaka Unno 346Introduction: The Main Mapping TraditionsAncient and Medieval japanese Cartography before the

Edo PeriodEarly Assimilation of European CartographyThe State and CartographyDevelopment of the Printed Map Tradejapanese Cartography and "Dutch Learning"japanese Mapping of Their Northern Frontier and

Coastlines

12 Cartography in Vietnam, john K. Whitmore 478CosmographyMaps of D~i Vi~t

Itineraries of D~i VietMaps of D~i Nam

Celestial Mapping in East Asia

13 Chinese and Korean Star Maps and Catalogs,F. Richard Stephenson 511

Independent Developments in Chinese CelestialCartography

The Beginnings of Celestial Cartography in ChinaThe Constellations as Envisaged during the Western and

Eastern Zhou Dynasties and the Chunqiu Period(ca. 1027-468 B.C.)

Celestial Cartography in the Zhanguo Period (403-221B.C.)

The Qin and Han Dynasties (221 B.C.-A.D. 220)The Three Kingdoms to the Sui Dynasty (220-618)The Tang Dynasty and Five Dynasties Period (618-960)The Song and Contemporary Dynasties (960-1279)

Contents

The Yuan and Ming Dynasties (1279-1644)Celestial Cartography in KoreaThe jesuit Contribution

14 Japanese Celestial Cartography before the MeijiPeriod, Kazuhiko Miyajima 579

Celestial Maps in Antiquity and the Middle AgesCelestial Maps in the Edo PeriodHoshi Mandaras

Aboriginal Celestial Cartography

Cartography in Greater Tibet and Mongolia

15 Maps of Greater Tibet,joseph E. Schwartzberg 607

Cosmographic MapsGeographical MapsMongolian Cartography, C. Henrik Herb 682

Cartography in Southeast Asia

16 Introduction to Southeast Asian Cartography,joseph E. Schwartzberg 689

The State of Our KnowledgeThe Nature of the Southeast Asian Cartographic Corpus

17 Cosmography in Southeast Asia,joseph E. Schwartzberg 701

Tribal CosmographiesBuddhist and Hindu CosmographiesAstronomy, Astrology, Geomancy, and Mental Maps in

Relation to Fields of Cosmic Force

18 Southeast Asian Geographical Maps,joseph E. Schwartzberg 741

A Map of the Greater Part of AsiaMaps of Countries and RegionsRoute MapsMaps of Primarily Rural LocalitiesMaps of Primarily Urban Localities

19 Southeast Asian Nautical Maps,Joseph E. Schwartzberg 828

20 Conclusion to Southeast Asian Cartography,joseph E. Schwartzberg 839

Nature and Distribution of the Surviving CorpusPhysical Attributes of Southeast Asian MapsCartographic Attributes of Southeast Asian MapsFuture Tasks

Contents

21 Concluding Remarks, David Woodward,Cordell D. K. Yee, andJoseph E. Schwartzberg 843

European and Asian Cartographies ComparedMap and TextRepresenting the Physical and Metaphysical WorIdA Tentative TypologyFuture NeedsToward a New Cartographic Historicism

Editors, Authors, and Project Staff 851

Bibliographical Index 853

General Index, Ellen D. Goldlust 893

IX

Illustrationswith Tables and Appendixes

1

2345

678910

11

12

13141516

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

COLOR PLATES

(Following page 324)Cujin xingsheng zhi tu (Map of advantageous 24terrain past and present, 1555) 25Changjiang tu (Map of the Yangtze River)Water police map, 1850Detail of a Chinese coastal map on a scroll 26Section of a map of the Grand Canal linking 27Beijing with Hangzhou, eighteenth centuryQing map of the Yongding RiverQing map of the Yellow River 28Detail of a silk map from the Han dynastyDetail from the painting of Wangchuan 29Detail from a prefectural map from an 30eighteenth-century manuscript atlas of Jiangxi 31ProvinceDetail from an early eighteenth-century map of 32the Great WallDetail of a nineteenth-century map of the 33Yellow RiverMap of Guangdong Province, ca. 1739 34Part of a Late Qing map of Wutai ShanChinese map of the Eastern Hemisphere, 1790 35Ch'onhado (Map of the world) 36

(Following page 740) 37The Korean peninsula from the Kangnido(Honil kangni yoktae kukto chi to [Map ofintegrated lands and regions of historical 38countries and capitals]), by Yi Hoe and KwonKiln (ca. 1470) 39Choson'guk p'alto t'onghapto (Consolidatedmap of the Eight Provinces of Choson) 40Tongnae Pusan ko chido (Old map ofTongnae and Pusan)Untitled view of P'y6ngyang, with participantsin a festive occasion on the river in theforeground 1.1Ch'orongsong chondo (Complete map of Iron 1.2Jar fortress)The Cion oyashiro ezu (Map of Gion Shrine) 1.3of 1331 1.4The early seventeenth-century Bankoku ezu 1.5

Xl

(Map of all the countries) with its companionscreen showing views of twenty-eight citiesShibukawa Hammi's terrestrial globe of 1690An extract from a Shoho provincial map:Nagato Province (now part of YamaguchiPrefecture) of 1649Keicho map of Japan, ca. 1653The Honcho zu'kan komoku (Outline map ofJapan, 1687) by the ukiyoe artist IshikawaRyusenThe N ihon meisho no e (Panoramic view ofthe noted places of Japan, ca. 1804)A map of jambudvlpa, ca. 1709Embassy to ChinaPainting of constellations and the Milky Wayon the ceiling of a Northern Wei tombPart of the Naginataboko seishozu (schematicpicture of stars and constellations)Mandala of an esoteric form of thebodhisattva ManjusrI and his consortThe Potala and other principal holy places ofcentral TibetBurmese painting of the CakkavalaMap of Asia from the Arabian Sea to Koreaand JapanMap of the Vale of Manipur showing theroute of King Alaungpaya's invasion of1758-59Central portion of the sacred map ofTimbangantenPresumed administrative map of a small partof central JavaShan map relating to a border dispute between(British) Burma and China along the Nam MaoRiver

FIGURES

Early representation of enclosures in plan 2Depiction of enclosures and boundary lines inIndian rock art 4Village scene from the late Bronze Age 5Picture map of a late prehistoric village 5"Huts and yards" depicted in plan 7

xii

1.61.71.8

1.9

1.10

1.111.121.131.14

1.15

2.13.1

3.23.33.4

3.53.63.73.83.9

3.103.11

3.12

3.13

3.143.153.16

3.17

3.18

3.193.20

3.213.22

3.23

Picture of a yurt 7Grave plans from several sites in Mongolia 8Grave plans from Ich-Tengerin-Am, Mongolia9Traditional burial place found in Mongolia10Celestial diagram from the Jin shi suo(Collection of carvings, reliefs, andinscriptions) 11Mapping the cosmos 12A possible cosmographical symbol 14Mesolithic cosmological map from India 14Reference map for the study of rock art inAsia 16Reference map of the spread of literacy at theend of the prehistoric period 17Early forms of the graph tu 26Zhaoyu tu (Mausoleum map or plan) engravedon bronze 36Fangmatan map, verso of board 1 38Fangmatan map, recto of board 3 39Fangmatan map, detail of the verso of board 340Map fragment on paper 40Han silk map unearthed at Mawangdui 41Detail of the Han silk map 41Topographic map from Mawangdui 42Reconstructed topographic map fromMawangdui 43Garrison map from Mawangdui 44Reconstructed garrison map from Mawangdui45Jiu yu shouling tu (Map of the prefectures andcounties of the nine districts [the empire])46Hua yi tu (Map of Chinese and foreign lands)47¥u ji tu (Map of the tracks of Yu), 1136 48Rubbing of the ¥u ji tu, 1142 49Map from the Guang yutu (Enlargedterrestrial atlas) 50Signs from the legend on the Guang yutu51Sign for ]iuyi Shan (Nine beguiling mountains)52Reconstruction of the sign for ]iuyi Shan 52Nautical chart from the Wubei zhi (Treatiseon military preparations) 54Yuan observational tower 56Map of an auspicious site for a family tomb(detail) 57"Gujin Hua yi quyu zongyao tu" (General mapof the ancient and present territories of Chinaand foreign countries) 58

3.24

3.25

3.26

3.27

3.283.29

3.30

3.31

3.32

3.33

4.1

4.2

4.3

4.4

4.54.6

4.7

4.8

4.94.104.114.124.134.145.1

5.25.35.4

Illustrations

"Tang Yixing shan he liangjie tu" (Map of thetwo boundaries formed by mountains andrivers according to Yixing of the Tang) 59Map of China in the Da ming yitong zhi(Comprehensive gazetteer of the Great Ming)60Word and image on a Qing hydrological map(detail) 61Detail from the H angzhou cheng tu (Map ofHangzhou) 62Map of the source of the Yellow River 63Detail from the Wanli haifang tu (Tenthousand Ii map of maritime defenses, 1705?)64Map of Jingjiang prefectural city, 1271-7265Rubbing of a stone map of Hua Shan (TaihuaShan tu [Map of Taihua]), 1585 66Rubbing of a stone map of Hua Shan (Taihuaquan tu [Complete map of Taihua]), 170067Reference map for the study of Chinesecartography 68Diagram of the Wu fu, or five dependencies76Clay model of fields found in a Han tomb78Clay model of a pond found in a Han tomb78Graph of the changes in mercuryconcentration in the soil at the site of QinShihuang's tomb 79View of the site of Qin Shihuang's tomb 79Relief model found in a tomb from theSouthern Tang dynasty 80Star map painted on the ceiling of the tomb ofLi Bian, an emperor of the Southern Tang81Chart showing the arrangement of ritualobjects and offerings used in imperial sacrificesthanking the heavenly spirits 82Qing "fish-scale" or cadastral map 84Ming "fish-scale" or cadastral maps 85Dili tu (Geographic map) 86Star map from a local gazetteer 90Map of the area around Lishui Xian 92Map of Yan Zhou 93Calculating the height of the sun, according tothe Huainanzi ([Book of the] Master ofHuainan) 97Planimetric hydrologic map 98Portion of a map of the Yellow River 100Water conservancy workers performingmeasurements for cutting a canal 101

Illustrations Xlll

5.5

5.6

5.7

5.8

5.9

5.10

5.11

5.12

5.13

5.145.155.16

5.17

5.18

5.195.205.215.22

5.23

5.24

6.1

6.26.3

6.46.56.6

6.7

6.86.9

6.10

Examples of measuring tools used in waterconservancy 101Text and image on a Qing map of theChangjiang, or Yangtze River 103Section of a Qing map of the Yellow River104Map of Chang'an during the Tang dynasty107Nineteenth-century map of the EasternHemisphere 109Interpretation of Pei Xiu's method of levelingheights 110Interpretation of Pei Xiu's method ofdetermining diagonal distance 111Interpretation of Pei Xiu's method ofstraightening curves 111Calculation of distance using a sighting board,water level, and graduated rod 116Rendition of a water level 117Rendition of a sighting board 117Calculating the width of a stream whilestanding on one of its banks 118Woodblock illustration showing thecalculation of the width of a stream 118Determination of height using a water leveland graduated rod 119Han divination board 120Han cosmic mirror 121Illustration explaining lunar eclipses 122Zhang Huang's depiction of the heavens asround and the earth as square 122Wang Qi's depiction of the heavens as roundand the earth as square 123Interpretation of zhunwang (regulated view orsighting) 126Painted potsherds from the Yangshao culture129Bronze hu vessel 130Bronze incense burner-relief model of amountain from the Han dynasty 131jiehua, or ruled-line painting 138Detail of a map of Chang'an, 1080 140The Pingjiang tu (Map of Pingjiang Prefecture)141Woodblock map of the seat of localgovernment at Jizhou in present-day HebeiProvince 142Woodblock illustration or map, 1894 143Woodblock map of the seat of localgovernment at Rongzhou in present-dayGuangxi Province 144Woodblock map of Nanning Prefecture inpresent-day Guangxi Province 145

6.11

6.12

6.13

6.146.156.166.176.18

6.196.206.216.226.23

6.24

6.256.26

6.27

6.28

6.29

6.30

6.31

7.1

7.2

7.37.4

7.5

7.6

7.7

7.8

Rubbing of a stone map, Tai Shan quan tu(Complete map of Tai Shan [Mount Tai]),probably Qing dynasty 146City plan of Fanyang from the Han dynasty147Map of Ningcheng from the Han dynasty148Lacquered wine cup 149Silk gauze from the Han dynasty 149Manor map from the Han dynasty 149Painting of Wangchuan 150Two details from a tenth-century painting ofWutai Shan 152Three maps from a Ming encyclopedia 154Four maps of Zhejiang Province 156Three maps of Gansu Province 158Three maps of Yongping Prefecture 160Map of the temple of the GuangpingPrefecture's guardian deity 162Map of the seat of local government atTongzhou 163Qing map of Guangdong 164Section of a thirteenth-century copy (?) of theChangjiang wanli tu (Ten thousand Ii map ofthe Changjiang) 165Section of the "Wanli changjiang tu" (Tenthousand Ii map of the Changjiang) 166Map of Tai Shan (Mount Tai) from the Daoistcanon 167Map of the underworld from the Daoistcanon 167"Gujin Hua yi quyu zongyao tu" (General mapof the ancient and present territories of Chinaand foreign countries) 168"Tang Yixing shan he liangjie tu" (Map of thetwo boundaries formed by mountains andrivers according to Yixing of the Tang) 169"Yudi shanhai quantu" (Complete geographicmap of the mountains and seas) 172Third edition of Matteo Ricci's world map,1602 172Chinese Buddhist map of Jambiidvlpa 174"Sihai hua yi zongtu" (General map of Chineseand foreign territory within the four seas)175"Shanhai yudi quantu" (Complete geographicmap of the mountains and seas) 176Chinese rendition of the two hemispheres178Map of Korea from the H uangyu quanlan tu(Map of a complete view of imperial territory)182Chinese version of a Jesuit map of the Qingempire 183

XIV

7.9

7.10

7.11

7.127.13

7.14

7.15

7.16

7.17

7.18

7.19

7.20

7.21

7.22

7.237.247.25

7.26

7.27

7.288.1

8.28.3

8.4

8.5

8.68.7

8.8

8.9

Map of Shandong Province from the H uangyuquanlan tu 184Detail showing Lhasa from the Qianlongrevision of the Jesuit atlas, 1760 186Qing map of the empire, probably based onLuo Hongxian 187Page from a route book 188Map of the empire from a Qingcomprehensive gazetteer 190Map of the imperial capital from a Qingcomprehensive gazetteer 191Map of Lantian Xian from a Qing gazetteer ofShaanxi Province 192Map of Zhongnan Shan (Zhongnanmountains) 193Map from the N anyang (u zhi (Gazetteer ofNanyang Prefecture) 194Map from the ]izhou zhi (Gazetteer of Jizhou)195Map from the Tongzhou zhi (Gazetteer ofTongzhou) 196Late seventeenth-century map of the GreatWall (detail) 197Nineteenth-century map of the Yellow River197Astrological drawing from a Qing gazetteer ofHenan Province 198Historical map by Wei Yuan 199Map of the British Isles by Wei Yuan 200Standardization of map conventions during thelate Qing 200Detail from "Huangyu quantu" (Completemap of the empire, 1899) 200Maps of Zhili, provincial seat of the imperialgovernment 201Map combining grid and graticule 202Diagram of the nine units that form a well205Map of the tracks of [the sage-king] Yu 206Diagram of the nine domains of the Zhou207Diagram of the field allocation of the twenty­eight lunar lodges 208A (enye-influenced diagram of the "roundedheavens" circumscribing the "squared earth"209Diagram of the national capital 211Diagram of Xuan Yuan's (or the YellowEmperor's) luminous hall 211Diagram of the nine chambers of the luminoushall 212Illustration of a legendary account of theorigins of the Yellow River chart (Hetu) andLuo River writing (Luo shu) 214

Illustrations

8.10 Diagram of the Luo shu giving birth to thetwelve terrestrial branches 215

8.11 Illustration of a geomantic compass 2178.12 Illustrations of the topographical forms

corresponding to the five planets and fivephases 218

8.13 Illustrations of the ideal (eng shui spot, or thedragon's lair configuration 219

8.14 Illustration of a ninth-century work ongeomancy 220

8.15 Illustration of the three dragon systems ofChina with the divisions and conjoinings andsources and endings of the mountains andrivers 221

8.16 "Fate position diagram" 2229.1 Japanese copy of a map from a seventh­

century Chinese text 22910.1 The Korean kingdoms in the sixth century

23910.2 "Chaoxian tu" from Luo Hongxian's Guang

yutu (Enlarged terrestrial atlas, ca. 1555) 24210.3 Honil kangni yoktae kukto chi to (Map of

integrated lands and regions of historicalcountries and capitals, 1402), by Yi Hoe andKwon Kt1n, from a copy of ca. 1470 244

10.4 Detail of Europe from the Kangnido 24610.5 Yoji chondo (Complete terrestrial map), a

partly hand-colored woodcut of ca. 1775248

10.6 The Koryo University Son'gi okhyong(Demonstrational armillary sphere) 250

10.7 The Son'gi okhyong as depicted in a 1620Korean edition of the Shuzhuan daquan(Complete commentaries on the Book ofHistory) 250

10.8 The terrestrial globe in the Son'gi okhyong251

10.9 The surface of the terrestrial globe in theSon'gi okhyong, drawn in two planispheres252

10.10 Undated Ch'onha chegukto (Map of thecountries of the world) 257

10.11 Ch'onhado (Map of the world) with graticule258

10.12 Untitled map, called "Chugoku zenzu"(Complete map of China) 264

10.13 Comparison of continental outlines betweenthe Kangnido and the Ch'onhado 265

10.14 Ch'onha kogum taech'ong pyollamdo(Comprehensive and synoptic map of theancient and modern world), by Kim Suhong,1666 268

10.15 "Chunggukto" (Map of China) 269

Illustrations xv

10.16

10.17

10.1810.1910.2010.21

10.22

10.2310.24

10.25

10.26

10.27

10.2810.29

10.30

10.31

10.32

10.33

10.34

10.35

10.3610.3710.38

10.39

10.40

10.4110.42

"Haedong cheguk ch'ongdo" (General map ofthe countries in the Eastern Sea) 270"Ilbon'guk Taemado chi to" (Map of japan'sTsushima Island) 271Tsushima Island 272"Hamgyong to" (Hamgyong Province) 276Map of a grave site 277Yongbyonbu chondo (Complete map ofYongbyon Prefecture) 280Kapsanbu hyongp'yondo (Situational map ofKapsan Prefecture) 281Untitled map of Korea 282Korea: Northern border changes from thetenth to the fourteenth century 290"Shandong dili zhi tu" (Map of Shandong'sgeography) 293"P'alto ch'ongdo" (General map of the EightProvinces) 294"Ch'ungch'ong to" (Ch'ungch'ong Province)296Royaume de Coree 300Pukkwan Changp'a chido (Map of theChangp'a, the northern frontier) 302P'alto ch'ongdo (General map of the EightProvinces), first half of the seventeenth century304Tong'yo ch'ongdo (General map of the easternterritory) 306"Hamgyong namdo" (Southern HamgyongProvince) 308"Ponjo p'alto chuhyondo ch'ongmok"(General index to district maps in the eightprovinces of the nation) 315Area of Seoul from the Ch'onggudo (Map ofthe Blue Hills [Korea]) 316Another version of the Ch'onggudo, showingthe area northwest of Seoul 317"Hapch'on" (Map of Hapch'on) 319"Kyongsan" (Map of Kyongsan) 319"Chech'on, Ch'ongp'ung, Tanyang" (Map ofChech'on, Ch'ongp'ung, and Tanyang) 320Comparison of peninsular outlines of KimCh'ongho's Ch'onggudo (Map of the BlueHills [Korea]), Taedong yojido (Territorialmap of the Great East [Korea]), and Taedongyoji chondo (Complete territorial map of theGreat East) with those of a modern map320Chido sik (Demonstration map of a district)322A sample of Kim Chongho's data 322Inch'on and southern Kanghwa Island fromthe Ch'onggudo, by Kim Chongho, 1834324

10.43

10.4410.45

10.46

10.47

10.48

10.49

10.5010.51

10.52

10.53

10.54

11.1

11.211.3

11.4

11.5

11.6

11.711.8

11.9

11.10

11.11

11.12

Inch'on and southern Kanghwa Island fromthe T aedong yojido, by Kim Chongho, 1861325Chido p'yo (map symbols) 326Area of Kaesong from the T aedong yojido, byKim Chongho 327Woodblock for a section of the T aedongyojido, with corresponding printed sheet330T aedong yoji chondo (Complete territorialmap of the Great East), by Kim Chongho,1861 332Sin'an chido (Map of Sin'an, or Chongju)333Andong apto (Map of the district seat ofAndong) 334Tosongdo (Map of the capital) 335Suson chondo (Complete map of the "Sourceof Good" [the capital]) 336Yogye kwanbang chido (Map of the defensivesystem of the Liaodong and jizhou sector), byYi Imyong, 1706 338Sobuk p'ia yanggye malli illam chi to(Synoptic myriad-li map of the double frontierbetween them and us in the west and north)341Detail from the YongHo nam yonhaehyongp'yondo (Map of the natural defenses ofthe southern coasts of Kyongsang and Chollaprovinces) 342Map of japan on an Imari plate, ca. 1840347Reference map for japanese cartography 348Line-engraved mural from tomb 48 at Kazuwa,Kurayoshi, Tottori Prefecture, discovered in1974 352Mid-eighth-century landscape on a woodenboard 353The tomb of the emperor Nintoku, Sakai,Osaka Prefecture 356Illustration from the Kasuga gongen genki e(Paintings of miracles of Kasuga Shrine, 1309)357Diagram of the jori system 360Example of an eighth-century paddy-field map361Map showing the manors of Kono andMakuni in Naga County, Kii Province 362Example of a docho: A "land ledger" or mapof the Otogi Manor 363A map showing the property of jingo Temple,Kyoto, dating from 1230 364The Fukoin kyuki hokyo ezu (Plan of the oldstructure of Fukoin Temple) of 1510 365

XVI

11.13

11.14

11.15

11.16

11.17

11.18

11.1911.20

11.2111.22

11.23

11.24

11.2511.26

11.27

11.28

11.29

11.30

11.31

11.32

11.33

11.34

11.35

11.36

The Kasugamiya mandara (Mandala ofKasuga Shrine) of 1300 366Map of japan owned by Ninna Temple, Kyoto367The "Dainihonkoku zu" (Map of Great japan)in the 1548 codex of the Shugaisho(Collection of oddments) 368A map of japan in the Nichureki (Two guides)369An oblique view of Mount Sumeru and theuniverse engraved on the pedestal of the greatstatue of the Buddha at Todai Temple 371The Gotenjiku zu (Map of the Five Indias) byjiikai, 1364 372Schematic explanation of figure 11.18 373The "Tenjiku zu" (Map of India) in the 1548codex of the Shugaisho 375Anonymous Nanban-style world map 378Typus orbis terrarum: A N anban-style map ofthe world, ca. 1625 378A N anban-style map of the world on an ovalprojection, ca. 1595 379A marine chart of Southeast and East Asia, ca.1630 383Marine chart of japan, ca. 1671 384The map of japan at jotoku Temple, Fukui,dating from about 1595 386The N ansenbushu Dainihonkoku shoto zu(Orthodox map of great japan in jambiidvlpa),an example of the jotoku-type map of japandating to ca. 1627 387An Italian manuscript map of japan dating tothe late sixteenth century 389Numajiri Bokusen's terrestrial globe Dai yochikyugi (Large globe of the earth) of 1855392Enzii's Shukushogi zu (Sketch of aninstrument of the Buddhist image of the flatearth) of 1814 392Illustration of an astrolabe (isutarabiyo) inHosoi Kotaku's Hiden chiiki zuho daizensho(Complete book of the secret art of surveyingand mapping) 393Map of Seba County, Echigo Province (todayNiigata Prefecture), ca. 1597 395An example of a Keicho provincial map: SettsuProvince (now split into parts of Hyogo andOsaka Prefectures) 398The Kokoku michinori zu (Map of thedistances of japan), ca. 1670 400An example of a Shoho castle plan:Hiroshima, ca. 1645 401Part of the plan of Edo by Hojo Ujinaga, ca.1658 402

Illustrations

11.37 Part of the revision of the Rakuchu ezu (Planof Kyoto), ca. 1642, by some members of theNakai family 403

11.38 Panoramic route map: Part of the KisojiNakasendo Tokaido ezu (Map of the Kiso/Nakasen road and the Tokai road), 1668404

11.39 The first printed Western map of the world injapan: the Bankoku sozu (Map of all thecountries) of 1645 406

11.40 The "Sankai yochi zenzu" (Map of the landsand seas of the earth) in Matsushita Kenrin'sRon'o bensho (Argumentation of Unki Ron'o),1665 407

11.41 "Sansen yochi zenzu" (Map of mountains andrivers on the earth) from Hirazumi Sen'an'sMorokoshi kinmo zui (Illustrated encyclopediaof China), 1719 408

11.42 Harame Sadakiyo's Yochi zu (World map) of1720 408

11.43 The anonymous Dainihonkoku jishin no zu(Earthquake map of Great japan) of 1624411

11.44 The first and second maps, showing the auand Kanto regions, of the atlas Nihon bunkeizu (Separate maps of japan), 1666 412

11.45 Nagakubo Sekisui's Kaisei Nihon yochi roteizenzu (Revised route map of japan), 1779414

11.46 Mori Koan's Nihon bun'ya zu (Astronomicalmap of japan), 1754 415

11.47 Plan of Kyoto, before 1641: A revision of atraditional diagrammatic plan of the capital416

11.48 Shinpan Settsu Osaka tozainanboku machishima no zu (Newly issued plan of Osakawith the east-west and north-south streets andislands, Settsu Province), 1655 417

11.49 Zoshu kaisei Sessha Osaka chizu (Enlargedand revised plan of Osaka, Settsu Province,1806) by Ooka Shoken et al. 418

11.50 Zoho saihan Kyo oezu (Large plan of Kyoto,enlarged, second edition, 1741), published byHayashi Yoshinaga 419

11.51 Shinpan Edo oezu (Newly issued plan of Edo,1671) by Ochikochi Doin 420

11.52 Shinpan Nagasaki oezu (Newly issued plan ofNagasaki, ca. 1760) published by Shimabaraya421

11.53 T okaido michiyuki no zu (Itinerary map ofthe Tokai road), ca. 1654 422

11.54 Extracts from the T ozai kairiku no zu (Mapof the east-west sea and land routes) publishedby Nishida Katsubee in 1672 423

Illustrations

11.55 Extract from the Takaido bungen ezu(Surveyed route map of the Tokai road) byOchikochi Doin, 1690 424

11.56 An example of a labyrinth itinerary map,Shokoku dacha aezu (Large itinerary map ofall the provinces) 425

11.57 An example of a diagrammatic itinerary map,showing the part centered on Edo inKokuryl1sai's Daizoho Nihon dacha katei ki(Widely enlarged itinerary of japan), 1744426

11.58 An example of an itinerary map of thesugoroku variety: Toshidama ryamen dachaki (Itinerary printed on both sides, a NewYear's gift) 427

11.59 Nansenbusha bankoku shoka no zu(Visualized map of all the countries injambl1dvlpa) by Rokashi, 1710 428

11.60 Dai Shin kayozu (Enlarged map of great QingChina) by Nagakubo Sekisui, 1785 430

11.61 "Bankaku no zenzu" (Map of many guests),1822 431

11.62 "Godo meisho no zenzu" (Map of obstaclesto spiritual awakening), 1846 432

11.63 Granda shintei chikya zu (World map basedon a Dutch source), ca. 1737 434

11.64 Shiba Kokan's Chikya zu (Map of theterrestrial globe), ca. 1795 436

11.65 Granda shin'yaku chikya zenzu (Map of theworld, newly translated from a Dutch edition)437

11.66 Shintei bankoku zenzu (Newly revised map ofall the countries) by Takahashi Kageyasu et aI.,ca. 1816 438

11.67 Takahashi Kageyasu's Nihon henkai ryakuzu(Simple map of the frontiers of japan), 1809440

11.68 Japan mit seinen Neben und Schutzliindern byPhilipp Franz von Siebold, 1832 441

11.69 Dahan bankoku yochi hazu (Copperplatesquare map of all the countries in the world)by Nagai Seigai, 1846 442

11.70 An example of a map showing Hokkaido as apeninsula: the seventeenth-century manuscriptMatsumae Ezochi ezu (Map of Matsumae andEzochi) 444

11.71 Ezo no kuni zenzu (Map of the Ezo region)by Hayashi Shihei, 1785 445

11.72 Map of Ezo (1786) from the 1785-86expedition commissioned by the shogunate446

11.73 One of the two sheets of Kondo Morishige'sEzochi zushiki (Map of Ezo) of 1802 448

11.74

11.75

11.76

12.112.212.3

12.412.512.612.712.8

12.9

12.10

12.11

12.12

12.13

12.14

12.15

12.16

12.17

12.1812.19

12.20

12.21

12.2213.1

13.2

XVII

"Kita Ezochi" ([Map of] northern Ezo) in thefirst volume of the H okui bunkai yowa(Miscellaneous records of the northern Ezoregion, 1811) by Mamiya Rinzo 449Chizu sessei benran (Index to the distributionof map sheets), 1821 451A sheet from the Dainihon enkai yochi zenzu(Maps of the coastlines of Great japan) datingfrom 1821 452Vietnamese cosmography 480Tong-quat map 482Reference map for the study of D~i Vi~t

cartography 484D~i Vi~t from the Le atlas 485The capital from the Le atlas 486A province from the Le atlas 487Map of the MlJc-ma fortification 488A province from the An-nam hinh-thang do(Illustrated maps of An-nan) 489Thien-nam ttr-chi lij-do thu- (Book of maps ofthe major routes of Thien-nam), portion ofthe itinerary to the south 491Thien-nam ttr-chi lij-do thu-, portion of theitinerary to Guangxi Province 492Binh-nam do (Maps of the pacification of thesouth), northern end of the itinerary 493Binh-nam do, southern end of the itinerary494Reference map of Vietnamese southernexpansion 495Binh-nam chi-chu-Crng nhijt-trinh-do (Map ofthe daily stages on the route to the south)497Dai-Man quac-do map (Map of the countryof the Great Man [Southern Barbarians])498Thien tdi nhan dam (Concerning ideas of athousand years) map of the country 500Giao-chtiu du--dia do (Geographic maps ofGiao-chau [an old Chinese name for northernVietnam]), a province 501Gia-dinh tinh (Map of the Saigon area) 502Map of the country in the Dq,i-Nam toan-do(Complete maps of D~i-Nam) 503Map of a province from the Dq,i-Nam nhat­thong du--do (Geographic maps of the unity ofD~i Nam) 504Map of the country from the Dq,i-Nam nhat­thong du--do 505The Nguy~n tombs, Hue 508Shang oracle bone with reference to the Firestar (Antares) 514The uneven distribution of the lunar lodges517

xviii

13.3

13.4

13.513.6

13.7

13.813.913.1013.11

13.12

13.13

13.14

13.15

13.16

13.17

13.18

13.19

13.20

13.2113.2213.2313.24

13.25

13.2613.27

13.28

13.2913.30

13.31

13.32

Lid of a chest giving names of twenty-eightlunar lodges from a 433 B.C. tomb 520Copy of a painting of lunar lodge asterismsfound on the ceiling of a tomb at Xi'an 523Diagram of the Han Chang'an walls 524Inscribed Han lacquer disk showing irregularspacing of xiu (lunar lodges) 526Dunhuang star map in the British Library534Continuation of figure 13.7 534Continuation of figure 13.8 535Continuation of figure 13.9 535Dunhuang star map in Dunhuang (north polarregion) 536Lunar lodge patterns painted on the ceiling ofa Tang dynasty tomb at Asitana, Turpan(Xinjiang Province) 537Fragmentary Tang sketch showing the Westernzodiacal symbols 539Drawing of a Wuyue star map showing lunarlodges 540Rubbing of a Wuyue star map also showinglunar lodges 540The Su Song star map of the north polarregion 542The Su Song star map from 12 hours to 24hours RA 543The Su Song star map from 0 hours to 12hours RA 544The Su Song star map of the NorthernHemisphere 545The Su Song star map of the SouthernHemisphere 546Rubbing of the Suzhou star map 547Liao dynasty star map, 1116 548Xi Xia period zodiacal symbols 549Photograph and drawing of the star map fromLongfu Temple, 1453 553Rubbing of the Changshu stone planisphere of1506 554Sketch of a Ming paper planisphere 555Print of a section of a star map in the Sancaituhui (Illustrated compendium of the threepowers) showing constellations in the PurplePalace (constant visibility) region 556Ming navigational charts in the Wubei zhi(Treatise on military preparations) 557Koguryo tomb illustration of Red Bird 558Koguryo tomb illustration of Black Turtle559Silla observatory (Ch'6ms6ngdae), Kyongju,built in 647 560Rubbing of a 1687 copy of the 1395 star map562

13.3313.34

13.3513.3613.3713.38

13.39

13.40

13.41

13.4213.43

13.44

13.4514.1

14.2

14.3

14.4

14.5

14.6

14.7

14.8

14.9

14.10

14.11

14.12

I !lustrations

Detail of figure 13.32 563Planisphere found in a Japanese junk and nowin Edinburgh 564Block print copy of the 1395 star map 565Manuscript copy of the 1395 star map 566Korean folding screen 567Korean sketch of position of comet of 1664568Section of Schall von Bell star map, 1634,showing stars south of the celestial equator5701634 star map by Schall von Bell, now inBeijing 572Ferdinand Verbiest with his celestial globe574Verbiest's celestial globe in Beijing 575Replica of Kogler/von Hallerstein star map,1757 (Northern Hemisphere) 576Replica of Kogler/von Hallerstein star map,1752 (Southern Hemisphere) 576Qing celestial globe, 1903, at Nanjing 577Map of the heavens on the ceiling ofTakamatsuzuka (ca. 700) 580Part of the Shi Shi bu zan (Star catalogaccording to Master Shi) manuscript 582The Yoru no tsuki no susumu 0 tadasu no ZU

(Star map for confirmation of the lunar motionat night) 584The Ten no zu (Map of the heavens) atTakedan Temple, Fukui Prefecture, and detail586Fukushima Kunitaka's Bundo no kiku("standard for degree mensuration") 587Tenmon bun'ya no zu (Map showing divisionsof the heaven and regions they govern), 1677,by Shibukawa Harumi 588Tenmon seisho zu (Map of the arrangement ofstars and constellations), 1699, by ShibukawaHarumi 589Tenmonzu byobu (Drawings of the celestialsphere on a folding screen) by ShibukawaHarumi 592Rotating star map in the Tensho kanki sho(Brief explanation of astronomical phenomena)by Nagakubo Sekisui, 1744 594Anonymous, undated Tenmon seisho zu (Mapof the arrangement of stars and constellations)and detail 595Scroll containing a rectangular celestial mapdating from 1796 596Huntian yitong xingxian quantu (Mapindicating the arrangement of the starsthroughout the entire heavens), 1826 599

Illustrations XiX

14.13

14.14

14.1514.1615.115.215.315.4

15.515.6

15.7

15.8

15.9

15.1015.1115.1215.1315.14

15.15

15.16

15.17

15.18

15.19

15.20

15.21

15.22

15.2315.24

15.2515.26

15.27

Copperplate print of Shiba Kokan's Tenkyu zu(Illustration of the spheres) 600A circular hoshi mandara (star mandala)602A rectangular hoshi mandara 602Map from the Ryukyu Islands 603Reference map for Greater Tibet 608Scroll on annual public display in Nepal 610Constructing a sand mandala 611Sections of a Newari text on architecture612Disposition of major Tibetan temples 613Idealized arrangement of major Tibetantemples 613Fragment of an old map of the Dunhuangregion of Gansu 614Preparation of a mandala as a part of theinitiation ritual for a Tibetan monk 615Synthetic landscape embodying a diversity ofconventional elements employed in Tibetanmaps and other forms of painting 616The Potala of Lhasa 616Indigenous map of Ding-ri Valley, Tibet 618Modern map of Ding-ri Valley, Tibet 618Basic schema of the T athagatama1JeJala 620The general scheme of the Meru mandala621Meru mandala, painted on a wall of the Parodzong (castle), Bhutan 622Mount Meru and associated features on aTibetan temple banner 623Bon drawing of the Lha sum-cu-sa-gsum gyigial-yas-khan (The palaces of the thirty-threegods) 624A Tibetan bhavacakra (wheel of life/existence/becoming) 626The Tibetan tshogs-zhing, or field of asse.mbly627Two spaces from the Tibetan game of rebirth628Altar with thanka (scroll hanging) showingSukhavati, the western paradise in thecosmography of Tibetan Buddhism 630Shambhala, the northern paradise of TibetanBuddhism 631Tibetan bronze astrological table 633Panel from a Tibetan triptych dedicated to thedeity Kalacakra 635Moral landscape of three Jataka tales 636Tibetan thanka from a series on the GesarepiC 638Modern recension of an ancient Tibetan viewof the world 640

15.28

15.29

15.3015.3115.3215.33

15.34

15.3515.36

15.37

15.38

15.39

15.40

15.4115.42

15.43

15.4415.4515.46

15.4715.4815.49

15.50

15.51

15.52

16.1

16.216.316.4

16.5

Partial key to the contents of figure 15.27640Identifiable ancient geographical features ofthe Zhang-zhung map 641Facsimile of Sino-Tibetan world map 643Key to figure 15.30 643Nepali map of Central Asia 644Key to Nepali map of Central Asia (fig. 15.32)645Reference map of Central Asia for figures15.32 and 15.33 647Nepali map of the Vale of Kathmandu 650Part of a large map of a portion of central andeastern Tibet 651Portion of a Tibetan map showing the area inthe great bend of the Tsangpo/BrahmaputraRiver 653Small portion of a large Tibetan map of theTsa-ri region and an adjacent portion ofArunachal Pradesh, India 655Map portion of a Tibetan scroll showingpilgrimage places in the Vale of Kathmandu657Tibetan bronze tablet showing places ofpilgrimage in the area of Mount Ti-se (Kailas)658Key to features shown on figure 15.40 659Tibetan map of the commercial route fromLhasa to Assam 660Newari map of the precincts ofSvayambhunath stupa and the Vale ofKathmandu 662Key to part of figure 15.43 663Reference map for figure 15.43 663Nepali scroll map of the Vale of Kathmandu664Tibetan map of Samye monastery 665Map of Drepung monastery 666Map depicting a procession of monksencircling the Potala in Lhasa 667Tibetan painting of the town of Shigatse,including the Tashilunpo monastic complex669Map of the rombosurun banner in the SetsenKhan district (Khalkha) 683Map of the Tusala')'ci gOng banner in theSetsen Khan district (Khalkha) 684Reference map for the study of indigenousSoutheast Asian cartography 691Borobudur 694Angkor Wat 695Bas-relief plan of a Javanese temple compound696Javanese landscape in bas-relief 697

xx

17.117.217.3

17.4

17.5

17.6

17.7

17.8

17.9

17.10

17.11

17.12

17.1317.1417.15

17.16

17.17

17.18

17.19

17.20

17.21

17.22

17.23

17.24

18.1

18.2

Ngaju Dayak map of the Upperworld 704Ngaju Dayak map of the Underworld 705Cosmographic engraving on a Borneanbamboo container 707Copy of ephemeral Madang map of the "Landof shades" and of the way there 709Kayan tribesmen of Sarawak examining a pig'sliver for purposes of divination 710Ventral side of pig's liver from which omensare read 711Kenyah Dayak tribesmen of Borneo measuringthe length of the shadow of a gnomon atnoon to determine the time for sowing paddy712Base of gnomon employed by Kenyah Dayaks712Buginese perception of the stars constitutingthe internationally designated constellationScorpio 714Constellations of the Northern Hemisphere asseen from Palawan 715Planimetric view of the Cakravala according tothe Trai phum (Story of three worlds) 716Portion of a cross section through theCakravala 717The vertically arrayed universe 719Burmese palm-leaf cosmography 724The four continents around Sumeru as shownin the Trai phum 725Sumeru and seven successive ranges of ringmountains 726Roruva Hell in the Thai Trai phumcosmography 729The great city of Nibbana, as shown in theilluminated Trai phum text 730Saka in his heavenly mansion, Tavatirpsa, inBurmese palm-leaf manuscript 731Lake Anotatta and the origin of the world'srivers, from an upper Burmese cosmographicmanuscript 732Thai library cupboard depicting mythiclandscape in the environs of Lake Anotatta734Burmese map of Jambudlpa, the southerncontinent 735Adam's Peak in Sri Lanka as shown in theTrai phum 736Diagrams prescribing rules for the siting ofordination halls for Buddhist monks in Burma739Reference map of mainland Southeast Asia744Map of the kingdom of Ava and lands to theeast 746

18.318.4

18.5

18.6

18.7

18.8

18.9

18.10

18.11

18.12

18.1318.14

18.15

18.16

18.17

18.18

18.1918.20

18.21

18.22

18.23

18.24

18.25

18.2618.27

Illustrations

Map of the country north from Ava 748Map of a large area centered on Chiang Mai[Zaenmae] in what is now northern Thailand750Revision of the map centered on Chiang Mai[Zaenmae] 751Map of a portion of the Tenasserim Coast ofAva 752The field of battle between the Burmese andthe Manipuris and the subsequent Burmeseroute of invasion to Imphal in 1759 755Small excerpt from a large Burmese map ofmuch of the eastern Shan states 757Military map of an area between the Bay ofBengal and the Irrawaddy River 758The principal features shown in figure 18.9759Modern map of the region shown in figures18.9 and 18.10 759Excerpt from a Burmese map of Mong Mauand Me Hsa Kun, two trans-Salween Shanstates 761Map of Kengtung 762Military map of the Korat Plateau andadjoining areas of Siam 764Military map of the Korat Plateau withtransliteration of names of selected features765Modern map of the Korat Plateau andadjoining areas of Siam 765Excerpt from a military map of the KoratPlateau 765Sacred map of the Sundanese chiefdom ofTimbanganten, late sixteenth century 766The principal features on figure 18.18 767Modern map of the region depicted in figures18.18 and 18.19 767Batik map of an unknown locality from eithereastern Java or Bali 770Detail of batik map from either eastern Javaor Bali 771Detail from a large map of the formersultanate of Pontianak in Kalimantan (Borneo)774Another detail of the map of Pontianak infigure 18.23 775Portion of a Lanna Thai map believed torelate to places of pilgrimage visited by a long­resident Thai pilgrim in India 778Key to places shown on figure 18.25 779Hypothetical reconstruction of selected routesshown in figure 18.25 782

Illustrations

18.28 Small portion of a very long Thai route map 10.2of an area between Nakhon Si Thammaratand Songkhla on the Malay Peninsula 784

18.29 Detail from a Burmese map of the "Routes by 10.3Shans from Cochin China Yahme" 786 10.4

18.30 Burmese map of the "Routes by Shans fromCochin China Yahme" 787 10.5

18.31 A hypothetical reconstruction on a modernbase map of the three routes depicted in figure 10.618.30 787

18.32 Small portion of a map of the telegraph line 10.7from the then border of British Burma toMandalay 790 10.8

18.33 Cadastral map, presumably of an area incentral Burma 791 10.9

18.34 Detail from a large-scale land-use map of theenvirons of Meiktila in central Burma 792 11.1

18.35 Detail from a large-scale map of Taungbotownship in Meiktila district of central Burma 12.1793

18.36 Shan map of the environs of Kang Hung(modern jinghong) 794

18.37 One example of incised bamboo tuang-tuang 13.1of the Sakai tribe of west Malaysia 17.1incorporating cartographic elements 796

18.38 Detail from a large Burmese military 18.1intelligence map 797 21.1

18.39 Map of Amarapura, capital of Burma beforethe founding of Mandalay 799

18.40 Plan of the king's apartments, royal palace,Mandalay, ca. 1870 800 1.1

18.41 Royal temple complex at the foot of 3.1Mandalay Hill, ca. 1875 801

19.1 Islands in the western portion of the Malay 10.1archipelago from the atlas of FranciscoRodrigues 830 11.1

19.2 Islands in the eastern portion of the Malayarchipelago from the atlas of FranciscoRodrigues 830 11.2

19.3 Malay chart of the Malay Peninsula and theGulf of Siam 831

19.4 Redrawing of a Bugi nautical chart compiled 11.3from European sources, ca. 1830 833

19.5 java and neighboring islands, as depicted on a 11.4Bugi nautical chart 835

19.6 World map made by Thomas Forrest on thewall of the royal chambers of the sultan of 11.5Maghindano (Mindanao), 1774 837

11.6TABLES

2.1 Generalized timeline of East Asian history 11.725

10.1 Sources of eh'onhado (Map of the world) 11.8place-names 260

XXI

Distribution of eh'onhado place-names in theShanhai jing (Classic of mountains and seas)261Traditional Korean linear measure 285Korean linear measurement standards currentin the fifteenth century 286Zhou foot units in the measure of routedistances 287Literary references to Korean maps between1484 and 1756 297Korean geodetic coordinates reported in 1791311Northern P'yong'an Province geodeticcoordinates from Kim Chongho 313Relative length of Korea on maps by ChongSanggi and Kim Chongho 321Genealogy of manuscript Gotenjiku maps374Comparison of maps in the Hong-dire ban do(Maps of the Hong-etfrc period) and the An­nam hinh-thang do (Illustrated maps of An­nan) 496The twenty-eight lunar lodges 517The vertical aspect of the Buddhist universe inthe Cakravala world system 718Key to places shown in figure 18.25 778Tentative list of map functions with scales ofhuman experience 848

ApPENDIXES

List of prehistoric maps 21Chronological list of selected maps, fourthcentury B.C. through the Yuan dynasty 69Korean maps listed by Yang Songji in 1482345Extant ancient maps of paddy fields (inchronological order and dating to the Naraperiod, 710-84) 456Extant early manuscripts of the Gyoki-typemap of japan, including the semi-Gyoki type(in chronological order) 458List of manuscript maps of the Five Indias (inchronological order) 460Classification of the N anban-style world maps(Maps showing only the Old World [or theEastern Hemisphere] are included) 461List and genealogy of japanese marine chartsof Southeast and East Asia 463List and genealogy of japanese marine chartsof japan 465Early japanese terrestrial globes (inchronological order) 466Projects to compile provincial maps under theTokugawa shogunate 472

XXII

11.915.1

15.2

15.315.4

Early printed plans of six main cities 472Tibetan maps in the Wise Collection, Orientaland India Office Collections, British Library,London 674Tibetan maps in the Harrer Collection,Volkerkundemuseum der Universitat Zorich675Greater Tibetan locality maps 676Mongolian cartography 682

18.1

18.2

18.318.4

18.5

Illustrations

Regional maps of various parts of SoutheastAsia drawn for Francis Hamilton during hissojourn in Burma in 1795 802Burmese and Shan regional maps of the periodup to 1885 810Burmese and Shan route maps 816Burmese maps of primarily rural localities818Burmese maps of primarily urban localities822