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The Heroes of Islamic History
Tabi‘in
The Importance of Tabi‘in
م� ال�ذ�ين��ث م ت�ى ال�ذ�ين� ي�ل�ؤن�ى ث�م� ال�ذ�ين� ي�ل�ؤن�ه� م�ي ر� أ� خ�
م )عبدالله ابن مسعو – مسلم( د�ي�ل�ؤن�ه� The best of my ummah are those who are in my
time (my companions), then those who are in their time (Tabi‘in), then those who are in their time (Taba‘ Tabi‘in). (Abdullah bin Mas‘ud R, Muslim)
Tabi‘unThe biographies of the following Tabi‘in (those who had met
companions of the Prophet (SAW):
1.Saeed bin al-Musayyeb
2.Muhammad bin Muslim az-Zuhri
3.Urwah ibn zubayr
4.Saeed bin jubayr
5.Mujahid ibn jabr
6. ‘Ata bin Abi Rabah
7.'Ikrama
8.Tawus bin Kaysan
Tabi‘un
9.Alqamah bin Qays
10.Masruq ibn al-ajda
11.Qatada
12.Hassan al basri
13.Amir al-Sha'bi
14.Ibn Jurayj
15.Ibne Nafie‘
16.Ad Dahak
Saeed bin al-Musayyeb
Born in 17 H in the reign of Umar R.
His father Musayyeb, grandfather Hazan both had become
Muslims on the Day of Victory of Makkah.
He never missed the first row in salat.
Saeed had said, “For thirty years, never did a muezzin call to
prayers except that I was already in the Mosque.”
He had pain in his eyes. He was advised to go to Al-Aqeeq
and look at its greenery to get relief. He replied, “What
should I do about attending the ‘Isha’ and Fajr prayers?”
His narrations from ‘Ali, Usman, ‘A’isha, and Abdullah bin
Umar Rs are recorded in Bukhari/Muslim. His narrations
from Umar R are recorded in other four Sahihs.
His famous students were: Az-Zuhri, Qatadah, Ibn Dinar,
and Yahya bin Saeed. Umar bin Abdul Aziz was governor
of Madinah. He used to consult Saeed before taking any
decision.
His NawafilHe used to stand whole night in tahajjud.
Quite often he used to fast, and pass the time in the mosque.
He had performed around forty Hajj.
He used to sit properly with humility and respect in order to narrate a
hadith.
During his illness, people used to hold him in sitting position to learn hadith.
Status in Knowledge He had married a daughter of Abu Huraira R. He had learnt hadith
from him. He himself became a great muhaddith of Madinah.
‘Ata bin Abi Rabah in Makkah, Hasan Basri in Basrah, Makhul in
Syria, Nakha‘ii in Kufa, and Sa’ eed in Madinah were fuqha’ of the
highest level.
Imam Ahmad bin Hanbal used to regard his mursal hadith firm
and authentic.
Imam Shafi‘I used to regard his mursal hadith hasan.
Yahya bin Ma‘een used to regard him a greater faqih than
Hasan Basri.
According to an opinion, after the four Abdullah’s, Saeed got
the title of Faqih in Madinah.
Tortures and TribulationsAbdullah ibn Zubair R sent Jabir bin Aswad to Madinah to seek oath
of fealty from Saeed. Saeed refused to give his oath, saying that
unless the whole ummah agrees upon him, he would not submit.
Jabir flogged him fifty times on his refusal, but he did not budge.
Jabir had four wives. He divorced one of them, and married
another one. Saeed gave a fatwa against this marriage, saying
that Jabir had committed a haram act by marrying a fifth time,
while his divorced wife was still in ‘iddah. Jabir punished him
by flogging, but he did not budge.
Once Abdul Malik bin Marwan came to Medina. He sent for a
mufti to consult on some of his problem. Saeed refused to go
to the caliph, saying, “The caliph has no need to get from me;
and I have no need to go to him.” The caliph again sent for
him, but he did not obey the order. He was later, given forty
lashes.
Once, a caliph sought an advice from him. The caliph said,
“When I do some good deed, I do not feel happy; and when I
commit some evil deed, I do not feel any sadness.”
Saeed replied, “Your heart is completely dead.”
Saeed was asked to pledge his allegiance to Walid and
Sulaiman both, he refused. He was given one hundred lashes.
Once Walid bin Abdul Malik wanted to make an extension of
the Prophet’s Mosque. He came to visit the Mosque. All the
people were asked to vacate the Mosque.
Saeed refused to vacate his place. The caliph came to him,
enquired about him, greeted salam to him, and continued his
inspection.
The Case of His
Daughter
Saeed had a beautiful daughter. Caliph Abdul Malik bin Marwan
proposed to marry his wali ‘ahd Walid with her. Saeed declined the
proposal. He was given forty lashes on his refusal. But, he married
his daughter to one of his poor student Abu Wada‘ah in the mosque.
He himself took his daughter to her husband’s house.
Someone asked him the reason of denial.
He explained his decision, thus: “Listen! May Allah guide you to
the right path. Children are trust of Allah. For her salvation, I
have selected a kind, religious, and righteous young man who
will try to save himself as well as her from the fire. This way she
will be safe from the fitnah of the world. Had I married her to a
prince, she would have been busy among her maids and pomp
of kingdom. Who would have raised her for salat and tahajjud?”
Some of His Fatwas 1. “If a man swears that he would not talk to his wife for a
day or a month, it is Eela.
However, if he swears that he would not talk to her, but
touches her, it is not Eela. If this situation continues for more
than four months, then, he has divorced her.”
2. “The husband of a divorced woman has to pay for her
rented house till the ‘iddah.”
3. “A person can enter the toilet or in janabah condition with a
ring in which Allah’s name is written.”
4. Saeed said that there is no zakat on ornaments which are in
use.
5. Old men and pregnant women should feed poor persons in
lieu of their fasts.
6. Saeed asked a man who had married a woman while in
ihram to separate from her.
7. Saeed had decreed that one can charge fees for teaching
the Qur’an.
8. Saeed had decreed that an irrevocably divorced woman can
be remarried to her first husband without consuming her
marriage with the second husband.
Dreams Interpretation
1. Abdullah bin Zubair R saw that he had laid Abdul Malik
bin Marwan on the ground and had driven four pegs in his
back. Saeed said that Abdul Malik would kill Ibn Zubair.
2. Hasan bin ‘Ali R told Saeed that he saw written “He is
Allah, One” on his forehead.
Saeed told him that the time of his death was near. Hasan R
died the same year.
3. Saeed had said, “Seeing dates in a dream is always an
omen of provision.”
4. Someone asked him, “I saw my teeth fell off into my
hands.” Saeed said, “You are going to outlive some of your
people younger than you.”
5. Saeed had said, “If a person sees that he was in shackles it
means he would remain steadfast in religion.”
Muhammad bin Muslim az-Zuhri
Known as az-Zuhri or Ibn Shihab.
Az-Zuhri was born in the time of M‘uawiyyah, and lived during
the times of ten successive caliphs.
Az-Zuhri was a student of Saeed ibn Musayyab for eight years.
Az-Zuhri traveled a lot between Syria, Egypt and Hijaz to
acquire knowledge.
He memorized the Qur’an in eighty days.
He would never attend a teacher without a slate or script to write.
To memorize a hadith, he would wake up his maid and read the
hadith to her or would go to Bedouins to teach them.
He learnt hadith from famous scholars of his time, in addition to
eight years with Saeed bin Musayyab. Some of those teachers were:
Sahl ibn S‘ad R, Anas bin Malik R, ‘Ali bin Husain, Urwa bin Zubayr.
He used to tell youth of his time, “Do not underestimate yourselves
because of young age, Umar R would invite youth and consult
them.”
He had very sharp memory: He had narrated to his
teacher Saeed al-Musayyab all the instructions of two
large scrolls of admonition of caliph Abdul Malik to the
people of Madinah.
“I have never seen any one so precise in his narration of
hadith as az-Zuhri,” said ‘Amr bin Dinar.
“The first person to record knowledge is Ibn Shihab,” said
Imam Malik, “ and on the day of his death, his un-published
material was carried on a mule.”
Once, he dictated four hundred hadith to a scribe of Hisham.
The script got lost. He re-dictated the same ahadith. Later,
the lost script was found and compared with the new one.
Not a single discrepancy was found between the two.
Umar bin Abdul Aziz said about az-Zuhri, “Whatever az-
Zuhri narrated to you from others, hold fast to it. But
whatever he tells you of his own opinion, cast it away.”
His maraseel were treated as the worst kind by some great
scholars such as Yahya al-Qattani, Imam Shafi‘i, etc.
Az-Zuhri did not mind changing the order of wordings in
hadith, as long as the meaning was kept intact.
Some of his Fatwas
“As long as the dead animal in a pond did not change the taste or odor of
its water, the water is pure.”
“The ablution is weighed; therefore, the use of towel to dry it is disliked.”
“The ransom money of Muslims and non-Muslims in a Muslim country are
same.”
“If a person vowed to do something forbidden by Allah, he should
fulfill his vow with doing some righteous act.”
“A sorcerer should be killed if he is a Muslim. However, if he is a non-
Muslim, he should not be killed.”
His Relations with RulersThough, Az-Zuhri used to have good relations with Umayyad
rulers, he would never hesitate to correct their views or attitude.
Once, Walid bin Abdul Malik recited the following verse:
ZهU عZذZابU عZظXيمU (النور _هUم_ ل هU مXن Zر_ Xب hىf ك ZوZل hذXى ت )11وZال
and attributed it to ‘Ali R, but az-Zuhri told him that it was about
Abdullah ibn Ubayy.
Walid got angry with him and threatened to kill him
when he got power. Az-Zuhri told him that Allah would
not give a fool like Walid power over him.
Walid, then, sent his men to his garden of dates who
had cut all its trees and burnt down his house.
Az-Zuhri complained to Hisham and demanded the
removal of Walid from his succession. Hisham only
compensated his loss.
Urwah ibn zubayr
He was the son of Asma bint Abi Bakr and Zubayr ibn al-Awwam, the brother of Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr
He devoted himself to the study of fiqh and hadith and had the greatest knowledge of hadiths narrated from Aishah.
He said, "Before Aishah died, I saw that I had become one of four authorities. I said, 'If she dies, there will be no hadith which will be lost from those she knows. I have memorized all of them.“
He also learnt from Ali bin Abi Talib, Abdur-Rahman bin Awf, Zaid bin Thabit, Abu Ayub Al-Ansari and many other sahaba.
He was one of the 7 jurists of Medina.
He is also known to have written one of the first writings in the area of the biography of the Prophet Muhammad, known as the Tract of Seerah.
He would read a fourth of the Quran from a mushaf in the day and then he would repeat that by heart in his night prayers. And it is not known that he left this practice from his early youth (around the age of 14) to the day he died (at the age of 71)
Saeed bin jubayr
Student of Abdullah bin Abbass(RA) as well as Abdullah bin Umar,
Abdullah bin Zubair, Saeed Khudri, Abu Mossa Ashaari, Abu Huraira
and Anas bin Malik(RA)
He was one of the companions of Imam Zaynul Abideen, Ali bin al-
Husayn
He was famous for explaining Tafseer according to different Qiraah.
From him are recorded by Imams Bukhari, Muslim, al-Tirmidhi, al-
Nasa'i, Abu Dawood, Ibn Maja, Imam Ahmad bin Hanbal, and Imam
Malik ibn Anas. Sa'id narrates 147 traditions in Sahih Bukhari and 78
in Sahih Muslim.
Ibn Abi Mughera said that when people of Kufa visit Ibn Abbas they used to ask him for Fatwa, he used to say them: "Isn't Sa'id Ibn Jubayr among you?".
Amro Ibn Maymoon said that his father said that Sa'id Ibn Jubayr passed away and every one on the earth attained his knowledge.
Abu Al-Qasem Al-Tabari said: "He is a reliable Imam and hujjah on Muslims“
Ibn Hibbaan said: "He was jurist, worshiper, righteous and pious“
He was killed by Hajaj bin Yusuf( Dialogues at time of death)
Mujahid ibn jabr
Born in Makkah in the reign of Umar ibn Al-Khattab, freed slave of Saib.
Student of Abdullah bin Abbas(RA). Narrated Ahadith from Saad bin Abi Waqas, Abdullah bin Umar, Abu Saeed Khudri, Abdullah bin Amro bin Al Aas, Abu Huraira, Ali(ra), Ayesha(ra), Javeria (RA), Umm Salma(ra), Umm Hani(RA)
Two of the Qira’at, reading styles of the Qur’an, was narrated from Mujahid, those two readings being from Ibn Kathir (Makki reading) and Abu ‘Amr (Basri reading)
He is reported to have read the Qur’an under Ibn Abbas more than thirty times, including three times when he stopped after reading each verse to ask him about its meaning.
Imam Nawawi Said “ If Mujahid’s Tafseer is infront of you, then its enough for you“
Ibn Taimiya said,“Imam Shafai and Imam Bukhari relies on His Tafseer”
Mujahid was one of the main sources for later commentators on the Qur’an. The most famous one, Ibn Jareer Al-Tabari, who wrote a commentary in 14 large volumes, includes more than 700 quotations from Mujahid. He apparently wrote his commentary and taught it to his students. It is reported that his commentary was written in eight booklets.
Ata bin Abi Rabah
‘Ata bin Rabah was a Yemeni Habshi slave of a noble woman of Makkah.
He had divided his time into three parts: In the first part he used to serve
her mistress. He used to spend his second part in Allah’s worship. The
third part was completely devoted to acquire knowledge.
Seeing his interest in acquiring knowledge, his mistress set him free.
After being free, he started dwelling in the Haram of Makkah. The
historians write that for twenty years, ‘Ata used to dwell in
Haram
on his jute mat.
He acquired knowledge from all the following companions of the
Prophet (Peace be upon him):Abu Hurayrah R, Abdullah bin Umar
R, Abdullah bin Abbas R, and Abdullah bin Zubayr R.
Abdullah bin Umar R used to tell the people of Makkah that
they had no need of any other learned man while ‘Ata bin Abi
Rabah was among them.
Once, caliph Sulaiman bin Abdul Malik came to perform
Umrah; he asked about the chief scholar of the Haram;
he talked to him, and requested him for Du’a.
Sulaiman introduced him to his princes:
“Shaykh ‘Ata ibn Abi Rabah is the chief student of
Abdullah bin Abbas R; the greatest scholar of his time;
and the chief Mufti of Makkah.”
He continued his advice to his sons: “Acquire
knowledge. The knowledge raises a slave to a
status higher than king. He is remembered after
his death. He wins prayers and good wills of all
the people. His life in the Hereafter is exalted.”
He used to live a very simple life. The caliphs used to
send him a lot of money and goods, but he would
distribute all of them among the needy people.
The caliphs used to invite him to Damascus, but he used
to decline the invitation, saying that people should not
live with them; otherwise, they would destroy their
religion. However, once, he traveled alone to visit the
caliph Hisham bin Abdul Malik.
Dialogue with Hisham
“Marhaba, Marhaba, Ya Shaykh! What can I do for you?”
“Approve expenses for the people of Haramayn. They are
the neighbors of Allah and The Prophet.”
“Done! What else?”
“Approve regular expenses for the families of your forces
who are on the borders.”
“Done! What else?”
“Reduce the taxes of non-Muslims who live in your domain to
keep them away from your enemies.”
“Done! What else?”
“Fear Allah. You were born alone. You would be alone at the time
of Accounting. None would help you. Deeds are here, and
rewards are there in the Hereafter.”
The caliph started crying.
‘Ata bin Rabah, then, left the palace. He was presented a purse of
money.
But saying that,
ZينXمZ _عZال بp ال Zر fىZلZع hالX Zج_رXيZ إ Xن_ أ Zج_رx إ ZيهX مXن_ أ Uم_ عZل Uك Zل ئ س_Z )108(الشعراء ○وZمZآ أ
he returned the purse to the caliph, and left the city for Makkah,
without taking even a glass of drink.
Others’ Opinions about Him
1. Ibn Hajar ‘Asqalani, “’Ata was final word in the domain
of Knowledge and Fiqh.”
2. An-Nawavi, “He was the Chief Mufti of Makkah. He was
much higher than other Imams.”
3. Ibn Hanbal, “’Ata was one of the beloved of Allah.”
4. Awza‘ee, “’Ata was the most favored person of the
people on the earth”.
Dars-e-Hadith
He never allowed people to talk during his dars-e-hadith. Once,
he expelled a man from his dars because of his talk.
The following renowned persons used to attend his dars:
Abu Hanifa, Awza‘ee, Az-Zuhri, Mujahid, Ibn Jurayj, Abu Ishaq,
‘Amash, etc.
He used to perform Hajj every year. A naquib, appointed
by the caliphate, used to announce, during Hajj seasons,
that none except ‘Ata bin Rabah is authorized to teach
Hajj rites to people.
He used to pass his spare time alone. He used to avoid
needless talking to people.
All six Sahih Books have his narrations.
He died in Makkah 114 H.
Ikrama Maula bin Abbas He was freed slave of Ibne Abbas
Bukhari, Muslim, Abu Dawood and Nissai have narrated Hadith from him.
He narrated Hadith from Jabir bin Abdullah, Hassan bin Ali, Abdullah bin Umar, Ali bin Talib, Abu Saeed Khudri, Abu Huraira, Ayesha RA, Umm Ammara
He said I spent 40 years in learning knowledge of Deen.
Tawus ibn Kaysan
He was a Persian. He was a great tabi'i who met over 50 companions.
He performed the hajj forty times and narrated some of the whispered prayers of Imām Zayn al-'Ābidin.
Hadith from him are recorded by Muhammad al-Bukhari (85 traditions), Muslim ibn al-Hajjaj (78 traditions), al-Tirmidhi, al-Nasa'i, Abu Dawood, Ibn Majah, Ahmad ibn Hanbal
Tawus was the main teacher of Umar ibn Abdul Aziz
Alqamah bin Qays
Born while the Prophet (SAW) was alive.
Raised during the times of Guided Caliphs.
He has narrated hadiths from Umar R, ‘Ali R, Usman R, Sa‘d ibn
Abi Waqas R, Salman Farsi R, Abu Ayyub Ansari R, Hudhayfa
Yaman R.
He studies Quran, Hadith and Fiqh from Abdllah bin Mas‘ud R.
‘Alqamah was just like Abdullah bin Mas‘ud in conduct and
character. And Ibn Mas‘ud was just like the Prophet (Peace
be upon him) in his conduct.
He used to finish the Qur’an in six days.
Once, he continued going round the Ka‘bah whole night.
‘Alqamah’s memory was remarkable. Whatever, he heard
once would always be able to recall. He had memorized all
what he had learnt from Abdullah ibn Mas‘ud R.
In fiqh, he had acquired the status of mujtahid.
Even some of the companions of the Prophet (Peace be
upon him) used to visit him to learn hadiths from him.
He had the honor of participating in the overseas Jihad
in 32 H with M‘uawiyyah R. It was the same Jihad about
which the Prophet (SAW) had said, “All those who
participate in the first overseas Jihad would be forgiven.”
He hated to meet high officials, saying they would
decrease his good deeds.
He died in 62 H. He advised people not to publicize his
death and burry him quickly.
Hafiz Dhahabi: He was a faqih and imam.
‘Allama Nawavi: He was a faqih of a high status.
Ibn Sa‘d: He knew a large number of ahadith.
Abu Tibyan: I have myself seen many companions asking him
about their problems.
Masruq ibn al-ajda
He was among the many students of Abdullah ibn Mas'ud.
He is said to have fought on the side of caliph Ali ibn Abi Talib against the Kharijites.
He has narrated Hadith from Hudhaifa bin Yaman, Khalid bin Walid, Saad bin abi Waqqas, Umar bin Khattab, Abu Bakr, Abu Darda, Abu Musa Ashari, Ayesha RA, Habab bin Art.
His narrated Hadith are part of all six Authentic Hadith Books.
He was one of the teachers of Imam Abu Hanifa.
Qatada
He was one of narrator of all six authentic Ahadith books.
He was blind
Student of Ibne Masud along with Saeed bin Musayyab, Ibne Sirren, Nafai ibn Maula, Abdullah bin Umar
He was expert in Arabic lughat and poetry.
Hassan al basri
He was the son of Yasar the slave of Zayd ibn Thabit al-Ansari. His mother Umm ul-Hasan was a slave woman of Umm Salamah, the wife of the Prophet SAW.
Umm Salamah had breast-feed him for some time.
He met around 120 companions of Prophet SAW.
Student of Abdullah bin Msud and Ubbay bin Kaab.
He was a close friend of Caliph, `Umar Ibn `Abdul-`Azeez
Abu Amir al Sha’bi
Born during the caliphate of Umar RA.
Famous teacher of Imam Abu Hanifa.
He met around 500 Companions of the prophet SAW.
He narrated from 48 Sahabah.
He possessed a phenomenal memory and is reported to have said ”I have not written on paper up to this day, nor has a person narrated to me a hadith ever except, that I memorized it and nor, is it my preference that he repeats it to me”.
Ibn Jurayj --- His teacher was Ata bin Rabah. He narrate many Israliyat.
Ibne Nafie‘ --- Student of Ibne Umar RA He was part of the famous authentic chain of narrators according to Bukhari (Malik from Nafie’ from Ibn ‘Umar). He has narrated from several companions. He has narrations in all 6 authentic books.
Ibn Sirin ---- Muhammad bin Sirin was born during the caliphate of `Uthman bin `Affan. His father was a freed slave who belonged to the Companion Anas bin Malik. His mother Safiyah was freed salve from Abu Bakr.
Ad Dahak ----- Tafsir scholar migrated from kufa to Khorasan during governor ship of Al Hajjaj. He established a large school near Balkh where he imparted free education to 3000 children