The High Average Power Laser (HAPL) Program

We are developing Fusion Energy with lasers, based primarily on direct drive targets and dry wall chambers

Spherical targetGas turbine

Dry wall (passive) chamber

Targetfactory

Modular LaserArray

Final optics

PreCap

We like this approach because it leads to an attractive power plant.

We are following an integrated “systems” approach….Coordinated, focused, multi-lab, programAddresses science and technology at the same time

We have established a three phase programMust meet specific goals before going to next phase

We have formulated a phased program to develop Fusion Energy

Phase I:Mission Oriented R&D 2001

Phase IIIntegrated Research Expts(IRE)start 2005

Phase IIIEngineering Test FacilityETFstart 2014, operating 2020

Engineering Test Facility (ETF) 2-3 MJ, 60 laser beam lines High gain target implosions Optimize chamber materials & components. Generate 300 MW electricity from fusion

Laser facility – full energy beam line hit injected targets Target facility inject IFE targets in chamber env R & D on other components Power Plant Design

Target Design Modeling Laser/Target Experiments

Develop Viable: Target designs, scalable laser tech, target fab/ injection, final optics, chamber concept

Establish: Target physics, Full scale Laser technology, Power Plant design

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Lasers Electra KrF Mercury DPPSL

Other Comp target fabrication target injection final optics chamber

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We arehere

NIF Implosions 1.5 MJ laser Demonstrate ignition & gain

Objectives: Develop science and technology needed for an ETF by 2014

•Assumes Phase I subscale DPSSL and/or KrF lasers are technical successes

•Assumes Phase I develops credible technologies for other components

Suggested Plan for Phase II

Laser

• Main line: Full scale power-plant size beam line • Laser/Target facility• Preserve alternate technology for potential long term

advantages, or merge into one approach

Target facility • Mass production of targets in batch mode• Inject IFE-Class targets into chamber environment

Other R & D

• Target Design/Experiments • Chamber designs/experiments Some on Laser Expt• Materials and optics research• Detailed power plant design

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Phase II Laser IFE Program

~$150M/yrFY2005-2013

Propagation bayTurningArrays

Chamber

Targetinjector

Example --KrF Laser Facility

Driver Amp(Electra)

Front End

300 ft

MainAmplifier

(50-100 kJ) 100 ft

Snowmass

Expect “End product” is identification of “Next Step” for each Fusion Concept a) What is the Next Step for that concept?

b) What will it achieve?c) What goals must be met to start it?

Recognize that each Fusion Concept is on its own development path

Get community input (consensus?) on a-c above

For Laser IFE; next step is the Phase II of our plan

Snowmass

HAPL Program web site: http://aries.ucsd.edu/HAPL

•Brief description of program•Presentations at meetings:

NRL March 1999General Atomics September 1999

ARIES June 2000 NRL Feb 2000 NRL May 2001

Pleasanton (LLNL) Nov 2001

• Upcoming meeting Agendas and Logistics

• One pagers

• Research Plans (e.g. Chambers development plan)

NRL “Electra”Krypton Fluoride

(KrF) Laser

LLNL “Mercury”Diode Pumped Solid State (DPPSL) Laser

An Integrated Program for Fusion EnergyBased on lasers, direct drive targets, solid wall chambers

SphericaltargetGas turbine

Chamber

Targetfactory

Modular LaserArray

Final optics

Key components developed together--”systems approach”

Modular architecture Lowers development costs (Single beam line validates laser)

Allows multiple options for laser, chamber, optics, and targets

Significant progress recently made in all key areas; Lasers, target design, target fabrication/injection, power plant optics,

materials, chamber designs

Three-phase program:. I: “Proof of Principle” R & D ($25 M/yr; completed by 2006) II: Integrated research experiment with reactor laser module (2006- 2012) III: Power plant laser-fusion test facility (operational approximately 2020)

March 20, 2002

A coordinated, focussed, multi-lab effort to developthe science and technology for Laser Fusion Energy

Scientific Research AreasLaser science (excimer and solid state)Pulsed power, electron beam physics High power laser optics, diodes and crystalsLow density foam polymer chemistryMaterials at low temperaturesMaterials response to intense radiationMulti-dimensional chamber clearing codes

Defense Applications for HAPL S&TNext generation large scale lasers for NNSA (high energy, repetitively pulsed)Compact advanced pulsed power for DoD systemsSolid state laser technology for Directed EnergyTarget tracking and laser guidance systemsHigh damage-threshold laser optics

Participants:DoD/DoD Labs: Naval Research Laboratory, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Sandia National Laboratory, Los Alamos National Laboratory,Oak Ridge National Lab, Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory. Industry: General Atomics, Titan-Pulse Sciences Division, Schafer Corp, Science Applications International Corp, Northrop-Grumman, Coherence, Inc.Commonwealth Technology, Inc. University: UC San Diego, University of Wisconsin, UCLA, and University of Rochester Laboratory for Laser Energetics

The High Average Power Laser (HAPL) Program

March 30, 2002

Chambers

An integrated research program to develop fusion energy with lasers and direct drive targets. Over 15 institutions contribute to this program. A few of the highlights from the past year are summarized here.

Targets

Thin gold (Au) and/or palladium (Pd) coatings on spherical shells.

Established chemistry for low densityfoam shells

Target Injection

Begun fabrication of target injection and tracking system.

Krypton Fluoride Laser Diode Pumped Solid StateLaser (DPPSL)

Final Optics

Demonstrated concept for high laser damage threshold aluminum mirror.

General Atomics

Developing code to study chamber“clearing” between shots.

UC San Diego

UC San Diego

•Developed 160,000 Watt power laser diode arrays. •Demonstrated gas cooling of laser•Fabricated large, high quality crystals.•Half of the system complete

Mercury Laser (LLNL)

•First generation pulsed power system: 5 pulses per second for five hours, Makes 500,000 Volt electron beams. •Theoretical modeling guided mitigation of electron beam instability.•Demonstrated solid state laser triggered pulsed power switch.

Electra Laser (NRL)

“Operating window” for target injection, wall survival, and high efficiency.

Wisconsin

Target Coating

Schafer Corp

Aluminum coatingon cooled substrate

85°40 cmdia Laser

Pumps

Barrel PositionDetectors

Sabot Deflector

RevolverChamber

ExpansionTanks

General Atomics

Recent Advances in the High Average Power Laser (HAPL) Program

Technical progress is the key to our success

Last Meeting:

1. Aluminum mirror at grazing incidence

2. Au-Pd alloy has high DT permeation and high reflectivity

3. High Z coating significantly reduces laser imprint, hence mitigates instability growth (Nike Program).

This meeting…….

THURSDAY, APRIL 4, 2002

INTRODUCTION

8:00 - 8:30 Coffee, pastries, bagels, etc All

8:30 - 8:40 Welcome GA hosts

8:40 - 9:00 Introduction John Sethian (NRL)

LASERS (Session chairman TBD)

9:00 - 9:30 Mercury Diode Pumped Solid State Laser C. Bibeau (LLNL)

9:30 - 10:00 Electra KrF Laser J. Sethian (NRL)

10:00-10:15 LASER DISCUSSION

10:15-10:30 BREAK

TARGET DESIGN (Session chairman TBD)

10:30 –10:50 High Gain Target Designs (NRL) D. Colombant (NRL)with A. Schmitt (NRL)

11:50 –11:10 High Gain Target Designs, threat spectra (LLNL) M. Herrmann,J. Perkins (LLNL)

11:10 - 11:30 TARGET DESIGNS DISCUSSION All

TARGET FABRICATION & INJECTION-1 (Session chairman TBD)

11:30 - 11:45 Initial Production of Divinyl Benzene (DVB) shells J. Streit (Schafer)

11:45 –12:00 Surface Roughness of Hydrogen Ice C. Halvorsen(Schafer)

Agenda, Thursday April 4

12:00 - 1:00 LUNCH

TARGET FABRICATION & INJECTION (Session chairman TBD)

1:00 - 1:45 GA Target Fabrication Effort D. Goodin (GA)

1:45 - 2:05 LANL target fabrication effort A. Nobile, (LANL)W. Steckle (LANL)

2:05 – 2:35 Solid DT Studies J. Hoffer (LANL)

2:35 – 3:00 Status of Target Injector, In-Chamber Tracking, R. Petzoldt (GA)

3:00 – 3:30 TARGET FAB & INJECTION DISCUSSION

POSTER SESSION #1 : GA Cafeteria

3:30 – 4:30 Posters on the day’s topicsRefreshments served

All

FINAL OPTICS (Session chairman TBD)

4:30 – 5:00 Dust & LIDT threat modeling and planned expts M. Tillack (UCSD)

5:00 - 5:15 Transmissive Final optics for Laser IFE S. Payne (LLNL),J. Latkowski (LLNL)

5:15 – 5:30 OPTICS DISCUSSION

RECEPTION: Building 07, Room 215

5:30 - 7:30 Lots of stimulating discussions All

Agenda, Friday April 5

FRIDAY, APRIL 5, 2002

INTRODUCTION

8:00 - 8:30 Coffee, pastries, bagels, etc All

CHAMBERS-1 (Session chairman TBD)

8:30 – 8:45 Chambers Development Plan TBD

8:45 – 9:00 Ion Driven Fireballs: Calculations and Experiments G. Moses (Wisc)

9:00 - 9:15 Chamber Gas density requirements for ion stopping D. Haynes (Wisc)

9:15 - 9:45 LLNL Chambers Work J. Latkowski (LLNL)W. Meier (LLNL)

9:45-10:15 Chamber Dynamics Modeling R. Raffray (UCSD)Z. Dragojlovic

10:15-10:30 BREAK

10:30 –10:45 Chamber Experiments F Najmabadi (UCSD)

10:45 - 11:00 Ion irradiation issues for IFE chambers G. Lucas (UCSB)

11:00- 11:20 Graphite wall safety issues D. Petti (INEEL)

11:20-11:40 Tritium Retention in graphite and co-depositedcarbon soot

R. Causey (SNL)

11:40–12:00 CHAMBER DISCUSSIONS

12:00 – 1:00 LUNCH

MATERIALS-1 (Session chairman TBD)

1:00 - 1:45 Materials Studies on Z (x-rays) and RHEPP (ions) C. Olson (SNL)T. Tanaka (SNL)T. Renk (SNL)

1:45-2:00 Carbon fiber modeling R. Raffray (UCSD)

2:00-2:25 1.Fidelity of RHEPP and Z expts to study wall response2.Bucky Simulations of Z and RHEPP experiments

R. Peterson, Wisc

POSTER SESSION #2 : GA Cafeteria

2:25 – 3:00 Posters on the day’s topicsRefreshments served

All

MATERIALS-2 (Session chairman TBD)

3:00 - 3:15 Planned materials work, FY 2002 L. Snead (ORNL)

3:15 – 3:30 Fatigue thermomechanics N. Ghoniem (UCLA)

3:30 – 4:00 MATERIALS DISCUSSION

Poster SessionsDay Poster Presenter Affiliation Topic Poster Title

1 Gentile, Charles PPPL Lasers The Development of a HibachiWindow Employing NovelComponents

1 Hassanein, Ahmed ANL Targets HEIGHTS Modeling of DifferentStages of Target Filling with DT

1 Hegeler, Frank NRL/CTI Lasers Studies of Enhanced Edge Emission ofa Large Area Cathode (place next toMatt Myers

1 Kowbel, Witold MERCorp Optics SiC mirrors for IFE laser optics1 Kubota, Alison LLNL Optics Neutron irradiation damage in Fused

Silica Optics(Computer/Table)

1 Mau, Tak Kuen UCSD Optics Status of Modeling of Damage Effectson Final Optics Mirror Performance

1 Myers, Matt NRL Lasers Suppression of the Transit-TimeInstability in Large-Area Diodes

1 Reyes, Susana LLNL Targets Update on Laser-IFE Fast IgnitionActivities

1 Rickman, Bill GA Targets Cost Modeling of IFE Direct DriveTarget Fabrication

1 Schaffers, Kathleen LLNL Lasers Crystal Growth of Yb:S-FAP[Yb3+:Sr5(PO4)3F] for the MercuryLaser

2 Anderson, Mark UW Chambers Experimental Investigation ofImpulsive shock loading

2 Hassanein, Ahmed ANL Chambers Comprehensive Integrated Models forIFE Cavity Dynamics

2 Knowles, Tim ESLI, SanDiego

Chambers Carbon Velvet Chamber Wall

2 Kubota, Alison LLNL Chambers Molecular dynamics simulations ofRadiation Damage in Graphite.

2 Santarius, John UW Chambers A Consideration of the Two-StreamInstability in Debris Ion Stopping