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PL9902403 ISSN 1425-3763The Henryk Niewodniczahski
Institute of Nuclear PhysicsKrakow, Poland
Address:
Main site:ul. Radzikowskiego 152,31-342 Krak6wtel.: (48 12)637-00-40fax.: (48 12)637-54-41e-mail: [email protected]
High Energy Departments:ul. Kawk>ry26A,30-055 Krakowtel.: (48 12) 633-33-66fax.: (48 12) 633-38-84e-mail: [email protected]
i ;['••
30 - 50i
ISSN 1425-3763
Report No 1820
PRINTED BY
THE HENRYK NIEWODNICZANSKI INSTITUTE OF NUCLEAR PHYSICS
Editorial Board:B. Brzezicka, E. Dryzek, D. Erbel (Secretary), L. Freindl, M. Krygowska-Doniec,
P. Stopa, J. Styczen, and H. Wojciechowski.
e-mail: [email protected] or [email protected]
The Editors assume limited responsibility for the contents of materials supplied by the IFJdepartments and groups.
Front cover: Photograph of the nuclear microprobe at the 3 MV Van de Graaff accelerator(see page 80).
Opracowanie i sklad komputerowy: SEKCJA WYDAWNICTW DZIALU INFORMACJI NAUKOWEJ IFJ
Druk: Drukarnia Skrypt s.c. tel. 6370222 w. 323
PL9902404
In 1998 great effort and hard work of our staff enabled us to publish over 600 papers, conferencecommunications and reports, among them 206 papers in journals from the so-called PhiladelphiaList with authors' affiliation to our Institute. The last number in conjunction with the numberof staff participating in research is one of the most important factors for the evaluation, rankingand consequently funding of research institutes. Experimental research in nuclear and elementaryparticle physics, however, requires large teams of scientists, engineers and technical staff involved inthe construction of complicated detectors. Preparation of such experiments takes often many yearsbefore the results are published. This is particularly true for large international projects in which weare participating at present and future accelerators like those at BNL-Brookhaven, CERN-Geneva,DESY-Hamburg, KEK-Tsukuba, KFA-Jiilich, etc., but also for some projects realized at our Institutein Krakow.
Some of the most interesting achievements obtained in 1998 are:A great success was the start of the proton microbeam channel at the 2.5 MeV pressurized Van de
Graaff accelerator. 10/J.m resolution was achieved and there are serious hopes to improve it to 1 ^mwithin one year.
Our "medical" cyclotron started operating with the proton beam. First amounts of short lived/?+ isotope n C were obtained. This opens promising perspectives for Positron Emission Tomography(PET) with carbon compounds.
The determination of the decay characteristics of the TJC (2980) meson and A{, baryon.Studies of the interactions in Pb-Pb collisions at 158 AGeV in lab system have shown a large
contribution of electromagnetic dissociation in the projectile fragmentation. A new method of chargemeasurements of heavy fragments in nuclear emulsion with the help of a CCD camera was developed.
Further progress in ATLAS, ALICE, PHOBOS and BELLE projects was achieved.In connection with new neutrino results from Super-Kamiokande the bi-maximal neutrino mixing
was explained by the see-saw mechanism.The isoscalar dipole resonance in 208Pb has been explained by selection of 2p2h excitations which
are most strongly coupled to the one particle one hole ground state configuration.Using the system GAREL together with the Recoil Filter Detector, a virgin level scheme of 199At
was established. New yrast structures were found in hard-to-access neutron-rich nuclei above double-closed 68Ni and 132Sn.
By means of the positron anihilation method new results on profiles of the point defects createdat the early stage of the friction process on the surface of Cu samples were obtained.
From the measurements of the temperature dependence of the imaginary part of the magneticsusceptibility of the (YPr)BCO and (Hg Pr)BCO superconductors inter-grain critical currents andprimary energies were determined. It was found that in a narrow range of Pr concentration smallincrease of the critical current in grains occurs.
The structure of synthetic catalyzers and glasses was studied by means of nuclear magnetic reso-nance with rotating sample.
Computer modelling of phase transitions in KSCN crystals was studied.In close collaboration with the Cardiological Clinic of the Silesian Medical Academy the application
of 32P in the intervenal brachytherapy was studied.The level of cytogenic damages in patients with skin cancer was determined. Studies of mag-
netic signals from the human brain stimulated by acoustic signals led to the conclusion that thebrain response has a power spectrum of the type characteristic for selforganizing processes in criticalphenomena.
Measurements of the radon contents with CR-39 tracers organized by the EU Commission haveplaced our team on the 9th position among 70 participants. A new technique of the determinationof the properties of low friction surfaces for biomedical purposes using ion implantation IBAD andsputter deposition was elaborated.
The Institute hosted nine international conferences. Among them we should mention the firstNATO Research Workshop "The Structure of Baryons, Mesons and Nuclei" organised together withthe Jagiellonian University and the Jiilich Research Center. Our Scientific Council has conferred thetitle of the Honorary Professor of the Henryk Niewodniczanski Institute of Nuclear Physics on renownphysicists Professor Josef Speth from the Julich Research Center and Professor Johann Bienlein fromDESY.
The Henryk Niewodniczanski Scientific Prize 1998 was awarded to our young theorist Miss AnnaStasto for her outstanding results on nucleon structure function.
This brief review contains only selected examples from the broad spectrum of our research through1998. It is my pleasure to thank all our researchers for their hard and fruitful work, which in moredetails is presented in the present issue of our Annual Report.
Professor Andrzej BudzanowskiDirector of The Institute
DIRECTORATE:General Director: Professor Andrzej BudzanowskiDeputy Directors: Professor Roman Holyriski,
Dr Maria Pollak-Stachurowa,Professor Jan Styczeri
HONORARY PROFESSORS:Josef SpethJohann Konrad Bienlein
SCIENTIFIC COUNCIL:Chairman: Professor Andrzej HrynkiewiczSecretaries: Teresa Mikuiowska,
Halina Szymanska, M.A.tel.: (48) (12) 637-02-22 ext. 301fax: (48) (12) 637-54-41e-mail: [email protected]
A. REPRESENTATIVES OF SCIENTIFIC STAFF:
Jerzy Bartke, Prof. Jan Kwiecinski, Prof.Rafal Broda, Prof. Leonard Lesniak, Prof.Andrzej Budzanowski, Prof. Piotr Malecki, Assoc. Prof.Antonina Cebulska-Wasilewska, Assoc. Prof. Maria Massalska-Arodz, Assoc. Prof.Tomir Coghen, Prof. Krzysztof Parliriski, Prof.Stanislaw Drozdz, Prof. Pawel Olko, Ph.D.Jacek Hennel, Prof. Krzysztof Rybicki, Prof.Roman Holynski, Prof. Jan Styczen, Prof.Jerzy Janik, Prof. Zdzislaw Szeglowski, Prof.Marek Jezabek, Prof. Tadeusz Wasiutyriski, Assoc. Prof.Marek Kutschera, Prof. Andrzej Zuber, Prof.
B. REPRESENTATIVES OF TECHNICAL PERSONNEL:
Barbara Brzezicka, M.Sc. Zbigniew Krol, M.E.Jacek Burda, Agr.E. Ewa Krynicka, Ph.D.Teresa Cywicka-Jakiel, Ph.D. Stanislaw MarandaBronislaw Czech, E.E. Eugeniusz Mnich, M.Sc., E.E.Jerzy Halik, M.Sc., M.E. Elzbieta Ryba, E.E.Jacek Kiczek, E.E. Jozefa Turzanska
C. REPRESENTATIVES FROM OTHER INSTITUTES:
Wieslaw Czyz, Prof. - Jagiellonian UniversityEdward Kapuscik, Prof. - Pedagogical UniversityJerzy Niewodniczanski, Prof. - University of Mining and Metallurgy, Head of The NationalAtomic AgencyKacper Zalewski, Prof. - Jagiellonian University
CONTENTS:
Department of Nuclear Reactions 1
Department of Nuclear Spectroscopy 45
Department of Structural Research 101
Department of Theoretical Physics 117
High Energy Physics Departments and Labs 143
Department of Particle Theory 145
Department of Leptonic Interactions 159
Department of Hadron Structure 179
Department of High Energy Nuclear Interactions 191
The ALICE Experiment Laboratory 209
The ATLAS Experiment Laboratory 219
High Energy Physics Detector Construction Group 231
Common Activities of the High Energy Physics Division 237
Department of Environmental and Radiation Transport Physics 241
Department of Radiation and Environmental Biology 253
Department of Nuclear Radiospectroscopy 271
Department of Nuclear Physical Chemistry 289
Department of Materials Research by Computers 303
Health Physics Section 311
Cyclotron Section 325
Cyclic Accelerator R & D Section 329
Computing and Networks 335
Division of Mechanical Constructions 337
Magnetic Field Water Treatment Section 345
IFJ Author Index 349
PL9902405
DEPARTMENT OF NUCLEAR REACTIONS
Head of Department: Prof. Andrzej BudzanowskiDeputy Head of Department: Prof. Stanislaw DrozdzSecretary: Jadwiga Gurbieltelephone: (48) (12) 637-02-22 ext.: 210e-mail: [email protected]
PERSONNEL:
Laboratory of Nuclear Reaction MechanismHead: Professor Andrzej Budzanowski
Research Staff:Andrzej Adamczak, Ph.D.Andrzej Budzanowski, Prof.Jan Balewski, Ph.D.Bronistaw Czech, E.E.Ludwik Freindl, Ph.D.Kazimierz Grotowski, Prof.Elzbieta Guk, Ph.D.Jacek Jakiel, M.Sc.Waldemar Karcz, Ph.D.Malgorzata Kistryn, Ph.D.Stanisiaw Kliczewski, Ph.D.Adam Kozela, Ph.D.
Technical Staff:Edward Bialkowski, Ch.E.Janina ChachuraMarek Gruszecki, Ph.D., E.E.
Laboratory of Nonlinear DynamicsHead: Professor Stanislaw Drozdz
Research Staff:Stanislaw Drozdz, Prof.Andrzej Gorski, Ph.D.Beata Kulessa, Res. StudentJaroslaw Kwapien, Res. Student
Ewa Kozik, Ph.D.Jerzy Lukasik, Ph.D.Michal Palarczyk, Ph.D.Krzysztof Pysz, Ph.D.Regina Siudak, Ph.D.Artur Siwek, Ph.D.Irena Skwirczyriska, Ph.D.Pawel Staszel, Ph.D.Jaroslaw Szmider, Ph.D.Henryk Wojciechowski, Ph.D.Roman Wolski, Ph.D.Michai Ziolkowski, Ph.D.
Wieslaw Kantor, M.Sc., E.E.Kazimiera Pogorzelska
Jacek Okolowicz, Ph.D.Tomasz Srokowski, Assoc. Prof.Antoni Szczurek, Assoc. Prof.Marek Wojcik, Res. Student
Visiting Scientist:V. Uleshchenko - Kiev Institute of Nuclear Research, Ukraine
Energy Efficiency CenterHead: Assoc. Professor Edward Obryk
Staff:Marek Cwikilewicz, M.Sc. Edward Obryk, Assoc. Prof.Barbara Obryk, M.Sc.
OVERVIEW:The year 1998 can be considered as very successful both in harvesting important results from the
existing collaborations as well as establishing new ones.In the frame of the COSY-11 collaboration cross section for rj' production in p-p collision close to
the threshold has been measured. In the region of excess energy between 1.5 and 4.1 MeV the rf crosssections are much lower than those of the x° and 77 production. There seems to be no indication thatN* resonance doorway-like state governs the reaction mechanisms. The determined coupling constantgv> appears to be consistent with the prediction of the simple quark model. Results were publishedin Phys. Rev. Letters.
Using the GEM detector, investigations of the isospin symmetry breaking were performed. Tworeactions channels 3He7r° and 3H7r+ from the reaction at proton momenta 700, 767, and 825 MeV/cwere measured. Data analysis is in progress.
The model of the meson cloud in the nucleon which is a speciality of our department has beensuccessfuly applied to explain the leading proton and neutron cross sections from the e+ or e~ - protoncollisions at the HERA ring.
General formulas to calculate polarization of the particles with spin transmitted through the barrierin the presence of strong magnetic fields were obtained. New collaboration between our laboratoryand the Institute for Nuclear Research in Kiev has been established. One PhD thesis was completedin the frame of this collaboration.
We joined the new collaboration with Lund University concerning studies of hot nuclear matterproperties using heavy ions from CELSIUS ring. First test of the phoswich detector for the forwardwall was performed in Uppsala.
Isoscalar giant dipole resonance strength distribution 3 hu has been evaluated in 208Pb in thespace of lp lh and 2p2h excitation. The centroid energy of this state can directly be related to thenuclear incompressibility module. Our result indicates rather large values of this module.
New method of determination the values of the optical model potential parameters for the 9Be - 12Cinteraction has been proposed. Due to several constraints, ambiguities in the parameter determinationare removed.
A quantitative mathematical analysis of the ECG data aimed to predict phenomenon of the sud-den cardiac death was performed. Properties of the Levy distribution in studying the dynamics ofheartbeat were tested.
Resonant dd/i molecule formation in 3K solid deuterium was studied.We also entered the Saphir collaboration at the ELSA synchrotron in Bonn. Further progress in
studying the transverse polarization of positrons from the decay of polarized muons at PSI cyclotronwas achieved.
Theoretical studies of nonlinear dynamical systems with algebraically correlated noise and shellmodel embedded in the continuum were performed.
We started construction of the light heavy ion detector for low heavy ion energies which are emittedin the spoliation reactions induced by cosmic ray protons.
Altogether 26 papers in respectable Journals from the Philadelphia List were published. Two PhDThesis on the subjects of barier penetration time and multifragmentation phenomena were completed.
PL9902406
REPORTS ON RESEARCH:
Measurement of the pd —> 3He7r° and pd —> 3HTT+ Reactions.Investigation of Isospin Symmetry Breaking
The GEM CollaborationM.G. Betigeri8, J. Bojowald1, A. Budzanowski, A. Chatterjee8, J. Ernst6, S. Fortsch9,
L. Freindl, D. Frekers7, W. Garske7, K. Grewer7, A. Hamacher1, P. Hawranek3, I. Ilieva5,R. Jahn7, L. Jarczyk3, G. Kemmerling2, K. Kilian1, S. Kliczewski, W. Klimala3, D. Kolev5,T. Kutsarova5, B.J. Lieb10, H. Machner1, A. Magiera3, R. Maier1, H. Nann11, L. Pentchev4,
H.S. Plendl12, D. Prasuhn1, D. Protic1, B. Razen6, P. von Rossen1, B. Roy8, R. Siudak,J. Smyrski3, A. Strzalkowski3, R. Tsenov5, P. Zolnierczuk13, and K. Zwoll2
1 Institut fur Kernphysik, Forschungszentrum Julich, Germany; 2 Zentrallabor fur Elektronik,Forschungszentrum Julich, Germany; 3 Institute of Physics, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland; 4 In-stitute of Nuclear Research and Nuclear Energy, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria; 5 Facultyof Physics, University of Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria; 6 Institut fur Strahlen- und Kernphysik der Universitat Bonn,Bonn, Germany; 7 Institut fur Kernphysik, Universitat Miinster, Germany;8 Nuclear Physics Division, BARC,Bombay, India; 9 National Accelerator Center, Faure, South Africa; 10 Department of Physics and Astronomy,University Fairfax, Virginia, USA; n IUCF, Bloomington, Indiana, USA;12 Physics Department, Florida StateUniversity, Tallahassee, USA; 13 Dept. of Physics and Astronomy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, USA
An interesting aspect of the influence of the nuclear environment on the fundamental pion produc-tion process NN —* NNx is the possibility to test the charge symmetry hypothesis in system involvingboth nucleons and •K mesons [1]. In the proton-deuteron interactions a suitable experiment to test theisospin symmetry is to obtain the ratio R = dcr(pd —*• 3Rn+)/ d<r(pd —> 3He7r°), which should be equal2 if electromagnetic interactions are neglected. The existing experimental data for reactions leadingto pion production in the 3-nucleon system comprise differential cross sections measured predomi-nantly in the A-resonance region between 300 and 600 MeV [2]. For energy parameter r) = p^m/(m7rc)between 0.4 and 0.8 no experimental data exist [3].
Our measurements were performed using the GEM detector. This detector consists of two parts.The zero-degree detector is the magnetic spectrometer BIG KARL. The second part which is calledthe Germanium Wall (GeW), is a stack of annular detectors made of high purity germanium. In thecenter of each detector there is a hole corresponding to the acceptance of the magnetic spectrometerBIG KARL placed behind of the Germanium Wall. This allows reaction products emitted at smallangles with respect to the beam axis as well as primary beam particles not reacting with the target,to enter the magnetic spectrometer without impinging on the Germanium Wall [4].
We have measured simultaneously the pd —• 3HTT+ and pd —> 3He7r° reactions at proton momenta700, 767, and 825 MeV/c to complete the data in the energy region of 0.4 <j)<_ 1.2. Our preliminaryresults of pd —> 3He7r° and pd —»• 3H7r+ are in agreement with part of existing data [5-8]. Theanalysis is still in progress. Additional measurements for other beam energies are still necessary.Such experiments will be performed in spring 1999 for several proton beam momenta from 900 to1150 MeV/c.
References:
1. G.A. Miller, B.M.K. Nefkens and I. Slaus, Phys. Rep. 194 (1990) 1;2. J.M. Cameron, Nucl. Phys. A472 (1987) 718;3. H. Machner et al., COSY Proposal No 24;4. M.G. Betigeri et al., Nucl. Instr. Meth. A (in print);5. G.J. Lolos, Nucl. Phys. A386 (1982) 477;6. J. Kallne et al., Phys. Rev. C24 (1981) 1102;7. P. Weber et al., Nucl. Phys. A534 (1991) 541;8. W. Dollhopf, Nucl. Phys. A217 (1973) 381.
PL9902407
New Focal Plane of the BIG KARL Magnetic Spectrometer
The GEM Collaboration
M.G. Betigeri8, J. Bojowald1, A. Budzanowski, A. Chatterjee8, J. Ernst6, S. Förtsch9,L. Freindl, D. Frekers7, W. Garske7, K. Grewer7, A. Hamacher1, P. Hawranek3, I. Ilieva5,
R. Jahn7, L. Jarczyk3, G. Kemmerling2, K. Kilian1, S. Kistryn3, S. Kliczewski, W. Klimala3,D. Kolev5, T. Kutsarova5, B.J. Lieb10, H. Machner1, A. Magiera3, R. Maier1, H. Nann1 1,
L. Pentchev4, H.S. Plendl12, D. Prasuhn1, D. Protic1, B. Razen6, P. von Rossen1, B. Roy8,R. Siudak, J. Smyrski3, A. Strzalkowski3, R. Tsenov5, P. Żołnierczuk13, and K. Zwoll2
1 Institut für Kernphysik, Forschungszentrum Jûlich, Germany; 2 Zentra.lla.bor für Elektronik, Forschungszen-trum Jülich, Germany; 3 Institute of Physics, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland; 4 Institute of NuclearResearch and Nuclear Energy, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria;5 Facility of Physics, Universityof Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria; 6 Institut für Strahlen- und Kernphysik der Universität Bonn, Bonn, Germany;7 Institut für Kernphysik, Universität Münster, Germany; 8 Nuclear Physics Division, BARC, Bombay, India;9 National Accelerator Center, Faure, South Africa;10 Department of Physics and Astronomy, University Fair-fax, Virginia, USA; n IUCF, Bloomington, Indiana, USA; 12 Physics Department, Florida State University,Tallahassee, USA; 13 Dept. of Physics and Astronomy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, USA
The study of the isospin symmetry breaking was proposed by measuring the ratio R of the crosssections of the p+d-»3H+7r+ and p+d->3He+7T° reactions at 7? production threshold [1]. Underassumption of isospin conservation theory R equals 2 . Coulomb effects lead to modification of R,which is weakly energy dependent. At beam energy corresponding to 77 production threshold, the T°-T)mixing may introduce strong oscillations of R values with energy and can reach even 10% [2].
The experiment will be performed with the 3Q2DQ magnetic spectrometer BIG KARL [3] at theCOSY accelerator facility in J(lich. Using of the BIG KARL first dipole yoke side hole (which wasforeseen as beam dump exit) for detection of 3H and standard focal plane for detection of 3He thesimultaneous measurement of reaction products at laboratory angle of zero degree will be possible.In order to use the dipole yoke hole, additional experiments were necessary to investigate the opticalproperties and acceptance of the new focal plane. The new detection system was mounted behind thedipole yoke hole of the BIG KARL spectrometer which consists of two sets of drift chamber and twoscintillator layers. The drift chambers enable the track determination and scintillator layers allow toidentify detected particles.
As a first step the direct beam was used to check optics of the new focal plane. It was found thatvarying the fields of the first two quadrupoles it is possible to obtain a good focus at the dipole holewith beam spot at this position of 3 mm diameter. The next test measurement was performed usingreaction products of the p+p-»d+7r+ reaction at the beam momentum of 1.206 GeV/c. The pions anddeuterons were simultaneously detected in the standard focal plane of the BIG KARL and at the dipoleyoke hole, respectively. The relative acceptance at these two detection positions was determined usingkinematical coincidences of the deuterons and pions. It was found that with standard BIG KARLsetting for all dipoles and quadrupoles, the acceptance at the dipole yoke hole is by factor 14 smallerthan in the focal plane. However, it is possible to increase the acceptance at the dipole hole varyingfields for the two quadrupoles. Then the acceptance at the dipole hole can be by factor 1.6 larger thanthe standard focal plane acceptance. Such a setting may be used in future experiment for detectionof particles with momenta larger than 1.1 GeV/c, which cannot be measured in the standard focalplane.
References:
1. A. Magiera, COSY-Proposal No 59 (1997);2. C. Wilkin, Phys. Lett. B331 (1993) 275;3. S. Martin et al., Nuci. Instr. and Methods 214 (1983) 281.
PL9902408
A New Spallation Experiment at COSY-JiilichA. Budzanowski, D. Filges1, L. Jarczyk2, B. Kamys2, M. Kistryn, St. Kistryn2, H. Machner1,
A. Magiera2, K. Pysz, and Z. Rudy2
1 Forschungszentrum Jiilich GmbH, IKP, Germany;2 Institute of Physics, Jagiellonian University, Krakow,Poland
A new scientific collaboration of physicist from many countries has been established in order toinvestigate the different aspects of spallation physics within the program to develop the new - highintensity spallation source (European Spallation Source). One among the most important tasks isto study the reaction of proton-induced spallation of the various nuclei. These processes will beinvestigated with the use of the internal proton beam of the COoler SYnchrotron (COSY) in ResearchCenter Jiilich, Germany.
The major goals of the project are:1. To deliver reliable and complete information about the interaction of high energy protons on solidstate material what is strongly required in constructing the European Spallation Source. The protonscould make severe displacement of atoms in crystals as well as produce radioactive and transmutationnuclei. These phenomena have destructive effects on mechanical properties and lifetime of target andstructure materials.2. To measure the production cross-section of light fragments produced by protons colliding withlight target nuclei. These data are necessary to understand the abundance of Li, Be, and B isotopesobserved in the solar system. Presently available theoretical models predict a value of six orders ofmagnitude smaller than found in the galactic cosmic rays.
To achieve the above goals a dedicated, very effective detection system will be built. The productof spallation of various target nuclei induced by the proton beam of COSY accelerator at energies from100 MeV to 2.6 GeV will be detected by a system consisting of a time-of-fiight telescope (channelplates)and a so called Bragg Curve Detector, permitting a charge and mass identification of registeredparticles. In order to obtain the angular distribution of the spallation product several such detectorsets will be localized at different detection angles.
In the recent past the project of the experimental chamber and detection system have been pre-pared. Also the prototype of the Bragg Curve Detector was build and its test have already begun.
The calibration tests of the Bragg Curve Detector with the use of low energy light ion beams oftandem accelerator in LNFN Catania are planed for spring 1999.
PL9902409
Elastic and Inelastic Scattering of 12C Ions on 9Be JNucleiat E(nC) = 65 MeV
A. Budzanowski, S. Kliczewski, A. Szczurek, R. Siudak, I. Skwirczynska, A.T. Rudchik1,O.A. Momotyuk1, V.K. Chernievsky1, A.V. Mokhnach1, V.A. Ziman1, E.I. Koshchy2,
L. Glowacka3, A. Korman3, K. Rusek3, and J. Turkiewicz3
1 Institute for Nuclear Research, Kyiv (Kiev), Ukraine; 2 Kharkiv State University, Kharkiv, Ukraine;3 A. Soltan Institute for Nuclear Studies, Warsaw, Poland
The angular distributions of elastic and inelastic scattering of 12C ions on the 9Be nuclei weremeasured using the Kyiv's (INR) cyclotron U-240 at energy 65 MeV for the transitions to the groundand 1.68 MeV (1/2+), 2.429 MeV (5/2~), 2.8 MeV (1/2") + 3.06 MeV (5/2+), 4.7 MeV (3/2+), 6.8MeV (7/2~ ) excited states of 9Be nucleus and to the ground and 4.439 MeV (2+), 7.654 MeV (0+),9.641 MeV (3~), 10.84 MeV (1~), 11.83 MeV (2~), 12.71 MeV (1+), 13.35 MeV (2~), 14.08 MeV (4+),15.11 MeV (1+), 16.107 MeV (2+), 16.58 MeV (2~) excited states of 12C nucleus. The experimentaldata were analyzed using optical and coupled reaction channels (CRC) models. The elastic, inelasticscattering and few-nucleons cluster transfers were included in the coupling scheme. The strong coupled
channels effects were observed. The deformation parameters for the 9Be and 12C nuclei were obtained.Very good agreement between measured and calculated cross sections was found. The results arepresented in Fig. 1.
ISO leo
Fig. 1: Angular distributions of elastic and inelastic 9Be(12C,12C)9Be* scattering for the tran-sitions to the 1.68 MeV (1/2+), 2.429 MeV (5/2~), 6.8 MeV (7/2~ ) excited states of 9Be nucleusin comparison with the cross sections of optical (<0M>) and CRC (£) models. The OM potentialparameters and deformation parameters of 9Be nucleus are also given.
Particle Identification Capability of the Module of the Projected== Forward Wall^ = A. Budzanowski, B. Czech, E. Kozik, A. Siwek, I. Skwirczyriska, B. Jakobsson1,^~o and L. Vesterberg2
g? (for the CHIC Collaboration)
go=—a CT> •'Department of Physics, Lund University, Lund, Sweden; 2The Svedberg Laboratory, Uppsala, Sweden
===1^- The CELSIUS storage ring at The Svedberg Laboratory (TSL) in Uppsala provides heavy ion^ = beams of the energies from 50 AMeV up to 500 AMeV making feasible studies of hot nuclear matter^ = properties. The detection system CHICSi covers a polar angular range from 15 deg to 140 deg. Adding
at forward angles an arrangement of detectors called forward wall would result in a nearly full coverageof spatial angle 4x.
The task of the Cracow group is to construct the forward wall, providing a complete geometriccoverage for registration of energetic products of collisions in the full azimuthal angular range of 360°and in polar angle between 3.3° and 11.7°. The testing set of scintillation detectors corresponding toone module of the forward wall has been prepared. It is combined of the plastic scintillator of 1.5 mmthickness optically decoupled with the phoswich consisting of 10 mm thick fast plastic scintillator and80 mm thick CsI(Tl) inorganic crystal. Tests of the prepared detector module have been performed
on the storage ring at TSL in Uppsala. Products of 20Ne (200 AMeV) + Xe collisions were registeredin the detection module placed at 5.3 deg with respect to the beam direction in the reaction plane.The preliminary analysis of the obtained spectra has shown that the charge and energy resolutions oftested detection system are satisfactory.
Fig. 1: Scatter plot of AE vs Efor phoswich detector.
PL9902411
The Measurement of the Transverse Polarization of Positronsfrom the Decay of Polarized Muons
I. Barnett1, C. Bee1, K. Bodek2, A. Budzanowski, D. Conti1, N. Danneberg1, W. Fetscher1,M. Hadri1, C. Hilbes1, M. Janousch1, L. Jarczyk2, K. Kirch1, S. Kistryn2, A. Kozela,
J. Lang1, M. Markiewicz1, X. Morelle1, O, Naviliat1, T. Schweizer1, J. Smyrski2, J. Sromicki1,E. Stephan3, A. Strzalkowski2, and J. Zejma2
1 Inst. fur Teilchenphysik, ETH-Ziirich, Zurich, Switzerland; 2 Inst. of Physics, Jagiellonian University,Krakow, Poland; 3 Inst. of Physics, University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
In contrast to exactly known electromagnetic part of the electro-weak interactions our understand-ing of weak interactions is still not complete. Relatively low cost experiments exploring muon decaymay serve as an important tests of weak interactions at low energies.
We plan to measure the energy dependence of the transverse polarization of positrons (PTI) fromthe decay of polarized muons, with accuracy by an order of magnitude better than that obtained inthe previous experiment [1]. This will allow to reduce the uncertainty of the Fermi coupling constantGF by a factor of three. Observation of any non-zero second component of the transverse polarizationPT2, (perpendicular to PTI), would be an evidence of the Time Reversal Invariance violation, andwould indicate other than V—A type contribution to weak interactions [2].
The measurement is being carried out at the /J,E1 area at the Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI). Testruns performed during the last two years showed successful operation of main components of thedetector set-up. Built in Cracow drift chambers achieved expected efficiency of a single detectionplane of 96%. The position resolution of a single plane (about 0.18 mm rms) will allow one toreconstruct particle trajectories precisely enough to obtain profile of the muon stopping distributionin the target and reject events not originating from the target. Preliminary results of the last runshowed high efficiency of the fast hardware trigger to the annihilation events using the informationfrom the BGO calorimeter. This was possible due to the cluster recognition unit specially developedfor this experiment.
Test of wire aging, performed recently in Cracow, showed about 10% decrease of gas gain after0.1 C/cm collected charge on wire. This means that even at very high load of the drift chambersexpected in this experiment (~ 2000 particles/cm2 • s) they should survive long beam times withoutsubstantial loss of efficiency.
References:
1. F. Corriveau, J. Egger, W. Fetcher, H.-J. Gerber, K.F. Johnson, H. Kaspar, H.J. Mahler, M. Salzmann,and F. Scheck, Phys. Lett. B129 (1983) 260;
2. W. Fetscher, H.-J. Gerber, and K.F. Johnson, Phys. Lett. B173 (1986) 102.
° PL9902412
Search for Baryon Resonances in Photoproduction at ELSAElectron Synchrotron
J. Barth1, C. Bennlold2, W, Braun1, R. Burgwinkel1, J. Ernst3, K.H. Glander1, S. Goers1,J. Hannappel1, N. Joepen1, H. Jüngst3, H. Kalinowski3, U. Kirch1, F. Kleiln1, F.-J. Klein1,
E. Klempt3, A. Kozela, R, Lawall1, J. Link3, D. Menze1, W. Neuerburg1, M. Paganetti1,E. Paul1, H. van Pee3, R. Plötzke3, I. Schulday1, M. Schumacher4, W.J. Schwüle1, F. Smend4,J. Smyrski5, L. Tiator3, H.-N. Tran4, M.Q. Tran4, F. Wehnes1, B. Wiegers1, F.W. Wieland1,
and J. Wißkirchen1
1 Physikalisches Institut der Universität Bonn, Bonn, Germany; 2Center of Nuclear Studies, Department ofPhysics, The George Washington University, Washington D.C., USA;3 Institut für Strahlen- und Kernphysik derUniversität Bonn, Bonn, Germany; 4II. Physikalisches Institut der Universität Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany;^Institute of Physics, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
The large solid angle detector SAPHIR and photon tagging system TOPAS installed at the electronstretcher synchrotron ELSA in Bonn offer an excellent conditions for studies of various photoproduc-tion reactions [1]. One of interesting issues which can be studied at this facility is the problem of"missing" resonances. These are resonances predicted by quark models but still not observed experi-mentally. Some of them are expected to couple strongly to the jN channel in contrast to much betterstudied nN channel [2], and therefore there is a gut chance to observe them at SAPHIR.
The SAPHIR detector was designed for investigations of multiparticle final states. A central partof this detector is a large multiwire drift chamber placed between poles of a dipole magnet in magneticfield of 0.8 T, and surrounding a liquid hydrogen target. This chamber is used for reconstruction oftrajectories of charged ejectiles. Large electromagnetic calorimeter allows for the detection of photonsoriginating in the decay of neutral mesons. A system of scintillator hodoscopes gives trigger and timeof flight information.
Experiments at SAPHIR are strongly handicapped by the e+e~ pair production on chamber wirescausing a huge background and particle load in the chamber. In order to reduce this effect one decidedto build new central drift chamber (CDC) with field wires made of aluminum instead of previouslyused, much heavier, molybdenum1. The chamber contains 2100 sense wires grouped in 14 cylindricaland 10 planar layers. Some changes have also been introduced in the arrangement of planar detectionplanes of the CDC. They should increase the efficiency and the accuracy of the track reconstruction(specially in vertical direction). Additionally an improvement in fast trigger logic should make itpossible to increase the triggered hadron event rate by even a factor of 10.
References:
1. W.J. Schwüle et al., Nuci. Inst. Meth. A344 (1994) 470;2. S. Capslick and W. Roberts, Phys. Rev. D47 (1993) 1994. --
"L»902413Configuration Mixing Effects in Isoscalar Giant Dipole Resonance
M. Wójcik and S. Drożdż
We evaluated the isoscalar giant dipole resonance (ISGDR) strength distribution using a prescrip-tion described in Ref [1]. ISGDR is one of the most interesting nuclear excitation modes. This partlyoriginates from the fact that its centroid energy can directly be related to the nuclear compressionmodulus [2]. The corresponding one-body isoscalar dipole operator reads:
where 77 = 5(r2)/3. The second term in this equation removes the spurious center of mass motioncomponent from the operator rzY\ [3]. The resulting 3%u strength distribution in 2 0 8Pb on the lplh
1 Atomic number Z for aluminum is 13 and for molybdenum 42.
level is located between 20 and 25 MeV. This corresponds to the energy region where the isoscalardipole strength can be identified in the present day experiments on 208Pb [4]. The picture changeshowever significantly when mixing due to the coupling to 2p2h states is allowed. This is illustrated inFig. 1 which on the three succesive panels indicates a degree of fragmentation for Hth = 0.4, 0.3, and0.2 MeV.
1O4
8000
._. 6000
*" 4000
2000
104
8000
eooo<* 4000
2000
10*
8000
~ 6000
« 4000
2000
0
•±.
Ha-0.2
lib.
Fig. 1: Isoscalar Shu dipole strength distribu-tion in 208Pb calculated in the space of lplh and2p2h states, for three different values of Hth-
25 30 35
ENERGY [MeV]
The number of the 2p2h states (349, 1125, and 4374 respectively) included corresponds to|(l |i?|2)| > Hth. Consistently with our previous investigations [5] a specific form of the resultingstrength distribution strongly depends on many factors and thus also on Hth- However, more globalcharacteristics, like a percentage of the total strength in certain sufficiently large energy windows ismuch more stable. A reasonable convergence of those results, together with a realistic input of thepresent model, provides quite a convincing indication that one may expect about 50% of the totalJ* = 1~ isoscalar Shu: strength in the higher energy region, above 25 MeV, i.e. in the region whichis dominated by many other multipoles and thus this portion of the strength escapes in experimentaldetection. Even above 30 MeV one finds almost 10% of the total strength. The present calculationsthus suggest that a recent empirical estimation [4] of the nuclear incompressibility {KA — 126±6 MeV)for 208Pb may appear much to low.
References:
1. M. Wojcik, S. Drozdz, Acta Phys. Pol. B29 (1998) 2239;2. S. Stringari, Phys. Lett. B108 (1982) 232; R. de Haro, S. Krewald, and J. Speth, Phys. Rev.
C26 (1982) 1649;3. N. van Giai and H. Sagawa, Nucl. Phys. A371 (1981) 1;4. B.F. Davis, et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 79 (1997) 609;5. S. Drozdz, S. Nishizaki, and J. Wambach, Phys. Rev. Lett. 72 (1994) 2839; A. Gorski and
S. Drozdz, Acta Phys. Polonica B28 (1997) 1111; S. Drozdz, S. Nishizaki, J. Speth, andM. Wojcik, Phys. Rev. E57 (1998) 4016.
The Spatial and Temporal Aspects of Processing of Objects ^and Emotions in a Human Brain ^ j ;
J. Kwapieri, A.A. Ioannides1, L.C. Liu2, and S. DrozdzO
1 Brain Science Institute, the RIKEN Institute, Wako-shi, Japan; 2 Institut fur Medizin, Forschungszentrum ^ ^Jiilich, Ju'lich, Germany ~—
Due to the fact that the operations performed by the brain are complex, we expect that its ^ =performance is based on two different processes. The functional specialisation of groups of neurons
10
allows them to react to different aspects of stimuli and, on the other hand, the brain should performmore complex operations and this is possible only if some areas are functionally integrated. Studyingthe activity of specific regions of the cortex we can try to identify those, which are functionallyrelated due to the existence of dense neuronal connections among themselves. Considering differentexperimental conditions we are able to explore the task-specific activity of various brain areas.
We analysed data obtained in the experiment which consisted of two tasks: task 1 (object recogni-tion) - black and white images of various complex objects (including faces) were presented to a subject,and task 2 (facial emotion recognition) - images of faces expressing fundamental emotions were used.After short presentation of each image the subject was asked to name the object or emotion verbally.The same three areas in each hemisphere were selected for detailed inspection: the Posterior CalcarineSulcus (PCS), the Fusiform Gyrus (FG) and the Amygdala (AM). The mutual information [1] for allpairs of these areas in each hemisphere was contrasted for different tasks and categories within eachtask.
Our study has revealed two phenomena in the processing of information induced by stimuli in theselected areas: a spatially based segregation into specialised areas and a separation of processing ofdifferent categories in the time characterising strong coupling of activity between areas. We found thatearly processing in the primary and association areas leads to the fusiform gyrus, which specialiseson complex objects rather than faces specifically. We observe a clear evidence that although the timeof the stimuli-evoked activation of a certain region might be category-independent (e.g. in the areascloser to the primary ones), the latencies of activations of linked areas are differentiated for differentcategories.
Among the differences between objects and emotions we have found that the objects are wellseparated in the link between PCS and FG, however, the emotions are not so well distinguished atthis level but they become very well separated in the link between FG and AM. There are two emotionswhich still overlap in the mutual information map between last two regions but they verbally wereleast discriminated by the subject.
References:
1. J. Kwapien, S. Drozdz, L.C. Liu, and A.A. Ioannides, Physical Review E58 (1998) 6359;
2. G. Tononi, A.R. Mclntosh, D.P. Russell, and G.M. Edelman, Neuroimage 7 (1998) 133;3. L.C. Liu, A.A. Ioannides, and M. Streit (1999, submitted to Brain Topography).
Indication of Self-Organized Criticality in the Brain SensoryResponse
J. Kwapieri, S. Drozdz, A.A. Ioannides1, and L.C. Liu2 PL9902415
1 Brain Science Institute, the RIKEN Institute, Wako-shi, Japan; 2 Institut fur Medizin, ForschungszentrumJiilich, Jiilich, Germany
We analysed the activity in the human auditory cortex in response to simple tones delivered reg-ularly to one or both ears. Our study was based on data from multichannel magnetoencephalographyrecordings in five normal human subjects.
An interesting observation about the nature of local auditory excitations can be made by inspectingthe structure of the power spectrum calculated as a squared modulus of the Fourier transform of thetimeseries. The power spectra were calculated from signals representing the whole specific experimentand are shown in the Figure below for all five subjects participating in the experiment. The maindifference between them is that JD (and to a lesser degree JL) exhibits a significant concentractionof strength at 8 Hz but this can entirely be attributed to a particularly strong a-rythm activitydominating this subject. Ignoring this peak one obtains very similar "l//"-type global behavior in allthe cases.
11
oe-rhythmIt is also interesting to notice that the
slopes of the spectra corresponding to dif-ferent subjects are not exactly the same.Relating these slopes with signal ampli-tudes at the evoked response maxima wefound that the stronger collectivity in theevoked response are accompanied by thepower spectra whose slope is amplified rel-ative to the cases of weaker collectivity. Asit is thus natural, in those cases the weakercollectivity is connected with a more noisydynamics which acts destructively on localcoherence.
All of this may be considered as an in-dication that evolution of the evoked au-ditory response is governed by a very uni-versal phenomenon of self-organized crit-icality which is a more catastrophic formof collectivity and is generated by a fractal(scale-invariant) 'avalanche'-like process.
References:
1. J. Kwapieri, S. Drozdz, L.C. Liu, and A.A. loannides, Phys. Rev. E58 (1998) 6359;2. P. Bak, "How Nature Works - the Science of Self-Organized Criticality", (Copernicus, Springer-Verlag,
New York, 1996).
10-18
1018
10-20
1022
1024
10-18
10-18
10-20
10-22
10-24
10-16
10-18
10-20
10'22
Fig.five
2.11 i
7
1.03
in > rpr "
1.21
.m.i i J i H
11]
1 10
JD
DB
RB
Hi
1
L
1
1
f
1
100
frequency [Hz]
1: Powersubjects.
50 H;i filter
spectra
1
.35 i
1
.08
Jj^«i., L 1 I j i i l
TrUlPMIIr ]*nmwl10
frequency
JL
Ha1MMFB
MmHMMH
1016
10-18
10-20
10-22
1024
10-16
10-18
1020
10-22
10 24
100
[Hz]
"1 / fa" behaviour(0 .9<a
of MEG
<2.1 )
timeseries for all
PL9902416
Nonlinear Dynamical Systems with Algebraically Correlated Noise
T. Srokowski
A stochastic process can be approximately regarded as Markovian if time scales involved are largecompared to the noise correlation time. Such approximation must fail if one tries to describe a high-dimensional system using the Langevin formalism with only few degrees of freedom because thatprocedure destroys in general the Markovian property of the original system. Consequently, for manyphysical problems one has to consider stochastic equations with slowly (e.g. algebraically) falling noiseautocorrelation function. To check how dynamical properties of nonlinear systems with external noisedepend on that function, the well known Duffing oscillator has been studied [1]. The stochastic forcehas been assumed as proportional to the velocity of particle inside the periodic Sinai billiard. Thisdeterministic generator provides algebraic correlations, proportional to 1/i, as well as exponentialones, depending on billiard geometry.
A first token of irregularity in a dynamical system is the presence of homoclinic points. A methodintroduced by Melnikov allows us to identify the homoclinic instability in the first order of the pertur-bation theory, calculating directly the distance between the separatrices. It appears that both kindsof noise lead to more regular behaviour, compared to the noiseless case, but this tendency is strongerfor the algebraic correlations.
To study the fully chaotic case, one can calculate the Lyapunov exponents A, determined fromlinearized equations of motion integrated along a noisy trajectory. Such procedure estimates the di-vergence rate of close trajectories subjected to the same realizations of the stochastic force. Numericalcalculations show that the average of A for the exponential noise keeps the same value as for thenoise-free case. On the opposite, the algebraic noise reduces the Lyapunov exponent considerably and
12
this effect becomes stronger for larger noise amplitude. If that amplitude is sufficiently strong, theaverage Lyapunov exponent falls to zero, i.e. the algebraic noise evokes the regularization of motion.
The shape of energy distribution of particles passing over the potential barrier depends on whetherthe dynamics is regular or chaotic. In the letter case it possesses the exponential (Maxwellian) tail andexhibits a complicated structure with many maxima. In the regular case the shape of the distributionis relatively smooth and the tail has the Gaussian shape. This result agrees with spectra obtained forthe quadratic potential [2].
References:
1. T. Srokowski, Phys. Rev. E (in print);2. M. Ploszajczak and T. Srokowski, Ann. Phys. (N.Y.) 249 (1996) 236.
PL9902417
A Microscopic Description of Nuclei of Astrophysical Interestin the Continuum Shell Model
K. Bennaceur1, F. Nowacki1'2, J. Okoiowicz1'3, and M. Pfoszajczak1
lGANIL, CEA/DSM ~ CNRS/IN2P3, Caen Cedex, France; 2 Laboratoiie de Physique Theorique Strasbourg,Strasbourg Cedex, France; 3 Institute of Nuclear Physics, Krakow, Poland
In weakly bound exotic systems, the number of excited bound states or narrow resonances issmall and, moreover, they couple strongly to the particle continuum. This coupling modifies thescattering solutions as well as the spectroscopic quantities for interior bound states. To describethis new physical situation we have developed a new model, called the Shell Model Embedded inthe Continuum (SMEC) [1]. The corner-stone of this approach is the realistic shell model (SM)itself which is used to generate the A-particle wavefunctions. In the SMEC model, we solve identicalequations as in the continuum shell model [2] but due to specificity of exotic nuclei, ingredients of thesecalculations are different, principal difference being the description of bound states using the realisticSM (code ANTOINE [3]). The coupling between SM states and the one-particle scattering continuumis given by: Vn, = -VQ(a + bP%2)5(YX - r2) , with a + 6 = 1 for a = 0.55, 0.73 and 0.95 (Pf2 denotesspin exchange operator), or by the density-dependent interaction of Wambach and Schwesinger [4].The quasi-bound resonances in the continuum are included as well. The structure of [A — 1 )-nucleonnucleus is given by the SM, whereas one nucleon occupies a scattering state, so the asymptotic channelstates are defined by coupling one nucleon in the continuum to a 'hole state' of A-nucleon nucleus.
We applied the SMEC approach including coupling between many-particle (quasi-) bound SM statesand the continuum of one-particle scattering states to the spectroscopy of 8B and 1 (F and to thecalculation of astrophysical factors in the reactions 7Be(p, 7)8B, which is essential for understandingof the high energy solar neutrino problem. In the reaction part we take into account the resonancecontribution as well. In the structure part, energies, widths and the transition matrix elements arecalculated and the sensitivity of results to the choice of Vre3 was investigated. We also analyze therelative shifts of energy levels in mirror nuclei: 8Li - 8B and 17O - 1 7F, resulting from the coupling ofbound and continuum, which is asymmetric in these nuclei, due to the large difference in the particlethreshold energies and Coulomb effects present in coupled channels part of our calculations.
From the comparison with the data of the structure of mirror 8Li - 8B nuclei we noticed that thebest description is given by the residual force with parameter a = 0.95. This result agrees with someearlier findings of applicability of SU(4) Wigner limit (a = 1) for p-shell nuclei [5]. Our results of theastrophysical factor for 7Be(p, 7)8B reaction in energy range up to 2 MeV agree with experimentaldata. Also cross section for the mirror reaction 7Li(n,7)8Li obtained with our model nicely compareswith the recent experiment of Nagai et al [6]. On the other hand for heavier nuclei (17O - 17F) thedensity dependent force gives better description of spectroscopic values.
13
References:
1. K. Bennaceur et al, J. Phys. G: Nucl. Part. Phys. 24 (1998) 1631;2. H.W. Bartz et ai, Nuci. Phys. A275 (1977) 111; ibid. A307 (1977) 285;3. E. Caurier, (1989) unpublished;4. J. Wambachand T. Schwesinger, Nuci. Phys. A426 (1984) 253;5. P.T. Nang, Nucl. Phys. A185 (1972) 413; N.C. Mukhopadhyay and F. Cannata, Phys. Lett. B51 (1974)
225;6. Y. Nagai et al, Astrophys. J. 381 (1991) 444.
PL9902418
Calibration of 1 2 7 I as a Solar Neutrino DetectorM. Palarczyk, J. Rapaport1, C. Hautala1, D.L. Prout2, C D . Goodman3, I.J. van Heerden3,
J. Sowiński3, G. Savopulos3, X. Yang3, U.M. Sages4, R. Howes4, R. Carr4, M. Islam4,E. Sugarbaker5, D.C. Cooper5, K. Lande6, B. Luther7, and T.N. Taddeucci8
1Ohio University, Athens, Ohio; 2 Department of Physics, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio; 3Indiana Uni-versity Cyclotron Facility, Bioomington, Indiana; 4Ba// State University, Muncie, Indiana; 5The Ohio StateUniversity, Columbus, Ohio; 6 University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; 7Concordia College,Moorhead, Minnesota; 8Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico
The observed flux of neutrinos emitted by nuclear fusion reactions in the solar core are considerablyless than predicted by models of the solar interior. This discrepancy has been observed by eachof the five operating solar neutrino experiments; the chlorine detector in the Homestake Mine, theKamiokande and Superkamiokande detectors in Japan and the two gallium detectors, GALLEX andSAGE.
The most dramatic and startling effect, the almost complete absence of the electron neutrinos inthe 1 MeV range, is obtained by subtracting the 8B neutrino flux determined by the Superkamiokandedetector from the observations of the Homestake chlorine detector. Clearly, this result should beverified by another detector with the same range of sensitivity. That is, we need another electronneutrino detector that is sensitive to neutrinos in the 1 MeV range, but has a threshold above the p-pneutrino range so that it is not overwhelmed by the large flux of these low energy neutrinos.
In 1988 Haxton [1] pointed out that 1 2 ' I meets the above criteria. The nuclear reaction involvedin the process, 127I(i/e,e)127Xe (TÏ/2 = 36.4 d) yields 127Xe, a noble-gas product, that can be re-covered with techniques similar to the recovery [2] of 37Ar produced in the reaction 37Cl(^e,e)37Ar{TX/2 = 35.0 d). The technology of a radiochemical version of an iodine solar neutrino detector closelyfollows that of the chlorine detector and has been demonstrated in a pilot 127I detector operated atthe University of Pennsylvania [3].
Haxton [1] argues that if the Gamow-Teller (GT) transition to the 0.125 MeV excited state in127Xe has a log(ft) greater or smaller than 5.10 (value for 37Ar(EC)37Cl), the 127I detector would havegreater or lower sensitivity to 'Be neutrinos. Also, the ratio for capture of 8B neutrinos to that of7Be neutrinos will depend on the Fermi (F) and GT strength below the particle emission threshold ineach detector. The comparison of the resulting 127I neutrino capture data with the 37C1 results couldprovide better information about the flux of 7Be neutrinos emitted by the sun.
The critical issue for an iodine solar neutrino detector is the determination of the cross sectionas a function of energy for the 127I(z/e,e)127Xe reaction. It has been empirically shown that dataobtained from zero-degree (p, n) charge exchange cross sections measured at incident energies between100-200 MeV, may be used to deduce GT strengths in nuclei [4]. This technique has been used forthe 37C1 and 71Ga nuclei [5, 6], i.e. for chlorine and gallium detectors.
At IUCF using 1NPOL polarimeter [7] we have obtained the Gamow-Teller strength distributionfrom I271 to excited states in 127Xe as determined from 127I(p, ra)127Xe reaction. We have studied thisreaction at three incident energies; 94, 159 and 197 MeV. Particularly we found a clear evidence forthe excitation of the 0.125 MeV state in 127Xe observed at two incident energies in the (p, n) reaction
14
at Oiab = 0°. We have determined the B(GT) for the 0.125 MeV state as well as up to the particleemission threshold in 127Xe. From our measurement we learned that most of the GT strength nearE r = 0 MeV is located in the excitation of the first excited state in 127Xe, the only state which canbe excited by the 7Be neutrinos.
Using the empirical B(GT) values we have predicted the 'Be solar neutrino capture cross section in127I. The empirical value B(GT)= (0.0234 ±0.005) for the 5/2+ -»• 3/2+ transition to the 0.125 MeVexcited state translates into a cr(7Be) = (1.22 ± 0.4) x 10~45 cm2. This 7Be neutrino capture crosssection for 127I is approximately 5.1 times that for these neutrinos by 37C1 where the latter crosssection is obtained from the ground state to ground state decay rate of 37Ar to 37C1.
The capture cross section for the 8B neutrinos yielded a value of (4.3 db 0.6) X 10~*42 cm2 or about3.9 times that for 8B neutrinos on 37C1. In Table 1 we compare the cross sections of 127I and 37C1detectors for 7Be and 8B solar neutrinos. We use the most recent solar neutrino fluxes of Bahcall, Basuand Pinsonneault8 to estimate (30.6±5.3) SNU as the total predicted detection rate of solar neutrinosby 127I. This detection rate can be compared with the corresponding one for 37C1 of (7.7±1.1) SNU. Tothe above cross sections for 7Be and 8B and additional estimated contributions of 0.37 SNU, and 1.32SNU from the solar neutrino continuous sources 13N and 15O and 0.84 SNU from the solar neutrinodiscrete source pep have been included [8].
From our measurement we conclude that although the predicted sensitivity to 7Be and 8B ina iodine detector appear to be larger than in chlorine, however the relative ratios of 8B to ' Be arequite similar for both detectors.
7Be8B
Ratio 8B/7Be
127!
1.22 ± 0.4(4.3± 0.6) 103
3525 ± 1260
37C1
0.24 ± 0.02( l . l l±0.08)10 3
4625 ± 510
Table 1. Comparison of sensitivities to 7Be and 8B solar neutrinos between 127I and 37C1 detectors.The total cross sections are in units of 10~45 cm2.
References:
1. W.C. Haxton, Phys. Rev. Lett. 60 (1988) 768;2. B.T. Cleveland, T. Daily, R. Davis, Jr., J. Distel, K. Lande, C.K. Lee, P. Wildenhain, and J. Ulman,
Ap. J. 495 (1998) 505;3. K. Lande unpublished;4. T.N. Taddeucci, C.A. Goulding, T.A. Carey, R.A. Byrd, CD. Goodman, C. Gaarde, J. Larsen, D. Horen,
J. Rapaport, and E. Sugarbaker, Nucl. Phys. A469 (1987) 125;5. M. B. Aufderheide, S.D. Bloom, D.A. Resler CD. Goodman, Phys. Rev. C C49 (1994) 678;6. D. Krofcheck, E. Sugarbaker, J. Rapaport, D. Wang, J.N. Bahcall, R.C Byrd, C.C Foster, CD. Good-
man, I.J. Van Heerden, C. Gaarde, J.S. Larsen, D.J. Horen, and T.N. Taddeucci, Phys. Rev. Lett. 55(1985) 1051;
7. M. Palarczyk et al., to be submitted to Nucl. Instrum. Methods (1999);8. J.N. Bahcall, S. Basu and M.H. Pinsonneault, Phys. Lett. B433 (1998) 1.
PL9902419 15
Resonant ddfj, Molecule Formation in 3 K Solid DeuteriumA. Adamczak and M.P. Faifman1
1 Russian Scientific Centre, Kurchatov Institute, Moscow, Russia.
A method for description of resonant absorption of neutrons in crystals was developed by Lamb [1]and then generalized by Singwi and Sjolander [2] using the Van Hove's formalism of the responsefunction. This method can also be directly used in the case of resonant formation of muonic moleculesddfi in collision of a dfi atom with a condensed D2 target.
The formation rates presented here are calculated using the incoherent response function 5t-, ob-tained for the Debye model of the deuterium crystal at zero pressure and temperature T = 3 K. Theenergy-dependent matrix elements and resonant energies from refs [3, 4] have been used as the input.The important feature of resonant ddpi formation in the solid is a possibility of energy transfer tophonon degrees of freedom. In result, the resonant formation can take place for any d/j, energy. Theeffective ddfj, formation rates in solid ortho- and para-deuterium, calculated for dfi total spin F =3/2, are shown in Fig. 1. At lowest energies the resonant formation takes place mainly without latticeexcitations, or only a few phonons are created. For dpi energy greater than 10 meV the asymptoticGaussian form of 5,- has been used in the calculations.
"o
>
c.9 1o£O -2- . 10
- 410
b-i
1-0,i-r
>
1-2
y
''b-oyr y" \
w
ortho
para
10. -4
10— 2 - 1
10 10a> energy (eV)
Fig. 1: Effective resonant dd\i molecule formation rate in 3 K solid ortho- and para-deuterium forF = 3/2 (normalized to the liquid hydrogen density).
In this figure one can see two strong peaks describing dd/j, formation without phonon contributions.In ortho-deuterium the peak is connected with the transition /<",- = 0 —> Kj = 1, in para-deuteriumwith the transition K{ — 1 —> Kj = 2 {Kj is a rotational number of the target D2 molecule, Kjis a rotational number of created (ddfi)d complex). The width of these resonances is very small(~ 10"~6 eV). The continuous rates below the peak energies are due to the presence of the subthreshold(negative) resonances (transitions 0 —> 0, 1 —> 0 and 1 —>• 1) and to the phonon creation mechanism.
References:
1. W.E. Lamb, Phys. Rev. 55 (1939) 190;2. Singwi and Sjolander, Phys. Rev. 120 (1960) 1093;3. M.P. Faifman et al., Muon Cat. Fusion 4 (1988) 1;4. M.P. Faifman et al., Hyp. Int. 101/102 (1996) 179.
16 PL9902420
An Experimental Method for Measurement of Hyperfine Splittingof the Ground State of pfi Atom
A. Adamczak, D. Bakalov1, and C. Rizzo2
1 Institute for Nuclear Research and Nuclear Energy, Sofia, Bulgaria; 2 Universite Paul Sabatier, Toulouse,France
We propose a method for the measurement of the hyperfine splitting of the ground state of muonichydrogen using laser spectroscopy techniques to induce Ml-transitions between the singlet and tripletstates of the hyperfine pfi\s atom structure. The method is based on the fact that, after havingabsorbed a photon of resonance transition energy, the atoms get accelerated at the exit of their firstcollision with a hydrogen molecule; the closer the tunable laser frequency to the resonant hyperfinetransition value, the higher fraction of the (p/f)is atoms that are accelerated and the higher theiraverage energy. We suggest to measure this energy studying the time distribution of the events ofmuon transfer from hydrogen to the nuclei of a heavier element, for which the transfer rate is energy-dependent in the range of epithermal energies. On the ground of the results of Fief. [1] we propose touse an admixture of oxygen to a gaseous hydrogen target.
The Monte Carlo simulation of diffusion of muonic hydrogen atoms and the interaction with thelaser radiation demonstrates that the method we are discussing now has a higher efficiency and othersignificant technical advantages compared to the original set-up as proposed in the papers [2, 3]. Themethod compares the time distribution curves of the events of muon transfer to oxygen with andwithout a laser pulse. For a wide range of pressure of the hydrogen target and the concentration ofthe oxygen admixture the difference of the counts in a time gate of about 100-150 ns is statisticallysignificant.
References:
1. Werthmiiller et al., Hyperfine Interactions 116 (1998) 1;2. D. Bakalov et al., Phys. Lett. A1T2 (1992) 277;3. D. Bakalov et al., Proceedings of the International School of Physics of Exotic Atoms, 6th workshop
"Exotic Atoms, Molecules and their Interaction", Erice, 21-30 March 1994, eds C. Rizzo and E. Zavattini,INFN/AE-94/24.
PL9902421
Diffusion Radius of Muonic Atoms in H2+D2 CiasA. Adamczak
Distribution of the muonic atom diffusion radius in H2 gas with small admixtures of D2 (betweenthe point of fi~ stop to the point of muon decay ) has been calculated as a function of time. MonteCarlo calculations, using the partial differential cross sections for the scattering of pfi and dfx atomson H2, HD and D2 molecules have been performed for the temperature of 300 K, and different initialp/j, atom energy distributions. Muon exchange between the hydrogen and deuterium nuclei has beentaken into account. The results of these calculations are necessary for interpretation of high precisionmeasurement of the nuclear muon capture in hydrogen, performed at Paul Scherrer Institute [1, 2].The determination of the pseudo-scalar form factor gp of the muon-nucleon weak interaction with 1%precision, and ji~ lifetime with an accuracy better than 10 ppm, are the main goals of this experiment.
References:
1. C. Petitjean et al., "High Precision Measurement of Singlet pp Capture in H2 Gas", PSI proposal R-97-05.1;
2. A. Vorobyev et al., talk at the workshop "Exotic Atoms and Molecules EXAT98", July 19-24, Ascona,Switzerland.
PL9902422 17
Imprints of Log-Periodic Self-Similarity in the Stock MarketS. Drozdz1-2, F. Ruf3, J. Speth1, and M. YVqjcik1-2
lInstitut fur Kernphysik, Forschungszentrum Jiilich, Jiilich, Germany; 2 Institute of Nuclear Physics,Krakow, Poland;3 WestLB International S.A., Grande-Duchesse Charlotte, Luxembourg
The fact that a healthy and normally functioning financial market may reveal certain propertiescommon to complex systems is fascinating and, in fact, seems natural. Especially interesting inthis context is the recently suggested analogy of the financial crashes to critical points in statisticalmechanics [1]. Criticality implies a scale invariance which in mathematical terms, for a properlydefined function F(x) characterizing the system, means that:
A positive constant 7 in this equation describes how the properties of the system change when it isrescaled by the factor A. The simplest standard power-law solution to this equation reads: FQ(X) = xa,where a = log(7)/log(A). More interesting is the general solution:
F(x) = F0{x)P(\ogF0{x)/log(y)), (2)
where P denotes a periodic function of period one. In this way the dominating scaling acquiresa correction which is periodic in log(:r) and accounts for a possible discrete scale-invariance. Thus,if x represents a distance to the critical point, the resulting spacings between consecutive minimaxn (maxima) of the log-periodic oscillations seen in the linear scale follow a geometric contractionaccording to the relation: xn+\ — xn/xn+2 — xn+i — A. Then, the critical point coincides with theaccumulation of such oscillations. A possible manifestation of such effects on the stock market isan extremely interesting feature for relating financial issues to general problems of complex systems.Potentially it may also offer a tool for predictions.
Our related study [2] based on the recent DAX (Deutsche Aktienindex) behaviour and illustratedin Fig. 1 provides further arguments for the existence of the log-periodic oscillations constitutinga significant component in the time-evolution of the fluctuating part of the stock market indices.Even more, imprints are found for the whole hierarchy of such log-periodically oscillating structureson various time-scales and this hierarchy carries signatures of self-similarity. An emerging scenario ofthe market evolution is thus characterized by nowhere differentiable permanent competition betweenbooms ami crashes of various size: a picture somewhat analogous to the self-organized critical state[3]. Very interestingly, an estimated preferred scaling ratio turns out largely scale-independent andco 1 listentlv results in A ~ 2.1.
Fig. 1: The daily evolution of the Deutsche Ak-tienindex from October 1997 to October 1998.Upward arrows indicate minima of the log-periodic oscillations used to determine (Eq. 2)the corresponding critical times denoted by thedownward arrows. Different types of arrows(three upward and one downward) correspondto different sequences of log-periodic oscillationsidentified on various time-scales.
I »7,S 96.0 98.1 96.2 96.3 98.4 98.5 96.6 98,7 98.8
Time (year)
18
References: PL9902423
1. D. Sornette, Phys. Rep. 297 (1998) 239;2. S. Drozdz, F. Ruf, J. Speth, and M. Wqjcik, "Imprints of Log-Periodic Self-Similarity in the Stock
Market", e-print cond-mat/9901025;3. P. Bak, "How Nature Works - the Science of Self-Organized Criticality" (Springer-Verlag, New York,
1996).
Levy Distributions in the Dynamics of HeartbeatB. Kulessa, S. Drozdz, M. Wqjcik, A. Lipko1, A. Olszewski1, and T. Srokowski
1 Department of Cardiology, Military Hospital, Krakow, Poland.
A quantitative mathematical analysis of physiological data sets based on sophisticated methods ofnonlinear dynamics promises to provide new diagnostic and prognostic indices for variety of differentclinical conditions, including the prediction of sudden cardiac death. The ECG is a medical devicecapable of recording the electrical activity of the heart. We have carried out a pilot study on electro-cardiograms from patients without cardiac pathology and patients with ventricular tachycardia. Forthat purpose, we have collected time series, defined as a sequence of intervals between beat n andbeat n + 1, denoted by B(n). Than we define a function I(n) = B(n + 1) - B(n), and calculate thenormalized probability density P(l) that the interbeat increment equals /. Fig. 1 presents P(I) forhealthy people. The data are well reproduced by a Levy stable distribution:
1 f°= - /1* Jo
—yqa) cos(ql)dq. (1)
The tails of the Levy distribution fall more slowly than for the Gaussian distribution. Since wehave obtained qualitatively the same distributions P(I) also for sick patients, this method is not wellsuited for diagnostic aims. However, the difference between both groups emerges if we take instead of/ the quantity F(n) = \B(n' -\- n) — B(n')\ where the average is taken over all n'. F(n) scales with nlike n@, and j3 = 0 for healthy people and f3 is close to 0.5 for patients with ventricular tachycardia.
Fig. 1: The normalized probability density P(I)that the interbeat increment equals / . The solidline represents the best fit to P(I) by means ofthe Levy distribution (1) with parameters: a =1.76, 7 = 0.14. S.D. stands for the standarddeviation.
-1.5 -1.0 -0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0I/S.D.
References:
1. C-K. Peng, J. Mie.tus, J.M. Hausdorff, S. Halviri, H.E. Stanley, and A.L. Goldberger, Phys. Rev. Lett70 (1993) 1343;
2. L. Glass, "Dynamics of Cardiac Arrhytmias", Physic Today 40 (1996);3. L. Glass, P. Hunter, and McCulloch, "Theory of Heart", Springer-Verlag, (Berlin, 1991).
10
PL9902424
Representations of the Heisenberg Algebra by DifferenceOperators
A.Z. Gorski and J. Szmigielski1
1 Dept. of Mathematics, Univ. of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
In recent years there has been a growing number of attempts to find an underlying discrete struc-ture of space-time. At the same time interesting discrete structures have surprisingly emerged withinoriginally continuous models. We assume a discrete coordinate space and investigate its consequencesfor the Heisenberg commutation relations. This approach is purely kinematical, as the Heisenbergrelations are, and does not depend on the details of the underlying dynamics. Such "unusual" realiza-tions of the Heisenberg algebra have also been found in 2D gravity [1]. These representations are notunitarily equivalent to the Schrodinger representation. In particular, they cannot be exponentiated tothe Weyl form of the canonical commutation relation.
We will consider a wide class of possible derivative discretization schemes of the form:
+N
DAx(M + N + l) = DAx = J2ak^L- (1)k=-M
The proper classical limit: limAx-̂ o-̂ Ax = d/dx, the best fit condition and symmetry DAx — -\-D-Ax
implies the following form for the coefficients:
For the discrete coordinate operator X we assume the following ansatz:
MM
X = Y, & [xEk + Ekx], (3)k=-M
where the /? coefficients are subjected to fulfill the Heisenberg commutation relation: [D, X] — 1 andthey should satisfy the following (formal) condition:
f; /?„ = i . (4)n=—oo
In the special case, N — 1, one gets the following solution for the /3fc coefficients
= 0 (V*), (32k+1=p_{2k+i] = (-l)k (ft = 0 , 1 , 2 , . . . ) . (5)
It can be shown that the operators P = iD and X are well defined and self-adjoint iff M = oo andthe operator X is always unbounded [2]. In addition, upon quantization the clasically different dis-cretization schemes are all unitarily equivalent. As a result, the number of points used to "delocalize"the derivative operator is unessential. Furthermore, its irreducible components are unitary equivalentto the case with infinite number of points (N -> oo). For any discratization of the form (1-3) one canobserve the effect of spectrum doubling for the Dirac operator.
References:
1. M.R. Douglas, Phys. Lett. B238 (1990) 176;2. A.Z. Gorski and J. Szmigielski, J. Math. Phys. 39 (1998) 545.
A ck nowledge ment:The authors gratefully acknowledge the support of the State Committee for Scientific Research
(KBN) and the NSERC grant No OGP0138591.
20
PL9902425
Leading Protons from DIS at HERA
A. Szczurek, N.N. Nikolaev1, and J. Speth1
1 Institut fur Kernphysik, Forschungszentrum JiUich, Jiilich, Germany
Although until quite recently experimental data on proton fragmentation were scarce, presentlyZEUS and HI leading proton spectrometers (LPS) and forward neutron calorimeters (FNC) are op-erational and are amassing data on leading proton and neutron production [1, 2].
Whereas popular Monte-Carlo implementations of perturbative QCD (Ariadne [3], Herwig [4] andothers) are very successful in the photon fragmentation region, a purely perturbative description of theproton fragmentation region is not yet possible and the current versions of Monte Carlo hadronizationmodels underestimate the yield of fast secondary nucleons.
We have explored to which extent leading proton production in DIS can be understood quantita-tively within peripheral mechanisms. We define the semi-inclusive structure function:
da(ep •
dxdQ2dzdt Q2x [2 2 (1)
Here a is the electro-magnetic fine structure constant, z is the fraction of the light-cone momentumof the beam proton carried by the outgoing proton z = ^^r, t is the (p, p') four-momentum transfersquared, x, y, Q2 and /3 = M& Qi = j-fj are the standard DIS variables and R = O^JUT- In thepresent analysis we focus on leading protons with 0.6 < z < 0.9. We consider four mechanisms ofleading proton production (Fig. 1): a) diffractive production of protons; b) spectator protons fromthe fragmentation of the wN Fock state of the physical proton produced by DIS off virtual n° (pion-exchange mechanism); c) protons produced as decay products of Delta resonances; d) reggeized heavymeson (reggeon R) exchange contribution (predominantly the isoscalar reggeon, R = /o, exchange).
Fig. 1: Peripheral mechanisms of leading proton production.
The contributions of all four mechanisms to the semi-inclusive structure function can be writtenin the factorized form (i = IP, n°p, 7rA, /O):
where F^ift, Q2) is the structure function of the exchanged object (pion, pomeron, reggeon), fi(z,t) isits flux factor and (3 is the Bjorken variable for DIS off the exchanged object. The details concerningthe flux factors / and structure functions F2 can be found in [5].
The single particle inclusive (z, <)-spectrum of protons is defined as R(z,t,x,Q2) =FW(z,t,/3,Q2)/F2p{x,Q2). A fully differential study of R(z,t,x,Q2) is not yet possible with thelimited statistics of the preliminary ZEUS data [1]. The data were collected within the followingexperimental cuts 9,exp: 0.6 < z < 0.9, \t\min < \t\ < 0.5GeV2, 10~4 < x < IO~3 and 4 < Q2 < Q2
max,where Qmai is t n e maximal kinematically attainable Q2.
21
ZEUS preliminary data
Fig. 2: The fraction (in per cent) of DIS events with a leading proton in a given z bin (Az =0.03) predicted by our model (thick solid curve) in comparison with the ZEUS preliminary data [1].The contributions of four mechanisms of Fig. 1 are shown separately: the pomeron-exchange (thinsolid), the pion-exchange (long-dashed), the protons from the A decay (dashed) the reggeon-exchange(dotted).
As emphasized above, the pion, pomeron and reggeon structure functions are unknown in the (5region considered in our present analysis. For a reference evaluation of R'exp, we take the GRV pa-rameterization for the (/3,Q2) evolution of the pion structure function [8], the flux of pions evaluatedin the light-cone model for the chiral structure of the nucleon [6] and the triple-Regge model parame-terization F2 (/3,Q2) = 0.026/?"008 described above. For the proton structure function, which entersthe evaluation of the denominator one can use any convenient fit to the HERA data. In the presentanalysis we take the GRV parameterization [9]. The practical calculations have been performed witha Monte Carlo implementation of the above formalism. As a result of our analysis, we find RKop(ilexp)= 2%, RnA{^exp) = 0.9% and the tail of the pomeron exchange contribution gives Rjpp{£lexp) — 1.2%,so that Ri+2+3{ttexp) — 4.05%. From the comparison with the ZEUS experimental result, R%x
Epvs =
9.2 ± 1.7 %(stat. only) [1], we conclude that about 5 % of the missing strength must be attributedto the reggeon exchange. In the triple-Regge scaling model, F^(P,Q2) = CRP~°'0S, this requiresCR = 0.12 within a factor of 1.5 uncertainty.
The importance of different mechanisms can be better seen from the z-dependence of the ratioRexp{z) defined for the experimental (L,x,Q2) range as shown in Fig. 2. Clearly the importance ofthe reggeon exchange can be seen from the figure. With the set of parameters specified above, thereggeon contribution makes Rexp{z) approximately flat at z ~ 0.9. The preliminary Hi results arealso consistent with the flat z-spectrum [2].
References:
1. N. Cartiglia for the ZEUS collaboration, a talk at D1S97, Chicago (April 1997), Proceedings, AmericanInstitute of Physics, editors D. Krakauer and J. Repond, in press, hep-ph/9706416;ZEUS Collaboration, a talk (N-644) at the International Europhysics Conference on High Energy Physics,Jerusalem, 19-26 August 1997;
2. HI Collaboration, a talk (abstract 379) at the International Europhysics Conference on High EnergyPhysics, Jerusalem, 19-26 August 1997;
3. L. Lonblad, Comput. Phys. Commun. 71 (1992) 15; B. Andersson et al., Phys. Rep. 97 (1983) 31;4. G. Marchesini et al., Comput. Phys. Commun. 67 (1992) 465;5. A. Szczurek, N.N. Nikolaev, and J. Speth, Phys. Lett. B428 (1998) 383;6. H. Holtmann, A. Szczurek, and J. Speth, Nucl. Phys. A596 (1996) 631;7. H. Holtmann, G. Levman, N.N. Nikolaev, A. Szczurek, and J. Speth, Phys. Lett. B338 (1994) 363;8. JV1. Gliick, E. Reya, and A. Vogt, Z. Phys. C53 (1992) 651;9. M. Gliick, E. Reya, and A. Vogt, Z. Phys. C67 (1995) 433.
22 PL9902426
Do the E866 Drell Yan Data Change our Picture of ChiralStructure of the Nucleon ?
N.N. Nikolaev1, W. Schafer1, A. Szczurek, and J. Speth1
1Institut fur Kernphysik, Forschungszentrum Jiilich, Jiilich, Germany
The short information below is based on an article in [1]. We reanalyzed the role of isovectorreggeons in inclusive production of nucleons and delta isobars in hadronic reactions. We have foundrather large contribution of reggeon-exchange induced production of Delta isobars. This leaves muchless room for the pion-exchange induced mechanism of A production and provides a constraint on theJVTTA form factor. The production of leading pions in proton-proton collisions at ISR put additionalconstraints on the JVJV7T vertex form factors. We have proved and discussed a simple semi-theorembased on Reggeon phenomenology which suggests negligible effect of Reggeon exchange for the inclusivereactions. All these constraints are used then to estimate the pion content of the nucleon and allow tocalculate parameter-free the ̂ -dependence of d — u. We discuss the violation of the Gottfried Sum Ruleand d-u asymmetry and compare to the one obtained from the E866 experiment at Fermilab. Thelimitation from hadronic reactions together with the found theorem allow to understand unexpectedlysmall du asymmetry at intermediate x as obtained from the E866 Fermilab experiment. We haveestimated the background to the pion structure function obtained from leading neutrons at HERA.
Reference:
1. N.N. Nikolaev, W. Schafer, A. Szczurek, and J. Speth, hep-ph/9812266. H i l l IIIIllllIllllHill||||[||||||PL9902427
Lifetime of Virtual Vector Mesons and the Nucleon StructureFunctions
A. Szczurek1 and V. Uleshchenko1'2
1 Institute of Nuclear Physics, Krakow, Poland; 2 Institute for Nuclear Research, Kiev, Ukraine
It is a common wisdom that the vector dominance model applies at low Q2 (four-momentumtransfer squared) while the parton model describes the region of large Q2, leading in zero-order toBjorken-scaling and to logarithmic scaling violation in higher orders of QCD. It was proposed inRef. [1] how to unify both the limits in a consistent dispersion method approach. In the traditionalformulation of the VDM one is limited to large time of life of hadronic. fluctuations of the virtualphoton, i.e. small Bjorken x < 0.1 for the existing data. We generalize the model to a full range of Q2
and x by introducing extra phenomenological form factors to be adjusted to the experimental data.The total nucleon structure function is represented as a sum of the standard vector dominance
part, important at small Q2 and/or small Bjorken x, and partonic (part) part which dominates overthe vector dominance (VDM) part at large Q2:
F»(x,Q2) = F2N'VDM(x,Q2) + F^ar\x^) . (1)
The standard range of applicability of vector dominance contribution is limited to large invariantmasses of the hadronic system (W), i.e. small values of x. In the target (nucleon) reference frame thetime of life of the hadronic fluctuation is given according to the uncertainty principle as r ~ 1/AJEwith
|q|2 - y/q2 + \q)2 , (2)where My is the mass of the hadronic fluctuation (vector meson mass). In the most general case:
(3)
At v —>• oo the time of life of the hadronic fluctuation is r ~ M®m x. It is natural to expect smallVDM contribution when the time of life of the hadronic fluctuation is small. We model this fact by
23
introducing a form factor fi(r) = Q(x,Q2). Then the modified vector dominance contribution can bewritten as:
FN'VDM(X o2)-4 ? r 7 2 {Q2 + M2 ) 2
We have taken 7's calculated from the leptonic decays of vector mesons which include finite widthcorrections [2],
In the present analysis we used only exponential and Gaussian form factors:
. (5)
As in Ref. [1] we take the partonic contribution as:
F2N«art(x,Q2) = 7^-^-Fr\x,Q2) , (6)
where x — w2_ 2 Z*2 Qi and Q2 = Q2 + Q\. The F%sy(x,Q2) above denotes the standard partonic
structure function which in the leading order can be expressed in terms of the quark distributions:
Fasy(v C)2\ — v . V* P 2 . \nAv r>2\ X. n,(v D2\]r2 \J>i V ) — X • 2_,f e f |/i/v*> V ) T" 9 /v c ) V JJ •
The extra factor in front of Eq. (6) assures a correct kinematic beheviour in the limit Q2 —»• 0. Ingeneral QQ, Q\ and Q\ can be slightly different.
At large Bjorken x one has to include also the so-called target mass corrections [4].We expect that at not too small x > 0.01, the region of the interest of the present paper, the leading
order Gliick-Reya-Vogt (GRV) parametrization of F|'asj/(a;, Q2) and F^'asy(a;,<32) should be adequate.Furthermore in our opinion the parametrization [4]. with the valence-like input for the sea quarkdistributions and d - u asymmetry built in incorporates in a phenomenological way nonperturbativeeffects caused by the meson cloud in the nucleon [5].
The total cross section for (vector meson) - (nucleon) collision is not well known. Above meson-nucleon resonances, one may expect the following approximation:
-tot _ ^tot _ * [_<o( i ^tot
-tot -tot I -tot 1 \^tot j _ -tot
Using a simple Regge-inspired parametrizations by Donnachie-Landshoff [6] of the total nN and KNcross sections we get simple and economic parametrizations for energies s1'2 > 3 GeV:
tot _ tot _ i o fio e0.0808 , oi 7Q -0.4525
off, = 10.01 • s0-0808 + 2.72 • 5 - ° - 4 5 2 5 , (8)
where the resulting cross sections are in mb.
References:
1. J. Kwiecinski and B. Badelek, Z. Phys. C43 (1989) 251; B. Badelek and J. Kwiecinski, Phys. Lett. B295(1992) 263;
2. B.L. Ioffe, V.A. Khoze, and L.N. Lipatov, Hard Processes; Phenomenology, Quark-Parton Model, NorthHolland, Amsterdam 1984;
3. M. Gluck, E. Reya, and A. Vogt, Z. Phys. C67 (1995) 433;4. O. Nachtmann, Nucl. Phys. 63 (1973) 237; B78 (1974) 455;5. H. Holtmann, A. Szczurek, and J. Speth, Nucl. Phys. A569 (1996) 631; A. Szczurek, M. Ericson,
H. Holtmann, and J. Speth, Nucl. Phys. A596 (1996) 397;6. A. Donnachie and P.V. Landshoff, Phys. Lett. B296 (1992) 227.
24PL9902428
The Nucleon Structure Functions in the Broad Range of x and Q2
A. Szczurek1 and V. Uleshchenko1'2
1 Institute of Nuclear Physics, Krakow, Poland; 2 Institute for Nuclear Research, Kiev, Ukraine
Most of the previous parametrjzations in the literature centered on the proton structure function.In the analysis presented here we were equally interested in the proton and neutron structure func-tions. In Fig. 1 we display the experimental data for proton (left panel) and deuteron (right panel)structure functions selected in our fit. We have selected only NMC, E665 and SLAC sets of data [1] forboth proton and deuteron structure functions, together 1833 experimental points: 901 for the protonstructure function and 932 for the deuteron structure function.
The deuteron structure function has been calculated as:
i.e. we have neglected all nuclear efFects like shadowing, antishadowing due to excess mesons, Fermimotion, binding, etc, which are known to be relatively small for the structure function of the deuteron[2]; which is one of the most loosely bound nuclear systems. In addition we have assumed isospinsymmetry between the proton and neutron structure functions, i.e. un(x, Q2) = dp(x, Q2), dn{x, Q2) =up{x,Q2) and sn(x,Q2) = sp(x,Q2).
proton structure function
,J>*
Q"-0.565 G,V"
1 O.Ol 0.1
q'-3.5 OeV
GRV
deuteron •tructure function
tf-1.1 C«V
0.001 0.01
0.001 0.01
V
Fig. 1: Comparison of the model results with experimental data for F% (l.h.s.) and F2 (r.h.s.)as a function of Bjorken x for different values of Q2 = 0.585, 1.1, 2.0, 3.5 GeV2 . The solid linecorresponds to our full model with Gaussian form factor. We present also the modified VDMcontribution (short-dashed) and for comparison also the result obtained with GRV parametriza-tion [4] (corrected for target mass effects) of quark distributions (dashed line) and that of theCKMT model [3] (long-dashed line).
25
Some examples of the fit quality can be seen in Fig. 1 (x-dependence for different values of Q2 —0.585, 1.1, 2.0, 3.5 GeV2). An excellent fit is obtained for Q2 > 4 GeV2 (not shown in Fig. 1), althoughthe VDM contribution stays large up to 10 GeV2. In comparison to the GRV parametrization (dashedline) our model describes much better the region of small Q2 < 3 GeV2, especially at intermediateBjorken-x: 0.05 < x < 0.3. The CKMT model (long-dashed line), shown according to the philosophyin [3] for Q2 < 10 GeV2 gives better fit at very small Bjorken-x. It is however slightly worse as faras isovector quantities are considered, as will be discussed later. Similar quality fit is obtained in ourmodel for the proton (left panels) and deuteron (right panels) structure functions.
For illustration a VDM contribution modified by form factor defined in the previous report isshown separately by the short-dashed line. A complement to the solid line is the partonic component.The modified VDM contribution is sizeable for small values of Bjorken-x and not too large Q2 butsurvives up to relatively large Q2. At Q2 > 3 GeV2 structure functions in our model almost coincidewith those in the GRV parametrization despite that the VDM term is still not small. For Q2 —*• ooonly partonic contribution survives and F2(x,Q2) ->• F$art(x,Q2) -> F%RV(x,Q2).
Our model seems to provide a very good description of some isovector quantities. As an example inFig. 2 we present F$(x, Q2) — F%(x, Q2) at Q2 — A GeV2 obtained in our model (solid lines for differentform factors), as well as the results obtained with the GRV parametrization (dashed line) and in theCKMT model (short-dashed line). The NMC data [5] prefer rather our model. As a consequence of notperfect description of the deuteron data the CKMT model fails to describe the difference F^x) — F%{x)for x < 0.3. The success of our model is related to the violation of the Gottfried Sum Rule and/ord — u asymmetry which is included in our model explicitly. In comparison to our model in the CKMTmodel for Q2 > 2 GeV2 the Gottfried Sum Rule SG = *'.
0.12
wO.08fc-H
0.04 :
O.QQ
Our modelGRV
- — CKMTNMC data
.001
Fig. 2: F$(x,Q2) - F£(x,Q2) at Q2 = 4 GeV2 compared to the NMC data. The upper solidline corresponds to our model with exponential form factor, the lower solid line to our modelwith Gaussian form factor, the dashed line to the GRV parametrization and the long-dashedline to the CKMT parametrization.
References:
1. http://durpdg.dur.ac.uk/HEPDATA;2. B. Badelek and J. Kwieciriski, Nucl. Phys. B370 (1992) 278; V.R. Zoller, Z. Phys. C53 (1992) 443;
W. Melnitchouk and A.W. Thomas, Phys. Rev. D47 (1993) 3783;3. A. Capella, A. Kaidalov, C. Merino, and J. Tran Thanh Van, Phys. Lett. B337 (1994) 358;
A.B. Kaidalov and C. Merino, hep-ph/9806367;4. M. Gliick, E. Reya, and A. Vogt, Z. Phys. C67 (1995) 433;5. NMC collaboration, M. Arneodo et al., Phys. Rev. D50 (1994) Rl.
26PL9902429
BRAHMS (Experiment) at RHIC (Collider)J. Brzychczyk2, K. Grotowski1-2, T. Kozik2, Z. Majka2, Z. Sosin2, P. Staszel1'2,
and A. Wieloch2 for the BRAHMS Collaboration3
1 H. Niewodniczanski Institute of Nuclear Physics, Krakow, Poland; 2M. Smoluchowski Institute of Physics,Jagiellonian University Krakow, Poland; 3BNL, CRN-Strasbourg, DP-Oslo, JHU-Baltimoore, HIT-Harbin, JU-Krakow, LBNL-Berkeley, NBI-Copenhagen, NORDITA-Copenhagen, NYU-New York, TAMU-College Station,UK-Kansas, UL-Lund, UB-Bergen
The RHIC facility of Brookhaven National Laboratory will provide the physicists community witha powerful new tool. This accelerator will collide different ions from protons to heavy nuclei at cm.energies up to 500 GeV for protons and 200 GeV per nucleon pairs for Au nuclei.
Theory of strongly interacting matter reveals that at very high temperatures there will be a tran-sition from hadronic matter to a plasma of deconfined quarks and gluons. Such phenomenon is alsoexpected at high baryon density even at zero temperature. It is of special interest to investigatedifferent regions of the phase diagram for expected formation of the quark-gluon plasma. Regardlessof whether the quark-gluon state of matter will be convincingly discovered or not, it is important tounderstand the basic phenomena open for investigation in the RHIC energy domain.
The BRAHMS experiment has been designed to gather information on momentum spectra andyields for various emitted hadrons as a function of transverse momenta and rapidity. Early phase ofthe BRAHMS research concerns several subjects which are crucial for understanding phenomena thatoccur in heavy ion collisions within this unexplored energy domain. Among them are: (i) reactiondynamics, (ii) minijet production, (iii) $ meson production as quark-gluon plasma creation signature.
The Polish group is a member of the BRAHMS collaboration since 1995 and is responsible fordesigning, construction and operation of a set of the tracking detectors T3 - T5. These detectors willbe used in the high momentum mode measurements.
The BRAHMS experiment will make a unique contribution to research of strongly interactingmatter.
Tunneling in Strong Magnetic Fields p|_9902430J. Jakiel
In our previus paper [1] we reinterpreted amplitudes jB1/f2exp (i/3) and Tl/2exp(ia) introduced byD. Bohm [2, 3] showing that time can be defined with respect to the barrier, and processes inside thebarrier are included in both of new phases introduced by us.
Biittiker, as well Rybachenko [4-6] solve the scattering problem for the Hamiltonian:
XT I V 2m. ' r u y * IVV~IJ"/J | V | S &j ^n — \
where I,ax,o~Y,(Tz a r e Pauli matrices.Let the wave function be as follows: tf>± = exp(iky) + F±exp(-iky) for y < - a /2 , i.e left to
the barrier; V± = B±exp(-K±y) + C± exp(-n±y) for - a /2 < y < a/2 i.e within the barrier; if>± -A± exv(iky) outside the barrier if y > a/2. Magnetic field BQ changes barrier height of the FQ = Vo ±fiWL/2 for each spinor component; so the problem of finding coefficients A±, fl±, C±, F± is solved in thesame way as in the absence of magnetic field. The coefficients mentioned are found by replacing n —> n±in the simple tunneling problem. Expressions (4) in [1] change to: A? = ilm(exp(^f)) exp(i<pf -2ike); A% = Re(exp(iy?f ))exp(i<pf - 2ike).
There is an essential difference between these expressions and the previous ones in [5]. We haveno explicite dependence on K* which are included in phases. tpf,<f>2 contain full information aboutscattering.
27
Spin direction after tunneling through the barrier is given by the spinor:
tj) = ... ,a .V, p^/2 1 A+ I which results in expected values of spin components:
2 c
- < Sz >=ft
We have obtained the most general formulas to calculate polarization of the transmitted particles.Similarly in the case of reflected particles we find:
ti | F+ |2 + | F_ |2 cos2(tpf) + cos2(<fii)
and analogously for Y and X spin components of the transmitted or reflected particles.These equations are correct for arbitrary magnetic field BQ. They are more general than the
analogues in [5]. They show how spin orientations depend on magnetic field magnitude throughphases.
How to introduce time dependence into these equations? By calculating the differential of spincomponents, we can express them by amplitude derivatives at given energy. Amplitude change can beexpressed in terms of corresponding times (Baz'-Rybachenko-Biittiker (abbr.B&R&B)like), e.g. for zcomponent :
d < S >z= \A+J ' f~ ' R 2 ( | T|+> I - 1 4"' \)dE , (3)
where for reflection A± is replaced by F±, and all A±, F±, r^ are functions of ¥>i,2- We conclude thattime changes of observables are due to the corresponding changes of modified by us B&R&B typetimes.
References:
1. J. Jakiel, V.S. Olkhovsky, and E. Recami, Phys. Lett. A248 (1998) 165;2. W.I. Arnold, "Theory of Differential Equations", Moscow, Science, 1978;3. D. Bohm, "Quantum Theory", New York, Prentice-Hall (1951);4. A.J. Baz', Yad. Fiz. 4 (1965) 252; Yad. Fiz. 5 (1966) 229;
i imirii rim in miliiiifjiifi IIIN IIIIIIIIIFini miPL9902431
Integrated Dwell Time versus Tunneling Phase Times
J. Jakiel and V.S. Olkhovsky1
1 Institute for Nuclear Research, NASU, Kiev, Ukraine
Usually authors define dwell time as in L&A [2]):
1 fTD(x1,x2;k) = —— /
V{K) Jx{K) Jxx
According to F&H [3], H&S [4] on the ground of mutually exclusive requirement, i.e. the require-ment stemming from the fact that transsmision and reflection exclude one another, we obtained:
H = r<?> =| A{E) |2 r $ ) + | F(E) |2 r%
and in [1] we have defined another time, so called first phase time:
d(Pi _ _(i)dE ~ T° •
28
We can say that TQ is the phase time connected with phase change in the direction of initialprojectile movement (taking into account spin rotation of a particle penetrating the barrier), whileT(
D seems to be related or with mean square fluctuations of the tunneling time distribution or withcoupling to continuum. For times related to the [Q] matrix [5] we have:
the square of difference between the times when a particle stays in the interaction region, and the timeswithout interaction, are given by the sum of squares of phase changes with energy during interaction.
For the rectangular barrier we can easily calculate integrated dwell time:
TD(-a/2, a/2; k) = ̂ Ci% I V> I2 dx = ̂ /_af/2 | a^ch + Msh |2 dx,a*a fa |2 dx =
fa |2 dx = . a ) .
In the figures we present the dependence of first phase time on the barrier high and width (Fig. 1)and the same dependence for the difference between second phase time and integrated dwell time(Fig. 2).
Fig. 1 Fig. 2
References:
1. .]. Jakiel, V.S. Olkhovsky, and E. Recami, Phys. Lett. A248 (1998) 156;2. C.R. Leavens, G.C. Aers, Phys. Rev. B39 (1989) 1202;3. R.P. Feynman and A.R. Hibbs, "Quantum Mechanics and Path Integrals", McGraw-Hill, New York
(1965);
P h y s ' 6 1 ( 1 9 8 9 ) 9 1 7 ;
PL9902432
Spin-Dependent Cross Section of the pp—> pprc0 Reaction
J.T. Balewski1-2 for PINTEX collaboration1 Institute of Nuclear Physics, Krakow, Poland; 2WCF, Bloomington, IN, USA
The pp —> ppir0 reaction was measured at excess energies between 20 and 55 MeV. The kine-matically complete experiment [1] was performed by PINTEX collaboration at the Indiana CoolerRing, using both a polarized internal atomic hydrogen target and a stored, polarized beam. Thespin-dependent total cross section A<TL/&tot was determined, as well as the polar integrals of thespin correlation coefficient combination Axx - Ayy, and the analyzing power Ay. This experiment is
29
possible by the use of a cooled beam in a storage ring. The polarization observables are used to studythe contribution from individual partial waves.
R .
BEAM t
BEAM |
TARGET t
TARGET |
TARGET <=-
TARGET - •
TT + U
Q.A
0
-0.40.4
0.40.4
-0.40.8
0.4
0
-0.4
0.8
0.4
0
-0.4
325 MeV0.4
0
-0.40.4
350 MeV
-0.40.4
0.4-
0
-0.40.4
375 MeV
-0.4
0.8
0.4
0-0.40.8
0.4
0
-0.4
•0.40.4
0.4
0
-0.40.4
400 MeV FIT
360 0
-0.40.8
0.4
0
•0.40.8
0.4
0
-0.4
-0.40.4
\y-
360 0
-0.40.8
0.4
0
-0.40.8
0.4
0
-0.4
-oTsin
D .- s i n
360 0 360
T* (deg)
Fig. 1: Asymmetries for different spin combinations of yields R,- as a function of the azimuthal angle ofthe 7r°. The solid lines are obtained from the least-square fit using the theoretical <(>„ dependence (listed
on right), varying aB, aT, S = (Axx + Ayy), and D = (Axx - Ayy).
Reference:
.. H.O. ., Ph.. Kev. W . « ,1»8, » 9 ,
PL9902433
Thermal Multifragmentation in p + Au InteractionsF A S A Project
S.P. Avdeyev1, V.A. Karnaukhov1, W.D. Kuznetsov1, L.A. Petrov1, V.K. Rodionov1,A.S. Zubkevich1, H. Oeschler2, O.V. Bochkarev3, L.V. Chulkov3, E.A. Kuzmin3,
A. Budzanowski, W. Karcz, M. Janicki, E. Norbeck4, A.S. Botvina5, W.A. Friedman6,W. Noerenberg7, and G. Papp7
1 Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Dubna, Russia; 2Institut fur Kernphysik, Technische Universitk'tDarmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany; 3Kurchatov Institute, Moscow, Russia; ^University of Iowa, Iowa City, 1A,USA;5 Institute for Nuclear Research, Moscow, Russia; 6 Physics Department, University of Wisconsin, Madison,Wisconsin, USA; 7Gesselschaft fur Schwerionenforschung, Darmstadt, Germany
The understanding of the copious emission of the intermediate mass fragments (IMF) from highlyexcited nuclei is a major topic in current nuclear physics research. This process gives access to thebehaviour of nuclear matter at low densities and nuclear liquid-gas phase transition.
The efforts in this year were focused on the detailed study of IMF energy spectra. For thermalmultifragmentation they are mainly determined by Coulomb interaction. It allows to trace back thegeometry and the time evolution at break up. In collision of 8.1 GeV protons with gold, it is foundthat for a given fragment the maxima of the energy spectra (as well as the mean energy) decreasewith icreasing number of emitted fragments.
!S
30
This could indicate a variation in density at break up. But the observed behaviour of the energyspectra has a natural explanation in the kinematic redistribution of the fragment energy with increas-ing disintegration of the system as predicted by the Statistical Multifragmentation Model (SMM) -J. Bondorf, A.S. Botvinaet al., and Microcanonical Metropolis Monte Carlo model (MMMC) - D.H.E.Gross et al. at fixed density.
The upgrading of FASA setup is now in progress. It will be the new triggering system (madein Institute of Nuclear Research at Cracow) consisting of 25 DE (gas) - E (SiAu) telescope. Thissystem increases the setup efficiency significantly. It improves also the conditions for measuring thesmall angle correlations concident fragments, which is important for detailed study of the process timescale.
References:
1. S.P. Avdeyev, (A. Budzanowski, W. Karcz, M. Janicki) et al., European Physical Journal, A3 (1998) 75;2. V.A. Karnaukhov, (A. Budzanowski, W. Karcz, M. Janicki) et al., Yad. Fizika 62, No 2 (1999) 1.
Fragment Excitation Energies at Freeze-Out Phase of45 MeV/nucleon 84Kr + 93Nb Reaction
P. Staszel1'2, Z. Majka2, J. Cibor3, K. Hagel3, N. Marie3, J.B. Natowitz3, R. Wada3,L.G. Sobotka4, D.G. Sarantites4, R.J. Charity4, D.W. Stracener5, G. Augere6, Y. Schutz6,
J.P. Wieleczko6, R. Dayras7, E. Plagnol8, J. Baretto9, and E. Norbeck10
1 Institute of Nuclear Physics, Krakow, Poland; 2 Institute of Physics, Jagiellonian University,Krakow, Poland; 3 Cyclotron Institute, Texas AfoM University, College Station Texas; 4 Depart-ment of Chemistry, Washington University, St. Louis Missouri, USA; 5 Oak Ridge National Lab-oratory; 6 GANIL, BP, Caen CEDEX, France; 7 Service de Physique Nucleaire-Basse Energy,Gif-sur-Yvette CEDEX, France; 8 IPN Orsay, France; 9 Institute de Fisica da UFRJ-CP21945-RJ,Brazil; 10 Department of Physics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
(The work was supported by the Polish Scientific Research Committee under Grant No 2P03B 103 12)
The emission of light charged particles (LCPs) from the central collision reaction products hasbeen studied for the reaction of 45 MeV/nucleon 84Kr with 93Nb. T-he -experiment was performedat the GANIL facility using the Washington University Dwarf Ball/Wall multidetector system. Theviolent collision (b < 4fm) has been selected using the total collected charge condition. The analysisof the primary IMF excitation energy has been performed for a four bins of the detected IMFs (2 <ZiiMF < ^UJ.
One of the primary motivations for studying violent collisions between heavy nuclei far abovethe Coulomb barrier is to learn about, properties of nuclear matter at densities and temperatures fardifferent than those encountered in nuclei in or near their ground states. This is related to the physicscontained in the equation of state for infinite nuclear matter.
A few recent studies have claimed that bulk volume expansion is needed in order to explain theproduction of intermediate mass fragments. If this is so, these collisions are providing a means ofstudying the decay of subsaturation density nuclear systems. However, in order to have confidencein these results, the reaction dynamics must be better understood than they presently are, and inparticular how the dynamics is reflected in the few selected parameters which are used in comparisonswith theory.
It has been suggested that the kinetic energy spectra of the LCPs and the IMF can be understoodas a result of multiple-step emissions which occur during different phases of the composite systemformation and disintegration. In the first phase of the violent collision the compressed and hot nuclearsystem expands emitting the LCPs. When the system reaches a sufficiently low density, heavierfragments (IMFs) can be produced. Such primary fragments are predominately excited and theirstatistical decays might supply information on thermal condition of the disintegrating system.
31
In this study we searched for the IMF excitation energies in a freeze-out phase of the reaction.In order to get such information the multiplicities of the evaporated LCPs from the primary excitedfragments have been determined using an iterative procedure and the Monte Carlo simulation.
Our study leads to the following conclusions: a) The assumption that the N/Z ratio of the primaryIMS are the same as in the combined target-projectile system gives the higher fragment excitationenergies as compared to the assumption that the fragments N/Z ratio are the same as for the beta-stable nuclei. A better agreement between theory and experimental results according to the earlierassumption, indicates that the system preserves the entrance channel N/Z ratio, b) The derived tem-perature depends on the level density parametrization used in the statistical calculation. However,independent information on the level density parameter would allow unambiguous fragment temper-ature determination, c) From the comparison between correlation functions calculated for differentmean life times of excited primary fragments, we concluded that the derived informations on the IMFexcitations and temperatures are related to the freeze-out time instant, d) The results on the IMFexcitations and temperatures enabled us to derive some global system characteristics in the freeze-outstage. These results suggest that in the case of violent nucleus-nucleus collision a significant amountof the excitation energy is stored in the collective motion of the system.
6He Structure Study by Means of Transfer Reactions in the 6He-f-p ^mSystem at 25 MeV/n Energy of 6He Beam B
R. Wolski, A.S. Fomichev1, A.M. Rodin1, S.I. Sidorchuk1, S.V. Stepantsov1, HcoG.M. Ter-Akopian1, V.I. Zagrebaev1, Yu.Ts. Oganessian1, P. Roussel-Chomaz2, W. Mittig2, ̂ = C N
and I. David3 ^ r o
Laboratory of Nuclear Reaction, JLNR, Dubna, Moscow Region, Russia; 2GANIL, Caen, Franct3lnstitute of Atomic Physics, Bucharest, Romania
Angular distributions for elastic scattering and In and 2n transfer reactions were measured for the6He+1H system at 25 MeV/nucleon. The secondary beam of 6He nuclei was produced by bombardmentof a thick (350 mg/cm2) beryllium target with a 43 MeV/n 13C primary beam from U-400M cyclotronof FLNR. The 6He ions were separated from the primary beam particles and main part of the otherreaction products using the doubly achromatic separator ACCULINNA [1]. The secondary 6He beamof 150 MeV energy and 5% energy resolution (FMHW) was collimated to a diameter of ~8 mm byAl diaphragms limiting the beam spot on the target. The average beam intensity amounted up to1 X 105 of 6He particles per second. A 400 /jm CH2 foil was used as a hydrogen target. The reactionproducts of interest were detected by a system of two AExAExE telescopes mounted on two movablearms. Each telescope consisted of two silicon strip detectors (area of 60x60 mm2, and thickness of400 /xm, 29 identical 2 mm strips in each detector) and a 20 mm thick CsJ(Tl) crystal 65x65 mm2 inarea. The strip detectors provided both X and Y positions and AE signals, the thick detector gave Esignals. The obtained experimental data were analyzed in the framework of the finite range DWBAmodel including one-step transfers. The a+t exit channel was treated as the sum of 2n and tritontransfer processes. The calculation incorporating shell model spectroscopic amplitudes for different6He partitions overestimates the cross section for this reaction in the region of large CM angles wherethe t transfer process is supposed to be prevailing. The results suggest a lower triton spectroscopicamplitude for the 6He nucleus as compared to the shell model calculation. The experimental dataon 2n transfer reaction are also described within four-body (alpha+p+n+n) approach and it is the"di-neutron" configuration of the 6He nucleus [2] that is found to make the dominant contribution tothe cross section.
References:
1. A.M. Rodin et al., Nucl. Inst. Meth. B126 (1997) 236;2. M.V. Zhukov at al., Phys. Rep. 231 (1993) 151.
32PL9902436
Wide Aperture Kinematic Separator COMBAS Realized on theStrong Focusing Principle
A.G. Artukh1, G.F. Gridnev1, M. Gruszecki1-2, F. Kościelniak1'2, A.G. Semchenkov1-3,O.V. Semchenkova1'3, Yu.M. Sereda1'3, V.A. Schepunov1, J. Szmider1, Yu.G. Teterev1,
P.G. Bondarenko1, L.A. Rubinskaya1, Yu.P. Severgin4, Yu.A. Myasnikov4,B.V. Rozhdestvenski4, A.Yu. Konstantinov4, V.V. Koreniuk4, I. Sandrev5, S. Genchev5,
and l.N. Vishnevski3
1 Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Dubna, Russia; 2 The II. Niewodniczański Institute of Nuclear Physics,Kraków, Poland; 3Institute for Nuclear Researchk, Kiev, Ukraine; 4Efremov Scientific. Research Institute ofElectrophysical Apparatus, St. Petersburg, Russia; 5 Laboratory for Technical Development of the BulgarianAcademy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria
The COMBAS separator has been constructed to be used both in the mode of high resolvingspectrometer for studying reaction mechanisms and in the mode of prompt separator in experimentson synthesis and study of properties of short lived exotic nuclei near the drip lines.
Research programme using COMBAS needs the parameters of the separator to be extremely good,namely: resolving power = 400, momentum acceptance, Ap/p = ± 0.1, solid angle, AQ = 6 msr,magnetic rigidity Bp = 4.5 T m. To fulfill above mentioned conditions the special magneto-opticalstructure of separator is necessary. The magnetic structure of the COMBAS is formed by eightmagnets with nonuniform magnetic fields. The separator consist of two analogous sections, placedsymmetrically to the middle plane F^ (dispersive focal plane). The first section plays the role ofmagnetic rigidity filter, collects radioactive nuclei and separates nuclei from the incident beam. Thesecond compensates the dispersion due to the first one and focuses nuclei in the achromatic focus F a .
For the first time in the world the separator has been build using the strong focussing principle,which was realized on the base of four 25° multipole analyzing magnets with nonuniform magnetic fieldsand on four 7.5° dipole correcting magnets. The nonlinear effects substantially reduce the resolvingpower of separators with wide aperture magnets. The main contribution to the beam distortion is madeby the second and third order aberrations. These abberations have been compensated by the specialprofiling of the poles of the first and the last pair of magnets. The correcting sextupole and octupolecomponents of the magnetic fields for the second and third pair of magnets have been introduced byprofiling the poles and forming necessary curvature of the entrance and exit pole boundaries, whicheffects a beam of particles as thin sextupole and octupole lenses. The final formation of the magneticfield distribution can be made by fine tuning of the field using additional correcting coils installedon the poles of the fourth and fifth magnets. Variation of magnetic fields in these magnets allowsto minimize effect of dégrader, inaccuracy of manufacturing of the pole profiles and inaccuracy ofassembling of the magnetic channel.
Silicon Detectors PL9902437E. Białkowski, V.F. Kushniruk1, Yu.G. Sobolev1, E. Nossarzewska2, and J. Sarnecki2
1 FLNR, JINR, Dubna, Russia; 2 Institute of Electronics Material Technology, Warsaw, Poland
The development of detection system consisting of detectors and scintillator has been continuated.In particular the teleskope dE - Y3AI5O12: Ce scintillator, E -epitaxial silicon detector [1] predistinatedfor identification of intermediate energy charged particles has been carefully tested. The system havinghigh charge resolving power, permits to distinquish clearly the elastic peak of ions bombarding a targetand allows registration particles in wide range of energies, masses and charges. Moreover, investigationof the scintillator responses shows that scintillator light outputs, as in the case of anothers inorganicscintillators, decrease with increasing Z value of ion and for investigated ions from 9Be to 1 4N havelinear dependence on energy for E > 10 MeV/A.
33
Parameters of silicon epitaxial detector manufactured using high resistivity epitaxial structures,obtained by CVD (chemical vapor deposition) at IEMT (Warsaw), with the thickness of epi lay-ers of 100 \i and the resistivity of 8 kiicm, as well as electrical characteristics of palladium silicide(Pd2Si) contact to N-type Si have been investigated. First results achievied with the four segment(4x50x10 mm2) detector are interesting (e.g. the dark current is 50 nA/'cm2/Vtotaldepletion) and willsoon be published. The palladium silicide as a rectifing contact layer has advantage of implantedone, because its thermal formation occurs at relatively low temperature and its performation is moreeasier.
The possibility to form a thin buried metallic layer at the silicon wafer by means of silicidationprocess gives the new base for manufacturing integrated dE-E detectors. More detailed investigation ofbehavior of the palladium (Pd2Si), chromium (CrSi22) and titanium (TiSi22) silicidies against N-typeSi will be done in near future.
Reference:
1. V.F. Kushniruk et al., Nucl. Experim. Techniques (Moscow), 40, No 3 (1997) 323.
Energy Efficiency CentreB J J PL9902438E. Obryk
The Energy Efficiency Center (EEC) activities have been concentrated on two directions: activitiessponsored by the Government of Norway and carried out in collaboration with the Institute for EnergyTechnology, Kjeller (Norway) and activities related to energy studies, mainly training for energyauditors.
Within the programme sponsored by the Government of Norway (Norwegian Cooperation Pro-gramme in Central and Eastern Europe) the main efforts have been aimed at conducting activities ofthe Energy Efficiency Network in Poland (SEGE) which include four food industry branches and twobuildings sections. EEC has carried out duties of the SEGE Secretariat.
Lot of efforts has been devoted to preparation of training within the SEGE. One week training forlecturers/instructors in steam systems has been conducted. The training was done by the Norwegianexpert I. Skallerud and has been completed by 11 persons from IFJ, CTU, CUMM, and industry. Twoguides: for energy managers of small and medium companies and energy managers of higher educationinstitutions have been prepared. Energy surveys and audits for SEGE selected members have beendone. SEGE Board Meeting has suggested to extend activities in public buildings sector and to offertraining also outside of SEGE. Thus, EEC as the SEGE Secretariat prepared the following offers:
1. to the Ministry of National Education to include higher education institutions to SEGE;2. to the Ministry of Health to establish the branch of SEGE for hospitals and health service
buildings:3. to the National Chamber of Economy to cooperate in organizing and conducting courses devoted
to management of energy, water, and environment.
The General Guidelines for the Museum Environment has been worked out as a confirmation of theactivities at the National Museum in Warsaw.
Within discussed activities the following have been organized and conducted:
• Seminar on Energy Efficiency and Water Conservation in Students' Dormitories;• Seminar on Energy, Water and Environment Management in Hotels and Pensions.
In collaboration with the Institute for Energy Technology, five proposals for the Pilot Projects forReduction of GHG Emissions by Implementing Energy Efficiency have been prepared.
The vast knowledge and experiences in the field of energy audits have been used by the membersof EEC in lecturing in energy auditors courses authorized by The National Energy Efficiency Agency(KAPE). Altogether more then 40 lectures have been given.
34
LIST OF PUBLICATIONS:Articles:
1. D.V. Aleksandrov, (R. Wolski) et al.,Do Excited States Exist in a System of Two Neutrons?,JETP Lett., 67, No 11 (1998) 903;
2. S.P. Avdeyev, (A. Budzanowski, W. Karcz, M. Janicki) et al.,Thermal Multifragmentation in p + Au Interaction at 2.16, 3.6 and 8.1 GeV Incident Energies,Report GSI - IKDA 98/10 and Eur. Phys. J. A3 (1998) 75;
3. F. Balestra, (J. Foryciarz) et al.,Production of $ and u; Mesons in Near- Threshold pp Reactions,Phys. Rev. Lett. 81 (1998) 4572;
4. J. Balewski et al.,Strangeness Production in the p+p Interation at Threshold at the Experimental FacilityCOSY-11,Nucl. Phys. A629 (1998) 164c;
5. J. Balewski, (A. Budzanowski, A. Kozela) et al.,Total Cross Section of the Reaction pp —• pK+ A Close to Threshold,Phys. Lett. B420 (1998)211;
6. J. Balewski, (A. Budzanowski) et al.,Low-Energy A-p Scattering Parameters from the pp —• pK+A Reaction,Eur. Phys. J. A2 (1998) 99;
7. K. Bennaceur, F. Nowacki, J. Okotowicz, M. Ploszajczak,A Study of Nuclei of Astrophysical Interest in the Continuum Shell Model,Int. Workshop on Physics with Radioactive Nuclear Beams, Puri, India in: J. Phys. G24 (1998)1631;
8. M. Drochner, (L. Freindl, S. Kliczewski, R. Siudak) et al.,The p + p -> 7T+ + d Reaction Close to Threshold at COSY,Nucl. Phys. A643 (1998) 55;
9. S. Drozdz, S. Nishizaki, J. Speth, M. Wojcik,Collectivity Embedded in Complex Spectra of Finite Interacting Fermi Systems: Nuclear Example,Phys. Rev. E57 (1998) 4016;
10. G. Fischer, W. Iwanski, P. Kapusta, M. Ziolkowski,A 40 MHz Pipeline Trigger for K° ->• 2x° Decays for the CERN NA48 Experiment,Nucl. Instr. and Meth. A419 (1998) 695;
11. GEM Collab., M. Drohner, (L. Friendl, S. Kliczewski, R. Siudak) et al.,The p + p -> 7T+ + d Reaction Close to Threshold at COSY,Nucl. Phys. A643 (1998) 55;
12. A. Gorski, J. Szmigielski,On Pairs of Difference Operators Satysfying: [D,X] = Id,Univ. of South Carolina preprint TH/9703-1 (1997); hep-th/9703015 and J. Math. Phys.39 (1998) 545;
13. P.S. Hachaj, (K. Grotowski) et al.,Studying Binary Collisions with the 40Ca + 4 0 Ca Reaction at Eia(, = 35 Me V/Nucleon,Acta Phys. Pol. B29 (1998) 369;
14. J. Jakiel, V. Olkhovsky, E. Recami,The Generality of the Hartman and Fletcher Effect for the Mean Tunnelling Timein Nonrelativistic-Particle and Photon Tunneling without Absorption and Dissipation,Ukrainian Phys. J. 43 (1998) 635;
35
15. J. Jakiel, V.S. Olkhovsky, E. Recami,On Superluminar Motions in Photon and Particle Tunneling,Phys. Lett. A248 (1998) 156;
16. V.A. Karnaukhov, (A. Bndzanowski, W. Karcz, M. Janicki) et al.,Multifragmentalion Induced by Light Relativistic Projectiles and Heavy Ions: Similarities andDifferences,Preprint JINR E7-98-8 and Yadernaya Fiz. (1998) (in print);
17. E. Kozik et al.,Correlation Between Reaction Mechanism, Kinetic Energy Release and Neutron Emissionin 40Ar+l59Tb Collision at 9.5 MeV/Nucleon,Acta Phys. Pol. B (1998) (in print);
18. J. Kwapieri, S. Drozdz, L.C. Liu, A.A. Ioannides,Cooperative Dynamics in Auditory Brain Response,e-print physics/9804004 and Phys. Rev. E58 (1998) 6359;
19. P. Moskal, (J. Balewski, A. Budzanowski, A. Kozela) et al.,Tj Production in Proton-Proton Scattering Close to Threshold,Phys. Rev. Lett. 80 (1998) 3202;
20. K. Nakayama, A. Szczurek, C. Hanhart, J. Haidenbauer, J. Speth,Production of u) Mesons in Proton-Proton Collisions,Phys. Rev. C57 (1998) 1580;
21. H.-G. Ortlepp, (A. Budzanowski, B. Czech, L. Zrodlowski) et al.,The 4^-Fragment-Spectrometer FOBOS,FZR preprint FZR-181 1997 and Nucl. Instr. and Meth. in Phys. Res. A403 (1998) 65;
22. M. Palarczyk et al.,Cross Section and Analyzing Powers for the (p, n) Reaction on 3He and 4He at 200 MeV,Phys. Rev. C58, No 2 (1998) 645;
23. P. Pawkwski, (K. Grotowski) et al.,Intermediate Velocity Source of Intermediate-Mass Fragments in the 40Ca +4 0 Ca Reactionat Eiab = 35 Me V/Nucleon,Phys. Rev. C57 (1998) 1771;
24. S.B. Sakuta, (A. Budzanowski, S. Kliczewski, R. Siudak, I. Skwirczynska, A. Szczurek) et al.,Direct Charge-Exchange Versus Sequential Nucleon Transfers in the l4C(6Li,6 He)14N Reactionat 93 Me V,Nucl. Phys. A639 (1998) 599;
25. T. Srokowski,Solving the Generalized Langevin Equation with the Algebraically Correlated Noise,GANIL preprint P 97 33 and Phys. Rev. E57 (1998) 3829;
26. A. Szczurek,Consequences of Nonperturbative Nucleon Structure at High Energies,Acta Phys. Pol. B29 (1998) 3435;
27. A. Szczurek, N.N. Nikolaev, J. Speth,Leading Proton Spectrum from DIS at HERA,Phys. Lett. B428 (1998) 383;
28. G.M. Ter-Akopian, A.M. Rodin, (R. Wolski) et al.,Two Neutron Exchange Observed in the 6He + 4He Reaction. Search for "Di-neutron" Config-uration in 6He",Phys. Lett. B426 (1998) 251;
29. A. Werthrmiller, A. Adamczak, R. Jacot-Guillarmod, F. Mulhauser, L.A. Schaller, L. Schellen-berg, H. Schneuwly, Y.-A. Thalmann, S. Tresh,Energy Dependence of the Charge Exchange Reaction from Muonic Hydrogen to Oxygen,Hyperfine Interactions 116 (1998) 1;
36
30. M. Wojcik, S. Drozdz,Configuration Mixing Effects in Isoscalar Giant Dipole Resonance,Acta Phys. Pol. B29 (1998) 2239;
31. P. Zieliriski, Z. Lodziana, T. Srokowski,Anharmonic Effects of Phonon Scattering on Crystal Surfaces,Physica B (1998) (in print);
32. P. Zieliriski, Z. Lodziana, T. Srokowski,Dynamics of Anharmonic Surfaces in Harmonic Crystals,Progr. Surf. Sci. 59 (1998) 265.
Proceedings:
1. K. Bennaceur, F. Nowacki, J. Okolowicz, M. Ploszajczak,Radioactive Capture Reaction 7Be(p, 7 ) 8 # in the Continuum Shell Model,Proc. of XXVI Int. Workshop on Gross Properties of Nuclei and Nuclear Excitations, Hischegg,Austria 1998, eds M. Buballa et al. (1998) 407;
2. K. Golec-Biernat, J. Kwieciriski, A. Szczurek,Reggeons in Diffractive Interactions in Deep Inelastic Scattering at HERA,hep-ex/9709471 and Proc. of the Madrid Workshop on Low x Physics, Milaflores de La Sierra,Spain, June 1997, eds F. Barreiro et. al. (World Scientific) (1998) 284;
3. J. Kwapieri, S. Drozdz, A.A. Ioannides, L.C. Liu,Magnetoencephalography Study of Auditory Brain Processing,Proc. of 3th Acoustics Methods and Mechanics in Biomedical Engineering Conference, Zakopane,Poland, 23-24 April 1998, eds R. Panuszka, E. Reron (Polish Acoustical Society) (1998) 15;
4. M. Ploszajczak, T. Srokowski,Anomalous Diffusion in Peripheral Heavy-Ion Collisions and the Langevin Formulation,Proc. of the XVII RCNP Int. Symposium on Innovative Computational Methods in NuclearMany-Body Problems, Towards a New Generation of Physics in Finite Quantum Systems, Osaka,Japan, 10-15 November 1997 (World Scientific) Signapore (1998) (in print).
Other conference materials:
1. A. Budzanowski, S. Kliczewski, J. Lukasik, I. Skwirczyriska, T. Srokowski,Heavy Fragment Emission from Alpha Clustered Composite Systems,Abstr. of Int. Nuclear Physics Conf., Paris, France, 24-28 August 1998, p. 572;
2. S.B. Sakuta, (A. Budzanowski, S. Kliczewski, R. Siudak, I. Skwirczyziska, A. Szczurek) et. al.,Role of Direct and Tivo-Step Mechanisms in the l4C(6Li,6 He)l4N Reaction,Abstr. of Int. Nuclear Physics Conf. 1998, p. 637.
Reports :
1. A.G. Artukh, (M. Gruszecki, F. Koscielniak, J. Szmider) et al.,Wide Aperture Kinematic Separator COMBAS Realized on the Strong Focusing Principle,JINR Dubna preprint E7-98-294 (1998);
2. A. Fokin, (A. Budzanowski, B. Czech, A. Siwek, I. Skwirczyriska) et al.,An Experimental Study od l^zH, 3 '4-6Fe, 6>7'8-9Z,z. 7.9-10-n£e, and l o ' n ' 1 2 / j Isotope Productionfrom Interactions of 14 AMeV and 32 AMeVX4N with 112-124Sn,Cosmic and Subatomic Physics Report LUIP9802 (1998);
3. A. Gorski,Comment on Fractality of Quantum Mechanical Energy Spectra,e-print chao-dyn/9804034 (1998);
37
4. A. Górski, J. Szmigielski,Representations of the Heisenberg Algebra by Difference Operators,e-print hep-th/9808112 (1998);
5. V.A. Karnaukhov, (A. Budzanowski, W. Karcz, M. Janicki) et al.,On the Variation of the Coulomb Repulsion in Multifragmentation,Report GSI-IKDA 98/23 (1998);
6. W. Słomczyński, J. Kwapień, K. Zyczkowski,Multifractals and Entropy Computing,e-print LANL CHAO-DYN/9804006 (1998).
7. E. Obryk, B. Obryk, M. Ćwikilewicz,Energy Management in Company with Emphasis on Modification of Energy Systems (in Polish),Guide for the energy managers of small and medium companies, Report COWE/S/10, Kraków,1998;
8. M. Ćwikilewicz, B. Obryk, E. Obryk,Analysis of Energy Management of the Okręgowa Spółdzielnia Mleczarska in Sieradz (in Polish),Report COWE/A/49, Kraków, 1998;
9. E. Obryk, B. Obryk. M. Ćwikilewicz,Proposals for Five Pilot Projects for Reduction of GHG Emissions by Implementing EnergyEfficiency, Report COWE/R/5, Kraków, 1998:
10. E. Obryk, B. Obryk, M. Ćwikilewicz,General Guidelines for the Museum Environment, Report COWE/R/6, Kraków, 1998.
GRANTS:
1. Prof. S. Drożdż- grant No 2P03B 140 10 (G143) (The State Committee for Scientific Research),"Physics of Compound Open systems: Atomic Nucleus" (1.01.1996- 31.12.1998);
2. Prof. J. Kulessa (J. Foryciarz - Institute of Nuclear Physics) - grant No 2P03B 117 10 (G 136)(The State Committee for Scientific Research),"Measurement of Production Cross-Sections of <j> and K+ in Proton-Proton and Proton-NucleusReactions near to the Threshold" (1.03.1996- 30.04.1998);
3. Prof. A. Budzanowski - grant No 2 P03B 126 15 (G177) (The State Committee for ScientificResearch),"Compression Effect on the Decay of Highly Excited Nuclear Matter" (1.06.1998- 21.12.2000);
4. Assoc. Prof E. Obryk - Norwegian Project NSM POL,"Energy Efficiency in Poland".
PARTICIPATION IN CONFERENCES AND WORKSHOPS:INVITED TALKS:
1. A. Adamczak,"Deceleration of Muonic Hydrogen Atoms in Solid Hydrogen",Int. Conf. "Exotic Atoms, Molecules and Muon Catalyzed Fusion" EXAT'98, Ascona, Switzer-land, 19-24 July 1998;
2. S. Drożdż,"Collectivity in the Brain Tensory Response",Int. Conf. "Collective Excitation in Fermi and Bose Systems", Sao Paulo, Brasil, 14-17 Septem-ber 1998:
38
3. A. Szczurek,"Flavour Symmetry in the Nucleon",Int. Symp. on "Symetries and Dynamics in Nuclear and Low Energy Particle Physics",Blaubeuren, Baden-Wiirttemberg, Germany, 18-20 May 1998;
4. A. Szczurek,"Consequences of Nonperturbative Nucleon Structure at High Energies",Int. Conf. "On the Structure of Mesons, Baryons and Nuclei", Krakow, Poland, 26-30 May1998;
5. A. Szczurek,"Leading Baryons at HERA",Int. Conf. "HADRONS'98, Strong Interaction at High Energies (Experiment, Phenomenology,Theory"), Parthenit, Crimear, Ukraine, 21-26 June 1998;
6. A. Szczurek,"Leading Baryons",HI Meeting, Krakow, Poland, 28-30 September 1998;
7. J. Lukasik,"The Onset of Mid-Velocity Emissions in Symmetric Heavy Ion Reactions",INDRA Workshop LPC, Caen, France, 06 October 1998;
8. J. Kwapieii,"Magnetoencephalography Study of Auditory Brain Processing",3th Zakopane Conference on Accoustic Methods in Biomedicine, Zakopane, Poland, 23-24 April1998;
9. M. Wojcik,"NATO Advanced Research Workshop on The Structure of Mesons, Baryons and Nuclei",Krakow, Poland, 26-29 May 1998;
10. S. Drozdz,"Collectivity in the Brain Tensory Response",Int. Conf. "Collective Excitation in Fermi and Bose Systems", Sao Paulo, Brasil, 14-17 Septem-ber 1998.
PRESENTATION:
1. A. Budzanowski, S. Kliczewski, J. Lukasik, I. Skwirczyriska, and T. Srokowski,"Fragment Emission from Alpha Clustered Composite Systems",poster session, International Nuclear Physics Conference, Paris, France, 24-28 August 1998;Abstract of Contr. Papers, p. 572.
SESSION CHAIRMAN:
1. E. Obryk,International Conference and Workshop under the auspices of IAEA on "Accident of the RBMKKursk 1 NPP", Krakow, Poland, 9-13 March 1998.
MEMBERS OF ORGANIZING COMMITTEE:
1. B. Obryk and E. Obryk,International Conference and Workshop under the Auspices of IAEA on "Accident of the RBMKKursk 1 NPP", Krakow, Poland, 9-13 March 1998;
2. M. Cwikilewicz, B. Obryk, and E. Obryk,International Workshop on "Steam Systems" for lecturers/instructors, Krakow, Poland, 16-20March 1998.
39
3. E. Obryk,International Conference and Workshop under the auspices of IAEA on "Accident of the RBMKKursk 1 NPP", Krakow, Poland, 9-13 March 1998.
MEMBERS OF ORGANIZING COMMITTEE:
1. B. Obryk and E. Obryk,International Conference and Workshop under the Auspices of IAEA on "Accident of the RBMKKursk 1 NPP", Krakow, Poland, 9-13 March 1998;
2. M. Cwikilewicz, B. Obryk, and E. Obryk,International Workshop on "Steam Systems" for lecturers/instructors, Krakow, Poland,16-20 March 1998.
ORGANIZED CONFERENCES AND WORKSHOPS:
1. S. Drozdz,Int. Conf. on "The Structure of Mesons, Baryons and Nuclei", Krakow, Poland, 26-30 May1998;
2. S. Drozdz,Int. Conf. "MESON'98", Krakow, Poland, 1-5 June 1998;
3. B. Obryk and E. Obryk,Int. Conf. and Workshop under the Auspices of IAEA on "Accident of the RBMK Kursk 1NPP", Krakow, Poland, 9-13 March 1998;
4. M. Cwikielewicz, B. Obryk, and E. Obryk,Int. Workshop on "Steam Systems" for lecturers/instructors, Krakow, Poland, 16-20 March1998.
PROCEEDINGS EDITION:
1. S. Drozdz (and S. Krewald),Proceedings of Int. Conf. "NATO Advanced Research Workshop on the Structure of Mesons,Baryons and Nuclei", Krakow, Poland, 26-30 May 1998; Acta Phys. Pol. B29, No 9 (1998);
2. S. Drozdz (L. Jarczyk, H. Machner, and A. Magiera),Proceedings of Int. Conf. "MESON'98", Structure of Mesons, Baryon and Nuclei", Krakow,Poland, 1-5 June 1998; Acta Phys. Pol. B29, No 11 (1998).
SCIENTIFIC DEGREES:DEGREES:
1. A. Szczurek - habilitation,"Meson Cloud in the Nucleon and its Consequences in Various Phenomena";
2. E. Kozik - Ph.D.,"Study of the Reaction Mechanism and the Excitation Energy Division for the 40Ar +1 5 9 TbSystem at the Energy Close to 10 MeV/nucleon";
3. P. Staszel - Ph.D.,"Temperature and Decay Time Scale of Highly Excited Finite Nuclear Systems".
40
SEMINARS:EXTERNAL:
1. P Staszel,"Excitation Energy of Primary Fragments of Multifragmentation",Jagiellonian Universtiy Seminar, Krakow, Poland;
2. J. Lukasik,"The Evolution of Intermediate Velocity Source in Intermediate Energy Heavy Ion Collisions",Jagiellonian University Seminar. Krakow, Poland;
3. J. Balewski,"Strangeness Production in p+p at y/s < GeV\Bloomingtori, USA;
4. A. Budzanowski,"Towards the Zero Point. Experiment PHOBOS in Brookhaven",UMCS, Lublin, Poland;
5. Drozdz,"Collectivity Characteristics in the Brain Sensory Response", UMCS, Lublin, Poland, 17 De-cember 1998;
6. E. Obryk,"Improvement of Energy and Water Usage and Potential Savings",Seminar at the Wisla Town and Commune Board on "Energy, Water and Environment Man-agement in Hotels and Pensions", Wisla, Poland, 16 June 1998:
7. M. Cwikilewicz,"Management of Energy, Water and Environment",Seminar at the Wisla Town and Commune Board on "Energy, Water and Environment Man-agement in Hotels and Pensions", Wisla, Poland, 16 June 1998:
8. M. Cwikilewicz,"Monitoring as a Fundamental Instrument in Lowering Costs of Energy and Water",Seminar at the Wisla Town and Commune Board on "Energy, Water and Environment Man-agement in Hotels and Pensions", Wisia, Poland, 16 June 1998;
9. E. Obryk,"Energy Usage and Possibilities for Improvement",Seminar at the Cracow University of Mining and Metallurgy on "Energy Efficiency and WaterConservation in Students' Dormitories", Krakow, Poland, 8 December 1998;
10. B. Obryk,"Electrical Energy Savings",Seminar at the Cracow University of Mining and Metallurgy on "Energy Efficiency and WaterConservation in Students' Dormitories", Krakow, Poland, 8 December 1998;
11. B. Obryk,"Savings of W'ater and Energy for its Heating",Seminar at the Cracow University of Mining and Metallurgy on "Energy Efficiency and WaterConservation in Students' Dormitories", Krakow, Poland, 8 December 1998;
12. B. Obryk,"Monitoring as a Fundamental Instrument in Energy Management",Seminar at the Cracow University of Mining and Metallurgy on "Energy Efficiency and WaterConservation in Students' Dormitories", Krakow, Poland, 8 December 1998;
13. E. Obryk,"Management of Energy, Water and Environment",Seminar at the Cracow University of Mining and Metallurgy on "Energy Efficiency and WaterConservation in Students' Dormitories", Krakow, Poland, 8 December 1998.
41
INTERNAL:
1. M. Skrzypek,"Physics of W Bosons in e+e~ Collisions";
2. JV1. Debowski,"Subthreshold Production of K+K~ - Investigation of the Nuclear Matter Properties";
3. A. Szczurek,"Nonstandard Neutrinos ? Part 1: Nature of Neutrinos, Oscillations";
4. A. Szczurek,"Nonstandard Neutrinos ? Part II: Solar and Atmospheric Neutrinos, Double - ft Decay";
5. P. Moskal - Institute of Physics, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland,"Investigation of K and rj Meson Production at Threshold in pp—>ppK+K~, pp—•pp-*pK+5] and pp—tppr) Reaction";
6. S. Kistryn - Institute of Physics, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland,"Search for Exotic Couplings - a Few Examples";
7. O. Mazonka- INP, Swierk, Poland,"Stochastic Effects in Nuclear Dynamics";
8. Massimo di Toro - Institute) Nazionale di Fisica Nucleaire, Catania, Italia,"Entrance Channel Effect-sin Fusion Reactions";
9. A.G. Artukh - JINR, Dubna, Russia,"COMBAS: Program of Intermediate Energy Heavy Ion Investigations"; "Tunneling Effect inNuclear Physics";
10. I. Talmi - Weitzrnann Institute, Rehovot, Israel,"Binding Energies of Nuclei and Atoms";
11. A. Dabrowska,"Analysis of 197Au Nuclei Fragmentation at 0.1-1.6 GeV/nucleon";
12. A. Rudchik - JINR Dubna, Russia,"Energy Dependence of the Nucleus-Nucleus Interaction";
13. A. Szczurek,"Meson Cloud and Asymmetry of Light Antiquarks";
14. W. Florkowski,"Vector Mesons in Nuclear Matter";
15. Y. Sitenko - Bogolubov Institute, Kiev, Ukraine,"Vacuum Polarization Effects in the Background of a Rotational Topology";
16. Hartman-Braun Firm,"Compact System Freelane 2000 Cyclotron Controlling".
LECTURES AND COURSES:
1. E. Obryk,"Energy and Environment", Academy of Agriculture, Krakow, Poland (postgraduate course);
2. B. Obryk,lectures at the Course for Auditors, Czchow, Poland, 2-6 March 1998:
• "Efficient Use of Electrical Energy";• "Efficient Use of Water".
3. E. Obryk,lectures at the Course for Auditors, Czchow, Poland, 2-6 March 1998:
• "Energy Use and Energy Saving";• "Energy Management and Monitoring of Energy and Water Consumption".
42
4. E. Obryk,lectures at the Course for Auditors, Miedzybrodzie Bialskie, Poland, 30 March - 4 April 1998:
• "Energy Management and Energy Measurement";• "Efficient Use of Water";• " Efficient Use of Electrical Energy";• "Methods of Measurements and Investigations in Thermal Diagnostics of Buildings".
5. E. Obryk,lectures at the Course for Auditors, Miedzybrodzie Bialskie, Poland, 18-23 May 1998:
• "Energy Management and Energy Measurement";• "Efficient Use of Water";• "Efficient Use of Electrical Energy";• "Methods of Measurements and Investigations in Thermal Diagnostic of Buildings";• "Thennography Applications in Thermal Diagnostics of Buildings".
6. B. Obryk,lectures at the Course for Auditors, Czchow, Poland, 25-30 May 1998:
• " Efficient Use of Electrical Energy";• "Efficient Use of Water".
7. E. Obryk,lectures at the Course for Auditors, Czchow, Poland, 25-30 May 1998:
• "Energy Use and Energy Saving";• "Energy Management and Monitoring of Energy and Water Consumption".
8. E. Obryk,lectures at the course for Auditors, Miedzybrodzie Bialskie, Poland, 5-10 October 1998:
• "Energy Management and Energy Measurement";• "Efficient Use of Electrical Energy";• "Efficient Use of Water";• "Methods of Measurements and Investigations in Thermal Diagnostic of Buildings".
SHORT TERM VISITORS:
1. A. Rudchik - Kiev Institute of Nuclear Research, Ukraine;2. V. Ziman - Kiev Institute of Nuclear Research, Ukraine;3. V. Pirnak - Kiev Institute of Nuclear Research, Ukraine;4. A. Momotyuk - Kiev Institute of Nuclear Research, Ukraine;5. V. Olkhovsky - Kiev Institute of Nuclear Research, Ukraine;6. V.K. Chernievski- Kiev Institute of Nuclear Research, Ukraine;7. E. Duplij - Kharkov University, Ukraine;8. S. Duplij- Kharkov University, Ukraine;9. V. Chepigin- JINR Dubna, Russia;
10. V.A.G. Artukh - JINR Dubna, Russia;11. S.B. Sakuta- Kurchatov Institute, Moscow, Russia;12. B. Razen- KFA IKP Jiilich, Germany;
13. W. Klimala - KFA IKP Jiilich, Germany;14. G. Martinska - IRNE, Sofia, Bulgaria;15. D. Bakalov- IRNE, Sofia, Bulgaria;16. J. Ilieva- IRNE, Sofia, Bulgaria;17. M. Ploszajczak- GANIL, Caen, France;
43
18. H. Machner- KFA IKP Jiilich, Germany;19. V. Garske - KFA IKP Jiilich, Germany;20. R. Boeckman - KFA IKP Jiilich, Germany;21. O. Krehl- KFA IKP Jiilich, Germany;22. Ch. Mosbacher- KFA IKP Jiilich, Germany;
23. Ch. flanhart - KFA IKP Jiilich, Germany;
24. W. Scheinast - KFA IKP Jiilich, Germany;25. M. Menzel- KFA IKP Jiilich, Germany;26. A. Foerster- KFA IKP Jiilich, Germany;27. K. Kohlmeyer- KFA IKP Jiilich, Germany;28. /. Talmi- Weizmann Institute, Rohevot, Israel;29. K. Bennaceur- GANIL, Caen, France;30. Z. Dziembowski- Temple University, USA;31. y. Sitenko- Bogolubov Institute, Kiev, Ukraine;32. N.N. Babaytsev, Kurchatov Institute, Moscow, Russia;
33. S. Chakraborty, Swiss Federal Nuclear Safety Inspectorate, Villigen, Switzerland;34. M. Jankowski, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, Austria;35. M. Khalib-Rahbar, Energy Research Inc., Rockville, MD, USA;
36. E. Knoglinger, private consultant, Linz, Austria;37. A.V. Krayushkin, Kurchatov Institute, Moscow, Russia;
38. M. Modro, Lockhead Martin Idaho Technologies, Idaho Falls, ID, USA;
39. /. Skallerud, Spirax Sarco Ltd., Norway;40. O. Veiby, Institute of Energy Technology, Kjeller, Norway.
45
DEPARTMENTOF NUCLEAR SPECTROSCOPY
PL9902439
Head of Department: Prof. Jan StyczenDeputy Head of Department: Prof. Rafal BrodaSecretary: Malgorzata NiewiaraTelephone: (48) (12) 637-02-22 ext.: 202e-mail: [email protected]
PERSONNEL:Head: Professor Jan Styczen
Laboratory of the Structure of NucleusHead: Professor Rafal Broda
Research Staff:Piotr Bednarczyk, Ph.D.Adam Czermak, Ph.D., E.E.Bogdan Fornal, Ph.D.Maria Kmiecik, M.Sc, Ph.D. studentWojciech Krolas, Ph.D.Agnieszka Kuliriska, M.Sc , Ph.D. studentMalgorzata Lach, Ph.D.Adam Maj, Ph.D.
Technical Staff:Jerzy Gr^bosz, M.Sc., E.E.Mieczyslaw Janicki, E.E.Tatiana JurkowskaJan JurkowskiWladyslaw Kowalski
Witold Meczynski, Ph.D.Tomasz Pawiat, Ph.D.Antoni Potempa, Assoc. Prof.Barbara Wodniecka, Ph.D.Pawet Wodniecki, Ph.D.Jacek Wrzesiiiski, Ph.D.Kazimierz Zuber, Ph.D.
Janusz Nowak, M.Sc.Bogdan SowickiAntoni SzperlakMiroslaw Zieblinski, M.Sc., E.E.
Laboratory of the Applied Nuclear SpectroscopyHead: Zbigniew Stachura, Ph.D.
Research Staff:Kvetoslava Burda, Ph.D.Ewa Dryzek, Ph.D.Jerzy Dryzek, Ph.D., Chem.E.Julia Fedotowa, M.Sc., Ph.D. studentStanisiawa Gajsiorek, M.Sc., Ph.D. studentPiotr Golonka, M.Sc., Ph.D. studentAndrzej Z. Hrynkiewicz, Prof.
Janusz Kraczka, Ph.D.Malgorzata Lekka, Ph.D.Janusz Lekki, Ph.D., E.E.Jadwiga Kwiatkowska, Ph.D.Wojciech M. Kwiatek, Ph.D.Robert Kruk, Ph.D.Marta Marszalek, Ph.D.
46
Jacek Jaworski, M.Se, Ph.D. studentRoman Kmieć, M. Se.
Technical Staff:Adam Adamski,Małgorzata Drwięga, M. Se.Erazm Dutkiewicz, M.Sc.Luba Glebowa,Roman Hajduk, E.E.Ewa Lipińska, M.Sc., E.E.
Jacek Prokop, Ph.D.Bogusław Rajchel, Ph.D.
Stanisław Łazarski, M.Sc.Stanisław MarandaMarzena Mitura, M.Sc.Czesław SarneckiZbigniew Szklarz
OVERVIEW:
The scientific activity during 1998 was grouped in our Department in two main domains: the nuclearspectroscopy with the application of the multidetector systems and studies of condensed matter properties withthe use of nuclear methods. In addition, non-nuclear methods such like the atomic force microscopy, providedseveral new results.
Via deep-inelastic and multi-nucleon transfer reactions, valuable spectroscopic data were gained for someneutron-rich Ar nuclei with interesting results for their 2+ excitation systematics. In the closed shell nucleus^Ni, an important information on the 8+ excitation was deduced from the finding of an isomeric 19/2" state in69Cu.
The studies with the use of the Recoil Filter Detector at the GAREL+ provided new data on 199At and inheavy Th nuclei, thus proving the usefulness of the RFD in the forthcoming experiments with the EUROBALLarray. In the Giant Dipole Resonance (GDR) studies, among other findings, the entrance channel effects in thedecay of the compound 170W decay seem to be spotted.
It has been proved that the Perturbed Angular Correlation technique is a sensitive "phase-meter": in the Au-In intermetallic compound a new and yet rather unknown phase was detected. Several new properties ofvarious compounds and alloys were investigated by the Compton scattering, positron annihilation and lowtemperature Mössbauer spectroscopy techniques. It is hard to summarise in short all those results and thereader is referred directly to the contributions.
The Van de Graaff accelerator proton beam was used in PIXE and RBS methods to investigate both lowconcentrations and properties of surface layers modified by ion implantation. On the Van de Graaffaccelerator, a microprobe device has been successfully installed which will provide a beam of protons witha spot in the range of a micrometer for aforementioned and other studies.
A bulk of the experimental data has been obtained owing to the international co-operation and scientificexchange supported by the Polish State Committee for Scientific Research (KBN) with several home andinternational institutes. Exchange programs with France (Convention I N2 P3 and Jumelage), Germany(Universities of Münster, Konstanz and Göttingen), Italy (INFN-Legnaro) and Ukraine (Sumy) provideda substantial support for carrying out several research activities.
JrrofessorJan Styczeń
47
REPORTS ON RESEARCH: PL9902440
Gamma-Ray Spectroscopy of Neutron-Rich Ar Nuclei
B. Fornal, R. Broda, W. Królas, T. Pawłat, J. Wrzesiński, D. Bazzacco1, S. Lunardi1,C. Rossi Alvarez1, G. Viesti1, G. de Angelis2, M. Cinausero2, D. Napoli2, and J. Gerl3
1l'Universita' and INFN, Padova, Italy; 2INFN Laboratori Nazionali di Legnaro, Italy; 3GSI, Darmstadt, Germany
Neutron-rich nuclei close to the N = 28 shell closure have recently attracted a particular interest. Werner etal. [1], on the basis of self-consistent mean-field calculations, suggested, that the major N = 28 shell gapdisappears when approaching Z = 16. Some of these species have been investigated using a technique ofintermediate-energy Coulomb excitation of radioactive beams. Energies of the 2i+ states and B(E2;0+
gs-->2i+)values in 40>42S and in 44<46Ar [2] have been measured. The studies, however, could not locate higher excitations.
In a series of recent experiments we have shown that the yrast spectroscopy of hard-to-reach neutron-rich nuclei,populated in heavy-ion multinucleon transfer reactions («15% above Coulomb barrier), can be studied verysuccessfully in y-y thick target measurements (e.g. [3]). In these deep-inelastic collisions the population of yrast statesis strongly favoured.
A possibility for reaching new nuclei in the N = 28 neutron-rich region offered a 4 8 Ca beam. Weperformed an experiment at the tandem accelerator in Laboratori Nazionali di Legnaro bombarding a target of0.74 mg/cm2 4 8 Ca (backed by 40 mg/cm2 of evaporated ^ P b ) with a beam of 140 MeV 4 8 Ca ions. The y-ycoincidences were collected with the Euroball array. Fusion-evaporation was a main reaction channel whereasmultinucleon transfer processes, leading to nuclei from the vicinity of 4 8Ca, accounted for less than 1% of thetotal reaction cross section.
Despite very low production yield of nuclei around 4 8 Ca investigations of excited states in some of themwere allowed by the high resolving power of the Euroball array. Among many interesting findings, yrast statesup to J* = 6+ in the '"Ar nucleus were located. We have also observed the 2+ -» 0+ transition in theN = 28 4 6Ar isotope and established its energy at 1577(1) keV. The systematics of known yrast levels in heavyAr isotopes, including newly placed excitations is shown in Fig. 1.
5
4
Ä 3LU
1
O
( 6 H
J4*
O +
( 6
<4H
2 +
o*
• • >
695
') j1589
115©5 7 "1577
3 8Ar
4 OAr
4 2Ar
44Ar V
2 8
Fig. I : Systematics of yrast states in neutron-rich Ar isotopes. Arrows indicate the transitionsobserved in this work.
References:1. T. R. Werner et al., Phys. Lett. 335B (1994) 259;2. H. Scheit et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 77 ( 1996) 3967;3. R. Broda et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 68 (1992) 1671.
48
PL9902441
Yrast Spectroscopy of N = 82, 83 Isotopes 136Xe and 137Xe from 248Cm Fission
P.J. Daly1, P. Bhattacharyya1, C.T. Zhang1, R. Broda, B. Fornal, Z.W. Grabowski1,1. Ahmad2,T. LaurHsen2, L.R. Morss2, W. Urban3, W.R. Phillips4, J.L. Durell4, M.J. Leddy4, A.G. Smith4,
B.J. Varley4, N. Schulz5, E. Lubkiewicz5, M. Bentaleb5, and J. Blomqvist6
'Chemistry and Physics Depts, Purdue University, W. Lafayette, USA; 2Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, USA;institute of Experimental Physics, Warsaw University, Warsaw, Poland; ''Departments of Physics and Astronomy,
University of Manchester, United Kingdom;sInstitut de Recherches Subatomiques, Universite Louis Pasteur,Strasbourg, France; 6Department of Physics Frescati, Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
There is special interest in the spectroscopy of the few-valence-particle nuclei, around doubly-magic 132Sn,which can yield information about nucleon-nucleon interactions and effective charges in an important sector ofthe nuclidic chart. Our knowledge of the structure of 132Sn and its neighbors derives mainly from ß-decaystudies of short-lived fission product radionuclides. However, recent investigations using large y-ray detectorarrays to study fission fragments from actinide sources have opened prospects for broad and detailedexploration of the yrast spectroscopy of the 132Sn region [1].
We have been investigating the yrast excitations in the Z = 50-54, N = 80-84 range of nuclei by analyzingfission product y-ray data acquired at Eurogam II using a 248Cm source. We have now extended these studiesto the four-valence-proton N = 82 nucleus 136Xe, and to its N = 83 neighbor 137Xe. In the present work,possible gamma-ray cascades populating the long-lived 136Xe 6+ isomer following 248Cm fission could beidentified by using cross-coincident y-rays from complementary fission fragments. Close inspection of the yycross coincidences observed with known 106~109Mo y-rays led to firm identification of two moderately strong y-ray cascades feeding the 136Xe 3 us isomer, thus locating new high-lying yrast states in this nucleus. It waseasier to study the N = 83 nucleus 137Xe because its 248Cm fission yield is higher (1.5%), and the only knownyrast isomer in 137Xe, with a half-life of «8 ns, in no way hindered the detection by yy coincidencemeasurements of y-ray cascades feeding from above.
For both nuclei, the yrast level spectra have been considerably extended, and empirical nucleon-nucleoninteractions have been used to assign probable shell model configurations. The results are shown in Fig. 1.
4687
- - 19/2"
1U36
36S
3Ü5 I
1O9J
3 1 2
1U46
13«.
3348E 2
2 9 « o - ^
(K2) 1 1 i t
~8 ns
8 5 8
270:
4382
32933IVS2
2204.IV34
3 4 14 O o |
122ft 1
I E 2 162O
1220
()
iAeK2137 X e »
Fig. 1 : The 136Xe and 137Xe level schemes with dominant shell model configurations indicated.
Reference:
1. Zhang et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 77 (1996) 3743.
49
PL9902442
Angular Distributions of Gamma Rays from Binary Reactions Products
T. Pawlat, R. Broda, B. Fornal, W. Krolas, J. Wrzesinski, D. Bazzacco1, S. Lunardi1,C. Rossi Alvarez1, and G. de Angelis2
Universita di Padova and INFN, Italy; 2Laboratori Nazionali di Legnaro, INFN, Italy
Gamma spectroscopy studies using deep-inelastic heavy ion reactions yielded many results concerning yraststructures of hard-to-reach nuclei, especially of those located in the neutron-rich region [1, 2]. Assignments of newidentified states were usually based on arguments following from the systematics and/or theoretical cosiderations.Continous effort was devoted to extract information on transition multipolarities from y-ray angular distributions,however only very few meaningful results could be obtained [3].
In a more general analysis we used the data from the GASP y-coincidence measurement in the B0Te + MNicollisions to derive angular distributions of y-rays emitted from various nuclear products of binary reactions.Some of these results reported earlier [4] indicated that y-ray anisotropies useful for spin-parity assignmentswere observed only in those products which are located close to the target or projectile nuclei, i.e. which areproduced to large extent by quasielastic processes. On the other hand transitions from deep-inelastic productsinvolving transfer of larger mass did show isotropic distributions.
We have analysed now in a similar way the data from high-statistics GASP experiment 20SPb +Essentialy features outlined above were fully confirmed. Examples of characteristic angular distributions aredisplayed in Fig. 1. Anisotropies observed in the case of 207Pb transitions allow to confirm earlier adoptedcharacterisations; the results obtained for known transitions in the 200Hg isotope show nearly perfect isotropy.Whereas such result may contain information on mechanism of angular momentum transfer in deep-inelasticreactions, for practical use of spin-parity assignments one is forced to resort to gamma angular correlationanalysis which demands significantly higher statistics.
207Pb 627 keV E2 207Pb 593 keV M1+E2
1,20
59 72
theta(deg)
90 59 72
theta(deg)
90
Fig. 1: Examples of y-ray angular distributions obtained in our study.
References:1. B. Fornal et al., Acta Phys. Pol. B26 (1995) 357;2. R. Broda et al., Proc. of Conf. "Fission and Properties of Neutron-Rich Nuclei", Sanibel Island 1997, World
Scientific (1998) 202;3. Z.T. Zhang et al., Nucl. Phys. A628 (1998) 386;4. T. Pawkt et al., Proc. of Conf. "Heavy Ion Physics", Dubna, Russia, 1997, World Scientific (1998) 514.
50
The New 19/2 Isomeric State in 69Cu PL9902443
R. Broda, B. Fornal, W. Krolas, T. Pawlat, J. Wrzesinski, D. Bazzacco1, S. Lunardi1,C. Rossi Alvarez1, and G. de Angelis1
' INFN Padova University andLNL Legnaro, Italy
In the gamma-ray spectroscopic studies of neutron-rich nuclei around the closed N = 40 neutron subshell69isotope we reported recently the identification of the 13/2+isomeric state in the one-proton 69Cu nucleus
[1]. The yrast and near yrast levels populated in this isomeric decay were assigned and interpreted byemploying also essential information from the earlier 69Ni radioactive decay study [2]. The structure of the
isomer was established to arise fromthe coupling of the p3/2 proton with^ n e u . t r o n (g^p,,^1^" isomericstate of the 68Ni core nucle-us. Weperformed now deta-iled analysis ofthe gamma coincidence data from
(19/2") - 2 0 n »
3147seve-ral experiments, in which Cu
2846 was produced in deep-inelasticprocesses, with the aim to search forhigher lying states in this nucleus.Data from the ^ ^
2033
1770
(11/2*)(7/2*>
198Pt+76Geexperiments were analysed; delayedgamma coincidences clearlyindicated the exist-ence of yetanother isomer in 69Cu which decayspredomi-nantly by the 210-742 keVtransition cascade to the 13/2+
isomer. Several other decaybranches passing by the isomer werealso establi-shed. This decayfeatures as well as the value ofisomeric half-life of 20ns allowed tosuggest with reasonable cer-taintythe 19/2" spin-parity assignment ofthe isomer. The isomeric stateappar-ently arises from the couplingof the P3/2 proton with two-neutron(g29/2)8+ excitation. Such 8+ statewas recently identified in the 70Niisotope [3], but it was not known inthe *Ni core nucleus. The 19/2"isomer presently identified in 69Cuallows to predict within 100 keV the
expected position of the 8+ state in ^ i , thus simplifying future spectroscopic search for this important state.
References:1. R. Broda et al., Proc. of the Int. Conf. on Fission and Properties of Neutron-Rich Nuclei, Sanibel Island,
Florida 1997, ed. by J.H. Hamilton and A.V. Ramayya, World Scientific (1998) 202;2. U. Bosch et al., Nucl. Phys. A477 (1988) 89;3. R. Grzywacz et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 81 (1998) 766.
3/2
29 40
Fig. 1: Yrast levels of 69Cu. Low spin level structure of N = 40 68Nicore nucleus is shown on the right..
PL9902444
Five-Valence-Proton N = 82 Isotone 137Cs
51
R. Broda, PJ. Daly1, C.T. Zhang1, P. Bhattacharyya1, B. Fornal, Z.W. Grabowski1, J.F. Cocks2,P.A. Butler2, P.T. Greenlees2, G.D. Jones2, P.M. Jones3, R. Julin3,1.Y. Lee4,
A.O. Macchiavelli4, and J. Blomqvist5
1 Purdue University, West Lafayette, USA; 2 University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK; 3 University of Jyvaskyla,Jyvaskyla, Finland; 4Lawrence Berkeley Nat. Lab., Berkeley, CA, USA; 5Dept. of Physics Frescati, Royal Institute
of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
Yrast structures were studied in a broad range of N = 82 isotones from the neutron-rich doubly-magic I32Snto the very neutron-deficient Hf isotope. Recently experimental information on yrast and near-yrastexcitations in the 1 3 4Te and 1 3 5 I , two-and three-valence proton isotopes, was significantly extended usingprompt gamma-ray spectroscopy in the 2 4 8 Cm spontaneous fission [1]. Surprisingly, among the N = 82isotones, yrast levels of the five-valence-proton 1 3 7Cs nucleus, otherwise broadly recognised radioactive
isotope, remained till now completelyunknown. Such spectroscopic studieswere not possible with standard methods,
Eo a l - Ee x p [keV]
LU
(31/2 )-5494.0
(29/2*471.2
•5022.8
- 4776.5 614.7425.0
1567.4
- 4351.5(27/2~) 4408.1
811.S
(23/2~ - 3496.1 -3465.2
-2
-16
+16
+7-3
712.2 681.1
(17/24)
(15/Bł)
890.2
- 2784.1 + 4 3
— 1893.9
— 1671.6
7/2'
487.0
119«
— 1184.6
-15
-30
-38
-14137Cs
Fig. 1 : Yrast levels of 137Cs. Differences of theoretical andexperimental level energies are given in right column.
since 137Cs cannot be accessed; neither inthe fusion process, nor in spontaneousfission, for which the production yield isexceedingly small.
In order to fill this gap, we analysedthe gamma-coincidence data from ourearlier 136Xe + 232Th GAMMASPHEREexperiment [2], in which 137Cs wasproduced by the one-proton transfer andyrast levels were populated in the deep-inelastic part of the cross-section. The1184 and 487 keV lowest lyingtransitions in the 137Cs yrast scheme wereidentified by observing cross-coincidences with the X-rays of Acpartner nuclei in the reaction exit channeland confirmed by a weak population ofthe 1184 keV level in the 137Xeradioactive decay. Fig. 1 shows thecomplete structure of 37Cs yrast levelsestablished in our analysis. Thestraightforward interpretation is given inFig. 1 where main configurations of five-valence protons coupling to various spins,up to the 31/2- maximum value, areindicated.
The quantitative comparison of level energies with theoretical shell model calculations, involving semi-empirical interactions and performed prior to experimental results, demonstrated spectacularly the predictivepower of the shell model [3].
References:1. C.T. Zhang et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 77 (1996) 3743;2. J.F.C. Cocks et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 78 (1997) 2920;3. J. Blomqvist, Acta Phys. Pol. B (in press).
52
4 8 Ca + ^ C a Euroball Experiment PL9902445
W. Królas, R. Broda, B, Fornal, T. Pawłat, J. Wrzesiński, D. Bazzacco1, S. Lunardi1,C. Rossi Alvarez1, D.R. Napoli1, J. Gerl2, and A. Dewald3
1 Padova University and INFN, Italy; 2 GSI Darmstadt, Germany; s Köln University, Germany
We have performed a three day measurement of the 48Ca + 48Ca reaction at the european large gammaarray EUROBALL. The beam of 140 MeV 48Ca ions was delivered by the XTU Tandem at Legnaro NationalLaboratories. The ion source was running for three days using a 17 mg calcium hydrate CaH2 pill enriched toabout 70% 48Ca content. The material was prepared at Köln University in a procedure designed for optimizingthe ion source output. The 0.74 mg/cm2 4 Ca target was made of 92.9% enriched material evaporated on40 mg/cm2 208Pb backing. The front side of the target was covered by a 0.06 mg/cm2 layer of evaporated 208Pbto protect the Ca surface from oxidation. The bombarding beam ions of 48Ca at 140 MeV were slowed down inthe thin Pb layer by less than 0.5 MeV and in the Ca target material by 11 MeV. The incident energy of140 MeV and 129 MeV at both ends of the Ca target corresponds to collision energy 24% and 14% above theCoulomb barrier respectively. The beam particles and all reaction products were stopped in the thick backing.
The EUROBALL multidetector array operated in Legnaro in a complex setup made up of three groups of detectors.At the time of the experiment it consisted of 14 cluster detectors (7 germanium segments each) at backward angles, 26clovers (4 segments each) at 90° and 29 single crystal tapered detectors that covered the forward angles. An absoluteefficieny of about 7% was measured for the whole instrument. The data acquisition system was set to record all 3-foldand higher fold events. Altogether 5*109 events were stored on tape. The sorting and preliminary analysis of the datawas conducted at Padova University using the GSORT-TRACKN programs. Gamma spectra in the range of 4 and20 MeV were calibrated and aligned from source measurements. The final energy resolution of 2.7 and 5 keV wasachieved for lines of 1099 and 3833 keV, respectively. A dedicated addback procedure was applied for the sorting ofcomposite detectors data. By summing up the energies recorded in two neighboring segments instead of treating bothof them as separate hits we enhanced the peak-to-total ratio and the efficiency of detection especially for high energygammas.
First results of the experiment were some spectroscopic findings in nuclei close to 48Ca beam and targetnucleus. The deep-inelastic processes and few nucléon transfer from and to 48Ca populate a number of exoticneutron rich nuclei. The structure of most of them is poorly known as they are unaccessible by standardgamma spectroscopy techniques. In another contribution to this report we describe new results obtained for
4Ar and Ar isotopes [1].The reaction cross section is dominated by fusion-evaporation. The strongest reaction channel is the 4
neutron evaporation which leads to MZr evaporation residue. Other isotopes in the vicinity are produced aswell, including 91Zr and 93Zr and some Y and Sr nuclei produced in processes involving charged particlesevaporation. In the coincidence analysis level schemes for 9 Zr, % Zr and 3Zr isotopes were established. Due tohigh reaction cross section the ^Zr results are most complete and represent a significant extension of theexisting structure data [2]. A total of 130 gamma transitions were placed into a level scheme that extends up to16 MeV excitation energy. The angular distributions of strong transitions are now analysed to determine theirmultipolarities and make tentative spin assignments. We expect spins of the highest observed states of about 30units. To extend further the high spin study in search for predicted interesting shape phenomena in mediummass Zr isotopes we plan to perform new experiment at higher bombarding energy.
References:1. B. Fornal et al., contribution to this report;2. G. Korschinek et al., Proc. Int. Conf. on Nucl. Structure, Tokyo, vol. 1 (1977) 326.
53_ ! • • • • • ! • I • • I
PL9902446
High-Energy y-Ray Spectra from 170W Formed in Different ReactionsM. Kmiecik, A. Maj, A. Bracco1, F. Camera1, and B. Herskind2
''INFN Milano, Italy; 2 NBI Copenhagen, Denmark
We have studied the dependence of the decay of the compound nucleus 170W in the entrance channel in 2reactions differing in mass symmetry: ^ i + U0Pd at bombarding energies of 255 and 260 MeV, and48JJ + i22je a t 208 ancj 215 MeV, producing 170W at excitation energies of 56 and 61 MeV, correspondingly.The experiments were performed using the beams from the Tandem+Booster facility of the TandemAccelerator Laboratory of the Niels Bohr Institute, Copenhagen. The detection system used was a combinationof the HECTOR and PEX arrays.
A small, but meaningful, difference was observed for the a-xn channel in the average numbers of emittedneutrons at the highest angular momenta [1]. This effect was attributed to possible longer formation times inthe more mass symmetric reaction and to the emission of a-particles before full equilibration of the compoundnucleus, during its formation phase.
In order to see whether any difference will also be present in the GDR y-decay, the high energy y-rayspectra were measured in these reactions in coincidence with discrete lines. The results from the higherexcitation energy, E* = 61 MeV, are shown in the Fig. 1. The total, ungated, spectra are shown in Fig. la. Thespectra gated by the known discrete transitions in I66W, 167W and W (i.e. in residual nuclei after pureneutron evaporation) are shown in Fig. lb; and spectra gated by transitions in I63Hf and 164Hf (i.e. after a3nand a2n evaporation) - in Fig. 1 c. In order to see any variance, related to the entrance channel, the ratios ofyields for the titanium and nickel induced reactions are shown in the bottom of Fig. 1. As can be seen, there isno noticeable difference visible in the total spectra, at least below 14 MeV. The poor statistics in the gatedspectra prevent us from drawing any conclusions about the GDR part.
The calculations performed with the Monte-Carlo version of the CASCADE evaporation code (usingtypical GDR parameters for this mass region: S = 1, EGDR= 14.4 MeV and F = 8 MeV) are also shown in thefigure. The Monte-Carlo approach enabled to make similar selections as in the experiment, i.e. the gates on thesame residua were set. Since we did not fit the GDR parameters explicitly, the agreement is not perfect, but theslopes (which depend on the temperature of the decaying system) are satisfactorily reproduced. One can alsonotice that the slope for the axn channel is larger, indicating a lower effective temperature, which might be dueto the fast emission of a-particles, as suggested in [1].
0.014 1 8 6 1 0 1 4 1 8 6
E n e r g y [M e V ]1 0 1 4 1 8
Fig. 1: High energy y-ray spectra measured in the reactions 260 MeV 60Ni on 1I0Pd (triangles) and 215 MeV 48Ti on122Te (circles): a) total, b) gated by discrete lines in xH-channel, c) gated by discrete lines in can channel. In thebottom: the ratio of the Ti- and Ni-induced spectra. Solid lines are from the statistical model calculations.
Reference:1. M. Kmiecik et al., Eur. Phys. J. Al (1998) 11.
54PL9902447
Probing the Shape of Hot 194Hg with the GDR Decay in Selected Cascades
F. Camera1, A. Bracco1, S. Leoni1, B. Million, M. Mattiuzzi1, M. Pignanelli1,A. Maj, M. Kmiecik, R. Bark2, J. Bearden2, and J.J. Gaardhoje2
1INFN Milano, Italy;2 NBI Copenhagen, Denmark
High energy y-rays emitted in the decay of the hot compound nucleus 194Hg , formed in the reaction142 MeV 30Si on 164Dy, have been measured in coincidence with the low-energy, discrete y transitions in theresidual nuclei. The excitation energy of the compound 194Hg nucleus was 60 MeV, and the maximum angularmomentum * 41 h. The experiment was performed at the Niels Bohr Institute, using a combination ofNordball and HECTOR arrays.
In the upper left panel of Fig. 1 the low-energy Ge spectra from Nordball are shown for 2 differentconditions on the high energy y-rays from HECTOR. One (lower spectrum) is in coincidence with high energyy-rays with Ey > 3 MeV, while the other (upper one) - with EY > 10 MeV. One readily sees that the relativeintensity of the low spin transition of the populated residual nuclei 19(fag (4n channel), 18ifag(5n channel) and 19IHg (3n channel) depends on the energy of the gating transitions. This can also be seen inthe bottom panel of Fig. 1, where the relative cross-sections of the particular decay channel, deduced from thediscrete line intensities, as a function of the lower limit of the gate on high-energy y-rays are shown. A gatewith Ey > 10 MeV enhances the 3n channel, since the GDR y-ray replaces a neutron in the decay sequence.Reversing the argumentation, the spectrum associated with the 3n channel is the most interesting in the GDRstudies, because in this spectrum the contribution of the statistical gamma rays (4-8 MeV), that constitutesa background, is significantly reduced. Indeed, as one can see in the right panel of Fig. 1, the GDR bump ismuch more pronounced in the spectrum gated by the discrete lines in Hg (3n channel) as compared to thetotal spectrum.
The results were analysed within the framework of the Monte-Carlo version of the statistical modelCASCADE. The relative residues cross-section dependence on the energy of the gating y-ray (bottom leftpanel) is reproduced relatively well, giving confidence in the statistical model parameters used. Moreover, thecalculated GDR spectra, total and gated by 3n channel, agree very well with the experimental data (rightpanel of Fig. 1). The GDR parameters, fitting the best the spectra, were S = 1, EQDR = 14 and F = 6.5 MeV.
3n
EtfBaFj) > 3 M«V •
100
100200 300 400
y Energy [keV]500
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11EG[MeV]
~4 5 8 10 12 it*"'y Energy [MeV]
Fig. 1: Ge spectra with different gating conditions on high energy y-rays (upper left panel); relative evaporationresidue cross-section vs. energy of the gating transitions (bottom left); high energy y-ray spectra: total and gated bydiscrete lines in 191Hg (right). The lines represent the statistical model calculation results.
PL990244855
Exotic Rotational Bands in I68Hf
P.G. Varmette1, B. Herskind2, G.H. Hagemann2, G. Sletten2, M. Bergström2, A. Maj,K.A. Schmidt2, W. Ma1, S.W. Odegard3, M.P. Carpenter4, T. Lauritzen4, R.V.F. Jansenss4,T.L. Khoo4, K.J. Lister4, S. Siem4, DJ. Hartley5, L.L. Riedinger5, J. Domsheit6, H. Hübel6,
A. Bracco7, S. Frattini7, and B. Million7
1 Mississippi State University, USA; 2 NBI Copenhagen, Denmark; 3 University of Oslo, Norway;4Argonne NationalLaboratory, USA; 5 University of Tennessee, USA; 6 University of Bonn, Germany; 7INFN Milano, Italy
Nuclei with N « 94 and Z « 71 constitute, according to the theoretical predictions [1], a new region ofexotic triaxial shapes coexisting with normal prolate deformation. Recently, an experiment was carried outusing the Gammasphere detector array to search for the predicted exotic band structures in the I68Hf massregion. The semi-symmetric reaction of 76Ge + ^Zr at 310 MeV from the ATLAS accelerator at Argonne wasused to populate very cold compound nuclei at the highest angular momentum. The first experiment wasa short test run used to find the optimum experimental parameters. A wobbling target was used to allow fora beam current of 5 pnA. The data had 3 Gevents of fold 5 and higher taken with Gammasphere withcollimators in place to obtain the cleanest conditions. In order to emphasise the highest spins, the sorted cubewas gated with additional conditions on the summed energy (H) and unsuppresed fold (K).
One exotic band associated with 168Hf has been discovered through the preliminary data analysis. Itconsists of 11 transitions with a regular spacing of 55 keV between adjacent peaks ranging from 700 keV -1200 keV region. Comparisons with the Ultimate Cranker [2] calculations indicate that this band is, mostlikely, a triaxially superdeformed band. A lifetime measurement has been planned to confirm the nature of theband.
2500
£ 2000
522keVin
(12+-10+)
570
, 10+=>8+)
500 600 700 000 900 1000 1100 1200 1300
EY (keV)
Fig. 1 : Sum of double gates on transitions in the triaxial superdeformed band connected to the y rast band
in168Hf.
References:1. S. Aberg, Nucl. Phys. A520 (1990) 35c;2. T. Bengtsson, Nucl. Phys. A496 ( 1989) 56.
56
Search for Exotic Shapes in 1651*7Hf PL9902449
J. Domscheit1, D.R. Jensen2, H. Hiibel1, G.B. Hagemann2, B. Herskind2, G. Sletten2,M. Bergstrom2, P. Varmette2'3, B.S. Nielsen2, W. Ma3, S. Frattini4, F. Demaria4, A. Maj, F. Camera4,
A. Bracco4, B. MilUon4, D. Napoli5, B.M. Nyako6, D.T. Joss7, and M. Aiche8
'University of Bonn, Germany; 2NB1 Copenhagen, Denmark;3 Mississippi State University, USA; 4INFNMilano,Italy; 5LNL Legnaro, Italy; 6ATOMKI Debrecen, Hungary; 7 University of Liverpool, UK;
8 University of Bordeaux, France
In the region of the light mass Lu and Hf isotopes shape coexistence has been predicted theoretically athigh angular momentum. Calculations of potential energy surfaces show minima at normal defor-mation, superdeformation with pronounced triaxiality (y «20°) and hyperdeformation. The, presumably,triaxial superdeformed shapes have been found experimentally in Lu isotopes [1-3] and in 168Hf [4].However, it has so far not been possible to identify the hyperdeformed states.
We have performed an experiment to search for exotic shapes in 165"167Hf by use of a very coldnear-symmetric reaction. High-spin states were populated in the 74Ge + %Zr reaction with a Ge beam of310 MeV from the ALPI accelerator at LNL Legnaro. A total of 3.96xlO9 coincidences with F > 5 unsup-pressed Ge-detector events was measured with the EUROBALL spectrometer. The coincidences were sortedinto three-dimensional (cube) and four-dimensional (hypercube) arrays using RADWARE. Several searchroutines are applied to look for new bands in V66"168Hf. The preliminary analysis revealed several candidatesfor weak band structures which are presently under further investigation. In addition, it was sorted a so-called 4D-rotational plane of fourfold event which satisfies the equations: |(Ei - E2) - (E2- E3X < 8 and|(E] + E4) - (E2+ E3)| < 8. This method emphasises the rotational band structures significantly. This 2D-matrix shows several indications for bands with different moments of inertia. Seven new normal deformedand three high-K bands have been found in 166Hf. The ground band has been extended to spin 32+, andthe three other formerly known bands (the AB-band, the AE-band and the AF-band) have also beenextended to spin 40+, 41" and 40+ respectively. The new seven bands would in the left side of Fig. 1 besituated between the high-K band and the four other bands shown. There seems to be an upper limit overwhich no rotational bands are observed. As a consequence of the extensions of the AE-, AB- and AF-bandsa new alignment begins to show up at a frequency of 00 « 500 keV. This increase in aligned angularmomentum is probably due to the break up of a pair of protons in the hn/2-subshell. Further analysis is inprogress.
3000
1000
0
: i : i ;
1 "~k! ^
/
is,* •
—A- JiF,(-,0—V- AE.(-,1
- O - JlB.lt'.l)- • - - XI, (-,1- O ~ XI, (-J)
%
mIs
30
SPTN40 100 200 300 400 SOO
ho(keV)800
Fig. 1: Left: the excitation energies of the four known now extended bands and the new high-K band as a functionof spin relative to a rigid rotor. Right: the alignment of the same five bands.
References:1. W. Schmitz et al., Nucl. Phys. A539 (1992) 112; Phys. Lett. B303 (1993) 230;2. H. Schnack-Petersen et al., Nucl. Phys. A594 (1995) 175;3. S. TOrmanen et al., II Nouvo Cim. 111A (1998), and Phys. Lett. B (submitted);4. B. Herskind et al., to be published; P.G. Varmette, previous contribution.
PL9902450 57
Shape Coexistence in Odd-Odd N = Z 46V
CD. O'Leaiy12, M.A. Bentley1, D.E. Appelbe2, R.A. Bark3, D.M. CuUen2, S. Erturk2,A. Maj, J.A. Sheikh4, and D.D. Warner5
'Staffordshire University, UK; 2 University of Liverpool, UK; 3 NBI Copenhagen, Denmark;4 University of Surrey, UK; 5Daresbury Laboratory, UK
High-spin states in 46V were investigated using the PEX detector apparatus at the Niels Bohr InstituteTandem Accelerator Laboratory. A ^Si beam at a laboratory energy of 87 MeV incident upon a 500 |u.g/cm2
24Mg target produced 46V via the 24Mg(28Si, pdf*V reaction. Detail on the experimental apparatus andprocedures is given in [1]. Coincidence relationships and intensity measurements were used to construct therevised level scheme for 46V shown in Fig. 1. Angular correlation techniques were used in conjunction withfeeding patterns to determine spins, parity assignments were based on the feeding patterns and a knowledgeof the maximum cumulative lifetime of the decays. As in previous work [2] the ground state spin and isospin of46V are assigned to be J* = 0+ and T = 1 in common with all other fog-shell odd-odd N = Z nuclei (except58Cu).
The revised and considerably extended level scheme contains two separate structures built upon the groundstate. The yrast structure A, B possess irregular level spacings despite the stretched-£2 sequence, indicative ofnon-collective behaviour. It can be seen how the J* = 3+, 4+, 5+, 6+ and T states could be constructed throughsimple couplings of two un-paired particles in a f^-shell valence space, with the large gap to theJ" = 8+ and 9+ states requiring a more energetic, multi-particle excitation. Structures E and (in particular) C, Dhowever, have rotational-like level spacings suggestive of collective behaviour. With 3 protons and 3 neutronsabove the 40Ca core this behaviour might be expected and has been observed in other nuclei near the centre ofthe shell. Thus the possibility arises that 46V can have a prolate deformation in common with other mid i-ja-shell nuclei.
Cranked shell-model calculations were performed to produce the total Routhian surface plot for 46V atco = 0 shown in the inset of the figure. This shows almost degenerate prolate-deformed and spherical minima,with the structure labelled A, B in the figure presumably corresponding to the latter.
Fig. 1: Level scheme of 46V. In the inset: totalRouthian surface plot obtained from the shell-model calculations.
References:
1. CD. O'Leary et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 79(1997)4349;
2. Nuclear Data Sheets 68 (1993).
58
PL990245Ï"
First Observation of Excited States in 199At with the Recoil Filter Detector
W. Męczyński, P. Bednarczyk, R. Chapmann1, S. Courtin2, J. Grębosz, F. Hannachi3, P.M. Jones4,J. Kownacki5, M. Lach, CF. Liang3, A. Lopez-Martens2, K.H. Maier6, J.C. Merdinger^,D. Middleton1, M. Palacz5, P. Paris, N. Schulz2, M.B. Smith1, K. Spohr1, M. Wolińska5,
M. Ziębliński, and J. Styczeń
'University of Paisley, Paisley, Scotland, U. K; 'Institut de Recherches Subatomiques, Strasbourg, France;3 Centrede Spectrométrie Nucléaire et de Spectrométrie de Masse, Orsay, France; 4 University ofjyväskylä, Jyväskylä,
Finland; 5Heavy Ion Laboratory, University of Warsaw, Warszawa, Poland; 6Hahn-Meitner Institut, Berlin, Germany
Theoretical predictions point out that a region of stable ground-state deformation should exist above theZ = 82 proton and below the N = 126 neutron shell in nuclei very far from the valley of stability. For astatineisotopes (Z = 85) the collective features should be pronounced in very light 199At nucleus.
The 141 MeV a S i pulsed beam with 430 ns repetition time from the V1VITRON accelerator (IReSStrasbourg) bombarded a 0.7 mg/cm2 thick 175Lu target. The y-rays were detected by 14 Compton-suppressedHPGe-detectors of the GAREL+ set-up in coincidence with the evaporation residues separated by the RecoilFilter Detector (RFD) [1]. The yy-recoil coincidence requirement very strongly suppresses the high fissionbackground and gives clearly resolved 199Po and 199At y-lines, invisible in the yy-projection [2]. The firstexcited state in 199At (Fig. 1) is about 200 keV lower than for the more neutron-rich 201'207At. The y-rayintensity ratios and the angular distribution of 434, 237 and 670 keV transitions (Fig. 2) suggest their Ml, Mland E2 character, respectively. Detailed data analysis is in progress.
1043
434
1370
670
199A*85 l 114
angle [deg]
199.Fig. 1 : Level scheme of low lying states in At.
References:1. W. Męczyński et al., IFJ Report 1782/PL (1997);2. W. Męczyński et al., Eur. Phys. J. A3 (1998) 31.
•199/Fig. 2: Angular distributions of y-rays ofThe 399 KeV E2 transition in 199Po is shown forcomparison.
PL990245259
Development of the Recoil Filter Detector for Spectroscopy of Very HeavyNuclei
W. M?czynski, P. Bednarczyk, J. Grebosz, A. Lopez-Martens1, F. Hannachi2, J.C. Merdinger1,N. Schulz1, A. Wilson3, M. Zieblinski, and J. Styczen
lInstitut de Recherches Subatomiques, Strasbourg, France; 2Centre de Spectrometrie Nucleaire et de Spectrometriede Masse, Orsay, France;3 University of York, York, U.K.
Results of recent experiments at GAREL+ (IReS Strasbourg) show that the Recoil Filter Detector (RFD)significantly improves in-beam spectroscopy measurements in heavy mass region where fission processdominates [1]. The RFD [2] measures evaporation residues (recoils) in coincidence with y-rays detected ina Ge-array. Recoiling heavy ions to be detected have to pass through a thin foil to knock out secondaryelectrons. This requirement would limit the application of the RFD for spectroscopic studies of very heavynuclei, if they are produced in fusion-evaporation reaction with low velocity.
In order to overcome this difficulty we have applied very thin, 0.8 \mx aluminised Mylar foils. The 220Threcoils with a kinetic energy of 6.5 MeV were produced in a reaction of 16O with 250 \aa thick 208Pb target at92 MeV. Fig. 1 shows the yy-spectrum and yy-recoil-gated spectrum. A significant improvement of thespectrum gated with the RFD is clearly seen. This demonstrates that the RFD used as an ancillary detectorwith efficient Ge-arrays can make feasible spectroscopic studies of very heavy and superheavy nuclei.
200a
150O-
1000-
500-
92 MeV 160 + 208Pb
Y-Y
|oO
1200
800
400
1OO 200 3O0 4OO SOO 6O
TOF [ns]
o • YY - recoil
Th X-rayseRaBRa
100 200 300Ey (keV)
400 500
Fig. 1: The ry and yy-recoil coincidence spectra (not normalised) measured with Ge-detectors and the RFD forO + 208Pb reaction at 92 MeV. Time-of-flight spectrum of recoils is shown in the inset.
References:1. W. Meczynski et al., Eur. Phys. J. A 3 (1998) 311;2. W. Meczyriski et al., IFJ Report 1782/PL (1997).
60
PL9902453
Hyperfine Interaction of Cd in Fe-Sn Compounds
B. Wodniecka, P. Wodniecki, A. Kulinska, and A. Hrynkiewicz
In the course of systematic study on Fe-Sn system the PAC measurements with l uCd probe in samples withdifferent tin concentrations were performed in the wide temperature range. The determined quadrupoleinteraction parameters for 11]Cd substituting for Sn in stoichiometric Fe-Sn compounds (quadrupole frequencyVQ, asymmetry parameter r\ and the slope b of vQ = VQ(0)(1- bTm) temperature dependence ) are collectedin Table 1.
For the Fe33.5Sn66.5 sample above the N6el tem-perature (TN= 380 K) one unique quadrupole interactionwith t| increasing with the temperature was observedand related to the probe atoms in 8(h) site of the C16-type FeSn2 phase [1]. Below TN the combined interactionwas evidenced. The magnetic field Bhf at the l uCdprobes of 0.7 T at room tremperature and of 1.2 T at 31K was found. Below TN the measured electric fieldgradient (EFG) increases with temperature and above TN
decreases approximately according to the T3/2 relation. InCoSn2 compound also the T3/2 character of the EFGtemperature dependence with the similar slope wasmeasured [2], contrary to the all other investigated C16compounds, where the linear temperature dependencewas observed.
The temperature dependence of the EFGs for u lCdin FeSn compound, similarly as in Niln and CoSnisostructural B35 compounds [2], follows the T3/2
relation (above TN = 370 K) with different slopeparameters b for each of the two observed axially
symmetric EFG's. The Fe6o.2Sn39.8 sample annealed for 330 h at 970 K contained the ferromagnetic Fe3Sn2 (Tc
= 657 K) high temperature phase [1]. The PAC measurements performed at 885 FC, 990 K, and 1016 Kshowed two axially symmetric EFGs, decreasing with the temperature and attributed to the 6(c)! and 6(c)n
probe sites. The strong site preference for one of these sites was evidenced (similarly as for 2(d) site in FeSncompound [3]).
Table 1: The QI parameters for l uCd in FeSn, FeSn2 and Fe3Sn2 compounds.
T.-3B8 K
0.06}
O.00
P(vo)r
Fe,^\—i 1
1—
11 FeSm
it.
3D,\_
_,ji ^..
tins]500 1000
vo[MHz]
Fig. 1: The PAC spectra with Fourier transforms formCd in Fe-Sn compounds at indicated temperatures.
CompoundFeSn
FeSn2
Fe3Sn2 ht
StructureB35
C16hR10
vo[MHzl258(1 /•>378(1 )(a)
141(1)223(l)(d)
186(l)(d)
ri0.000.00
0.27(1)0.000.00
b[\o-5K:m]0.25(1 )(b)
0.44(1 )(b)
0.29(2)(c)
Lattice site
2(d) 6m2l(a)6/mmm8(h) m.2m6(c) 3m6(c) 3m
<^at 388 K, m - above 380 K,(c) - above 468 K, w-at 885 K
The FesSn3 high temperature phase of B82 structure was reported to exist within a limited temperaturerange of 1055 K and 1183 K [1]. The PAC pattern measured for the Fe62.7Sn37.3 sample at 1077 K did notevidence any unique quadrupole interaction.
References:1. H. Okamoto and T.B. Massalski, Binary Alloy Phase Diagram (1987);2. P. Wodniecki, B. Wodniecka, A. Kulinska, and A.Z. Hrynkiewicz, J. Alloys and Comp. 264 (1998) 14;3. B. Wodniecka, K. Tomala, P. Wodniecki, M. Marszaiek, R. Kmiec, and A.Z. Hrynkiewicz,
Hyp. Int. 110(1997) 183.
PL990245461
Ion-Induced Phase Transition in the Au-In System
A. Kulinska, P. Wodniecki, M. Uhrmacher1, and K.P. Lieb1
1IIPhysikalisches Institut, Universittit Gdttingen, Germany
The Au-In equilibrium phase diagram exhibits a large number of intermetallic phases which recently havebeen explored via Perturbed Angular Correlation spectroscopy, using alloyed and/or diffused '"in probes.In the present work we report on the phase transition from Au?In3 (hexagonal, y'-phase) to AU9I114 (y-brassphase) [1,2] induced via Xe- or Ar-ion implantations. The electric field gradients for u lCd in both phaseshave recently been measured [2]. Since the u lIn tracer probes are chemically identical to the lattice atoms,they constitute an ideal hyperfine probe.
It was demonstrated that thin Au7oln3o films doped with implanted l uIn tracers undergo a y'-Au7In3 => y-AU9I114 phase transition when bombarded, at 80 K, with either 5x1015 132Xe ions/cm2 or lxlO!6 40Ar ions/cm2.We note that the overall sample temperature never has exceeded 300 K during or after the m In or noble-gasimplantations.
The PAC method has again beingproved to be a very sensitive "phasemeter" on a microscopic scale. Theinterpretation of the ion-induced phasetransition relies on the formation ofthermal spikes which in a largenumber of miscible metallic bilayershave been shown to reproduce theathermal mixing rates [3]. The (local)thermal spikes are being formedduring the ion-induced collisioncascades, whenever the energydeposition is large (several keV/nm),the intermixing elements are heavyenough (Z > 20) and the mixingenthalpy AHmix is negative [3]. Allthree conditions are fulfilled in thepresent system. As pointed out byJohnson et al. [4], the phase to beformed via ion implantation shouldhave a finite homogenity range whichis also fulfilled in the present case.
0,04
0,00
100 200t[ns]
0,0 0,5 1,0co [MHz]
Fig. 1: PAC spectra for an U1 In -doped Au7ln3 "multilayer" sampletaken before and after Xe implantation at 80 K.
It is interesting to note that the condensation time of the thermal spikes must be shorter than that whenquenching y-Au9In4 bulk samples. Such a quenching experiment of y-Auglru from above 700 K to roomtemperature within seconds has been described [1]. However, this quenching was not fast enough to freeze-inthe high-temperature y-Auglat phase. Rather a new and so far unknown phase had been found.
References:1. H. Okamoto and T. B. Massalski, Binary Alloy Phase Diagrams (1987);2. P. Wodniecki, A. Kulinska, B. Wodniecka, and A.Z. Hrynkiewicz, Z. Naturforsch. 53a (1998);3. W. Boise, Mat. Sci. Eng. R12 (1994) 53;4. W. L. Johnson, et al., Nucl. Instr. Meth. B7/8 (1989) 657.
62
PAC Studies of Indium Solubility in Iron PL9902455
P. Wodniecki, B. Wodniecka, A. Kulinska, M. Neubauer1, M. Uhrmacher1, and K.P. Lieb1
1II Physikalisches Institut, Universit&t Gottingen, Germany
Segregation of In in Fe-based alloys containing 0.11 - 2.12 at. % In has been studied by PAC method. Theprobe atoms were introduced into the alloys by either adding the carrier-free H I In during melting or via ionimplantation. Ageing of the samples at elevated temperatures followed by a slow cooling to room temperatureallowed us to determine the upper limit of the solubility at room temperature, S(300 K) < 30 at. ppm. Thisvalue is far below the 0.28 at.% value reported in [1]. Quenching of the samples in water from 973 - 1373 Kresulted in the determination of the indium solubility in iron at these elevated temperatures.
The In solubility in Fe can be calculated as S = On • fFe / [1 - Cin(l - fFe)], where C to is the nominal Inconcentration in the sample and fFe is probe fraction on substitutional Fe lattice sites. The fact that in the "as-molten" samples initially the fraction fFe is large and decreases after annealing proves that the applied meltingand cooling procedure did not assure thermal equilibrium in the alloy. Thus, the large In solubilities observedin these samples indicate a "freezing-out" of the higher solute In at elevated, but not well-defined temperatures.The apparent solubility values S obtained in the present work and collected in Fig. 1 refer to two differentannealing procedures. The points below 950 K are related to samples which were annealed at temperatures
"co
CO
L 2.12 HI .* In i ll.
0.01
0.001
0.41 it.% lit mull.an n.% m not.0.15 lt.% In m*tt.0.11 at.% In nMtt1.40at.«ln Inpl0.B5 u.% In Impl
In S
T[K]1400 1300 1200 1100 1000
-8
-9
-10
500 700 900 1100 1300
TalK]
- *
D
A
**.
0.150.11
s
at.%at.%
: ».
InIn
' • • * .
"••-•A
10-
0.7 0.8T1
0.9 1.010"5
Fig. 1: Apparent solubility S obtained after annealing(for T < 923 K) or quenching (T > 973 K).
Fig. 2: Arrhenius plot of the equilibrium solubility Sof In in Fe. Note the change at the y-Feo a-Fe phasetransition.
given in Fig. 1 and after slow cooling measured at room temperature. For reasons discussed above, thesenumbers do not represent equilibrium solubilities. The solubilities inserted at 973 - 1373 K in Fig. 1 have beenobtained after a fast quenching procedure and are believed to represent the "true" equilibrium solubilities.Fig. 1 shows that the 12-hour annealing at 923 K followed by a slow cooling to room temperature gives thesmallest indium solubility in iron, which was measurable only for samples with In concentrations below0.2 at.%. Thus, averaging over samples with C to of 0.11 at.% and 0.15 at.% In we obtained the value of15(15) at.ppm as the upper limit of indium solubility at room temperature.
In order to determine the In solubility in the range 973 - 1373 K, the PAC spectra were taken after rapidquenching of the samples with 0.11 and 0.15 at.% In in water. The solubilities obtained this way are plotted inFig. 1 and presented on a logarithmic scale in Fig. 2. The experimental points at 973 - 1173 K follow anArrhenius behavior, S(T) = 0.67 • exp[-Ea/kT], with an activation energy Ea = 0.78(6) eV. The deviations ofthe experimental points from this straight line for T = 1173 K are connected to the y-Fe o a-Fe phasetransition, taking place at 1190 K, as in y-Fe a lower indium solubility is expected [1].
Reference:1. W.G. Moffat, The Handbook of Binary Phase Diagrams (Genium Publ. Corp., New York, 1990).
PL990245663
Energy Dependent Beam Lifetimes for Stored Bare Uranium Ions
Th. Stöhlker1-2, T. LudziejewskF, H. Reich2, R.W. Dunford3, J. Eichler4, B. Franzke2,C. Kozhuharov2, G. Menzel2, P.H. Mokier2, F. Nolden2, P. Rymuza5, Z. Stachura, M. Steck2,
P. Świat6, A. Warczak6, and T. Winkler2
' IKP, University of Frankfurt, Germany; 2 GSI, Darmstadt, Germany; 3 ANL, Argonne, USA;4 Hahn-Meitner-Inst.,Berlin, Germany; 5 Institute for Nuclear Studies, Świerk, Poland; 6Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
Currently, there is a special interest in experiments with intense beams of highly charged ions deceleratedalmost to rest and captured in ion traps. It is expected that heavy ion storage rings can provide such beams,after further development of the deceleration technique and cooling efficiency. A success of such techniquedepends on precise knowledge of the charge-exchange processes of ions with residual gas in the ring. A roughestimate of a composition of the residual gas in the Experimental Storage Ring (ESR) in Darmstadt is 79% H2,20% N2 and 1% Ar at a mean pressure of about 10"n mbar. Cross section for charge exchange processes withsuch gas components was obtained using decelerated bare uranium ions of energy 49 - 358 MeV/u collidingwith a gas-jet target at the ESR. Details of the experiment are described in [1]. Total charge-exchange crosssections are derived by normalizing to the simultaneously measured REC photons yield which is known withaccuracy close to 1% level. Some of results obtained in the present experiment are shown in Table 1 andFig. 1.
Table 1 : Experimental beam lifetimes measured forstored bare uranium ions interacting with the gas-jet ^target at the ESR.
Beam energy(MeV/u)
49
49
68
68
68
220
220
220
220
358
358
Target
N2
CH4
N2
Ctt,
Ar
N2
CH4
Ar
Kr
N2
Ar
ThicknessPWxlO"
16
40
17
17
5
10
48
9.1
17
5
2.6
Coolercurrent(mA)
20
20
50
50
50
100
100
100
100
200
200
Lifetime(s)
28
57
49
83
6.7
468
265
192
33
1300
931
10O 600
beam energy (MeVAj)
Fig. 1 : Experimental lifetimes obtained at the variousbeam energies for the case of a N2 (solid points) and anAr (solid triangles) gaseous target (lxlO12 part./cm2)The solid and dashed lines (for the N2 and Ar targetrespectively) represent theoretical lifetime estimateswhere both radiative and nonradiative electron captureprocesses are considered. For details see [1].
Fig. 2: Total charge-exchangeRecombination rate in the electron cooler is ? ~f / 1 rate of a stored 68 MeV/u LT2+
estimated using the Bethe-Salpeter approach [2]assuming for the ion beam a transversetemperature of 0.2 eV. Even at low ion ener-gies, beam losses due to the residual gas couldbe neglected, what may be deduced from a linear dependence of charge-exchange rate on target thickness inFig. 2.
References:1. Th. Stöhlker et al., Phys. Rev. A 58 (1998) 2043;2. H. Bethe and E. Salpeter, "Quantum Mechanics of One- and Two-Electron Systems", Springer Verl., 1957.
64PL9902457
Experimental Resolution Reached in Recombination Measurementsat the Electron Cooler of the Storage Ring ESR
C. Brandau1, T. Bartsch1, C. Böhme1, F. Bosch2, G. Dunn3, B. Franzke2, A. Hoffknecht1,C. Knocke1, H. Knopp1, C. Kozhuharov2, A. Krämer2, P.H. Mokier2, A. Müller1, F. Nolden2,
S. Schippers1, Z. Stachura, M. Steck2, T. Stöhlker2'4, T. Winkler2, and A. Wolf6
; IKP, Justus-Liebig-Universität, Giessen, Germany; 2 GSI, Darmstadt, Germany; 3 JILA, Boulder, Colorado, USA;4 IKP, University of Frankfurt, Germany; 5 MPI für Kernphysik, Heidelberg, Germany
Dielectronic recombination (DR) and radiative recombination (RR) processes in collisions of the107.1 MeV/u U8^ ions with free electrons have been studied in the electron cooler of the ESR storage ring atGSI. Relative velocity between electrons and ions was varied by applying a sequence of predefined potentialsto the drift tubes in the cooler. Typically measuring time for each potential was 30 ms with 20 msa dipole magnet down-stream from the cooler and a second detector placed on the opposite side of the ringmonitored background events. Details of the experiment are described in [1].
From the DR spectra one can obtain precise knowledge of the resonance energies of doubly excited statesand information on the collision dynamics, transition matrix elements and branching ratios in the capture andde-excitation processes. The measurement of resonance line-shapes additionally provides information on thevelocity distribution of the cooler electron beam and/or the natural widths of the resonance states.
The detailed analysis of the data is underway. Some parts of recombination rate spectra are shown in Fig. 1and 2, and are compared with theoretical predictions by Zimmermann et al. [2]. The sharpness of the RR peakat Ecm = 0 demonstrates an excellently low electron beam transverse temperature and its very good coolingefficiency. As can be seen in Fig. 2, the energy resolution (energy spread of the ion and electron beams) isbetter or at least comparable with the natural linewidths of the DR resonances. Therefore, one can investigatethe validity of different approximations in DR theory by studying effects determining the lineshape,e.g. overlapping resonances or interference effects.
-20 -10 0 10 20
energy (eV| (cm., preliminary calibration)
Fig. 1 : Dielectronic and radiative recombination of Li-like U89i~. Preliminary experimental data and calculationsof the U88+(ls22p3/25/3/2) resonance group. Backgroundis not subtracted. "Negative" energies indicate thatelectrons are slower than ions in the laboratory frame.
e a io laRttetiv» «n«roy («V)
14
Fig. 2: Experimental data (shaded area) and theo-retical calculations [3] (solid line) for the U88+
(ls22p3/25/3/2) DR-resonance group. The RR contri-bution and the background have been subtracted.Calculated resonance lines are convoluted with thenatural linewidths and Maxwellian velocity distri-bution corresponding to the cooler cathode tempe-rature.
References:1. C. Brandau et al., Hyperfine Interaction 114 (1998) 263 and Physica Scripta T (1999) (in print);2. M. Zimmermann, N. Grün, and W. Scheid, private communication;3. T. Steih, W. Scheid, and N. Grün, private communication.
PL9902458 65
High Resolution Compton Study of Al-Li Alloy
J. Kwiatkowska, F. Maniawski, S. Kaprzyk1, N. Shiotani2,1. Matsumoto3, M. Itou3,H. Kawata4, and A. Bansil5
1 Academy of Mining and Metallurgy, Krakow, Poland; ^Tokyo University of Fisheries, Tokyo, Japan;
Graduate University for Advanced Studies, Tsukuba, Japan; 4Photon Factory, Tsukuba, Japan; 5NortheasternUniversity, Boston, USA
High resolution synchrotron-based Compton Scattering Spectroscopy has become a recognized technique forinvestigating electronic structure and Fermiology-related problems in materials and was found, in someaspects, superior to other well established spectroscopies like de Haas-van Alphen method, photoemission orpositron annihilation techniques. The Compton method probes the ground-state electronic structure and canuniquely access its fundamental properties like the size of Fermi surface discontinuities in the momentumdensity and its possible reduction due to correlation effects. As the Compton experiment does not require longelectronic mean free paths it can easily be performed also on disordered solids. The modern energy bandtheory, usually referred to as KKR-CPA [1,2], has dealt with the absence of translational invariance in suchsystems and provided a powerful first-principles, charge- and spin-self-consistent, parameter-free formalismfor treating the electronic properties of disordered alloys. In relation to Compton scattering results the self-consistent KKR-CPA calculations were for the first time performed and tested in our work on Ni-Cu andNi-Co alloys [3]. The study confirmed high potential of this formalism. Recently we have performed Comptonmeasurements on another random alloy, Al-3at%Li, using high resolution spectrometer at the KEK ARsynchrotron in Tsukuba. The profiles were measured for 9 crystallographic directions with the view toreconstructing 2D electron momentum density. Directional differences of the profiles revealed some anisotropyof the Fermi surface which is in accord with the KKR-CPA calculations. The experimental resolution of0.12 a.u. proved to be high enough to detect the fine structure present in the theoretical profiles. This structure,which is related to the features of the Fermi surface, is more apparent in the derivatives of the profiles and thusthose were also calculated and analysed. We refer the reader to Ref. [4] for thorough discussion and inter-pretation of these results. In addition we succeded in detecting, for the first time to our knowledge, the
effect of alloying on binding electrons. Thiseffect is present in the difference between thevalence electron Compton profiles of Al (from T.Ohata, to be published) and Al-3at%Li alloy, seethe figure. This difference, as calculated from thefree electron model (dashed line), is in the form ofa step function cutting off at Fermi momentum (inthis case 0.92 a.u.), with the area under the stepbeing equal to the number of valence electrons peratom by which Al and the alloy differ. As can beseen from the figure the experimental resultsmarkedly depart from the free electron picture. Weattribute this to high localization of the electronstaking part in the process of alloying aluminiumwith lithium. This effect is also present in the
KKR-CPA results (solid line represents resolution broadened theory) however, it must be concluded, has beenstrongly underestimated in the calculations.
With this result we show that the high resolution Compton scattering is the experimental technique which iscapable of determining directly the degree of localization and itinerancy of electrons in alloying processes.A detailed discussion of these results is to be published elsewhere.
References:1. S. Kaprzyk and A. Bansil, Phys. Rev. B42 (1990) 7358;2. A. Bansil, S. Kaprzyk, and J. Tobola, Mater. Res. Soc. Symp. Proc. 253 (1992) 505;3. A. Bansil, S. Kaprzyk, A. Andrejczuk, L. Dobrzynski, J. Kwiatkowska, F. Maniawski, and E. Zukowski,
Phys. Rev. 858(1998)314;4. I. Matsumoto, J. Kwiatkowska, F. Maniawski, S. Kaprzyk, A. Bansil, M. Itou, H. Kawata, and N. Shiotani,
J. Phys. Chem. Solids (in print).
CX 1 1 ]
o. -a. o. e o. s i . o i .T>x ( a . u . )
66
PL9902459
Polymorphic Behaviour of ErAuSn Compound
K. Latka \ E.A. Gorlich \ R. Kmiec R. Kruk, P. Lesniewski, A.W.J. Pacyna, and W. Chajec '1M. Smoluchowski Institute of Physics, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
(Work partly supported by the Polish State Committee for Scientific Research - KBN Grant No 2P03B 11612)
The rare-earth and their compounds display a rich variety of complicated magnetic structures owing to thecompetition between the exchange, the crystal- field and magnetoelastic interactions. It is well known that theindirect-exchange interaction of isotropic RKKY character usually favours incommensurate structures withlong-period magnetic modulation, while anisotropic crystal-field and magnetoelastic interactions may lead toan alignment of the magnetic moments along specific crystallographic axes inducing lock-in transitions tocommensurate phases. The most prominent examples are erbium and holmium elements as well as their alloyswhere plenty of magnetic structures were found. Among them RTSn (R = rare earth, T = Ag, Au)intermetallics have recently been intensively investigated owing to their intriguing magnetic behaviour [1],Here we report X-ray diffraction (XRD), magnetic ac (ACS) and dc (DCS) susceptibilities, and 119Sn M6-ssbauer Spectroscopy studies on two ErAuSn samples which were synthesised by arc-melting and rapidquenching in the furnace and a proper heat-treatment. XRD investigations show that as-quenched ErAuSnsample crystallises in the hexagonal structure of Caln2 - type (space group P63/mmc) while annealed sample
takes the well known cubic MgAgAs-type form (space group F 4 3m). ACS measurements proved that bothforms order antiferromagnetically at TN = 12.1(2) K and 18.1(3) K, respectively. The susceptibilities above TN
could be well fitted with the Curie-Weiss law, yielding negative paramagnetic Curie temperatures for bothstructural modifications and magnetic effective moments which are close to the theoretical value 9.58 ^B forEr3+ ion. The fact that no transition can be registered at the DCS curve for the cubic ErAuSn phase in themagnetic field Ho = 5 kOe is in favour with its metamagnetic character but this needs further elucidation. Theobserved temperature shift in the DCS maximum recorded in the magnetic field Ho= 98 Oe for both samples isanother hint of metamagnetism. Rather complicated 119Sn Mossbauer spectra measured below TN for thehexagonal form of ErAuSn point to a more complex magnetic structure of this compound in comparison to thecase of the cubic form where transferred magnetic hyperfine field at the tin site is compensated and a singleline is observed up to the lowest temperatures. Combined magnetic and U9Sn Mossbauer measurementsallowed to establish that cubic ErAuSn shows antiferromagnetic ordering of the second kind with propagationvector k( 1/2,1/2,1/2) assuring such a perfect cancelling field effect at the tin hyperfine probe. The localsensitivity of the 119Sn gamma resonance spectroscopy and the 'time window' characteristic for this methodallowed for observation that magnetic hyperfine splitting survives above almost 2TN for hexagonal ErAuSncompound showing also that the Mossbauer effect is a powerful method in the study of magnetic correlationsin the critical region.. The considerable broadening of the resonance line observed for hexagonal ErAuSnabove TN in comparison to the value obtained at 78K i.e. far away from TN points to a certain spincorrelations of Er3+ owing to short-range order effects. According to the method developed by Gorlich [2, 3]this broadening of the resonance line observed close above TN can be treated as a measure of a two-spincorrelation function <Sj •Sj>, which within the model of two-sublattice antiferromagnet provides an estimationof the effective erbium-erbium exchange integral J = -0.8(1) meV.
References:1. K. L^tka, E.A. Gorlich, W. Chajec, R. Kmied, and A.W.J. Pacyna, J. Alloys Comp. 262-263 (1997) 108;2. E.A. Gorlich, "Electronic and Magnetic Properties of Ternary Rare Earth Intermetallic Phases", UJ, Krakow,
Poland (1997);3. E.A. Gorlich and R. Kmiec, Acta Phys. Polon. A85 (1994) 627.
67111! • • t • • • •
PL9902460
Peculiarities of Magnetic Phase Transitions Observed in NdAuSnK. Latica ', R. Kmiec, R. Kruk, P. Lesniewski, A.W.J. Pacyna, and W. Chajec l
' M. Smoluchowski Institute of Physics, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
(Work partly supported by the Polish State Committee for Scientific Research - KBN Grant No 2P03B 11612)
In this work we present the preliminary results of X- ray diffraction (XRD), bulk magnetic ac (ACS) anddc (DCS) susceptibility as well as 119Sn M6"ssbauer spectroscopy measurements of intermetallic NdAuSncompound. The polycrystalline intermetallic NdAuSn compound was prepared by melting appropriate amountsof the constituents in an arc furnace under purified argon atmosphere. The sample was then wrapped intotantalum foil and subsequently annealed in evacuated silica tube at 773 K for one week. X-ray diffractionpattern shows that the NdAuSn compound crystallises in the hexagonal Caln2 - type structure, describedelsewhere [1, 2], with space group P63/mmc and with 2 R atoms which occupy the 2(b) crystal positions(0, 0, 1/4) (0, 0, 3/4), and with the 2 Au and 2 Sn atoms which occupy randomly in the 4(f) crystal positions(1/3, 2/3, z) (2/3, 1/3, z ) (2/3, 1/3, 1/2+z) (1/3, 2/3, 1/2-z). The derived lattice constants are given below:a = 4.70006(25) L, c = 7.58264(52)L andz = 0.04613(43) L.
The bulk magnetic ACS and DCS measurements were carried out in the wide temperature range3.2 K-362 K. The maximum observed for the ACS %(T) dependence at TN= 9.5(2) K is characteristic fora transition from antiferromagnetic order to another type of magnetic order which extends to about 14 K.However, an observation of remarkable influence of frequency and external magnetic fields on the x'(<°) a ndX"(oo) amplitudes as well as detection of third harmonics around TN is not fully understood as yet. AboveT = 14 K NdAuSn compound is in the paramagnetic state. From the susceptibility measurements alone it isdifficult to decide what sort of magnetism appears in the temperature 9.5 K - 14 K. The experimentalsusceptibility dependence % versus T, above 28 K, obeys well the Curie - Weiss law modified by theVan-Vleck factor %0- The obtained effective magnetic moment u«ff = 3.60 jiB is close to the theoretical free ionvalue of Nd3+ which equals 3.62 UB- 119Sn Mosbauer spectra were recorded at temperatures in the range of 4.2-30 K and at 78 K. The fits indicate that in the whole temperature range between 4.2 K and 9.5 K only singlemagnetic hyperfine component contributes to the spectra. This fact restricts the number of possible magneticconfigurations. The simplest of them is the magnetic structure with a wave vector k = (1/2, 0, 0). The value ofthe angle between magnetic hyperfine field and the c - axis 0 = 32(1)° suggests that Nd magnetic momentsdirection deviate about the same amount from this axis. From the temperature dependence of the magnetichyperfine field Heff (T) the Neel temperature TN = 10(1) K was estimated and it agrees well with the valueobtained from the magnetic measurements as well as with the results obtained previously in reference [3] (i.e.antiferromagnetic order with wave vector k = (1/2, 0, 0), the angle 0 = 30° and TN = 11 K). The type ofordering between 9.5 K and 14 K is still puzzling. It was claimed in the paper [3] that in the temperature range11 K - 14 K ferromagnetic ordering takes place. However, based on the observed magnitudes of the hyperfinemagnetic fields it can be supposed that this is not a simple ferromagnetic order. Following the obtained resultsa canted ferromagnetism is expected to exist. Further experiments are planned, however, to explain thisproblem. The observed broadening of the Mossbauer spectra recorded in the paramagnetic region (i.e. above14 K) is caused by the short-range correlations between magnetic moments of neodymium ions. Thesecorrelations are typical for Nd3+ ions and are similar to those observed for Er3+ in ErAuSn compound.
References:1. E. Hovestreydt, N. Engel, K. Klepp, B. Chabot, and E. Parthe, J. Less-Common Met. 85 (1982) 247;2. R.E. Gladyshevskii, K. Cenzual, and E. Parthe", J. Alloys Comp. 189 (1992) 221;3. S. Baran, M. Hofinann, J. Leciejewicz, M. Sl^ski, A. Szytula, and A. Zygmunt J. Phys.: Condens. Matter
9(1997)9053.
68PL9902461
Investigations of Electronic Properties of (Tb, Ho)AgSn Compoundsby Means of 119Sn Mossbauer Spectroscopy
E.A. Gorlich ', K. Latka l, R. Kmiec, and P. Lesniewski
' M. Smoluchowski Institute of Physics, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
ao
aCO
The ternary rare-earth intermetallic compounds of 1:1:1stoichiometry (RTX: R -rare-earth element, T - d-transitionmetal, X - p-electron element) have attracted in recent yearsmuch interest and research efforts due to their intriguingelectronic and magnetic properties which may be tuned byvarying composition while often maintaining their crystallinestructure. RAgSn (R = Tb and Ho) compounds form thehexagonal Caln2-type structure (P63/mmc space group). Theonset of the antiferromagnetic ordering at 35 K and 10.5 K,respectively, is accompanied by the development of thehyperfine pattern of the 119Sn Mossbauer spectra. Simplecolinear (along the c-axis) antiferromagnetic structure isconsistent with the possibility of the satisfactory description ofthe spectra with a single hyperfine component in each case(Fig. 1). This heavy rare-earth phases are expected to show thebehaviour typical for the 4f-systems governed mainly byexchange and crystal field interactions. The present 119SnMossbauer effect investigations reveal, however, severalfeatures which have to be described as anomalous. In thevicinity of magnetic transition an unusual change of therecoilless fraction is observed in both terbium and holmium(Fig. 2) compouds indicating a strong coupling between phononand magnon excitations in this temperature region. Two-dimensional Ising model describes the staggered sublatticemagnetization very well in the case of HoAgSn up totemperatures just below TN. Local correlations of the holmium
magnetic moments lead to a departure from this dependence and a presence of a nonvanishing transferredhyperfine field at tin sites in the macroscopically paramagnetic state (i.e. above TN). In contrast, the temperturedependence of the sublattice magnetization in TbAgSn is well described by the Brillouin function below therespective Neel temperature.
-10• i • i • i • i • i • 1 I ' I ' I ' I ' I
-5 0 5Velocity [mm/s]
Fig.l: 119Sn Mossbauer spectra of HoAgSn.
10
0.40
- 0.55
- 0.50
10.45
-0.40
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Temperature [K]
Fig. 2: Temperature variation of the absorbertotal recoil-free fraction.
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
Temperature [K]
Fig. 3: Hyperfine magnetic field and U9Snhyperfine field distribution.
Reference:1. W. Bazela, J. Leciejewicz, K. Maletka, and A. Szytula, J. Magn. Mater. 117 (1992) LI.
PL9902462
Mossbauer Spectroscopy of 57Fe in Thermally Oxidized Tourmalines
J. Kraczka and A. Pieczka1
' University of Mining and Metallurgy, Krakow, Poland
Annealing of Fe2+-tourmalines at temperatures of above 500°C in the atmosphere containing oxygen resultsin partial oxidation of the bivalent iron to its trivalent form. This process was observed using the X-ray method(calculating unit cell parameters) and - at the same time - Mossbauer spectroscopy. It has been noticed that anoxidized form of tourmaline forms due to iron oxidation: its amount growths gradually and at temperatures ofabout 800 °C this form substitutes completely for the initial form of tourmaline. X-ray parametres of theoxidized form remain almost unchanged, but in the final stage of alterations, shortly before the decompositionof the structure, the c parameter strongly increases [1]. In Mo'ssbauer spectra there is observed a gradualdecrease of the ratio between Fe2+ quadrupoles and Fe3+ quadrupoles. The spectra can be resolved following thesame scheme: five Fe2+ quadrupoles - two Fe3+ quadrupoles - one mixed quadrupole, obtaining all the timegood %2 and MISFIT values. The content of the Fe25+ quadrupole [2] associated with the initial form oftourmaline increases with the temperature and is probably related to a thermal delocalization of an electronbetween two Fe2+ ions in Y octahedra, the process initiating proper oxidation. Abundance of the Fe2+
quadrupoles in the initial form can always be interpreted using an ordered structure model. Fe3+ quadrupoles,related to the oxidized form, are characterized by two slightly different values of QS around 0.9 and 1.2 m/sand two similar ones around 0.35 m/s. In the literature, the first pair of them is interpreted as related to Fe3+yand the other to Fe3+
Z. Such an interpretation indicates a thermal disordering of Fe2+ and Fe3+ ions between Yand Z sites which is corroborated by high-temperature changes of X-ray parametres. Modeling of values of thea and c parameters points to the fact that the increase of the latter can be explained only by a partial transfer ofFe3+ions to Z octahedron from where smaller Fe3* ions are being removed to Y octahedra [3].
T = 953 K
- 5 - + - 3 - 2 - I 0 t 2
Velocity (mm/s)
: T = 993 K
•
1i
- 5 - 4 - 3 - 2 - 1 0 1 2 3
Velocity (mm/s)
Fig. 1: Mo'ssbauer spectra of tormaline after heating at different temperatures.
References:1. G.G. Afonina, L.A. Bogdanova, and L.M. Makagon, Z.V.M.O. 122/6 (1993) 89;2. G. Amthauer, Fortschr. Miner. 60/2 (1982) 119;3. A. Pieczka, J. Kraczka, and W. Zabinski, J. Czech. Geol. Soc. 43/1-2 (1998) 69.
70
PL9902463
The Trapping Model for Positrons Diffusing inside the GrainJ. Dryzek
Positron annihilation spectroscopy is a well-established technique to detect and study the vacancy-likedefects in the crystalline structure. This originates from the fact that the positrons can be trapped at them andtheirs annihilation characteristics differ from those corresponding to delocalized positrons. However, there aresome problems in good understanding of the experimental results when positrons annihilate in inhomogeneous,fine grained or highly deformed samples. It arises from the fact that the experimental results are usuallyinterpreted using the standard trapping model where the trapping of positrons in solid is described by kineticequations. The model succeeded in many cases. However, for an inhomogeneous medium, the time-dependentdiffusion equation is needed. The inhomogeneity means that the distance between the positron traps iscomparable with the so-called diffusion length of positron equal to: L+ = JD+Tf , where D+ is the positron
diffusion coefficient and Xf is the positron mean lifetime in the bulk material. The typical value of thisparameter is close to 0.1 um for various materials. In the presented model which we shell call the diffusiontrapping model we assume that positrons diffuse in a perfect grain in which they annihilate with the rate:Xf = l/xf, where Zf is the mean positron lifetime in a free state. The grain surface is a perfect sink for positrons inwhich they are localized and then annihilate with the rate Xb <X/. This is the so-called Smoluchowski boundarycondition. The transition rate from the free to the localized state is described by the a parameter, the value ofwhich is equal to the width of the boundary multiplied by the trapping rate parameter defined in the standardtrapping model [1]. The number of trapped positrons, denoted as rib, is a function of time. The same is with thelocal positron concentration within the grain: C(r,t). Both functions fulfill the following set of equations:
,t)- — C(r,f)
f
~nb(t) = aj\dSC(r,t)-—nb(t) , (1)
where I is the grain surface. The solution of theset of equations leads to several interestingconclusion, one of which is that the meanpositron lifetime is a function of the size of thegrain.
In Fig. 1 we present the calculation of the meanpositron lifetime value as a function of the grainsize when the grain has a shape of sphere, fiberand layer.
10
Fig. 1: The mean positron lifetime divided by T/ asa function of the size of the grain (x) divided by L+> forthe sphere and fiber X represents their radii and for thelayer its thickness divided by 2.
PL9902464 71
Positron Annihilation in Mg Rich Mg-In Alloys
E. Dryzek and J. Dryzek
(Work supported in part by The Committee of Scientific Research - Grant No 175 PO3 9713)
The application of the Doppler broadening measurements of annihilation line with reduction of thebackground to metals and binary alloys allows studying the positron annihilation with core electrons. Thepositron interaction with atoms may be different in the alloy and in the pure elements which constitute thealloy. If a positron is present in a lattice which contains two sorts of atoms (say A and B), positron annihilationrate with an electron of an A atom may be higher than the rate in pure element A. Therefore, there should be areduction of annihilation at B sites with respect to pure element B. This effect is called preferential positronannihilation (PPA) at A sites.
The Mg-In system was chosen for the study of the PPA, because it is similar to some extent to the Mg-Cdsystem studied previously [1] and both metals have essentially different electronic structures. The Mg rich Mg-In alloys have Mg hep structure and homogeneity range 0-1 lat.% of In content. In our study we measuredpositron lifetime and the Doppler broadening of annihilation line with reduction of the background. Mg-Inalloys with 5, 8 and 11 at.% of In content were prepared by melting calculated amounts of Mg(99.5%) andIn(6N) under the flux. The structure of samples was checked by X-ray diffraction. The lifetime spectra wereobtained using a conventional fast-fast lifetime spectrometer with a time resolution (FWHM) of 300 ps for the^Na energy window. In all the spectra corrected for the source and background only one lifetime componentcould be resolved. The measured values of the bulk lifetime for Mg, In and alloys: Mg-5at.%In and Mg-1 lat.%In are summarized in the Table 1. It can be seen that the positron lifetimes for alloys are lower than thepositron lifetime for Mg but higher than for In. Fig. 1 shows results of the Doppler broadening spectra for Inand Mg-In alloys subtracted from the spectrum of Mg.
It is worth to notice that the spectra for Mg-5at%In and Mg-llat%In have quite different shape for theDoppler shifts 0 < | AE | < 2 keV which indicates big changes in the band structure of the alloys, despite thesmall amount of In. The changes observed for the Doppler shifts | AE | > 4 keV are more interesting. Thisenergy region is enlarged in Fig. 1. We tried to describe the obtained spectra for the alloys as the weighted sumof Mg and In spectra. This should be valid only in the core electron region. The solid line was obtained bysumming 10 % contribution of In spectrum and 90% contribution of Mg spectrum. The dashed line wasobtained taking 5 % of In spectrum and 95 % of Mg spectrum.It can be seen that the solid line is placed n the vicinity ofthe spectrum for Mg-1 lat.%In and the dashed line is closeto the Mg-5at.%In spectrum. The coincidence of theweighted sum of Mg and In spectra with the experimentalspectra for alloys suggests no PPA in this system. That is inopposition to the Mg-Cd system for which the PPA wasdetected [1].
Table 1. The measured values of the bulk positronlifetime.
MgMg-5at.%In
Mg-llat.%InIn
Positron lifetime in ps224.1 ±1.0209.1 ±1.0209.0 ±2.0201.1 ±1.0
511 512 513 514 515 516 517 618 519 520Energy [keV]
Fig. 1: Normalized Doppler broadening spectra forIn, Mg-5at.%In and Mg-1 lat.%In subtractedfrom the spectrum of Mg. The straight line atzero presents the spectrum for Mg.
Reference:
1. E. Dryzek, J. Dryzek, and J. Kuriplach, J. Phys.: Condens. Matter 10 (1998) 6573.
72PL9902465
* ' • «
Cancerous and Non-Cancerous Tissue Sections Analyzed by SRIXE and XANES
W.M. Kwiatek, T. Cichocki1, M. Galka2, A. L. Hanson3, and C. Paluszkiewicz4
Histology Department, Collegium Medicum, Jagiellonian University, Krakdw, Poland; Gabriel Narutowicz
Hospital, Krakdw, Poland; Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton NY. 11973, USA; Regional Laboratory,Jagiellonian University, Krakdw, Poland
The increase in the kidney and prostate occurrence (kidney and prostate carcinoma claro cellulare) inducesinvestigations of the genesis of this phenomenon. Trace elements play a significant role in tissues but some ofthem are carcinogenic to humans while the carcinogenicity of the others is not determined. Some of elementslike Fe which concentration is at the elevated level may be toxic. The increased concentration of iron in tissuesections is due to its catalytic role in Fenton reaction. The Fenton reaction describes production of freeradicals. Determination of the existence of Fe+2 and Fe+3 may prove the mechanism of damaging of the geneticmaterials in cells by chemically active oxygen containing molecules calledfree radicals.
For this study kidney and prostate tissue-stissues were obtained during surgicaloperations. All the samples were histologicallyexamined. Fig. 1 shows histological view of akiney glomerulus surrounded by proximal anddistal nephron tubules. Synchrotron RadiationInduced X-ray Emission (SRIXE) is a sui-table technique for Trace Element (TE)analysis in "thin" and light matrixes samples.Therefore the measurements were performed atX26A beam line on 12 |J,m thick tissue sections with 17 keVmonochromatic beam using 16 Jim x 14 jam beam size. The two-dimensional scans on both cancerous andnon-cancerous parts of the tissues were done in order to find elemental distribution of TE's and specially "hotspots" of iron. Fig. 2 shows the two-dimensional iron distribution in the section shown in Fig. 1. As is seen ironconcentrates in part of the glomerulus. Fig. 3 shows two-dimensional chlorine distribution in the selected partof the prostate tissue. Chlorine is an element that very well describes histological view of a tissue.
After a selection of iron "hot spots" was finished the beam energy was changed to 7.2 keV. Then the X-rayAbsorption Near Edge Structure (XANES) technique was applied. The XANES spectra were taken on selectedpoints. The analyzes of the pre-edge peak position enables to establish more precise the oxidation state of ironin analyzed tissues. Iron concentration level is much higher in cancerous parts of the analyzed tissues. Fig. 4shows an example of iron XANES spectrum taken on "hot spot" in prostate tissue. The pre-edge peak positionindicates the existence of the mixture of both iron oxidation states in prostate tissue.
V\
, Clka
Monoehromator distance (arb. units)
PL9902466 73
Antarctic Lichens and Mosses Used as Indicators of Lead Contamination
E.M. Dutkiewicz, M. Olech1, W.M. Kwiatek, and P. Osyczka1
^Institute of Botany, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
The increase of air pollution caused by local transport and human activity in the Antarctic Region forced usto investigate this problem.
The aim of this work was to participate in the programme of preservation the natural clean environment ofthe Antarctic Region. In the frame of collaboration between the Institute of Botany, Jagiellonian University inCracow, and the Institute of Nuclear Physics it was possible to measure the elemental concentrations in lichensand mosses samples from Antarctic Region. Those samples were used as indicators of local pollution. Lichensamples belonged to lichen species as: Usnea antarctica, and Usnea aurantiaco atra while mosses samples asDrepanocladus uncinatus. One part of samples was collected close to the Polish Antarctic Base "ArctowskiBase" and the others were taken from places around other bases shown on the map.
Lead concentration was determined using the Proton Induced X-ray Emission method which gives theopportunity to determine low concentrations such as 1 ppm. The measurements were done at the 3 MV Van deGraaff accelerator at the Institute of Nuclear Physics in Krakow. The results obtained show the evidence ofhuman influence to the environment.
Antarctic stations:
1 - Arctowski (Poland)2 - Ferraz (Brasil)3 - Copacabana (USA)4 - Jubany (Argentina)5 - Artigas (Uruguay)6 - Bellingshansen (Russia)7 - Morsh (Chile)8 - Great Wall (China)
Fig. 1: Antarctic bases on The King George Island.
74
PL9902467
The Calibration Procedure for Scanning Force MicroscopyM. Lekka, J. Lekki, Z. Stachura, B. Cleff1, and A. Hrynkiewicz
Institute of Nuclear Physics, University ofMiinster, Germany
Scanning Force Microscopy used for the quantitative description of physical properties like an elasticmodulus or a value of an adhesion force requires careful calibration and additional control of measurementsconditions. The main points which should be taken into account are: corrections of scanner voltage signalsremoving the scanner nonlinearity and hysteresis, the determination of the cantilever spring constant and thecontrol of the tip shape and its curvature radius.
The correction of the piezo scanner nonlinearity and hysteresis was performed using the interference method[1], adapted to our SFM setup. This method is exact, easy to perform and does not require additionalequipment.
Laser Beam
Mirror
Piezo scanner
Photodetector
Z movement
Voltage applied to scanner (V)
Fig. 1: The principle of the interference method and the approaching and retracting interference signal.
The value of the spring constant is crucial for the estimation the force applied to investigated surface. In ourmicroscope this task is an option of data acquisition software and is performed by measurement of resonantfrequency of thermally excited cantilever in room temperature. The exact determination of the spring constantwas performed by the method described by Sader [2].
12
1
c
k=0.03N/m\
•£
5 10 15Fretmencv i
20W.-i
25
litiid
e (a
u)
Amp
30
h5
0.1 N
S B• * T W
10
All
f
J*
15 20 25 30Frequency (kHz)
35 40
Fig. 2: Noise spectra for two types of cantilevers (k = 0.03 N/m and k = 0.1 N/m). Spectra were obtained by applyingFast Fourier Transform to an average of 6 noise spectra, each of 4096 points. The calculated resonant frequencies arelower than the nominal values: 11.8 kHz instead of 15 kHz and 27.7 kHz instead of 35 kHz, but these values were wellreproducible for most of cantilevers in a wafer.Models describing the behaviour of the surface under load assumed the knowledge of tip-surface geometry.Therefore the tip curvature radius was checked using a standard consisting of a set of very sharp needles, muchsharper than the cantilever tip. The collected image of such standard represents the scanning tip topography.The tips used in experiments were characterised by tip radii of about 20-30 nm.
References:1. M. Jaschke and H.J. Butt, Rev. Sci. Instr. 68 (2) (1995) 1258;2. J.E. Sader, I. Larson, P. Mulvaney, and L.R. White, Rev. Sci. Instr. 66 (7) (1995) 3789.
75
Influence of Hydroquinone on Oxygen Evolution Pattern and FluorescenceInduction Kinetics in PSII
K. Burda, J. Kruk1, G. Schmid,2 and K. Strzalka1
'institute of Molecular Biology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland; 2 University of Bielefeld, Germany
Water oxidation is a topic of great interest in photosynthesis research. The oxygen evolving complex (OEC)of photosystem II (PSII) catalyzes the light-driven reaction 2H2O _ O2+4H++4e". Coupling of the four-electronoxidation of water to the single electron turnover of the main reaction center components requires that the OECis able to store four oxidizing equivalents in the Mn active site. The process of charge accumulation whichleads to oxygen evolution depends on the redox conditions of the donor as well as the acceptor side of thereaction center [1, 2]. Oxygen production in dark adapted chloroplasts (isolated thylakoids or PSII particles)measured as consequence of short saturated light flashes oscillates with a periodicity of four and represents adamp oscillation [3]. In untreated systems there is no oxygen yield under the first flash, onlya minor O2 evolution under the second flash and maximum of oxygen yield under the third flash.
Upon the addition of millimolar concentrations of hydroquinone (HQ), the oxygen evolution pattern hasbeen dramatically changed. In the presence of HQ the signal of the first two flashes had the highest amplitudeand the overall intensity increased 2-3 times (Fig. 1). Under anaerobic conditions, the signal intensity decre-ased several times in comparison to the control sample. To investigate more closely these phenomena we havetested different HQ derivatives with different number of methyl groups in the HQ ring, hydroquinones withdifferent arrangement of the OH groups (meta- and orto-) and p-benzoquinone (BQ). The PSII particles wereisolated according to the method of Berthold [4]. Among the derivatives with different position of the OHgroups, resorciol (metadihydroxy-benzene) showed no effect on the increase of the two first signals even athigh concentrations while in the case of catechol (para-dihydroxy-benzene), this effect was observed but not asstrong as for HQ. Interestingly, the investigated effect was also detected for BQ but was observed at higherconcentrations than for HQ. In this case there was no significant increase of the signal amplitudes. HQprobably acts on the lumenal and polar thylakoid site (OEC) because hydroquinones showed no specifc effecton whole thylakoid membranes. HQ did not give any effect on the fluorescence induction kinetics of PSIIpreparations. This considerations suggest that the HQ effect is probably directly connected with its influenceon the Mn cluster of the OEC. The very interesting phenomenon of the stimulation of HQ effect by Cu wouldhelp us to understand the molecular mechanism of copper ions action on the water oxidation process in PSII(see Fig. 1).
•o3
n.
<
- • — Control1.0 mm HQ
OmM HQ + 0.5 uM CuCI25.0 uM CuCI2
OmM HQ +20uMCuCI2
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
Flush number
References:1. V.P. Shinkariev and C.A. Wraight, Photosynth.
Res. 38(1993)315;2. K. Burda and G.H. Schmid, Z. Naturforsch. 51c
(1996)329;3. P. Joliot, G. Barbieri, and R. Chabaud, Photo-
chem. Photobiol. 10 (1969) 309;4. D.A. Berthold, G.T. Babcock, and C.F. Yocum,
FEBSLett 134(1981)231.
Fig. 1.
76
Influence of Copper Ions on Oxygen Evolution Patterns and FluorescenceInduction Kinetics in PSII
K. Burda, J. Kruk1, G. Schmid2, and K. Strzalka1
'institute of Molecular Biology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland; 2University of Bielefeld, Germany
Photosynthetic organisms are very sensitive to heavy metals. This effect is at present very important for theecosystems, considering the increasing problem of pollution. Among heavy metals, copper inhibits thephotosynthetic electron transport. Earlier copper content analysis of photosystem II (PSII) isolated complexesshowed Cu presence in these particles and suggested that it could be a natural component of PSII. Later itturned out that copper detected in photosystem II was a contamination from the starch and nuclear fraction [1].On the other hand it is known that copper ions at higher concentrations are very effective inhibitors of thephotosynthetic electron transport [2]. Its site of inhibitory action in PSII is probably multiple. It could act atthe acceptor site in the region of non-heme iron displacing it or binding to the neighbouring amino acids and atthe donor site inhibiting electron transport between the Tyr-Z and P680 [3]. However, the target for Cu+2 -binding within PSII is unclear.
In our experiments we have measured the influence of a wide concentration range of CuCl2 and CuSO4 onthe oxygen evolution pattern and fluorescence induction kinetics of PSII particles isolated from tobacco JWBvariety. These measurements indicate, for the first time, that Cu+2 can also stimulate the oxygen evolution. Thesamples for amperometric and fluorescence measurements contained 50|ig of chlorophyll per ml. We haveobserved a stimulation of oxygen evolution at low CuCl2 concentrations (< 1 uM) with the maximal effect at0.5 (xM CuCl2 and inhibition at higher CuCl2 concentrations (> 1 uM), see Fig. 1. For CuSO4 the inhibitionoccurred already at 0.25 uM and stimulation was observed at 50 nM CuSO4 (Fig. 2). At the same time, therewas no CuCl2 effect on the fluorescence induction curves below 1 pM CuCl2, but at the higher concentrationsa progressive fluorescence quenching was detected. At 20 uM CuCl2 the fluorescence induction kineticsshowed no increase with time. It seems that the quenching by Cu ions is a specific process taking placeprobably at a definite site in PSII at the non-heme iron or at the cytochrome bsso where a similar effect for theprenyllipids has been observed. Stimulation of oxygen evolution by low concentrations of Cu could be a resultof its interaction with Ca low affinity binding site at the extrinsic proteins of the oxygen evolving complex,where lanthanides show also stimulatory effect at low concentrations [4].
-•-Control- A - 0.25 uM CuCI2-O-0.5uMCuCI2-V-1.0uMCuCI2- O - 5.0 urn CuCI2- O - 10.0 uM CuC 12-X-20.0uMCuCI2- * -100 .0 uMCuCK <
<DT3
120-
100-
80-
60-
40-
20-
0-
I
o
l\
f\\M\/c
/ a i
-D-Control- 0 - 1.0 uM CuSO4-A-0.25uM CuSO4-O-50nMCuSO4
.l.1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1011 1213141516
Flush number
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10111213141516
Fig.2. Flush number
References:1. J.B. Arellano, W.P. Schroder, G. Sandmann, A. Chueca, and M. Baron, Physiol. Plantarum 91 (1994) 369;2. H. Clijsters and F. Van Asche, Photosynth. Res. 7 (1985) 731;3. C. JSgerschold, J.B. Arellano, W.P. Schroder, P. Van Kap, M. Baron, and S. Styring, Biochem. 34 (1995)
12747;4. K. Burda, K. Strzalka, and G.H. Schmid, Z. Naturforsch. 50c (1994) 220.
77
PL9902468
Modeling of the Carbon Based Structures Created by Dual BeamIBAD Method
B. Rajchel and J. Stanek1
1 Jagiellonian University, Institute of Physics, Krakow, Poland
(The work was partially supported by the State Committee of Scientific Research, Grant no 2P03B11009)
Aim of this work was to explain the experimental data of the investigations of the following specimen. OnSi substrate a Ni layer of few \xm thickness was formed by sputtering from an auxiliary Ni metal target. Next,the carbon coating layer was build up with a use of dual beam IBAD technique. As "implantation" beam of12C+ ions with energy of 25 keV was applied. As "secondary" beam the Ar+ ions with energy of 25 keV wasused for sputtering carbon ions from a flat graphite plate used as an "auxiliary" target. When the carbon layerreached the thickness of about 1 |nm, the "implantation" beam of 12C+ was replaced by a beam of 57Fe+ ionswith energy of 25 keV. As a result, the most upper layer (100 nm) of carbon coating was doped by 0.5 % at.of 57Fe. The iron atoms were doped into carbon layer for further studies of their local states in the formedlayer; the choice of the 57Fe isotope was required by CEMS technique.
It appears also interesting to discuss the relations between the evolution of the local states of transitionmetals, here iron, with the transformation of the whole layer. The initial stage of that process was simulated byMolecular Dynamics technique by using the CERIUS2 code.
For our simulation we assumed that sample may be approximated as shown in Fig. la. The size ofsimulated clusters was 20x20x20 A (carbon) and 5x20x20 A (Ni). Each system (signed as a, b, c in Fig. 1)was modeled separately at 1000 K and under hydrostatic pressure of 100 GPa. The universal interatomicpotentials were applied. As example the transformation of structure of diamond-metal is shown.
Degree_Alpha -Beta -Gamma
1.2
Tirae/ps6.4 0.8
Time/ps
Fig. 1: Scheme of the structure of multilayer carbon-metal film created by IBAD method (left), change of total volumeof simulated structure (center), change of angles in simulated structure (right).
The complete results of the simulations will be published elsewhere.
78PL9902469
Investigation of Thermal Changes of Selected Carbon Layers Createdby Dual Beam IBAD Method
B. Rajchel and J. Stanek1
'Jagiellonian University, Institute of Physics, Krakdw, Poland
(The work was partially supported by the State Committee of Scientific Research, Grant no 2P03B11009)
Carbon layers doped with 57Fe ions were formed on Si/Ni substrates by dual beam IBAD method. Thedepth distribution of elements in the layers, the carbon-carbon bonds and the local states of iron were studiedby RBS method, Raman Spectroscopy and Conversion Electron Mossbauer Spectroscopy, respectively. TheRBS data for the as-prepared sample showed that the produced specimen had the assumed layer structure. TheNi and Fe atoms are very moveable within the carbon layer, the fast migration of Ni towards the surface wasobserved already at 500 °C. At 550°C some, at least local rearrangement of carbon atoms takes place which
leads to a formation of sp^ and sp2 bonds characteristic for diamond and graphite, respectively. Thebroadening of the Raman spectra suggest that these are mezoscopic systems.
The transformation of the doped carbon layer was monitored by 57Fe CEMS technique. In preapared
sample there are at least two types of iron in low symmetry local states. After annealing at 500 °C thedominating contribution to the spectrum is a Zeeman pattern with magnetic field characteristic for iron solid
solution in Ni. At higher temperatures (600 and 650 °C) the Fe-Ni phase is unstable, the significant part ofiron ions is located in a regular site; in particular the substitutional tetrahedral, diamond-like site can not beexcluded.
fc,
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1230 1400 1600 1600# Channel
-4.00 fl.flp 4.00VELOCITY [mm/g]
* : -
Fig. 1: (left, top) RBS spectrum, (right, top) Raman spectrum, (left, bottom) CEMS spectrum, (right, bottom)
microphoto from scanning microscope. All spectra recorded for the DLC-Ni-Si sample after annealing in 650°C.
Acknowledgments:
The author wish to thank to dr L. Proniewicz from the Institute of Chemistry of the Jagiellonian Universityfor recording and interpretation of the Raman spectra.
PL9902470 79
Determination of the Matrix Effect in Investigations of the Thin Surface Layerby Beam of Charged Particles
B. Rajchel, B. Porankiewicz1, A. Adamski, M. Drwi?ga, St. Gqsiorek, R. Hajduk, E. Lipihska,and M. Mitura
'Dept. of Woodworking Machinery & Industrial Installations Agricultural University of Poznan, Poznan, Poland
(The work was partially supported by Maria Sklodowska-Curie II Joint American-Polish Research Fund)
The analysis of depth distribution of elements is especially important for determination of theprocesses of cutting tools interaction with worked material. Unfortunately many physical and chemicalmethods used for investigation of thin surface layers can destroy the studied material. The RBS, NRA andPIXE techniques, as nondestructive methods, frequently applied for investigation of thin surface layer givesometimes unrealistic results for particular compositions of materials. For example the RBS method workincorrectly for target composed of light (e.g. hydrogen, carbon) and of heavy elements (e.g. tungsten). In thissituation also the PIXE results are strongly affected by the matrix effect.
In the present work a method of correlation of the RBS and PIXE spectra was applied to determine realdepth distribution of concentration of elements. In this method set of RBS and PIXE spectra were recorded fordifferent experimental geometry. This method was tested for two targets: stellit and pure titanium implanted byP and Ca (dose 1017 atoms/cm2, energy 25 keV). In Fig. 1 the representative RBS and PIXE spectra for bothsamples are shown. For analysis of experimental data a new version of the BSCAT (called now as PIXARB)code was created.
The review of the experimental results and description of the PIXARB code will be published elsewhere.
0 200 400 600 800 1000 12O0 1400 1600 1S0O 2000
# Channel
Spatfnjnt X*ay. Rl« X300MS:Targat SaMtfcBaanr H\ Eo« 2300 kaVImptet.no* 46°<oaurtat»
1000 1200
# Channel
1400
1200
1000
800
600
400
Target: Ti+P" (implant),
dose: 10" jons/cm1, E ^ - ^ k e V
File: x26] 198b, Specmm: X-ray
Beam:He*,E<,-2040teV
Da. Angle: 90° to beam.
Impact angle: 0° to normal line
TV.
400 600 800
ffChannel
1000 1200 400 500# Channel
Fig. 1: The RBS (left) and PIXE (right) spectra recorded for the stellit (top) and for the titanium implantedby P and Ca (energy 25 keV, dose 1017 atoms/cm2) (bottom).
80
PL9902471
Successful Installation of the Nuclear Microprobe
S. Lebed1, M. Cholewa, Z. Cioch, R. Hajduk, J. Halik, J. Lekki, S. Lazarski, S. Maranda,A. Potempa, C. Sarnecki, Z. Szklarz, B. Sulkio-Clefi2, L. Zrodlowski, Z. Stachura, and J. Styczen
'Applied Physics Institute, Sumy, Ukraine; 2Institute of Nuclear Physics, University ofMunster, Germany
The 3 MV Van de Graaff accelerator working at the Institute is applied in solid state physics, materialsscience, biophysics and physics of environment studied with nuclear methods. A large development in theseinvestigations can be achieved when studying local properties of the samples, i.e. when the ion beam of theaccelerator is focused down to the FWHM of 1 em or below. A microprobe with such focusing properties wasdesigned, constructed and installed at the Institute. Details of the construction are described elsewhere[1-3]. It should be emphasized that this is the shortest of all existing nuclear microprobes (total length of2.3 m). In future so short microprobe can be easily reinstalled in a vertical position, which is often preferablefor biological experiments with single cells studied in vivo.
For the first time a beam of protons was focused in the microprobe in October 1998. Presentlywe are precisely aligning the elements of microprobe and of the beam transport system in order toobtain the optimal spatial resolution of the probe.
Fig. 1: View of the nu-clear microprobe (scatte-ring chamber removed).
References:1. V. Brazhnik, S. Lebed, W.M. Kwiatek, Z. Stachura, M. Cholewa, D. Jamieson, and G. Legge, Nucl.
Instr. and Meth. B 130 (1997) 104;2. V. Brazhnik, Z. Cioch, M. Cholewa, D. Jamieson, S. Lebed, G. Legge, A. Rys, and Z. Stachura, Proc.
of XXXII Zakopane School of Physics, p. 357, eds E.A. Gorlich and K. Latika, Zakopane, 10-18 May1997;
3. S. Lebed, M. Cholewa, Z. Cioch, B. Cleff, P. Golonka, D.J. Jamieson, G.J.F. Legge, S. Lazarski,A. Potempa, C. Sarnecki, and Z. Stachura, Nucl. Instr. and Meth. B (1999) (in print).
81PL9902472
Ultrahigh Vacuum Chamber for PAC Measurements
M. Marszalek, J. Jaworski, J. Prokop, Z. Stachura, V. Voznyi1, and B. Sulkio-Clefl2
1 Institute of Applied Physics, Sumy, Ukraine;2 Institute of Nuclear Physics, University of Munster, Germany
We present here an ultrahigh vacuum chamber designed for the perturbed angular correlation (PAC)measurements in ultra-high vacuum conditions.
The cylindrical chamber with flanged open ends is installed on vertical flange (CF 150) of middle chamberin ultrahigh vacuum setup built in our laboratory. The chamber is equipped with six CF 40, one CF63 and oneCF16 ports. With these ports the possibility of cooling down to 80K, heating of the sample up to 600K, in situactivity deposition, manipulation of sample and monitoring of the operation through viewport is assured.
Additionally the possibility of pumping the chamberthrough CF63 port independently from the mainpumping system is supplied. Fig. 1. demonstratesthe general view of the chamber.The flanged open end of the chamber is closed witha specially constructed CF 150 flange which isequipped with a glass tubulated UHV viewport.Around this viewport scintillation detectors for PACmeasurements are mounted. The construction ofdetector holder allows to place up to eight detectorsin the CF150 flange plane and additionally onedetector in front of the tubulated viewport.
Fig. 1: The general view of PAC chamber.
In the upper part of Fig. 2. the position oftransporter which brings the sample fromthe preparation chamber is shown. Byturning this transporter it is possible totransfer the sample to the PAC sampleholder. Movement of the sample inside thechamber is performed by a special mecha-nical construction shown in the lower partof Fig. 2. Two possible positions of sampleholder (one for sample exchange betweenmanipulators, and another one for PACmeasurements) are demonstrated in Fig. 2. Fig. 2: The sideview of PAC chamber. In the lower part two
possible positions of sample holder are shown.
82
PL9902473"
Surfactant-Mediated Growth in Co/Cu(lll) Thin Film System
M. Marszalek, J. Jaworski, J. Prokop, H. Wider1, V. Gimple1, M. Dippel1, A. Maier1, and G. Schatz1
' Faculty of Physics, University ofKonstanz, Konstanz, Germany
It has been recently demonstrated that surfactant-modified growth of films influences stronglysemiconductor and metal epitaxy [1]. The role of the surfactant, which is introduced as a totally or partiallyfilled atomic layer between the substrate and the film, is that of a catalyst, improving or at least modifying thegrowth of the film. Recently first reports of surfactant effects appeared and demonstrated layer-by-layergrowth at conditions typical for island growth [2].
We present here the results of preliminary study of the influence of In surfactant on growth of the Co onCu(l l l ) surface. The system Co/In/Cu(lll) has been investigated with low electron energy diffraction(LEED), medium energy electron diffraction (MEED) and Auger electron spectroscopy (AES). A LEEDpicture taken after evaporation of 30 monolayers of copper on (0001) sapphire crystal at 695 K showna sixfold diffraction symmetry confirming the (111) orientation of the film and indicated an atomically flatfilm with few atomic steps and defects. On copper surface prepared in such way several cobalt layers wereevaporated with and without In surfactant. MEED patterns were taken during evaporation to study the growthof cobalt.
100 200 300
time [s]400 600 315 420
time [s]630
Fig. 1: Intensity of MEED specular beam as a function of evaporation time for (a) Co evaporation on a pureCu(l 11) surface and (b) Co evaporation on a Cu(l 11) surface covered with 0.6 ML of In.
Fig. l(a) shows the intensity of the beam during evaporation of Co on Cu(l l l ) surface. The change ofintensity, including a steep drop at the beginning and then a slow recovery up to a saturation value ischaracteristic for growth of the surface by three-dimensional islanding. For 0.5 monolayer of In evaporated onCu(ll l) surface the LEED pattern was different. The signal noise increased and the spots were not asprominent as for pure Cu, however the hexagonal symmetry of copper layer was still observed. MEEDmeasurements performed during deposition of cobalt film on indium covered copper surface showed that thecharacter of cobalt growth changed. Although LEED and MEED of these Co-films show once again sharpspots with little background intensity and clearly visible Kikuchi lines, indicating a smooth surface and a goodcrystalline structure, the experiment did not yet allow to draw unambiguous conclusions about the growth ofCo on surfactant covered surface. In case of layer-by-layer Co growth one should see the oscillations of theMEED beam which would resemble the decaying sine curve in Fig. l(b). Unfortunately the instability of anelectron gun during the experiment disabled the observation of distinct oscillations. Further work is underwayto determine the importance of surfactant influence on the cobalt growth.
References:1. M. Copel, M. C. Reuter, E. Kaxiras, and R. M. Tromp, Phys. Rev. Lett. 63 (1989) 632;2. J. Camarero, J. Ferron, V. Cros, L. Gomez et al, Phys. Rev. Lett. 81 (1998) 850.
PL9902474 83
Film Thickness Determination by Quartz Monitors in Ultrahigh Vacuum Setup
M. Marszalek, J. Jaworski, J. Prokop, Z. Stachura, V. Voznyi1, O. Boiling2, and B. Sulkio-Clefl2
' Institute of Applied Physics, Sumy, Ukraine; 2 Institute of Nuclear Physics, University of Munster, Germany
The thickness of the film is the most significant film parameter because it influences almost all filmproperties. The varied types of films and their applications have generated a numerous ways to measure filmthickness. The overwhelming majority of methods are used to films that have been prepared and removed fromthe deposition chamber. Only a few are suitable for a real-time monitoring of film thickness during growth.
The very useful gravimetric technique to measure both deposition rate and film thickness involves quartzcrystal oscillator. It is based on using the thickness shear mode of piezoelectric quartz crystal. A measuredchange in the resonant frequency of the oscillator during the deposition varies linearly with mass deposited onthe crystal electrode. If a crystal sensor is placed near the substrate during deposition, the coating on thecrystal increases its mass and lowers its resonant frequency.
Fig. 1: The frequency changes of reference andmonitoring quartz crystals as a function of evapo-ration time. Solid lines represent linear fit results.
c
i
500 1000 1500 2000time [s]
Here we present the application of quartz-crystal monitors in a deposition chamber of ultrahigh vacuumsetup built in our institute. Inside the chamber we built two holders for quartz oscillators. The mass ofdeposited metal and its evaporation rate is controlled during deposition by a monitoring quartz sensor mountedbelow and to the side of the substrate holder and so the crystal does not receive the same deposition rate as thesample. The correlation between crystal mass and resonant frequency is not, therefore, direct anda tooling factor correction has to be determined. For this a reference quartz oscillator is mounted on the backside of a rotatable substrate holder. The determination of tooling factor is performed by metal evaporation inone process on both, monitoring and reference, quartz crystals.
The calibration of quartz monitors was done by silver evaporation with evaporator described elsewhere [1].The frequency was sampled every 30 s during 30 min of evaporation. Registered changes of frequency areshown in Fig. 1. The tooling factor between reference and monitoring quartz determined as a ratio of slopes offitted lines was equal to 2.2(2). In the next step silver was evaporated on glass substrate with the depositionrate of about 9 A/min . The observed frequency change corresponds to deposition of 20.8 mg of silver.Assuming the uniform film thickness and its density as for bulk system it is equivalent toa thickness of 198 A. This result is in a very good agreement with thickness measured by X-ray reflectometry.
Reference:1. J. Prokop, M. Marszatek, J. Jaworski, Z. Stachura, V. Voznyi, and B. Cleff, INP Annual Report (1997) 58.
84
LIST OF PUBLICATIONS:
Articles:
1. S.P. Avdeyev, (A. Budzanowski, W. Karcz, M. Janicki) et al.,Thermal Multifragmentation in p + Au Interaction at 2.16, 3.6 andS.l GeVIncident Energies,Report GSI - IKDA 98/10 and Eur. Phys. J. A3 (1998) 75;
2. A. Bansil, (J. Kwiatkowska, F. Maniawski) et al.,ComptonStudyofN.75~Cu.25 andNi.75-C0.25 Disordered Alloys: Theory and Experiment,Phys. Rev. B57 (1998) 314;
3. P. Bednarczyk, (J. Styczeń, R. Broda, M. Lach, W. Męczyński) et al,High Spin Structure Study of the Light Odd-Afvi Nuclei:45Sc, 45Ti and 43Ca,Eur. Phys. J .A2( 1998) 157;
4. M.A. Bentley, (A. Maj) et al.,Mirror and Valence Symmetries at the Centre of the f7/2 Shell,Phys. Lett. B437 (1998) 243;
5. P. Bhattacharyya, (B. Fornal) et al.,Three-Valence-Particle Fission Product - J35Sb,Eur. Phys. J. A3 (1998) 109;
6. C. Brandau, (Z. Stachura) et al.,Recombination oflf9+ Ions with Free Electrons at the ESR,Abstr. of the XX Int. Conf. on the Physics of Electronic and Atomic Collisions, Vienna, Austria,23-29 July 1997, eds F. Aumayar, G. Betz, H.P. Winter; Proc. of the 3-rd Euroconf. on Atomic Physicswith Stored Highly Charged Ions, Ferrara, Italy, 22-26 September 1997, TU 146 andHyperfme Interactions 114 (1998) 263;
7. C. Brandau, (Z. Stachura) et al.,Dielectronic Recombination of Lithium-Like Gold: Towards QED Tests,Abstr. of the XX Int. Conf. on the Physics of Electronic and Atomic Collisions, Vienna, Austria,23-29 July 1997, eds F. Aumayr, G. Betz, H.P. Winter; Proc. of the 3-rd Euroconf. on Atomic Physicswith Stored Highly Charged Ions, Ferrara, Italy, 22-26 September 1997, TU 147 andHyperfme Interactions 114 (1998) 45;
8. C. Brandau, (Z. Stachura) et al.,Recombination Measurements of Highly Charged Bismuth Ions,Abstr. of the IX Int. Conf. on the Physics of Highly Charged Ions, Bensheim, Germany,14-18 September 1998, eds P.H. Mokier and F. Bosch, p. 160 - C65 andPhysica Scripta (1998) (in print);
9. C. Brandau, (Z. Stachura) et al.,Dielectronic Rydberg-Resonances of the Heaviest Li-Like Ions,Abstr. of the IX Int. Conf. on the Physics of Highly Charged Ions, Bensheim, Germany,14-18 September 1998, eds P.H. Mokier and F. Bosch, p. 160 - C66 andPhysica Scripta (1998) (in print);
10. R. Broda,New Results in Light, Medium and Heavy Nuclei Produced in Deep-Inelastic Heavy-Ion Reactions,Nuovo Cimento A 111 (1998) 621;
U . R . Broda, (W. Królas, B. Fornal, T. Pawlat) et al.,Dynamical Deformation of Nuclei Participating in Deep-Inelastic Collisions,Acta Physica HungaricaN.S., Heavy Ion Physics 7 (1998) 71;
12. Th. Byrski, (K. Zuber) et al,Extended Spectroscopy in the Superdeformed Well of148{149Gd Nuclei,Phys. Rev. C57 ( 1998) 1151;
13. F. Camera, (A. Maj, M. Kmiecik) et al.,The y-Decay of the GDR Built on Superdeformed States in 43Eu,Eur. Phys. J.A2( 1998)1;
14. F. Camera, (A. Maj, M. Kmiecik) et al.,GDR Excited in Rotated Nuclei,Acta Physica Hungarica N.S., Heavy Ion Physics 7 (1998) 385;
85
15. W. Chajec, K. Latica, R. Kmiec, R. Kruk, A.W. Pacyna,Magnetism ofNdAuSn Compound,Mol. Phys. Rep. (1998) (in print);
16. M. Cholewa et al.,Diamond Membranes Applications for Single Ion Detection Using Secondary Electron Emission,Diamond & Related Materials 7 (1998) 510;
17. M. Cinausero, (B. Fornal) et al.,The /-Ray Emission as a Probe of Entrance Channel Effects in Fusion-Evaporation Reactions,Acta Physica Hungarica N.S., Heavy Ion Physics 7 (1998) 375;
18. M. Cinausero, (B. Fornal) et al.,Giant Dipole Emossion in N/Z Asymetric Heavy-Ion Reactions,Nouvo Cimento A 111 (1998) 613;
19. E. Dryzek, J. Kuriplach, J. Dryzek,Study of the Mg-Cd System by Positron Annihilation Methods,J. Phys.: Condensed Matter 10 (1998) 6573;
20. O. Filies, O. B6lling, K. Grewer, J. Lekki, M. Lekka, Z. Stachura, B. Cleff,Surface Roughness of Thin Layers -A Comparison ofXRR and SFM Measurements,Appl. Surface Science (1998) (in print);
21. Ch. Fine, (K. Zuber) et al.,Quadrupole Moment of Superdeformed Bands in I5lTb,Eur. Phys. J. A2 (1998) 123;
22. B. Fornal, (R. Broda, W. Krolas, T. Pawlat, J. Wrzesinski) et al.,Gamma Spectroscopy of Neutron-Rich Nuclei from the Vicinity of the "Island of Inversion" at N = 20,Acta Physica Hungarica N.S., Heavy Ion Physics 7 (1998) 83;
23. B. Fornal, (R. Broda, W. Krolas T. Pawlat, J. Wrzesinski) et al.,High Spin States Above the a -Decaying Isomer in 2UPo,Eur. Phys. J. Al (1998) 355;
24. E. A. GSrlich, K. Lato, R. Kmiec, W. Warkocki,Hyper fine Interactions of155Gd in the Spin-Glass Systems GdAgSn and GdAuSn,Mol. Phys. Rep. (1998) (in print);
25. K. Jessen, (J. Wrzesinski) et al.,Systematics of Related High-Spin homers in 144Sm and Other N = 82 Nuclei,Eur. Phys.J. A2 (1998)113;
26. D. Kaczorowski, (R. Kruk) et al.,Magnetic and Electronic Properties of Ternary Uranium Antimonides UTSb2 (T = 3d-, 4d-, 5d-ElectronTransition Metal),Phys. Rev. B58 (1998) 9227;
27. V.A. Karnaukhov, (A. Budzanowski, W. Karcz, M. Janicki) et al.,Multifragmentation Induced by Light Relativistic Projectiles and Heavy Ions: Similarities andDifferences,Preprint JINR E7-98-8 and Yadernaya Fiz. (1998) (in print);
28. M. Kmiecik, (A. Maj) et al.,Possible Evidence for the Entrance Channel Effect in Reactions Leading to W,Eur. Phys. J.A1 (1998) 11;
29. A. Kramer, (Z. Stachura) et al.,Absorbtion-Edge Technique at the Gas-Jet Target of the ESR,Nucl. Instr. Meth. B146 (1998) 57;
30. A. Kramer, (Z. Stachura) et al.,Projectile Excitation Studies for High-Z Ions at a Storage Ring,Abstr. of the IX Int. Conf. on the Physics of Highly Charged Ions, Bensheim, Germany,14-18 September 1998, eds P.H. Mokler and F. Bosch, p. 156 - C57 and Physica Scripta (1998)(in print);
31. J. Kruk, K. Burda, G.H. Schmid, A. Radunz, K. Strzalka,,Function of Plastoquinones B and C as Electron Acceptors in Photosystem II and Fatty Acid Analysisof Plastoquinone B,
Photosynthesis Research 58 (1998) 203;
86
32. J. Kuriplach, E. Dryzek, J. Dryzek, M. Sob,Preferential Positron Annihilation in Binary Alloys,Acta Phys. Pol. (1998) (in print);
33. S. Lebed, (M. Cholewa, Z. Cioch, P. Golonka, S. Lazarski, A. Potempa, C. Sarnecki, Z. Stachura) et al.Design and First Results of the Nuclear Microprobe in Cracow,6th Int. Conf. on Nuclear Microprobe Technology and Applications, Spier Estate, Stellenbosch, SouthAfrica, 11-16 October 1998, p. A2.5 andNucl. Instr. Meth. B (1998) (in print);
34. M. Lekka, J. Lekki, M. Marszalek, Z. Stachura, B. Cleff,Local Adhesive Surface Properties Studied by Force Microscopy,1-st Int. Symp. on Scanning Probe Spectroscopy SPS'97, Poznan, Poland, 15-18 July 1997in Acta Phys. Pol. A93 (1998) 421;
35. M. Lekka, J. Lekki, M. Marszalek, P. Golonka, Z. Stachura, B. Cleff, A. Hrynkiewicz,Local Elastic Properties and Adhesion of Organic Surfaces Studied by SFM,Appl. Surface Science (1998) (in print);
36. T. Ludziejewski, (Z. Stachura) et al.,Electron Bremsstrahlung in Collisions of 223 MeV/u He-Like Uranium Ions with Gaseous Targets,J. Phys. B31 (1998) 2601;
37. T. Ludziejewski, (Z. Stachura) et al.,Two-Electron Processes in Relativistic Collisions o He-Like Uranium with Gaseous Targets,Abstr. of the IX Int. Conf. on the Physics of Highly Charged Ions, Bensheim, Germany,14-18 September 1998, eds P.H. Mokler and F. Bosch, p. 156 - C58 andPhysica Scripta (1998) (in print);
38. T. Ludziejewski, (Z. Stachura) et al.,Study of Electron Bremsstrahlung in Strong Coulomb Fields at the ESR Storage Ring,Proc. of the 3-rd Euroconf. on Atomic Physics with Stored Highly Charged Ions, Ferrara, Italy,22-26 September 1997 and Hyperfine Interactions 114 (1998) 165;
39. K. Latica, E.A. Gorlich, R. Kmiec, R. Kruk, A.W. Pacyna,Looking at Unusual Magnetism in Rare-Earth Intermetallics with n Sn Mossbauer Spectroscopy,Mol. Phys. Rep. (1998) (in print);
40. I. Matsumoto, (J. Kwiatkowska, F. Maniawski) et al.,Compton Scattering Study ofAl-Li Alloy,J. Phys. & Chem. Solids (1998) (in print);
41. W. M^czynski, (P. Bednarczyk, J. Grejaosz, M. Lach, M. Zieblinski, J. Styczen) et al.,Gamma-Spectroscopy of the 199At Nucleus with the Recoil Filter Detector,Eur. Phys. J. A3 (1998) 311;
42. A. Miiller, (Z. Stachura) et al.,Recent Dielectronic Recombination Experiments,Proc. of the 3-rd Euroconf. on Atomic Physics with Stored Highly Charged Ions, Ferrara, Italy,22-26 September 1997 and Hyperfine Interactions 114 (1998) 229;
43. M. Neubauer, (A. Kulinska, P. Wodniecki) et al.,PAC Measurements in Laser Deposited Ag/Fe and In/Fe Alloys,J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 189 (1998) 8;
44. M. Neubauer, K.P. Lieb, M. Uhrmacher, P. Wodniecki,Thermal-Spike Effects in Xe-Irradiated Ag/Fe Bilayers Observed with PAC Markers,Europhys. Lett. 43 (1998) 117;
45. M. Olech, W.M. Kwiatek, E. Dutkiewicz,Lead Pollution in the Antarctic Region,X-Ray Spectrometry 27 (1998) 232;
46. C. Paluszkiewicz, (W.M. Kwiatek) et al.,FT-Raman, FT-IR Spectroscopy and PIXE Analysis Applied to Gallstones Specimens,Cellular and Molecular Biology 44 (1998) 65;
47. A. Pieczka, J. Kraczka, W. Zabinski,Mossbauer Spectra ofFe3+- Poor Schorls; Reinterpretation on a Basis of an Ordered Structure Model,Abstr. of TOURMALINE'97, Int. Symp. on Tourmaline, Czech Republik, 20-25 June 1997, p. 72 andJ. of Czech Geological Soc. 43/1 (1998) 69;
87
48. A. Pieczka, J. Kraczka,Gossular - Ântradite Garnet from Scams of the Mt. Garby Izerskie,Min. Polon. 29 (1998) (in print);
49. M. Rejmund, (R. Broda, B. Fornal, M. Lach, J. Wrzesiński,) et al.,Gamma Spectroscopy of2 Pb with Deep Inelastic Reactions,Eur. Phys. J. Al, (1998)261;
50. P. Rymuza, (Z. Stachura) et al.,Higher-Order Effects Studied for K-Shell Excitation ofHigh-Z Projectiles,Proc. of the 3-rd Euroconf. on Atomic Physics with Stored Highly Charged Ions, Ferrara, Italy,22-26 September 1997 and Hyperfine Interactions 114 (1998) 171;
51. T.R. Saitoh, (A. Maj) et al,.Rotational Bands in l81Ta,Eur. Phys. J. A3 (1998) 197;
52. A. Schmidt, (J. Wrzesiński) et al.High Spin Structure in 123XeEur. PhysJ. A 2 (1998) 21;
53. J. Stanek, B. Rajchel, J. Fedotova, P. Fornal, H. Bińczycka,Interaction of Iron with TiN and DLC Coatings,Hyperfme Interactions 112 (1998) 55;
54. Th. Stöhlker, (Z. Stachura) et al.,Interference between Electric and Magnetic Amplitudes for K-Shell Excitation ofHigh-Z H-LikeProjectiles,Phys. Lett. A238 (1998) 43;
55. Th. Stöhlker, (Z. Stachura) et al.,K-Shell Excitation Studied for H- and He-Like Bismuth Ions in Collisions with Low-Z Target Atoms,Phys. Rev. A57 (1998) 845;
56. Th. Stöhlker, (Z. Stachura) et al.,Charge-Exchange Cross Sections and Beam Lifetimes for Stored and Decelerated Bare Uranium Ions,Phys. Rev. A58 (1998) 2043;
57. Th. Stöhlker, (Z. Stachura) et al,Total and Subshell Differential Cross-Sections Measured for Electron Capture into Decelerated BareUranium Ions,Abstr. of the IX Int. Conf. on the Physics of Highly Charged Ions, Bensheim, Germany,14-18 September 1998, P.H. Mokier and F. Bosch, p. 148 and Physica Scripta (1998) (in print);
58. Th. Stöhlker, (Z. Stachura) et al.,Angular Distribution Studies of the Time Reversed Photoionization Process,Abstr. of the IX Int. Conf. on the Physics of Highly Charged Ions, Bensheim, Germany,14-18 September 1998, eds P.H. Mokier and F. Bosch, p. 162 - C70 andPhysica Scripta (1998) (in print);
59. P. Suortti, (J. Kwiatkowska, F. Maniawski) et al.,Fermi Surface and Electron Correlations in Al, Studied by Compton Scattering,J. Phys. & Chem. Solids (1998) (in print);
60. P. Wodniecki, B. Wodniecka, A. Kulińska, A. Hrynkiewicz,Co-Sn Intermetallic Phases and their Formation at the Co/Sn Interphase Studied with PerturbedAngular Correlation (PAC) Method,J. Alloys and Compounds 264 (1998) 14;
61. P. Wodniecki, A. Kulińska, B. Wodniecka, A.Z. Hrynkiewicz,Electric Field Gradients at In Site in Au-In Compounds,Abstr. of XIV Int. Symp. on Nuclear Quadrupole Interactions, Pisa, Italy, 20-25 July 1997, p. 205 andZ. Naturforsch. 53a (1998) 349;
62. P. Wodniecki, B. Wodniecka, A. Kulińska, A.Z. Hrynkiewicz,Electric Quadrupole Interaction at mTa in Isostructural Orthorhombic CugHfs and CusZ^ Compounds,Abstr. of XIV Int. Symp. on Nuclear Quadrupole Interactions, Pisa, Italy, 20-25 July 1997, p. 207 andZ. Naturforsch. 53a (1998) 355;
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63. P. Wodniecki, B. Wodniecka, M. Marszatek, A. Kulinska, A. Hrynkiewicz,Phase Transition in Nio.30Ino.70 Alloy Studied with PAC Method,J. of Alloys and Compounds 267 (1998) 14;
64. C. T. Zhang, (R. Broda, B. Fomal, W. Kr61as, T. Pawlat) et al.,Yrast Excitations in A=126-131 Te Nuclei from Deep-Inelastic l30Te + 64Ni Reactions,Nucl. Phys. A628 (1998) 386.
Monographs:
1. A. Hrynkiewicz,Introduction to the Round Table Discussion (in Polish),Polish Physics at the Beginning of 3rd Millennium, ed. J. Szudy, Toruri (1998) 15;
2. A. Hrynkiewicz,Closing of the Round Table Discussion (in Polish),Polish Physics at the Beginning of 3rd Millennium, ed. J. Szudy, Torun (1998) 97;
3. A. Hrynkiewicz, K. Tomala,Mossbauer Spectroscopy (in Polish)Physical Methods of Measurements in Biology, Medicine and Environmental Research,eds A. Hrynkiewicz and E. Rokita, PWN (in print);
4. W.M. Kwiatek,Fluorescence Analysis (in Polish),Physical Methods of Measurements in Biology, Medicine and Environmental Research,eds A. Hrynkiewicz and E. Rokita, PWN (in print);
5. W. Meczynski, J. Styczen,Neutron Activation (in Polish)Physical Methods of Measurements in Biology, Medicine and Environmental Research,eds A. Hrynkiewicz and E. Rokita, PWN (in print);
6. B. Rajchel,Mass Spectroscopy (in Polish),Physical Methods of Measurements in Biology, Medicine and Environmental Research,eds A. Hrynkiewicz and E. Rokita, PWN (in print);
7. Z. Stachura,Microscopy (in Polish),Physical Methods of Measurements in Biology, Medicine and Environmental Research,eds A. Hrynkiewicz and E. Rokita, PWN (in print).
Book:
1. A. Hrynkiewicz,Henryk Niewodniczanski (1900-1968) (in Polish),IFJ Editors (1998).
Other publications:
1. A. Hrynkiewicz,Joint Institute of Nuclear Research in Dubna and its Unique Possibilities of Scientific Studies(in Polish),Fizyka w Szkole 1(1998) 4;
2. A. Hrynkiewicz,Harmless Nuclear Energetics (in Polish),Wiedza i Zycie (1998) (in print);
3. A. Hrynkiewicz,Sad Story of Nuclear Energetics in Poland (in Polish),Kultura 1, Instytut Literacki, Paris, France (1998) 9;
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4. A. Hrynkiewicz,Two Faces of Nuclear Energy (in Polish),Zagrozenia cywilizacyjne I, PAU (1998) 69;
5. A. Hrynkiewicz,Deux Visages de I'Energie Nucleaire,Centre Scientific de l'Academie Polonais des Sciences a Paris, Annales I (1998) 41;
6. A. Hrynkiewicz,Revival of Polish Science under the Rule of Polish Committee of Scientific Research,Forum Akademickie 11 (1998) 20.
Proceedings:
1. P. Bhattacharyya, (R. Broda, B. Fornal) et al.,Spectroscopy ofN = 82, 83 Xe Isotopes from 248Cm Fission,Proc. of 2-nd Int. Conf. on Exotic Nuclei and Atomic Masses, Shanty Creek Resort, Michigan, USA,23-27 June 1998 (1998) (in print);
2. C. Brandau, (Z. Stachura) et al.,Dielectronic Rydberg Resonances of the Heaviest Li-like Ions (in German),EAS-19, Energiereiche Atomare StOsse, Riezlern, Austria, 25-31 January 1998,eds R. Dreizler, B. Fricke et al. (1998) 33;
3. R. Broda, (B. Fornal, W. Krolas, T. Pawlat, J. Wrzesiriski) et al.,Spectroscopy of Nuclei Close to the 68Ni Produced in Deep-Inelastic Heavy-Ion Reactions,Proc. of Int. Conf. "Fission and Properties of Neutron-Rich Nuclei", Sanibel Island, Florida, USA,10-15 November 1997 (World Scientific) eds J.H. Hamilton, A.V. Ramayya (1998) 467;
4. R. Broda, (B. Fornal, W. Krolas, M. Lach, T. Pawiat, J. Wrzesinski) et al.,Shell Model Nuclei Studied in Deep-Inelastic Heavy-Ion Reactions,Proc. of 6-th Int. Spring Seminar "Highlights in Modern Nuclear Physics", May 1998, S. Agata sui dueGolfi (World Scientific) 1998 (in print);
5. G. Briikner, A. Czermak, H. Rauch, P. Weilhammer,Position Sensitive Detection of Thermal Neutrons with Solid State Detectors (Gd Si Planar Detectors),Proc. of Int. Conf. "Neutrons in Research and Industry", 9-15 June 1998, Crete, Greece, SPIE 2867;
6. P. J. Daly, (B. Fornal, R. Broda) et al.,Exploring Few-Valence-Particle Nuclei Around Magic 132Sn,Proc. of 6-th Int. Spring Seminar "Highlights in Modern Nuclear Physics", May 1998, S. Agata sui dueGolfi (World Scientific) 1998 (in print);
7. A. Hoffknecht, (Z. Stachura) et al.,Recombination of Highly Charged Ions with Free Electrons at Very Small Energies (in German),EAS-19, Energiereiche Atomare StSsse, Riezlern, Austria, 25-31 January 1998, eds R. Dreizler,B. Fricke at al. (1998)29;
8. J. Jaworski, M. Marszalek, J. Prokop, Z. Stachura, V. Voznyj, B. ClerT,Modular Ultra-High Vacuum Setup for Surface Investigations (in Polish),Proc. of Polish Vacuum Society Congress, Krak6w, Poland, eds T. Stobiecki, M. Szymonski,25-30 May 1998;
9. A. Kramer, (Z. Stachura) et al.,Absorption Edge Technique at the Gas Jet Target of the ESR (in German),EAS-19, Energiereiche Atomare Stosse, Riezlern, Austria, 25-31 January 1998, eds R. Dreizler,B. Fricke etal. (1998)48;
10. S. Lebed, (Z. Cioch, A. Rys", Z. Stachura, L. Zr6dlowski, M. Cholewa) et al.,Design and Expected Performance of the New Compact Nuclear Microprobe in the Institute of NuclearPhysics in Cracow,Proc. of the Int. Conf. on Electrostatic Accelerators, Obninsk, Russia, 25-28 November 1998 (in print);
11. T. Ludziejewski, (Z. Stachura) et al.,Electron Bremsstrahlung for lf0+ Impact on Gas Targets,XX ICPEAC, Int. Conf on the Physics of Electronic and Atomic Collisions, Vienna, Austria, 23-29 July1997, eds F. Aumayr, G. Betz, H.P. Winter (1998) TU 061;
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12. T. Pawlat, (R. Broda, B. Fornal, W. Krolas, J. Wrzesinski) et al.,Spectroscopy of Neutron-Rich Fe and Zn Isotopes Produced in Deep-Inelastic Collisions,Abstr. of the VI Int. School-Seminar "Heavy Ion Physics", Dubna, Russia, 22-27 September 1997,p. 123 and Proceedings eds. Yu. Ts. Oganessian, R. Kalpakchieva (World Scientific) (1998) 514;
13. A. Schmidt, (J. Wrzesinski) et al.,Three-Quasiparticle Bands in J23Xe,Proceedings of the Nuclear Structure '98 International Conference, Gatlinburg, 10-15 August (1998)116;
14. C.T. Zhang, (B. Fornal, R. Broda) et al.,Spectroscopy of Few-Particle Nuclei around Magic mSnfrom Fission Product y-Ray Studies,Proc. of Int. Conf. "Fission and Properties of Neutron-Rich Nuclei", Sanibel Island, Florida, USA,10-15 November 1997 (World Scientific) eds J.H. Hamilton, A.V. Ramayya (1998) 467.
Other conference materials:
1. P. Bhattacharyya, (B. Fornal) et al.,Three-Particle States in Exotic Fission Product 135Sb,DNP Meeting of the American Physical Society, Santa Fe', New Mexico, USA, 26-27 October (1998)(in print);
2. Th. Byrski, (K. Zuber) et al.,Extended Spectroscopy in the Superdeformed Well of l48'149Gd Nuclei,Abstr. of Int. Nuclear Physics Conference, Paris, France, 24-28 August 1998, p. 291;
3. E. Dryzek and J. Dryzek,Positron Annihilation Measurements in Mg Rich Mg-In Alloys,Abstr. of 30-th Seminar on Positron Annihilation, Jarnortowek, Poland, 17-21 September 1998, p. 24;
4. Ch. Finck, (K. Zuber) et al.,Quadrupole Moment of Superdeformed Bands in 15 Tb,Abstr. of Int. Nuclear Physics Conference, Paris, France, 24-28 August 1998, p. 315;
5. A. Kulinska, P. Wodniecki, B. Wodniecka, A. Hrynkiewicz,Au/In Bilayers Studied with '"in Deposited at the Interface,Abstr. of 11-th Int. Conf. on Hyperfine Interactions, Durban, 23-28 August 1998, 027;
6. A. Kulinska, P. Wodniecki, M. Uhrmacher, K.P. Lieb,Ion-Beam Induced Phase Transition in the Au-In System,Abstr. of 11-th Int. Conf. on Hyperfine Interactions, Durban, 23-28 August 1998, p. Mo75;
7. W.M. Kwiatek, E. Dutkiewicz, B. Kubica, J. Lekki, A.W. Potempa, Z. Stachura,Application of Proton Beams at INP's Van de Graaff Accelerator for Quality Accuracy and QualityControl in PIXE Analysis,Fifteenth Int. Conf. on the Application of Accelerators in Research and Industry, Denton, Texas, USA,4-7 November 1998;
8. W.M. Kwiatek, T. Cichocki, T. Drewniak, M. Gajda, M. Galka, M. Lekka,Preliminary Study of Selected Elements Distribution in Kidney Cancerous Tissues,8-th Int. Conf. on PIXE, Lund, Sweden, 14-18 June 1998, p. 3.9;
9. W. M^czynski, (P. Bednarczyk, J. Gr^bosz, M. Janicki, J. Styczen, M. Zieblinski) et al.,In-Beam Studies with the Recoil Filter Detector for Multidetector y-Arrays,Abstr. of Int. Nucl. Physics Conf., Paris, 24-28 August 1998, 2 (1998) 776;
10. M. Neubauer, K.P. Lieb, M. Uhrmacher, P. Wodniecki, L. Ziegeler,The Size of Thermal Spikes in Xenon-Irradiated Ag/Fe Bilayers,Abstr. of 11-th Int. Conf. on Hyperfine Interactions, Durban, 23-28 August 1998, Mo80;
11. A. Nourreddine, (K. Zuber) et al.,Population of Superdeformed Bands in Gd,Abstr. of Int. Nuclear Physics Conference, Paris, France, 24-28 August 1998, p. 449;
12. Z. Stachura, (M. Cholewa, Z. Cioch, P. Golonka, C. Sarnecki, S. Lazarski, A. Potempa) et al.,Design and First Results of the Nuclear Microprobe in Cracow,6-th Int. Conf. on Nuclear Microprobe Technology and Applications, Spier Estate, South Africa,11-16 October 1998, p. A2.5;
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13. Th. Stehlker, (Z. Stachura) et al.,Projectile Excitation Studies for High-Z H- and He-Like Ions,Abstr. of the XX1CPEAC, Int. Conf. on the Physics of Electronic and Atomic Collisions, Vienna, Austria,eds F. Aumayr, G. Betz, H.P. Winter, 23-29 July 1997 (1998);
14. Th. StShlker, (Z. Stachura) et al.,Strong Alignment Observed for the Time-Reversed Two-Step Photoionization Process,Abstr. of the XXICPEAC, Int. Conf. on the Physics of Electronic and Atomic Collisions, Vienna, Austria,eds F. Aumayr, G. Betz, H.P. Winter, 23-29 July 1997 (1998) p. TH 190;
15. Th. St6hlker, (Z. Stachura) et al.,Total and Subshell Differential Cross-Section Measured for Electron Capture into Decelerated BareUranium Ions,Abstr. of the XX ICPEAC, Int. Conf. on the Physics of Electronic and Atomic Collisions, Vienna, Austria,23-29 July 1997, eds F. Aumayr, G. Betz, H.P. Winter (1998) p. TH 191;
16. P. Wodniecki, B. Wodniecka, A. Kulinska, K.P. Lieb, M. Neubauer, M. Uhrmacher,Indium Solubility in Iron Studied with Perturbed Angular Correlations,Abstr. of 11-th Int. Conf. on Hyperfine Interactions, Durban, 23-28 August 1998, We32;
17. P. Wodniecki, B. Wodniecka, A. Kulinska, A. Hrynkiewicz,Ag-Zr Compounds Studied with PAC Method,Abstr. of 11-th Int. Conf. on Hyperfine Interactions, Durban, 23-28 August 1998, We26.
Reports, preprints, notes:
1. C. Brandau, (Z. Stachura) et al.,Recombination of Li-Like Ions with Free Electrons at the ESR,GSI Scientific Report GSI-98-1 (1998) 104;
2. H. J. Jensen, (J. Wrzesinski) et al.,Lifetime Measurement in 4Gd,JUL-3505 (IKP Ann. Report, 1997) (1998) 96;
3. V. A. Karnaukhov, (A. Budzanowski, W. Karcz, M. Janicki) et al.,On the Variation of the Coulomb Repulsion in Multifragmentation,Report GSI-IKDA 98/23 (1998);
4. K. Kozak, M. Jasinska, W.M. Kwiatek, J. W. Mietelski, E. Dutkiewicz,Non-Standard Application of Filters from ASS-500 Station for Determination of Air Contaminationat Ground Level (in Polish),II Polish Seminar "Monitoring of Environmental Radioactive Contamination with ASS-500 and PMSStations", Warszawa, Poland, 7-8 May 1998, CLOR Report 137 (1998) 33;
5. A. Kramer, (Z. Stachura) et al.,The Absorption-Edge Technique at the Gas-Jet Target of the ESR,GSI Scientific Report GSI-98-1 (1998) 100;
6. T. Ludziejewski, (Z. Stachura) et al.,Electron Bremsstrahlung in Strong Coulomb Fields at the Internal Gas Target of the ESR Storage Ring,GSI Scientific Report GSI-98-1 (1998) 112;
7. B. Rajchel, M. Drwieja, E. Lipinska, R. Hajduk,The Two-Beam-Line Ion Implanter and Review of its Applications to Creation of Complex Layers by theIBAD Method,IFJ Report 1812/AP(1998);
8. Th. StOhlker, (Z. Stachura) et al.,The Is Lamb Shift in H-Like Uranium Measured on Cooled and Decelerated Ion Beams,GSI Scientific Report GSI-98-1 (1998) 99;
9. Th. StOhlker, (Z. Stachura) et al.,Angular Distribution Studies of the Time Reversed Photoionization Process,GSI Scientific Report GSI-98-1 (1998) 106.
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GRANTS:
Grants from the State Committee for Scientific Research:
1. DrJ. Dryzek - grant No 2 P03B 027 10,"Study of Disordered Systems by Positron Annihilation Methods" (1.03.1996 - 28.02.1998);
2. Prof. R. Broda - grant No 2 P03B 150 10,"Structure of Neutron-Rich Nuclei and Mechanism of Their Production in Deep-Inelastic Collisionsof Heavy Ions" (1.01.1996 - 31.12.1998);
3. DrK. Zuber- grant No 2 P03B 132 11,"Studies of the Super- and Hiper- Deformations of Atomic Nuclei" (1.01.1996 - 30.06.1998);
4. Prof. A. Hrynkiewicz (Dr M. Lekka) - grant No 2 P03B 033 12,"Biological Applications of SFM: Studies of Mechanical Properties of Cell Membrane"(1.02.1997-31.08.1998);
5. DrE. Dryzek - grant No 2 P03B 009 13,"Study of Positron Annihilation with Core Electrons Using the Coincidence Doppler BroadeningSpectrometer" (1.07.1997 - 30.06.1998);
6. Dr F. Maniawski - grant No 2 P03 B 028 14,"High Resolution Compton Spectroscopy Studies of the Electron Properties of Al and Al-Li Alloy"(2.01.1998-31.12.1998);
7. Dr B. Rajchel - grant No T 08C 01915,"Creation of Hard Coating Layers by Ionic Methods for the HSM Cutting Technology"(1.09.1998-31.08.2001);
8. P. Golonka, M.Sc. - grant No 2 P03B 066 15,"Erythrocyte Hemolysis by Organic Tin and Lead Compounds Studied by Nuclear Physics Methods"(1.11.1998 -31.10.1999);
9. Prof. E. Wantuch (Technical University, Krakow, Poland) and Dr B. Rajchel -grantNo7T08C031 08,
"Analysis of the Formation of Diamond Like Coatings by IB AD Method on Materials Used for Tools andEndoprosthesis in Controlled Condition of the Substrate" (1.03.1995 - 1.03.1998);
10. Prof. J. Stanek (Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland) and Dr B. Rajchel -grant No 2 P03B 110 09,"Microanalysis of the Influence of Interfaces Layers in Solids" (1.10.1995 - 30.09.1998);
11. Dr A. Pieczka (Academy of Mining and Metallurgy, Krakow, Poland) and Dr J. Kraczka -grantNo6P04D015 08,"Structural States of Tourmalines in the Light of X-Rays and Spectroscopic Investigations and StatisticalInterpretation of Crystalochemical Data" (1.04.1995 - 31.03.1998);
12. Prof. W. Zabinski (Academy of Mining and Metallurgy, Krakow, Poland) and DrJ. Kraczka -grantNo6P04D019 11,"Spectroscopic Investigation of Selected Silicate Minerals with Complicated Internal Structure"(1.02.1997-31.01.1999);
13. Assoc. Prof. K. Lqtka (Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland) and R. Kmiec M.Sc. -grantNo2P03B 116612,"Micro- and Macroscopic Investigations of Magnetic Properties of Rare Earth Intermetallic Compoundsand Phases" (1.01.1997 - 31.12.1999);
14. Ph.D., M.E. . L. Jaworska (The Institute of Metal Cutting, Krakow, Poland) and Dr B.Rajchel -grant No 7 T08D 01914,"The High Pressure Sintering of Diamond Micropowders with Selected Metal and Nonmetal Compounds"(1.01.1998-31.12.2000).
Investments Grants from The State Committee for Scientific Research:
1. Dr Z. Stachura - grant A 44,"Van de Graaff Laboratory" (31.12.1998);
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2. Prof. R. Broda and Dr W. Mqczynski - grant A48,"Development of Gamma Detection and Data Acquisition System" (31.12.1998);
3. Dr Z. Stachura - grant A 55,"Development of the Acquisition System for Biological, Medical and Solid State Studies Using NuclearSpectroscopy Methods" (1998 - 31.12.1999);
4. Dr Z. Stachura - grant A 57,"Measuring and Control Units used in Solid State Investigations by Nuclear Methods"(1998-31.12.1999).
Grants from other sources:
1. Prof. J. Styczen - coordinator,Polish - French Convention between IN2 P3, Polish Laboratories and JUMELAGE (W 3001);
2. Dr M. Marszalek, Dr Z. Stachura, and Dr B. Sulkio-Cleff (Institute fur Kernphysik, WestfdlischeWilhelms Universitdt, Munster, Germany) -grantNo 1376/94/LN, Stiftungfur Deutsch-PolnischeZusammenarbeit,"Construction and Testing of Gamma-Gamma Perturbed Angular Correlation Spectrometer forDiagnostics of Thin Films" (1.10.1995-30.06.1998).
CONTRIBUTIONS TO CONFERENCES AND WORKSHOPS:
INVITED TALKS:
1. R. Broda,"New Results in Spectroscopy of Light-, Medium-, and Heavy Nuclei Produced in Deep-Inelastic HIReactions",XVI Nuclear Physics Divisional Conference, Structure of Nuclei under the Extreme Conditions, Padova,Italy, March-April 1998;
2. R. Broda,"Shell Model Nuclei Studied in Deep-Inelastic Heavy-Ion Reactions",6th Int. Spring Seminar on Nuclear Physics, Highlights of Modern Nuclear Structure, S. Agata sui dueGolfi, Italy, May 1998;
3. R. Broda,"Concluding Remarks",Nuclear Physics Close to the Barrier, International Conference, Warsaw, Poland, 30 June - 4 July 1998;
4. B. Fornal,"Spectroscopy at the Neutron-Rich Edge of Beta Stability Valley",Nuclear Physics Close to the Barrier, International Conference, Warsaw, Poland,30 June- 4 July 1998;
5. A. Maj,"Search for Entrance Channel Effects in Compound Nuclear Formations","Giant Resonances '98", Varenna, Italy, May 1998;
6. A. Maj,"Entrance Channel Effects, Deformation and GDR",V Nuclear Physics Workshop, Kazimierz Dolny, Poland, September 1998;
7. J. Styczen,"Perspectives Nouvelles Ontrouvertes par le Recoil Filter Detector, RFD", Recontres de Lyon de laCommunaute EUROBALL, France, 12-13 February 1998;
8. J. Styczen,"Spectroscopy in Heavy Elements with the Recoil Filter Detector",V Nuclear Physics Workshop, Kazimierz Dolny, Poland, September 1998;
9. P. Wodniecki,"Au/In Bilayers Studied with m In Deposited at the Interface",11th International Conference on Hyperfine Interactions, Durban, South Africa, 23-28 August 1998.
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PRESENTATIONS:
1. E. Dryzek - poster,"Positron Annihilation Measurements in Mg Rich Mg-In Alloys",30th Seminar on Positron Annihilation, Jarnoh6wek, Poland, 17-21 September 1998;
2. J. Dryzek - oral presentation,"The Diffusion Model for Trapping of Positrons in Inhomogeneous Solids",30th Seminar on Positron Annihilation, Jarnolt6wek, Poland, 17-21 September 1998;
3. J. Dryzek - poster,"The Calculation of the Annihilation Rate of the o-Ps in the Pick-off Process",30th Seminar on Positron Annihilation, Jarnort6wek, Poland, 17-21 September 1998;
4. J. Jaworski - poster,"Modular Ultra-High Vacuum Setup for Surface Investigations" (in Polish;,Polish Vacuum Society Congress, Krak6w, Poland, 25-30 May 1998;
5. W.M. Kwiatek - oral presentation,"Preliminary Study of Selected Elements Distribution in Kidney Cancerous Tissues",8th International Conference on PIXE, Lund, Sweden, 14-18 June 1998;
6. J. Kwiatkowska - poster,"Compton Scattering Study of Al-Li Alloy",International Workshop Inelastic X-Ray Scattering, Montauk, L.I., New York, USA, 18-21 October1998;
7. M. Lach - oral presentation,"High Spin Structure of 57Ni and Nuclei Nearby",XXXIII Zakopane School of Physics, Zakopane, Poland, 1-9 September 1998;
8. M. Lekka - poster,"Differences in Elastic Properties of Normal and Cancerous Cells Studied by SFM",Biophysics of Cytoskeleton, Obernai, France, 22-27 April 1998;
9. M. Lekka - poster,"Local Elastic Properties of Organic Surfaces Studied by SFM",International Symposium "Nano-Scale Modification of Surfaces", Krak6w, Poland, 28-30 May 1998;
10. M. Lekka — poster,"Cytoskeletal Changes Studied by SFM",VII International Symposium of Polish Network of Molecular and Cellular Biology UNESCO/PAS,Krak6w, Poland, 6-9 June 1998;
11. J. Lekki - poster,"Surface Roughness of Thin Layers - A Comparison of XRD and SFM Measurements",International Symposium "Nano-Scale Modification of Surfaces", Krakow, Poland, 28-30 May 1998;
12. A. Maj - oral presentation,"Properties of Hot Nuclei Studied by the GDR y-Decay in Exclusive Experiments",Nuclear Physics Close to the Barrier, International Conference, Warsaw, Poland, 30 June - 4 July 1998;
13. B. Rajchel - poster,"Microstructure of Carbon Coatings Created by the Dual IBAD Technique",International Summer School, Modern Plasma Surface Technology, Mielno, Poland, 1998;
14. B. Rajchel - poster,"Selected Nuclear Methods for Investigation of Elemental Composition and Structure of Solid Materials",International Summer School, Modern Plasma Surface Technology, Mielno, Poland, 1998;
15. P. Wodniecki - poster,"Ion-Beam Induced Phase Transition in the Au-In System",11th International Conference on Hyperfine Interactions, Durban, South Africa, 23-28 August 1998;
16. P. Wodniecki - poster,"Ag-Zr Compounds Studied with PAC Method",11 International Conference on Hyperfine Interactions, Durban, South Africa, 23-28 August 1998;
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17. P. Wodniecki - poster,"Indium Solubility in Iron Studied with PAC Method",11th International Conference on Hyperfine Interactions, Durban, South Africa, 23-28 August 1998;
18. P. Wodniecki - poster,"Ion Beam Mixing of Ag/Fe and Ni/Sb Bilayers Observed with U1ln Markers",11th International Conference on Hyperfine Interactions, Durban, South Africa, 23-28 August 1998.
MEMBERS OF ORGANIZING COMMITTEE:
1. R. Broda (chairman), W. Meczynski (managing director), B. Fornal (scientific secretary), P. Bednarczyk,J. Grebosz, M. Kmiecik, M. Lach, A. Maj, M. Niewiara, T. Pawlat, A. Potempa, J. Styczeri,J. Wrzesinski, and M. Zi^blinski,XXXIII Zakopane School of Physics: Trends in Nuclear Physics, Zakopane, Poland, 1-9 September 1998;
2. R. Broda - member of the Advisory Committee,Nuclear Structure at the Extremes, University of Brighton, Lewes, East Sussex, Great Britain,June 1998;
3. R. Broda - member of the Advisory Committee,The Nucleus - New Physics for the New Millennium, Nat. Ace. Centre, Faure near Cape Town, SouthAfrica, January 1999;
4. R. Broda - member of the Advisory Committee,International Conf. on Fission and Neutron-Rich Nuclei, St. Andrews, Scotland, June 1999;
5. W.M. Kwiatek,4th International School and Symposium on Synchrotron Radiation in Natural Science, Jaszowiec,Poland, 15-20 June 1998;
6. J. Styczeri - member of the Advisory Committee,Nuclear Physics Close to the Barrier, Warsaw, Poland, 30 June - 4 July 1998;
7. P. Wodniecki - member of the International Advisory Committee,//'* International Conference on Hyperfine Interactions, Durban, South Africa, 23-28 August 1998.
ORGANIZED CONFERENCES AND WORKSHOPS:
XXXIII Zakopane School of Physics: Trends in Nuclear Physics, Zakopane, Poland, 1-9 September 1998;Organizing Committee:R. Broda (chairman), W. Meczynski (managing director), B. Fornal (scientific secretary), P. Bednarczyk,J. Grebosz, M. Kmiecik, M. Lach, A. Maj, M. Niewiara, T. Pawlat, A. Potempa, J. Styczen, J. Wrzesinski,and M. Zieblinski.
SCIENTIFIC DEGREES:
1. M. Lekka - Ph.D.,"Biological Applications of the SFM";
2. I. Meus - M.Sc,"PIXE and FTIR Renal Stones Investigations";
3. A. Warunek - M.Sc.,"Trace Elements Determinations of Blood Serum from Children with Asthma Diseases";
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SCHOLARSHIPS:
1. P. Bednarczyk,Scholarship founded by Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules, Paris,in Institut de Recherches Subatomique, Strasbourg, France, 1.05.1998 - 31.12.1998;
2. W. Królas,Fellowship of Institute Nazionale de Fisica Nucleare, Padova, Italy, 1.01.1998 - 30.09.1998;
3. A. Kulińska,Scholarship founded by Sonderforschungsbereich 345 in Zweites Physikalisches Institut der UniversitätGöttingen, Germany, 1.01.1998 - 31.12.1998;
4. K. Zuber,Scholarship founded by Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules, Paris,in Institut de Recherches Subatomique, Strasbourg, France, 1.01.1998 - 22.09.1998.
PRIZES:A. Hrynkiewicz,Honoris Causa Doctorate of the Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, Lublin, Poland.
SEMINARS:EXTERNAL:
1. R. Broda,"Nuclear Spectroscopy at the Neutron-Rich Edge of Beta Stability Valley",Warsaw, Poland, April 1998;
2. R. Broda,"Dynamical Deformation of Nuclei Participating in Deep-Inelastic Collisions",
Univ. di Napoli, Naples, Italy, May 1998;3. R. Broda,
"Selected Results from Gamma-Spectroscopy in Deep-Inelastic Heavy-Ion Collisions",Argonne Nat. Lab., USA October 1998;
4. A. Hrynkiewicz,"Two Faces of the Nuclear Energy",Polish Academy of Sciences, Wrocław, Poland, 27 April 1998;
5. A. Hrynkiewicz,"Two Faces of the Nuclear Energy",A. Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland, 28 May 1988;
6. A. Hrynkiewicz," Physical Conditions of the Origin and Evolution of Life",Open Door, Institute of Physics, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland, 20 May 1998;
7. A. Hrynkiewicz,"Beneficial Nuclear Power Plants",Centenary of Polonium and Radium Discovery, Warsaw, Poland, 19 September 1998;
8. A. Hrynkiewicz," Constants of Nature Control the Universe ",Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Lublin, Poland, 26 October 1998;
9. A. Hrynkiewicz," Perspectives of Practical Applications of the Thermonuclear Fusion",Białystok Branch of the Polish Physical Society, Białystok, Poland, 14 November 1998;
10. A. Hrynkiewicz,"Does Poland Need Nuclear Power? ",Rotary Club, Kraków, Poland, 19 November 1998;
97
11. A. Hrynkiewicz,"Ecological Aspects of Energetics. Does Poland Need Nuclear Power? ",Polish Society, Krakow-Nowa Huta, Poland, 2 December 1998;
12. K. Burda and Z. Stachura,"Biophysics Studied by Nuclear Methods in the Institute of Nuclear Physics in Krak6w",Leipzig Universitat, Germany, 3 December 1998;
13. A. Czermak,"Silicon Strip Detectors for Research of y Radioactivity",INFN Padova, Italy, 16 February 1998;
14. J. Dryzek,"Study of the Positron Annihilation Line Using Germanium Detectors",Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic, 8 December 1998;
15. B. Fornal,"Spectroscopy in the Vicinity of Neutron-Rich Doubly Magic Nuclei",ArgonneNat. Lab., USA, 11 December 1998;
16. M. Lekka,"Biological Applications of the SFM",Institute of Biochemistry Collegium Medicum, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland, 21 October1998;
17. B. Rajchel"Microstructure of Carbon Coatings Created by Ion Methods",Institute of Physics, Wroclaw University, Wroclaw, Poland, March 1998.
INTERNAL:
1. M. Bentley (Staffordshire University, Stoke-on-Trent, Great Britain),"Gamma-Ray Studies of N~Z Nuclei in the f7/2 Shell";
2. P. Quentin (Centre d'Etudes Nucleaires de Bordeaux-Gradignan, Bordeaux, France),"Intrinsic Nuclear Vorticity, Superdeformed Bands and Persistent Currents in Mesoscopic Rings";
3. P. Lubiriski (Heavy Ions Laboratory, Warsaw University, Warsaw, Poland),"Study of Nuclear Surface with Antiprotons";
4. J. Korecki (Academy of Mining and Metallurgy, Krakow, Poland) and P. Korecki (JagiellonianUniversity, Krakow, Poland),"Imaging of Atoms Using Mossbauer Spectroscopy";
5. K. Pomorski (UMCS Lublin, Poland),"Influence of the Initial Spin Distribution on Decay of Compound Nucleus by Fission and Light ParticleEmission";
6. J. Prokop,"Structure and Magnetic Properties of Ultrathin Epitaxial Iron Films Sandwiched by Ruthenium";
7. D. Fick (Philips-Universitat, Marburg, Germany),"NMR on Solid Surfaces";
8. R. Hajduk and B. Rajchel,"Investigation of Carbon Coatings Created by Dual Beam IBAD Method. Review of RBS/NRA/PIXEExperimental Data";
9. E. Dryzek,"Preferential Positron Annihilation in Mg-Cd Alloy";
10. P. Golonka,"Hemolytical Activity of Organic Tin and Lead Compounds Studied by Nuclear Physics Methods";
11. G. Schatz (Konstanz University, Germany),"Low-Dimensional Magnetism Studied with Nuclear Probes";
12. B. Rajchel,"Application of the Dual Beam IBAD Method for Creation of Coating Layers";
13. M. Baranska (Institute of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland),"Application of the Vibrational Spectroscopy to the Study of Polymorphism and Metallocomplexesof Anti-Ulcer Medicines";
98
14. H. Mach (Uppsala University, Sweden),"Differences and Similarities between Double Magic Regions 132Sn and 208Pb Studied with OSIRISSpectrometer in Studsvik";
15. M. Danielewski (Academy of Mining and Metallurgy, Krakow, Poland),"Generalised Interdiffusion Model and Its Applications";
16. M. G6rska (Warsaw University, Poland),"Structure of Exited States of Nuclei Close to 100Sn";
17. I. Meus and A. Warunek (Jagiellonian University, Krak6w, Poland),"The Use of VdG Accelerator for Biomedical Materials Investigations";
18. S. Chwaszczewski (IEA Warsaw, Poland),"Nuclear Power Plants in Poland - yes or not?";
19. J. Jaworski,"GMR and Magnetic Properties of Metallic Thin Films";
20. M. di Toro (INFN Catania, Italy),"Entrance Channel Effects in Fusion Reactions";
21. K. Brand (Ruhr Universitat, Bochum, Germany),"The Dynamitron Accelerator at Bochum, from Nuclear Physics to Industrial Ion Implantation";
22. H. Saitovitch (Centro Brasileiro de Pesquisas Fisicas, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil),"HfFe2 and ReNi2B2C: PAC Experiments";
23. R. Lieder (IP der KFA Jttlich, Germany),"The Present and Future of Gamma-Ray Spectroscopy";
24. F. Stobiecki (Institute of Molecular Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznan, Poland),"GMR in Multilayers of Permalloy/Cu";
25. R. Broda,"In Which Way and Why Did We Reach the 69Cu and l37Cs Nuclei?".
LECTURES AND COURSES:
1. A. Hrynkiewicz,University course for students of medical physics, Institute of Physics, Jagiellonian University, Krak6w,Poland:"Physical Methods in Medicine, Biology and Environmental Protection";
2. A. Hrynkiewicz,Seminar for students of medical physics, Institute of Physics, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland;
3. A. Czermak,Lectures for graduate students of electronics, Academy of Mining and Metalurgy, Krak6w, Poland,15 February - 31 March 1998,"Computer Based Control and Measurement Systems for Experimental Physics";
4. B. Fornal,"The World of Atomic Nuclei", Open Door, INP, Krak6w, Poland, 10 October 1998;
5. E.M. Dutkiewicz,Institute of Botany, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland, March 1998,
"Analytical Methods of the Element Content Determination";6. J. Gr^bosz,
Rzeszow University of Technology, Rzeszow, Poland, June 1998,"Software Engineer Tasks in a Nuclear Physics Experiment. Controlling the Electronics, Data Acquisitionand Data Analysis";
7. W.M. Kwiatek,University course for students of medical physics, Institute of Physics Jagiellonian University, Krakow,Poland:"Application of Synchrotron Radiation and Fluorescence Spectroscopy in Biology and Medicine";
8. W.M. Kwiatek,Teaching of physics at the 3rd Independent High School, Social Educational Society, Krakow, and themembership of the Regional Committee for Inter-School Contest in Physics for High School Students;
99
9. B. Rajchel,University course for students of medical physics, Institute of Physics Jagiellonian University:"Interaction of Ion Beams with Solid Materials. Analysis of Elemental Composition and InternalStructure".
SHORT TERM VISITORS:
1. S. Aksyonov, Institute of Applied Physics, Sumy, Ukraine;2. M. Bentley, Staffordshire University, Stoke-on-Trent, Great Britain;3. H. Baumeister, Institut fur Kernphysik, Munster, Germany;4. O. Boiling, Institut fur Kernphysik, Munster, Germany;5. K. Brand, Ruhr University, Bochum, Germany;6. B. Cleff, Institut fur Kernphysik, Munster, Germany;7. G. Fillebock, Konstanz University, Germany;8. F. Jundt, IRES Strasbourg France;9. J. Kuriplach, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic;10. S. Lebed, Institute of Applied Physics, Sumy, Ukraine;11. K.P. Lieb, University of Gottingen, Germany;12. A. Maier, Konstanz University, Germany;13. K. Moseke, Institut fur Kernphysik, Munster, Germany;14. H. Saitovitch, CBPF, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil;15. V. Sandukovski, JINR, Dubna, Russia;16. G. Schatz, Konstanz University, Germany;17. C. Schild, Institut fur Kernphysik, Munster, Germany;18. V.E. Storizhko, Institute of Applied Physics, Sumy, Ukraine;19. F. Sukhodub, Institute of Applied Physics, Sumy, Ukraine;20. M. di Toro, INFN, Catania, Italy.
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101
DEPARTMENTOF STRUCTURAL RESEARCH
Head of Department: Assoc. Prof. Tadeusz WasiutynskiDeputy Head of Department: Assoc. Prof. Piotr ZielinskiSecretary: Maria Magdalena Mayertelephone: (48) (12) 637-02-22 ext.: 250e-mail: [email protected]
PERSONNEL:
Neutron Laboratory:
Research Staff:
Jerzy Janik, Prof.Jan Krawczyk, Ph.D.Jacek Mayer, Assoc. Prof.Ewa Sciesiriska, Assoc. Prof.Waclaw Witko, Ph.D.Piotr Zielinski, Assoc. Prof.
Technical Staff:
Jerzy Brarikowski, M.Sc, Eng.Tadeusz Sarga
Administration:
Wladyslawa Lisiecka
Laboratory of Magnetic Research:
Research Staff:
Maria Balanda, Ph.D.Andrzej Pacyna, Ph.D.Tadeusz Wasiutynski, Assoc. Prof.
Technical Staff:
Waldemar Witek, M.Sc., Eng.
Jerzy Hubert, Assoc. ProfMaria Massalska-Arodz, Assoc. Prof.Ireneusz Natkaniec, Ph.D.Jan Sciesinski, M.Sc., Eng.Wojciech Zajac, Ph.D.
Janusz Sokotowski, M.Sc., Eng.
Maria Magdalena Mayer
Valery Baron, Ph.D.Julia Rataj, M.Sc.
Tomasz Stachyra
102limn
PL9902475OVERVIEW:
Two main subjects dominated activity of Department of Structural Research this year: dynamicsof molecules in condensed matter and magnetic properties of new materials. The former subject isto be understood in a very broad sense. It embraces fast quantum and classical reorientations ofsmall molecules in disordered crystalline phases as well as rather slow motions of large molecules andmolecular segments in liquid crystals and polymers. Glassy states occurring in such systems wereof particular interest. The magnetic materials studied in our department fall into two categories:canonical substances such as rare earth orthoferrites and the recently discovered molecular magnets.A typical study of a substance in our group consists of a series of experiments involving variouscomplementary methods followed by advanced theoretical and model analysis.
The experimental work is performed on great instruments accessible for us owing to the wellestablished network of international cooperations and in great number at our own premises. The mainexperimental tools of our department are: adiabatic and differential scanning calorimeters, Fouriertransformed infrared absorption spectrometer, ac susceptibility/dc magnotemeter and Cahn balance.All of them operate in wide temperature range: 4 - 400 K. Magnetic measurements are carried out indc field up 56 kOe.
An important improvement of out equipment took place last year. New hardware and softwarewere devised to control the calorimetric measurements. Consequently temperature flows as slowas 1 [iK/m'm are now detectable, that makes the calorimeter a perfect tool for the studies of slowrelaxational processes in condensed matter. A new option of data acquisition applied to the infraredspectrometer allows one to study the kinetics of phase transformations in real time. The time resolutionis of order of few minutes. This is of special importance in the studies of glassy phases which evolvein the time scale of hours.
Assoc. Prof. Tadeusz Wasiutyfiski
REPORTS ON RESEARCH:
PL9902476Dynamical Effects
of Strong Localized Anharmonicity in Crystal Lattices
P. Zieliriski, Z. Lodziana. and T. Srokowski
It is well known that the crystal lattices are generally anharmonic. The anharmonicity is, however,pronounced to the largest extent close to the surfaces, grain boundaries, domain walls, dislocationsand to other defects, mainly due to a lower coordination of the atoms placed in their vicinity, whereasthe bulk of the crystal often satisfactorily complies with the harmonic approximation. The numberof the degrees of freedom involved in the anharmonic interactions then is relatively limited. We haveshown [1] that the effective equations of motion of the anharmonic part of the described systems hasa general form of the Volterra integro-differential equations (VIDE):
ua(t) = B(ua(t)) - f VK(t - T)[-vKa{T) + h(r)]dT + fa(t). (1)Jo
The vector B{ua{t)) represents the forces among the "anharmonic" degrees of freedom ua. The vectorsfh and fa are the forces applied to the harmonic and to the anharmonic part of the system respectivelyand the matrix V describes the coupling of both parts. The kernel K is the time- and site-dependentGreen function of the harmonic subsystem. In the particular case of a dispersionless (semi)infinite
103
bulk crystals the above general equations of motion reduce to differential equations (DE) and in thecase of a spatially limited dispersionless bulk crystal to delayed differential equations. As an examplewe present below the DDE for the displacement «o(0 of a mass M placed in the anharmonic potentialV(uo) and attached to a dispersionless one-dimensional medium of the stiffness constant T and of thesound velocitv c:
Md2u0 Tdu0 OVju)dt2 c dt du
2j,^i.p.(d/2I,)
f Fit 2—<(-l)m«o(*-2roL/c) = (2)
The examples of DE, DDE and VIDE constructed by us for various lattice defects are now understudy in order to model the efficiencies of higher harmonics and subharmonics generation as well asto reveal the instances and the physical manifestations of chaos in the dynamics of the defects.Reference:
1. P. Zieliriski, Z. Lodziana, and T. Srokowski, Prog. Surf. Sci. 59 (1998) 265.
PL9902477Harmonics Generation and Chaos
in Scattering of Phonons from Anharmonic Surfaces
P. Zieliriski, Z. Lodziana, and T. Srokowski
We have derived the effective equations of motion for the surface atom in a one-dimensional,dispersionless semi-infinite crystal. Two kinds of external perturbation have been considered: anexternal oscillatory force, which models an external radiation and a monochromatic incident phononcoming from the bulk. The numerical solution of the equations obtained allowed us to predict theefficiency of harmonics and subharmonics generation by the surface, the reflection coefficients of theparticular harmonics in the phonon scattering and the rate of the phonodesorption of the surfaceatoms [1-3].
o.o
§•
of
us
0.60.50.40.30.20.10.0
0.300.250.200.150.10
0.05
0.00
2.0-
1.5-
1.0-
0.5-
0.0-
0.0
Amplitude of Applied Force fo(w)0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5
hi. =iltlLj-..
0.120.100.080.060.040.020.00
0.1 02 0.3
Incident Wave Amplitude a0.4
Fig. 1: Generation efficiencies En of the lowest harmonics and subharmonics by the external oscillatory forcef(t) = fo((jj)cos(u)t) applied to the surface atom in the potential Vo(u) = —5M2 + 25w4 and the reflectioncoefficients Rn, for the incident wave u(ct + x) = asin(u>t + xui/c); w = 3.5 ,T/c= 1. The upper part shows thecorresponding Lyapunov exponent.
104
References:
1. P. Zieliriski, Z. Lodziana, and T. Srokowski, Physica B (in print);2. P. Zieliriski, Z. Lodziana, and T. Srokowski, Eur. Phys. J. (in print);3. P. Zieliriski and Z. Lodziana, Phase Transitions, submitted.
Spin Flop Transition in the Organic Magnet
M. Baianda, K. Falk1, K. Griesar1, Z. Tornkowicz2, T. Wasiutyriski, and W. Haase1
1 Darmstadt University of Technology, Institute of Physical Chemistry;2 Institute of Physics, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
Organic magnets based on Mn-porphyrin present a very interesting class of materials due to itsquasi one-dimensional (ID) character and to the possibility of structure modifications which influ-ence the magnetic ordering. We studied the [MnR4TPP][TCNE]*solvent compound, where TPP-tetraphenylporphyrin, TCNE-tetracyanoethylene and R = OCi2H25, the functional group substitutedat the periphery of the porphyrin disc. This compound is built of ferrimagnetic chains with alter-nating spin s of M n m (S = 2) and of TCNE~ (s = 1/2) [1]. The distances between the chains are« 30 A [2]. At low temperatures correlations between the chains come into play and the system ordersferromagnetically at Tc = 22 K. Below Tc transition to the spin-glass-like state occurs. The coercivefield at T = 2.3 K is significant and equals 21 kOe but decreases quickly with temperature. At themagnetization virgin curve a field induced jump is observed which we identity as a spin flop (SF). TheSF occurrence suggests that some negative coupling should be present in the system. A study of thetemperature dependence of the magnetization process (See Fig. 1) has shown that the SF critical fielddecreases with T and equals zero for T > 7.5 K.
10 20Magn. Field (kOe)
Fig. 1: Magnetization curves at varried temperature for [Mn(OCi2H25)4TPP][TCNE].
We explain this behaviour as coming from the sign change of the anisotropy constant which,together with interchain interaction is crucial for spin configuration. In the case when there is no pathfor superexchange coupling between the chains, the weak and anisotropic dipolar interaction shouldbe considered. Its subtle interplay with single ion anisotropy (in the presence of random anisotropycoming from the solvent) may produce a change in spin configuration. For 0 K < T < 7.5 K uniaxial
105
anisotropy along the chain axis favours the antiparallel spin configuration, while for T > 7.5 K theuniaxial anisotropy is lost and the parallel spin alignment perpendicular to the chain axis is preferable.Thus, the SF observed is the transition from the longitudinal to the transverse spin glass state andits occurrence can be an indirect evidence for the dipolar character of the interchain coupling in thisfamily of compounds.References:
1. J.S. Miller, J.C. Calabrese, R.S. McLean, and A.J. Epstein, Adv. Mater. 4 (1992) 498;2. K. Griesar, M. Athanassopoulou, Z. Tomkowicz, and M. Balanda, Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst. 306
(1997) 57.
Critical Currents of Superconducting CeranrDetermined by Magnetic Measurements
Z. Tomkowicz1 and M. Balanda1 Institute of Physics, Jagielhnian University, Krakow, Poland
PL9902478
High-Tc ceramic samples present a network of superconducting grains coupled via Josephson junc-tions. The nature of contacts between the grains (insulating or metallic) determines the intergranularcurrent ,]cj and its temperature dependence. While the critical current in the grains (intragranu-lar) JCG in HTC materials is very high, the overall transport critical current is limited by icj. Bothicj and JCG are connected with penetration and pinning of vortices and can be determined by mag-netic measurements. The AC susceptibility XAC a^d DC magnetization was measured for two series,(Hoi_3;Prr)Ba2Cu3O7_5 and (Y]_a;Pr^)Ba2Cu3O7_i, where the superconductivity suppressing Pr con-centration is 0 < x < xcr and xcr for both series equals 0.58. The Bean critical state model was used todetermine the J c j (T) values from XAC measurements (see, for example the result for (Hoo.7sPro.25)BCOgiven in Fig. 1). The obtained Jcj temperature dependences are shown in Fig. 2. It is seen that in-tergrain critical current decreases strongly with T and with x. For low Pr concentration (x < 0.25)the J c j dependence is well described by the model assuming the S-I-S (superconductor-insulator-superconductor) type of junctions. For higher concentrations both the S-N-S (superconductor-normalmetal-superconductor) and the flux creep model seem to play a role.
The critical current in the grains as a function of x and of the applied magnetic flield was foundfrom the magnetization hysteresis loops. Results for the (Y,Pr)BCO series are shown in Fig. 3. Thevortex pinning force and JCG are determined from M(H). It appears (see Fig. 3) that, in spite of itsdestructive function, Pr ions, if in small amount (x < 0.08), can serve as an extra pinning centres anda weak enhancement of JCG is observed.
-0.015
Fig. 1: XAC for Hoo.75Pro.25Ba2Cu307_s taken at different amplitudes of the driving field.
106
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90T ( K )
Fig. 2: Jcj vs T. Results for the system with Znare shown for comparison.
f0)
2
15-
10-
5-
0-
-5-
-10-
-15-
-20-
AF '".̂ £-
—"—^x=0 ^ ^ \ > '—•—X=0.10 "i—«^-x=0.30 !— • - x=0.55 ?1 , . 1 - T - j
T<«4.3K
2sB"""l'llllllll^!5
*f
-60 -40 -20. 0 20H(kOe)
SO
Fig. 3: Magnetization hysteresis loops at T4.3 K for (Y,Pr)BCO.
O4
!S• O5
Neutron Powder Diffraction Study of Mn-Bearing HematiteSamples: Fe2_a;Mn;cO3 in the Range 0 < x < 0.176
V. Baron, J. Gutzmer1, H. Rundlf2, and R. Tellgren2
1Department of Geology, Hand Afrikaans University, Johannesburg, South Africa;2Institute of Chemistry, Uppsala Univ., Uppsala, Sweden
A detailed neutron powder diffraction and calorimetric study was performed to determine theinfluence of increasing Mn substitution on the crystal and the magnetic structures of hematite. Naturalas well as synthetic Mn-bearing hematite samples with the compositional range Fe2-:trMn,cO3 (x = 0to 0.176) were examined. Calorimetric measurements were performed to determine the Neel T^ andthe Morin TM temperature transitions and to provide information on the homogeneity and purityfor each sample. All studied hematite samples, irrespective of chemical composition, display weakferromagnetism at 295 K and coexistence of weak ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic phases at 10 K(Figs 1 and 2). A slight decrease of the total magnetic moment but a drastic decrease of TV andTM can be attributed to increasing Mn substitution. The results of our study strongly suggest thatthe presence of small amounts of Mn-substituted hematite is responsible for the unusual magneticproperties of high-grade manganese ore samples from the Kalahari manganese field, South Africa.
Figure 1: Weak ferromagnetic structure of Fo_ Mn O at 29S K Figure 2: Antiferromagnetic structure of Fe Mn O, at 10 K
PL9902480 107
Neutron Powder Diffraction Studyof the Crystal and Magnetic Structures of
V. Baron, O. Amcoff1, and T. Ericsson1
1/iist. of Earth Sciences, Mineralogy-Petrology, Uppsala, Sweden
The orthorhombic Fe2SiS4 (Space Group no 62, Pnma) showing olivine-type structure has beenstudied. Measurements using neutron powder diffraction experiments were performed at 295, 140,120, 40, 20 and 10 K in order to determine the crystal and magnetic structures of Fe2SiS4 at lowtemperatures. No crystallographic phase transition was observed between 295 and 10 K while twomagnetic transitions were found. One transition around 127 K denotes a change from the paramagnetic(P) to an antiferromagnetic (AF) state (Fig. 1) while at 30 K the appearance of a ferrimagnetic (Fi)state is observed (Fig. 2). Different magnetic models are presented. Relations are found betweenindirect magnetic interactions, on the one hand, and the Fe(4a), Fe(4c) and sulphur positions, onthe other hand, and relations between the crystal structure and the magnetic models are given. Theneutron powder diffraction results are compared with results, already reported, of Mossbauer andmagnetisation measurements [1].
:- +0.67(6) 0 cFe2t4c)U Pdown
b
Lac 0
+^^t
Fig. 1: Antiferromagnetic structure, T = 40 K.
Fe2 (4a)
Fe2(4c)updown
-o.3(i)m +0̂
Fig. 2: Ferrimagnetic structure, T = 10K.
Reference:
1. 1. V. Baron, 0. Amcoff, and T. Ericsson, Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials (1999) (in print).
108PL9902481
Synthetising Prigogine -Brillouin Information-Thermodynamic Approach with the Probability Balance
Synergetic Model of Weidlich-Haag
J.Z. Hubert
The paper proposes mathematical modelling and physical explanation of the phenomenon of self-developing change of macroscopic structures which self-organise within the complex systems. Themodel is an attempt to synthesise the Weidlich-Haag social synergetics probabilistic approach withPrigogine's and Brillouin's information -thermodynamics method of reasoning. In the Weidlich-Haag[1] and Weidlich [2, 3] model (which is based on probability balance equations) a change betweenvarious a priori possible structures is made possible via - externally introduced into the model -probability transition rates.
In this work a model is proposed in which change of macroscopic structure is caused by information-thermodynamic quantities. Namely, appearing of change and its frequency depend on the relationbetween the value of information negentropy used up and produced by each element of the system asresult of calculations, time evolution of frequencies of actual realisation of a priori possible macroscopicstructures - which develop within a complex system - has been obtained. Computations make useof Monte-Carlo method in which the time stories of each element of a complex system (in case ofsocial system : of each individual composing it) are followed. This proposed mechanism of changecould be used in social synergetics. It explains then one of the basic human and social phenomena:the need of change - change for the sake of change (without any visible, external to the systemmotivations and reasons). The results are discussed in terms of really observed social phenomena. Itis shown that existence of a dense social milieu with intense information circulation must result inincreased frequency of change. Novelty of the proposed method of modelling of the phenomenon ofchange: existing thermodynamic explanations of change in complex systems - like Prigogine's conceptof bifurcation - attribute changes within the system to changes without it - changes of thermodynamicconditions on its boundaries. These changes influence the mean values of thermodynamic gradientsall over the whole system thus leading to its structural changes. In this work a way has been shown tomodel the overall structural changes via independent changes of balance of thermodynamic quantitieswithin each element of the complex system.References:
1. W. Weidlich and G. Haag, "Concepts and Models of a Quantitative Sociology", Springer Series in Syn-ergetics 14, Springer (1983);
2. W. Weidlich, "Quantitative Social Science", Physica Scripta 35 (1987) 380;3. W. Weidlich, "Physics and Social Science - the Approach of Synergetics," Physics Reports (A Review
Section of Physics Letters) 204 (1991) 1.
Spectroscopic Study of the Glassy State
PL9902482 j Sciesiriski, T. Wasiutyriski, and E. Sciesiriska
Relaxation phenomena of glasses are a widely explored subject of thermodynamics of irreversibleprocesses. Main efforts are directed however to structural glasses. A special class of molecular glassformers are the orientationally disordered crystals like cyclic alcohols. In these crystals the moleculesare translationally ordered, limiting the dynamical behavior to the rotational and conformationaldegrees of freedom. Hence some peculiarities of relaxational behavior could be expected in this case.
We have started such kind of investigations for cyclohexanol, a substance which was in the frameof our interest for a long time. We have clarified the phase diagram and phase peculiarities by severalexperimental methods [1, 2]. Now we have undertaken its glassy behavior studies by means of theinfrared spectroscopy. We use our upgraded FTS-14 Digilab spectrometer. Recently a new option was
109
designed and implemented to its acquisition software in order to facilitate the kinetics measurements.This kinetics option enables automatic recording of successive spectra in equal time intervals for lateranalysis of spectral changes due to the relaxational processes in the sample under study. The timeresolution of this technique is of the order of minutes.
An example of our results for cyclohexanol is shown in the figure. One sees an isothermal evolutionof the glassy crystal at 195 K that is 45 K above its glass transition temperature T5. It is remarkablethat the glassy crystal transforms to the metastable orientationally ordered crystal III and not to themetastable disordered crystal I or stable ordered crystal II at these conditions.
glass -> phase IIIT-196K
Fig. 1: Time evolution of IR spectra of cyclohexanol in lattice modes region.
References:1. J. Mayer, M. Rachwalska, E. Sciesiriska, and J. Sciesinski, J. Pays. France 51 (1990) 857;2. E. Sciesiriska, J. Mayer, I. Natkaniec, and J. Sciesiriski, Acta Phys. Polonica 86 (1989) 617.
LIST OF PUBLICATIONS:
Articles:
1. W. Chajec, K. Latka, R. Kmiec, R. Kruk, A.W. Pacyna,Magnetism of NdAuSn Compound,Mol. Phys. Rep. (1998) (in print);
2. M. Dlouga, S. Vratislav, I. Natkaniec, L.S. Smirnov,The Study of Structural Features of Phase Transitions in N(H/D)4SCN (the Monoclinic Phase)by Neutron Scattering,Kristallografiya 43 (1998) 237 and Crystalography Rep. 43 (1998) 202;
3. K. Holderna-Natkaniec, I. Natkaniec, V.D. Khavryutchenko,Neutron-Scattering Study of Phase Transition in Norbornylene and DL-Norcamphor,ICNS'97, Toronto, Canada, 17-21 August 1997, p. 227; Proc. in: Physica B241-243 (1998)478;
4. J.Z. Hubert,Invidual and Social Wisdom,Dialogue and Universalism 7-8 (1998) 123;
110
5. R. Jakubas, J.A. Janik, J. Krawczyk, J. Mayer, T. Stanek, O. Steinsvoll,Neutron Quasielastic Scattering by (CH^NH^BiąCln,Physica B241-243 (1998) 481;
6. K. Łątka, E.A. Görlich, R. Kmieć, R. Kruk, A.W. Pacyna,Looking at Unusual Magnetism in Rare-Earth Intermetallics with 119Sn Mössbauer Spectroscopy,Mol. Phys. Rep. (1998) (in print);
7. M. Massalska-Arodź,Scaling in 2-d Distribution of Topological Defects in a Liquid Crystal,Acta Phys. Pol. A94 (1998) 41;
8. M. Massalska-Arodź, G. Williams, I. Smith, Ch. Connoly, A. Aldridge,Molecular Dynamics and Crystallization Behaviour of Isopentylcyanobiphenyl as Studied by Di-electric Relaxation Spectroscopy,J. Chem. Soc, Faraday Trans. 94 (1998) 387;
9. J. Mayer, W. Witko, M. Massalska-Arodź, G. Williams, R. Dąbrowski,Polymorphism of Right Handed (S) Ą-(2-Methylbutyl) 4'-Cyanobiphenyl,Phase Transitions (1998) (in print);
10. L. Mestres, (I. Natkaniec) et al.,X-Ray and Neutron Powder Diffraction Study of the Rb2-X(NH^)xSOi System,Abstr. of 7-th Eur. Crystallographic Meeting, Lisbona, Portugal, 24-28 August 1997, p. 187and J. of the Phys. Soc. of Japan (1998) 1636;
11. A. Migdal-Mikuli, E. Mikuli, J. Mayer,Phase Transitions in [Me(H2O)Ę,](ClO\)i Crystalline Compounds (Me=Zn, Cd, Hg and Cu)Investigated by the DSC Method. Part II,Mol. Materials 9 (1998) 205;
12. E. Mikuli, A. Migdał-Mikuli, J. Mayer,Phase Transitions in Crystalline [M(H20)(,](Cl0i)2 (M=Mg,MnlFe,Co,MlCu,Zn,Cd and Hg),J. Thermal Anal. 54 (1998) 93;
13. I. Natkaniec, L.S. Smirnov, S.I. Bragin, A.I. Solov'ev,Neutron Spectroscopy of K\-X(NHĄ)XI Solid Solution,Kristallografiya 43 (1998) 246 and Crystallography Rep. 43 (1998) 211;
14. I. Natkaniec, M.L. Martinez Sarrion, L. Mestres, L.S. Smirnov, L.A. Shuvalov,Neutron-Scattering Investigations of Ammonium Dynamics in (NH4)2-xRbxSO4 Mixed Crys-tals,ICNS'97, Toronto, Canada, 17-21 August 1997, p. 229 and Proc. in: Physica B241-243 (1998)487;
15. I. Natkaniec, A.V. Puchkov,Neutron Spectrometry at the IBR-2 Pulsed Reactor (in Russian),Poverhnost 3 (1998) 5;
16. A. Pawlukojc, I. Natkaniec, E. Grech, J. Baran, Z. Malarski, L. Sobczyk,Inelastic Incoherent Neutron Scattering, Raman and IR Absorption Studieson l,8-bis(Dimethylamino)naphthalene and its Potonated Forms,Spectrochimica Acta A54 (1998) 439;
17. J. Polit, (E. Ściesińska, J. Sciesiński) et al.,Raman Scattering and Far Infrared Reflection-Absorption Spectra of the Four-Component SolidSolution Zn{x)Cd{y)Hg{\ - x - y)Te,Phys. Status Solidi B208 (1998) 21;
18. L.S. Smirnov, (I. Natkaniec) et al.,Ammonium Dynamics in Ammonium Sulfate,J. of Korean Phys. Soc. 32 (1998) S98;
I l l
19. A. Szytuła, (M. Bałanda) et al.,Antiferromagnetic Properties of Ternary Suicides RNiSi (R = Tb-Er),J. Magn. Magn. Mater. (1998) (in print);
20. T. Wasiutyński, Z. Szegłowski, A.W. Pacyna, M. Bałanda,A Study of Magnetic Properties of KCo[Fe(CN)6J,Physica B253 (1998) 305;
21. W. Witko, J. Mayer, J. Ściesiński, E. Ściesińska, M. Massalska-Arodź, R. Dąbrowski,Polymorphism Studies of Righthanded (s)Ą-(2 Methylbutyl)-Ą'-Cyanobiphenyl,Abstr. of 17-th Int. Liquid Crystal Conference, Strasbourg, France, 19-24 July 1998, p. 174 andPhase Transitions (1998) (in print);
22. P. Zieliński, Z. Łodziana, T. Srokowski,Anharmonic Effects of Phonon Scattering on Crystal Surfaces,Physica B (1998) (in print);
23. P. Zieliński, Z. Łodziana, T. Srokowski,Dynamics of Anharmonic Surfaces in Harmonie Crystals,Progr. Surf. Sei. 59 (1998) 265.
Other publications:
1. M. Massalska-Arodź,Relaxation Phenomenon in Powders (in Polish),Zeszyty naukowe Uniw. Wrocławskiego pod red. L. Sobczyka i P. Hawranka (1998) (in print).
Proceedings:
1. A. Bąk, A. Kocot, M. Massalska-Arodź,Investigations of Dynamics of n-p-(Ethoxybenzylidene) p'-Propylanilina (EBPA) in Solid Phases,Proc. SPIE (1998) (in print);
2. W. Haase, K. Griesar, M. Athanassopoulou, Z. Tomkowicz, M. Bałanda,Is Cooperative Magnetism Possible in Paramagnetic Liquid Crystals Incorporating TransitionMetals or Radicals?,European Conf. on Liquid Crystals, Zakopane, Poland, 3-8 March 1997, Abstr. p. 48: Proc ofSPIE, eds J. Żmija, R. Dąbrowski (1998) (in print);
3. M. Massalska-Arodź, I. Smith, G. Williams, A. Aldridge, R. Dąbrowski,Relaxational Properties of Supercooled Phase Right Handed (s) Ą-(2-methyl Butyl) -Ą ' - Cyanobi-phenyl (CB15),Abstr. of the European Conf. on Liquid Crystals, Zakopane, Poland, March 1997, p. 276; Proc.of SPIE 3318, eds J. Żmija, R. Dąbrowski (1998) 249;
4. M. Massalska-Arodź, J. Krawczyk,Correlations in a System with Complex Dynamics,Proc. SPIE (1998) (in print);
5. W. Witko, M. Godlewska, P. Dynarowicz,Thermal and Optical Studies of Some di-Methyl-di-Alkyl Ammonium Bromides,European Conf. on Liquid Crystals, Zakopane, Poland, March 1997,Proc. of SPIE 3319, eds M. Tykarska, R. Dąbrowski, J. Zieliński (1998) 162.
Other conference materials:
1. A. Bąk, A. Kocot, M. Massalska-Arodź,Investigations of Dynamics of N-P-(Ethoxybenzylidene) P'-Propylaniline (EPBA) Molecules inPlastic Phases,Abst. of Dielectric and Related Phenomena, Szczyrk, Poland, 24-27 September 1998, p. 100;
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2. B.J. Gabrys, (W. Zajac) et al.,Investigation of Local Structure in SPBT/PC Polymer Blends by Means of Small Angle NeutronsScattering (in Polish),Polish Seminar on "Neutron Scattering", Ma/lralin near Otwock, 18-20 October (1998) 8.
GRANTS:
1. Prof. J. J&nik - grant No 2 P302 118 06," The Study of the Systems with Long Range Disorder" (The State Committee for ScientificResearch);
2. Assoc. Prof, M. Massalska-Arodz - grant No 2 P03B 046 11," Analysis of the Correlations in Systems with Complex Dynamics" (The State Committee forScientific Research);
3. Assoc. Prof. T. Wasiutynski - grant No 2 P03B 027 13,"The Study of Molecular Systems Far from Equilibrium" (The State Committee for ScientificResearch);
4. Dr A.W. Pacyna- grant No 2 P03B 035 14,"Structure, Magnetic Properties and Phase Transitions in Solid Solutions of Rare Earth Ortho-ferrites" (The State Committee for Scientific Research), together with Dr A. Bombik, Facultyof Physics and Nuclear Technology, Academy of Mining and Metallurgy.
CONTRIBUTIONS TO CONFERENCES:INVITED TALKS:
1. T. Wasiutynski,"Magnetic Properties of Molecular Complexes Containing Transition Metals",V International Seminar on Neutron Investigations in Condensed Matter, 30 April - 2 May 1998,Poznari, Poland;
2. M. Balanda,"Magnetic Properties of Mn-Porphirynes",/ / / International Workshop on Relaxation Phenomena in Dielectric, Magnetic and Supercon-ducting Systems, 22 - 24 March 1998, Darmstadt, Germany;
3. A. Massalska-Arodz,"Correlations in Systems of Complex Dynamics",Dielectric and Related Phenomena, September 1998, Szczyrk, Poland;
4. P. Zielinski,"Anharmonic Effects of Phonon Scattering from Crystal Surfaces",XIX International Seminar on Surface Physics, 15 - 19 June 1998, Polanica, Poland;
5. P. Zielinski,"Harmonic Generation and Chaos in Phonon Scattering from Crystal Surfaces",VI French-Polish Seminar on Phase Transformations in Molecular Materials, 14 - 18 September1998, Stella Plage, France;
6. P. Zielinski,"Real Time Spectroscopy of Acoustic Waves and Music as Physical Phenomenon",TMR Workshop, 13 - 15 December 1998, Wien, Austria.
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PRESENTATIONS:
1. M. Balanda,"Magnetic Properties of Mn-Porphiryn Based Molecular Magnets",XI Seminar on Phase Transitions and Critical Phenomena, 4-7 May 1998, Polanica, Poland;
2. M. Balanda,"Spin Flop Transition in the Substituted Mn-Porphiryn Magnet",VI International Conference on Molecule Based Magnets, 12-17 September 1998, Seignosse,France;
3. T. Wasiutyriski,"Magnetic Properties of Transition Metal Hexacyanides",XI Seminar on Phase Transitions and Critical Phenomena, 4-7 May 1998, Polanica, Poland;
4. T. Wasiutyriski,"A Study of the Magnetic Ordering in KCo[Fe(CN)6]",VI International Conference on Molecule Based Magnets, 12-17 September 1998, 12-17 Septem-ber 1998, Seignosse, France;
5. J. Mayer,"Neutron Investigations of CH3NH3" Cations Reorientations inMolecular Crystals, September 1998, Gdansk, Poland;
6. J. Mayer,"Neutron Investigations of CHaNHg" Cations Reorientations inand CH3NH3Bi2Bri1",II National Seminar on Neutron Scattering, October 1998, Madralin, Poland;
7. W. Witko,"Polymorphism Studies of Right Handed (S) 4-(2-methylbutyl)4'-cyanobiphenyl",17th International Liquid Crystal Conference, 19-24 July 1998, Strasbourg, France;
8. P. Zieliriski,"Anharmonic Effects of Phonon Scattering from Crystal Surface",9th International Conference on Phonon Scattering in Condensed Matter, 26-31 July 1998, Lan-caster, United Kingdom;
9. W. Zajac,"Multiple Scattering Effects in Neutron Scattering Experiments with Polarization Analysis",V International Seminar on Neutron Investigations in Condensed Matter, 30 April - 2 May 1998,Poznari, Poland;
10. W. Zaja.c,"Investigation of Short Range Order in Polymer Blends SPBT/PC by Means of Small AngleNeutron Scattering",II National Seminar on Neutron Scattering, October 1998, Madralin, Poland;
11. V. Baron,"Neutron Diffraction Study of the Crystal and Magnetic Structures of Fe2SiS4",V International Seminar on Neutron Investigations in Condensed Matter, 30 April - 2 May 1998,Poznari, Poland;
12. I. Natkaniec,"Neutron Scattering Studies of Ammonium Dynamics and Phase Transitions in Ki_x(NH4)xY(Y = Cl, Br, I, and SCN) Solid Solutions",V International Seminar on Neutron Investigations in Condensed Matter, 30 April - 2 May 1998,Poznan, Poland;
13. I. Natkaniec,"Ammonium Resonance Modes and Orientational Glass State in Ki-^NEU^I Mixed Crystals",2nd International Seminar on Relaxor Ferroelectrics, 23-26 June 1998, Dubna, Russia;
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14. I. Natkaniec,"Neutron Spectroscopy of the Lattice and Low Energy Internal Vibrations in Solid Xylenes",Condensed Matter Physics with neutrons at IBR-2, 2-4 April 1998, Dubna, Russia;
15. I. Natkaniec,"INS Study of Intermolecular Interaction at the Silicon-Fumed Silica Interface",Condensed Matter Physics with Neutrons at IBR-2, 2-4 April 1998, Dubna, Russia;
16. I. Natkaniec,"Neutron Diffraction Study of Thermal Expansion and Compressibility of Piridinium Nitrateand Tetrafluoroborate",6th European Powder Diffraction Conference, 22-25 August 1998, Budapest, Hungary;
17. I. Natkaniec,"Neutron Scattering Study of Heavy Water and Ice Under Hydrostatic Ar Pressure",6th European Powder Diffraction Conference, 22-25 August 1998, Budapest, Hungary;
18. I. Natkaniec,"The Study of the Possibility of the Substitution of NH4(I) and NH4(II) Groups in AmmoniumSulfate by Alkali Ions",6th European Powder Diffraction Conference, 22-25 August 1998, Budapest, Hungary;
19. I. Natkaniec,"Molecular Dynamics of Bicyclo[2.2.1] heptyl Substituents by NMR and Neutron ScatteringMethods",Molecular Crystals, September 1998, Gdansk, Poland;
20. I. Natkaniec,"Neutron Spectroscopy of the Lattice and Low Energy Internal Vibrations in Solid Xylenes",Molecular Crystals, September 1998, Gdansk, Poland;
21. I. Natkaniec,"INS and NMR Studies of Phase Transitions and Molecular Dynamics of Norbornane and itsDerivatives",VI French-Polish Seminar on Phase Transformations in Molecular Materials, 14-18 September1998, Stella Plage, France;
22. I. Natkaniec,"Ammonium Dynamics and Phase Transitions in Mixed Salts Ki_ I(NH4) IY (Y = Cl, Br, I)and K i - ^ N H ^ S C N " ,VI French-Polish Seminar on Phase Transformations in Molecular Materials, 14-18 September1998, Stella Plage, France;
23. I. Natkaniec,"Pressure Effect on Molecular and Lattice Dynamics in Piridinium Nitrate",VI French-Polish Seminar on Phase Transformations in Molecular Materials, 14-18 September1998, Stella Plage, France;
24. I. Natkaniec,"Low Frequency Internal Vibrations of Norborane and its Derivatives Studied by IINS and Quan-tum Chemistry Calculations",International workshop Neutrons and Numerical Methods, 9-12 December 1998, Grenoble, France;
25. I. Natkaniec," Neutron Spectrometry and Numerical Simulations of the Low Frequency Internal Vibrationsin Solid Xylenes",International workshop Neutrons and Numerical Methods, 9-12 December 1998, Grenoble, France.
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SCIENTIFIC DEGREES:
habilitation: Jacek Mayer
EXTERNAL SEMINARS:
1. J. Janik,"Physics and the Problem of the Being and Existence", 27 November 1998, Physical Society,Katowice, Poland;
2. M. Batanda,"Manganese Porphiryns - New Molecular Magnets", 20 May 1998, Academy of Mining andMetallurgy, Krakow, Poland;
3. M. Baianda,"Spin Glasses vs Ferromagnets", 17 November 1998, Technische Universitat Darmstadt, Ger-many;
4. J. Mayer,"Polymorphism of Right Handed (S) 4-(2-methylbutyl)4'-cyanobiphenyl", March 1998, Institutefor Energy Technology, Kjeller, Norway;
5. J. Mayer,"Polymorphism of Right Handed (S) 4-(2-methylbutyl)4'-cyanobiphenyl", February 1998, Mi-crocalorimetry Research Center, Osaka University, Japan;
6. J. Mayer,"Polymorphism of Right handed (S) 4-(2-methylbutyl)4'-cyanobiphenyl", November 1998, Insti-tute of Chemical and Theoretical Chemistry, Technical University Wroclaw, Poland;
7. I. Natkaniec,"Neutron Spectroscopy of the Lattice and Low Energy Internal Vibrations in Solid Xylenes",15 December 1998, Lehrstuhl fur Experimentalphysik I, Universitat Bayreuth, Germany;
8. T. Wasiutyriski,"Magnetic Properties of KCo[Fe(CN)6], Prussian Blue Family", 14 May 1998, Institut fur Ex-perimentalphysik, Universitat Kiel, Germany;
9. P. Zieliriski,"Anharmonic Dynamics Crystal Surface", November 1998, Institute of Theoretical Physics, Uni-versity of Wroclaw, Poland.
INTERNAL SEMINARS:
1. J. Sciesinski,"Polymorphism of Isopentylocyanobiphenyl Studied by Fourier Transformed Infrared Spectroscopy";
2. M. Nowina-Konopka,"A Study of Cyclohexanol Conformations";
3. H. Stuhrmann (Institute of Structural Biology CEA/CNRS, Grenoble, France),"Anomalous Dispersion of X-ray Diffusion at Wavelenghts Between 3 and 6 A. A New Applicationof Synchrotron Radiation";
4. M. Baianda,"Molecular Magnets Based on Mn Porphiryns";
5. P. Zieliriski,"Dynamics of Anharmonic Surfaces in Harmonic Crystals";
6. C Carlile (Rutherford-Appleton Laboratory, Didcot, Great Britain),"The ISIS Pulsed Neutron Source";
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7. St. Urban (Institute of Physics, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland),"Dielectric Studies and Order Parameter in Nematics";
8. M. Cieplak (Institute of Physics, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland),"Kinetic Traps in Protein Folding";
9. A. Balanda,"Do Properties of Particles Depend on the Envirement? The HADES Project";
10. J. Mayer,"About Some Consequences of Undercooling";
11. T. Wasiutyiiski,"Quantum Computers";
12. O. Steinsvoll (Insitute for Energy Technology, Kjeller, Norway),"50 Years of the Institute in Kjeller";
13. B. Asmussen (Faculty of Physics, University of Kiel, Germany),"Dynamics of Methane Molecules in Inhomogenous Solids";
14. J. Mayer,"Study of Reorientation of CH3NH3 Cations by Quasielastic Neutron Scattering";
15. A. Otko (Institute of Physics Ukrainian Academy of Science, Lwow, Ukraine),"Structural Phase Transitions in Crystals of Trygonal double Molibates and Tungstates";
16. W. Schranz (Institute for Experimental Physics, Vienna University, Austria),"Strain Stabilized Precursor Clusters in KSCN and RbSCN".
17. M. Balanda;"Molecular Magnets - Report from the ICMM'98 Conference at Seignosse";
18. M. Massalska-Arodz,"Dielectric Relaxation in Isopentlcyanobiphenyl";
19. St. Urban (Institute of Physics, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland),"Dielectric Studies of Homologous Series of Liquid Crystals";
20. W. Medycki (Institute of Molecular Physics PAN, Poznan, Poland),"CH3NH3" as Quantum and Classical Rotor";
21. V. Baron,"Neutron Diffraction and Spin Density in Molecular Magnetism: Mn 2 + /Cu 2 + Compounds withan Oxamate or Oxamide Bridge";
22. A. Wiirflinger (Ruhr University, Bochum, Germany),"Dilatometric Studies of some Molecular and Liquid Crystals under Pressure";
23. B. Kuchta (Technical University, Wroclaw, Poland),"Cyanoadamantan - Glassy Crystal: Point of View of Computer Simulations".
LECTURES AND COURSES:1. J.Z. Hubert,
"Physics of Complexity and Synergetics Applied in Theory of Man and Society", Departmentof Sociology and Philosophy, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland.
SHORT TERM VISITORS TO THE DEPARTMENT:1. Heinrich Stuhrmann, Institute of Structural Biology CEA/CNRS, Grenoble, France;2. Bernd Asmussen, Faculty of Physics, University of Kiel, Germany;3. Collin Carlile, Rutherford-Appleton Laboratory, Didcot, Great Britain;4. Olav Steivsvoll, Insitute for Energy Technology, Kjeller, Norway;5. Andrzej Otko, Institute of Physics Ukrainian Academy of Science, Lwow, Ukraine.
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DEPARTMENTOF THEORETICAL PHYSICS
Head of the Department: Prof. Jan KwieciriskiDeputy Head of the Department: Prof. Leonard LesniakSecretary: Ewa Pagaczewskatelephone: (48) (12) 637-02-22 ext.: 270e-mail:[email protected] .edu.pl
PERSONNEL:
Research Staff:Andrzej Bialas1, Prof.Piotr Bochnacki, M.Sc.Piotr Bozek2, Ph.D.Wojciech Broniowski, Assoc. Prof.Marcin Cerkaski, Ph.D.Tadeusz Chmaj, Ph.D.Piotr Czerski, Ph.D.Wieslaw Czyz1, Prof. EmeritusWojciech Florkowski, Assoc. Prof.Krzysztof Golec-Biernat3, Ph.D.Andrzej Horzela, Ph.D.Robert Kaminski, Ph.D.Edward Kapuscik4, Prof.Marek Kutschera1, Prof.Jan Kwieciriski5, Prof.Leonard Lesniak, Prof.
Teresa Lubowiecka6, Ph.D.Andrzej Malecki4, Assoc. Prof.Jacek Niemiec, M.Sc.Marek Ploszajczak7, Prof.Mariusz Sadzikowski8, Ph.D.Barbara Szczerbiriska, M.Sc., till Oct. 1998Beata Ziaja, Ph.D.Stanislaw Zubik, Ph.D.Piotr Zenczykowski, Assoc. Prof.
Ph.D. Students:Sebastian Kubis, M.Sc.Mariusz Michalec, M.Sc.Slawomir Stachniewicz, M.Sc.Anna Stasto, M.Sc.Barbara Szczerbiriska, M.Sc.
Administration:
Ewa Pagaczewska, M.Sc., Eng.
also at the Institute of Physics, Jagienonian University, Krakow, Poland2 Alexander v. Humboldt Research Fellowship, Germany - till June 19983 The Royal Society Postdoctoral Fellowship, UK - till August 19984 also at the Cracow Pedagogical University
Associate Editor of the European Physical Journal C; Member of the International Board of Acta Physica Polonica B;Member of the Polish Academy of Arts and Sciences; Honorary Fellow of Grey College, University of Durham, UK, andcoordinator at the INP of the educational TEMPUS and SOCRATES programmes6 Member of the "Acta Physica Polonica" editorial board7 also at GANIL, Caen, France8 Member of the "Foton" editorial board
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OVERVIEW: '™™™9902483
Research activity of the Department of Theoretical Physics concerns theoretical high - en-ergy and elementary particle physics, intermediate energy particle physics, theoretical nuclearphysics, theory of nuclear matter, theory of quark - gluon plasma and of relativistic heavy- ion collisions, theoretical astrophysics and general physics. There is some emphasis on thephenomenological applications of the theoretical research yet the more formal problems arealso considered. The detailed summary of the research projects and of the results obtained invarious fields is given in the abstracts.
Our Department actively collaborates with other Departments of the Institute as well aswith several scientific institutions both in Poland and abroad. In particular members of ourDepartment participate in the EC network which allows mobility of researchers. Several mem-bers of our Department have also participated in the research projects funded by the PolishCommittee for Scientific Research (KBN). The complete list of grants is listed separately.
Besides pure research, members of our Department are also involved in graduate and un-dergraduate teaching activity both at our Institute as well as at other academic institutions inKrakow. At present five PhD students are working for their degree under supervision of thesenior members from the Department. In the last year we have completed our active partici-pation in the educational TEMPUS programme funded by the European Communities. Thisprogramme has in particular allowed exchange of students between our Department and theDepartment of Physics of the University of Durham in the United Kingdom. In 1998 we joinedthe SOCRATES - ERASMUS project which will make it possible to continue this exchange.
'•£ U-AA.
Prbf. Jan Kwiecinski
REPORTS ON RESEARCH:PL9902484
Selfconsistent Solution of Galitskii-Feynman Equationsat Finite Temperature
P. Bozek1'2
1 Institute of Nuclear Physics, Krakow, Poland; 2 NSCL, Michigan State University, USA
We solve the in-medium T-matrix equation at finite temperature including the off-shellpropagation of nucleons. In this way a self-consistent spectral function for the nucleons isobtained. The results are compared to a calculation using the quasiparticle approximationin the T-matrix equation. Also the effective in-medium cross sections for the two cases arecompared.
} Collective Mean-Field Effects in Hadronization1 P. Bozek1-2, Y.-B. He 2, and J. Hiifner2
1™! CM 1 Institute of Nuclear Physics, Krakow, Poland; 2 Institute of Theoretical Physics, Heidelberg• oI o University, Germany
13!°" The space-time development of a quark-gluon plasma is calculated from a Vlasov equa-| tion for the distribution function of quasiparticles with medium dependent masses. At each
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space-time point the masses are calculated selfconsistently from a gap equation, whose formis determined by the requirement that in thermal equilibrium and for a range of temperaturesthe energy density of the quasi-particle system is identical to the one from lattice calculations .The numerical solutions of the Vlasov equation display confinement. Relations to effective the-ories like that by Friedberg Lee and Nambu-Jona-Lasinio are established [1]. The stability ofan expanding parton plasma is analyzed within quasi-particle models. At thermal equilibriumthe stability is studied within thermodynamics (mechanical stability) and via a linear responseanalysis of the Vlasov equation. The instabilities related to a first-order phase transition arefound. For a plasma expanding in three and one dimensions far from equilibrium a new type ofinstability, called dynamical, appears. The relation to cluster formation is shown in a moleculardynamics calculation.
Reference:
1. P. Bozek, Y.-B. He, and J. Hiifner, Phys. Rev. C57 (1998) 3263.III! Illl Illl
PL9902486
p — <jj Mixing Effects in Relativistic Heavy-Ion Collisions
W. Broniowski and W. Florkowski
We have shown that even moderate excess of neutrons over protons in nuclear matter, suchas in 208Pb, can lead to large p-oj mixing at densities of the order of twice the nuclear saturationdensity and higher. The typical mixing angle is of the order of 10°. The mixing may result innoticeable shifts of the positions and widths of resonances. We also analyze temperature effectsand find that temperatures up to 50 MeV have practically no effect on the mixing. The resultshave relevance for the explanation of dilepton production in reletaivistic heavy-ion colisions.
7T7T Decay in Nuclear MediumW. Broniowski, W. Florkowski, and B. Hiller1 PL9902487
1 Physics Department, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
We have calculated the width for the w —•> nn decay in nuclear medium. Chiral dynamicsand low-density approximation are used. At densities around twice the nuclear saturationdensity we have estimated the partial width for the decay of the longitudinal mode to be ofthe order of a few tens of MeV, and for the transverse mode a few times less. These values aresignificantly lower than other estimates in the literature.
Tensor Susceptibilities of the Vacuum from Constituent Quarks ==
W. Broniowski, Maxim Polyakov1, Hyun-Chul Kim2, and K. Goeke1 = 1= = 0 0= = c o
1 Physics Department, Ruhr Universitat, Bochum, Germany; 2 Pusan National University, Pusan, ^ ^ CMSouth Korea rn
We have shown that the constituent quark model leads to simple expressions for the isoscalarand isovector tensor susceptibilities of the vacuum. The values found are negative and of mag-nitude compatible with QCD-sum-rule parameterizations of spectral densities in appropriateL = 1-meson channels.
1 2 0 PL9902489
Solitons in a Chiral Quark Model with Non-Local InteractionsB. Golli1, W. Broniowski, and G. Ripka2
1 Physics Department, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia; 2 C.E.A. Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
Hedgehog solitons have been found in a chiral quark model with non-local interactions.The solitons are stable without the chiral-circle constraint for the meson fields, as assumedin previous Nambu-Jona-Lasinio model with local interactions. The soliton can be used tocalculate various nucleon properties.
An Application of Lax's Formalism to a Class of CurvilinearAxially Symmetric Coordinates in Three Dimensional Space
| M . Cerkaski
! o> Solutions of a nonlinear sys tem of differential par t ia l equat ions in two dimensional space; g are studied. We prove tha t the considered system is fully integrable and tha t its solutionsI g> de te rmine an infinite class of mappings of the space of curvilinear axially symmetr ic coordinates|gJ onto t he space of cylindric coordinates. T h e corresponding family of reverse t ransformations[ is found in a closed form. An infinite number of t h e first integrals of t he nonlinear system is| obtained. Symmetr ies of a class of electrostat ic systems associated wi th t he considered family: of curvilinear coordinates are discussed.
Reference:
1. M. Cerkaski, J. Math. Phys. 39 (1998) 3236.
First Order Phase Transitions in Gravitational CollapseP. Bizori1 and T. Chmaj
\T- 1 Department of Mathematics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA\G>= ^*I <N In recent numerical simulations of spherically symmetric gravitational collapse a new type|o> of critical behaviour, dominated by a sphelaron solutions, has been found. In contrast to!jr" the previously studied models, in this case there is a finite gap in the spectrum of black-§ hole masses which is reminiscent of first order phase transition. We briefly summarize theH essential features of this phase transition and describe the basic heuristic picture underlying"~ ihe numerical phenomenology.
References:1. P. Bizori and T. Chmaj, Phys. Rev. D58 (1998) 041501;2. P. Bizori and T. Chmaj, Acta Phys. Pol. B29 (1998) 1071. PL9902492
On Equivalence of Critical Collapse of Nonabelian FieldsP. Bizori1, T. Chmaj, and Z. Tabor1
1 Department of Mathematics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA and Institute of Physics,
JagieUonian University, Cracow, Poland
We continue our study of the gravitational collapse of spherically symmetric skyrmions.For certain families of initial data we find the discretely self-similar Type II critical transitioncharacterized by mass scaling exponent 7 ~ 0.20 and the echoing period A ~ 0.74. We arguethat the coincidence of these critical exponents with those found previously in the Einstein-Yang-Mills model is not accidental but, in fact the two models belong to the same universalityclass.
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Reference:
1. P. Bizori, T. Chmaj, and Z. Tabor, Los Alamos preprint gr-qc/9901039, accepted for publication in Phys.Rev. D (1999).
Pau l i Exclusion O p e r a t o r and Binding Energy of Nuc lea r M a t t e r
E. SchilW, H. MfitheA and P. Czerski ||||||||||g|||||||||||||l||||||||||||l||1 Institut fur Theoretische Physik, Universitat Tubingen, Tubingen, Germany PLyyU249o
Brueckner-Hartree-Fock calculations are performed for nuclear matter with an exact treat-ment of the Pauli exclusion operator in the Bethe-Goldstone equation. The differences in thecalculated binding energy, compared to the angle-average approximation, which is commonlyused, are non-negligible. These difference exhibits a specific density dependence, which shiftsthe calculated saturation point towards smaller densities. This effect is observed for variousversions of modern models for the NN interaction.
Off-Diagonal P a r t o n Dis t r ibu t ions and the i r Evolu t ion x
K. Go.ec-Bie.nat and A.D. Martin' |||l|||||||||g|||g|||||||||||||||||M||||||||1 Department of Physics, University of Durham, Durham, UK PL9902494
We construct off-diagonal parton distributions defined on the interval 0 < X < 1 startingfrom the off-forward distributions defined by Ji. We emphasize the particular role played bythe symmetry relations in the "ERBL-like" region. We find the evolution equations for theoff-diagonal distributions which conserve these symmetries. We present numerical results ofthe evolution, and verify that the analytic asymptotic forms of the parton distributions arereproduced. We also compare the constructed off-diagonal distributions with the non-forwarddistributions defined by Radyushkin and comment on the singularity structure of the basicamplitude written in terms of the off-diagonal distributions.Reference:
1. K. Golec-Biernat and A.D. Martin, Phys. Rev. D59 (1999) 014029.PL9902495
Diffractive Dijet Photoproduction as a Probe of the Off-DiagonalGluon Distribution
K. Golec-Biernat, J. Kwiecinski, and A.D. Martin1
1 Department of Physics, University of Durham, Durham, UK
We propose exclusive diffractive dijet photoproduction as an ideal measure of the off-diagonalgluon distribution at high scales. We solve the off-diagonal evolution equations for the gluonand quark singlet over the full kinematic domain. We discuss the nature of the solutions ofthese equations, which embody both DGLAP and ERBL evolution. We give predictions forthe transverse momentum distribution of the jets. In particular we quantify the enhancementarising from the evolution of the off-diagonal parton distributions.References:
1. K. Golec-Biernat, J. Kwieciriski, and A.D. Martin, Phys. Rev. D58 (1998) 094001;2. K. Golec-Biernat, J. Kwiecinski, and A.D. Martin, "Diffractive Dijet Photoproduction and the Off-
Diagonal Gluon Distibution", Proceedings of the 6rd International Workshop on Deep Inelastic Scatteringand QCD (DIS 98), Brussels, Belgium, 4-8 Apr. 1998, edited by Gh. Coremans and R. Roosen (WorldScientific, 1998) 408.
122PL9902496"
Saturation Effects in Deep Inelastic Scattering at Low Q2
and its Implications on Diffraction
K. Golec-Biernat and M. Wiisthoff1
1 Department of Physics, University of Durham, Durham, UK
We present a model based on the concept of saturation for small Q2 and small x. Withonly three parameters we achieve a good description of all Deep Inelastic Scattering data belowx = 0.01. This includes a consistent treatment of charm and a successful extrapolation intothe photoproduction regime. The same model leads to a roughly constant ratio of diffractiveand inclusive cross section.Reference:
1 . K . G o l e c - B i e r n a t a n d M . W i i s t h o f f , P h y s . R e v . D 5 9 ( 1 9 9 9 ) 0 1 4 0 1 7 . IllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllPL9902497
Wigner Problem in Quantum MechanicsA. Horzela and E. Kapuscik1'2
1 Institute of Nuclear Physics, Krakow, Poland; 2 Cracow Pedagogical University, Krakow, Poland
We investigate algebraic structures which may be obeyed by fundamental quantum mechan-ical operators and their equations of the time evolution. Almost fifty years ago E.P. Wignerreanalysed the standard one dimensional harmonic oscillator and found its equations of motionto be consistent not only with canonical commutation relations of the usual Heisenberg algebrabut also with another algebraic structure, inequivalent to the latter. Since that time noncanoni-cal commutation relations have appeared in quantum physics many times. One should mentionhere the idea of parastatistics, the explanation of zitterbewegung in terms of electron internalstructure, the description of symmetries of relativistic quantum theory through deformationsof standard Poincare symmetry as well as concepts which have come into physics only recently:non-commutative geometries and quantum groups. Systems of material points put into externalforce field or interacting with oscillator-like forces allow to find solutions of the Wigner prob-lem within which all operators introduced form a Lie algebra. Algebras which have been foundgeneralize those known from standard quantum mechanics and it may be analyzed what kindof physical effects arise from such generalizations: either new uncertainties emerging directlyfrom the algebra structure or new spectral properties of operators. In order to judge physicalconsequences appearing when one uses noncanonical commutation rules instead of canonicalones we use methods of representation theory of Lie algebras and groups which however needcareful interpretation because of the overlap with difficulties generated by noncommutativecharacter of the underlying geometry.
§§ Electrodynamics in Arbitrary Reference FramesHi and in Arbitrary Material Media= oo "
^s-sf A. Horzela, E. Kapuscik1'2, and M. Widomski2
- OJ
§§Oi i Institute of Nuclear Physics, Krakow, Poland; 2 Cracow Pedagogical University, Krakow, Polandi • _ J
^ S The investigation of electromagnetic phenomena in material media still belongs to the most^ ^ difficult tasks of electrodynamics. Complexity and variability of material media practically ex-
clude effective applications of methods and computational techniques elaborated in the frame-work of standard microscopic electrodynamics with classical vacuum as a ground state. In order
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to obtain satisfactorily exact descriptions of electromagnetic properties of complex material me-dia one is enforced to use methods and approximations which are difficult to control. Moreover,they usually break covariance properties and the results obtained are valid in one reference framewhich choice remains subjective and model dependent.
Some time ago we have proposed a reformulation of Maxwell electrodynamics which opensnew ways in study of electromagnetic processes in material media. The formalism gets rid ofassumptions characteristic for vacuum electrodynamics only and it avoids the usage of con-stitutive relations as primary relations put on quantities needed for a complete description ofan electromagnetic system. Fundamental properties of all electromagnetic quantities are theiruniquely defined transformation rules and their analysis allows to determine the possible re-lations between them. Within such a scheme it is possible to introduce constitutive relationswhich do not have analogies in macroscopic classical electrodynamics. They may be used indescription of microscopic electromagnetic processes in a different way than it is done in theframework of quantum electrodynamics.
Magnetic Field due to Spin-Polarized Nucleons in Neutron Stars ===M. Kutschera ^ =
A model of the ferromagnetic origin of magnetic fields of neutron stars is developed [1]. ^ = T tWe assume that a ferromagnetic phase transition occurs inside neutron star cores soon after ^ = othe formation. However, due to a high electric conductivity, the core magnetic field is initially = o>fully screened. We study how this magnetic field emerges for an outside observer. After ^sa.some time, the induced field which screens the ferromagnetic field decays enough to unshield ^ sa detectable fraction of the ferromagnetic field. We conjecture that weak fields of millisecond ^ =pulsars, ~ 108G, could be identified with ferromagnetic fields which are sufficiently unshieldedin 108 years.Reference:
1. M. Kutschera, "Emergence of Magnetic Field due to Spin-Polarized Baryon Matter in Neutron Stars",IFJ Report 1806/PH (1998).
Mesonic and Quark Degrees of Freedom in the Neutron Star mMatter HI
S. Kubis, M. Kutschera, J. Niemiec, and S. Stachniewicz iEE§
It is expected that mesonic and quark degrees of freedom may play an important role in s ^ o>the physics of dense matter in neutron stars. Any conclusions, however, as to the presence ofe.g. meson condensates and/or quark matter inside neutron stars are subject to uncertaintieswhich reflect incompatible model predictions at a purely nucleon level [1].
In our project, as far as mesonic contributions to the equation of state of dense matter areconcerned, we focus on the role of kaons and the isovector scalar meson ao(980) [2]. We findthat a threshold density for the kaon condensate to form is very sensitive to a high densitybehaviour of the electron chemical potential, which is not well known due to uncertainties ofnucleon-nucleon interactions. An important effect of the inclusion of the a0 meson is a splittingof proton and neutron masses in the neutron star matter [2].
A proper construction of the nucleon-quark phase transition in dense neutron star matterpredicts that nucleons and quarks coexist over a finite range of pressure, with quarks (nucleons)filling gradually larger (smaller) fraction of space. We find, using a simple bag-model equation ofstate for the quark matter, that properties of such a mixed quark-nucleon phase are determinedby the behaviour of nucleon matter isobars which is sensitive to the nuclear symmetry energy at
124
high densities [3]. We study also implications of the presence of a mixed phase for the structureof neutron stars.References:
1. M. Kutschera, Acta Phys. Pol. B 29 (1998) 25;2. S. Kubis, M. Kutschera, and S. Stachniewicz, Acta Phys. Pol. B 29 (1998) 809; "Neutron Stars in
Relativistic Mean Field Theory with Isovector Scalar Meson", in: "Nuclear Astrophysics", eds M. Buballa,W. Norenberg, J. Wambach, A. Wirzba, GSI Darmstadt, 1998;
3. M. Kutschera and J. Niemiec, "Mixed Quark-Nucleon Phase in Neutron Stars and Nuclear SymmetryEnergy", IFJ Report 1810/PH (1998).
QCD Pomeron in 77 and 7*7* collisions
J . K w i e c i n s k i a n d L . M o t y k a 1 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |]PL9902501
1 Institute of Physics, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
The reaction 77 —> J/tyJ/ty is discussed assuming dominance of the QCD BFKL pomeronexchange. We give prediction for the cross-section of this process for LEP2 and TESLA energies.We solve the BFKL equation in the non-forward configuration taking into account dominantnon-leading effects which come from the requirement that the virtuality of the exchanged gluonsalong the gluon ladder is controlled by their transverse momentum squared. We compare ourresults with those corresponding to the simple two gluon exchange mechanism and with theBFKL pomeron exchange in the leading logarithmic approximation. The BFKL effects arefound to generate a steeper t-dependence than the two gluon exchange. The cross-section isfound to increase with increasing CM energy W as (W2)2X. The parameter A is slowly varyingwith W and takes the values A ~ 0.23 — 0.28. The magnitude of the total cross-section for theprocess 77 —> J/^J/ty is found to increase from 4 to 26 pb within the energy range accessibleat LEP2. The magnitude of the total cross-section for the process e+e~ —> e+e~ J/tyJ/ty withantitagged e+ and e~ is estimated to be around 0.1 pb at LEP2.We analysed the BFKL pomeron contribution to the 7*7* collision at high energy incorporatingthe dominant non-leading effects. We confronted our results with the recent preliminary datafrom LEP for two tagged leptons and gave predictions for the future linear colliders.
Penetration of the Earth by Ultrahigh Energy NeutrinosPredicted by Low a; QCD
J -rr • • / 1 • 1 r v 1 , j ' 1 1 A P i ' j . I Illlllll Mil III Ml Hill Hill Hill Hill II
. Kwiecinski, A.D. Martin , and A. btasto PL99025021 Department of Physics, University of Durham, Durham, UK
We calculate the cross sections for neutrino interactions with (isoscalar) nuclear targetsin the energy domain all the way up to 1012 GeV. Small x QCD effects are included by usinga unified BFKL/DGLAP formalism which embodies non-leading ln(l/x) contributions. The fewfree parameters which specify the input parton distributions are determined by fitting to HERAdeep inelastic data. The attenuation of neutrinos transversing the Earth at different nadir anglesis calculated for a variety of energy spectra for neutrinos originating from different sources(from Active Galactic Nuclei, Gamma ray bursts, top-down models), as well as for atmosphericneutrinos. For this purpose we solve the transport equation which includes regeneration dueto neutral current neutrino interactions besides attenuation.
125PL9902503
QCD Analysis of the Spin Dependent Structure Function gx
at Low xB. Badelek1, J. Kwieciriski, and B. Ziaja
1 Institute of Experimental Physics, Warsaw University, Warsaw, Poland and Department ofPhysics, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
The nucleon spin dependent structure function gi is analysed using the unified schemeincorporating both LO Altarelli-Parisi evolution and the double In2(l/x) effects at low x. Thelatter are found to be important in the region of x which can possibly be probed at polarizedHERA. Predictions for the polarized gluon distribution AG(x) at low x are also given. Thetheoretical description of gi is extended to the region of low x and low Q2 and the predictionsare confronted with the recent data obtained by the SMC collaboration.
Scalar MesonsR. Kamiriski, L. Lesniak, and B. Loiseau1 _
PL99025041 LPTPE Universite P. & M. Curie, Paris Cedex 05, France
Analysis of interactions in the three coupled channels (TTTT, KK and an effective 2TT2TT) hasbeen done using an unitary model with separable potentials [1]. Positions of 5-matrix poles andzeroes as a function of the interchannel coupling strengths have been studied. In all our solutionsthree scalar resonances were found: a wide /o(500), a narrow /o(980) and a relatively narrow/o(1400). Total, elastic and inelastic channel cross sections, branching ratios and couplingconstants have been evaluated and compared with available data. Different approximations tothe model have been examined and we have found that the Breit-Wigner multichannel formula,frequently used in the meson spectroscopy has a limited phenomenological applicability (caseof overlapping scalar resonances).Reference:
1. Ft. Kamiriski, L. Lesniak, and B. Loiseau, "Scalar Mesons and Multichannel Amplitudes", IFJ Report1804/PH (1998); hep-ph/9810386, accepted for publication in Eur. Phys. J. C.
Photoproduction of nn and KK Pairs PL9902505
Chueng-Ryong Ji1, R. Kamiriski, L. Lesniak, A. Szczepaniak2, and R. Williams3
1 Department of Physics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, USA; 2 Physics Department,University of Indiana, Bloomington, USA; 3 TJNAF (CEBAF), Newport News, Virginia, USA
Studies of the nn and KK photoproduction on a proton target have been completed forthe S-wave part of the reaction amplitudes. Results of the numerical calculations have beenpublished [1], We have shown an importance of the final state interactions and the interchannelcouplings on the mass distributions and the momentum transfer dependence of the differentialcross sections.
We have started studies of the interference effects between the S and P wave amplitudesfor the production of the K+K~ pairs near the threshold. Energy and momentum transferdependence of the eight S-wave spin amplitudes have been calculated. We have found that fourindependent spin amplitudes are of comparable magnitude at the photon energy of 4 GeV.Reference:
1. Chueng-Ryong Ji, R. Kamiriski, L. Lesniak, A. Szczepaniak, and R. Williams, Phys. Rev. C58 (1998)1205.
126 PL9902506
DCC and Antibaryons Production in Heavy Ion CollisionsM. Sadzikowski
In 1998 I finished the work on the DCC production in heavy ion collisions which will appearin Phys. Rev. D. I also worked on the DCC production in the proton - proton and proton-antiproton collisions. I solved the classical equations of the linear sigma model in sphericallysymmetric coordinates.
Another topic of my interest was the production of antibaryons at the QCD chiral restoringphase transition. I treat the baryons as topological defects in the quark-antiquark condensate.The results appeared in the paper submitted to preprint archive hep-ph.
Another subject was the quantum effect of radiation from oscilating spherical mirror. I con-tinue this investigation to calculate quantum averages of the energy-momentum tensor beyonds-wave approximation.
The Description of F2 at Low Q2
A.D. Martin1, M.G. Ryskin2, and A.M. Stasto PL9902507
1 Department of Physics, University of Durham, Durham, UK; 2 Petersburg Nuclear Physics Insti-tute, Ga.tch.ina, St. Petersburg, Russia
We analyse the data for the proton structure function F2 over the entire Q2 domain, includingespecially low Q2, in terms of perturbative and non-perturbative QCD contributions. The smalldistance configurations are given by perturbative QCD, while the large distance contributionsare given by the vector dominance model and, for the higher mass qq states, by the additivequark approach. The interference between states of different qq mass (in the perturbativecontribution) is found to play a crucial role in obtaining an excellent description of the datathroughout the whole Q2 region, including photoproduction [1].Reference:
1. A.D. Martin, M.G. Ryskin, and A.M. Stasto, European Physical Journal C,online: DOI 10.1007/sl00529801035; http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/sl00529801035.
PL9902508
Temperature Dependence of the Quark Condensatein the NJL Model with Nonlocal Regulators
B. Szczerbiriska and W. Broniowski
We have analyzed the temperature dependence of the quark condensate in the Nambu -Jona-Lasinio model with non-local regulators. Such regulators follow e.g. from the instanton- liquid model of the QCD vaccum. Several non-local regulators are tested. It is found thatchiral restoration occurs at temperatures Tc ~ !20MeV, and the value of Tc is insensitive tothe form of the regulator used.
Recovering Corrections to Intermittent Data Analvsisat Low x Region MHIII1
B- Z i aJ a PL9902509
A progress in improved analysis of intermittent data in multiparticle production performedin collaboration with dr R. Janik (Jagiellonian University, Krakow) may be reported. Correc-tions due to the standard recovering procedure were discussed in the framework of a model.The work on general corrections which may be applied for the class of multiplicative modelsare on progress.
197
PL9902510
Weak Radiative Decays of HyperonsP. Zenczykowski
Weak radiative hyperon decays were briefly reviewed. We discussed the conflict betweenexpectations based on Hara's theorem on one side and experiment, quark, and VMD modelson the other side. Two recent arguments against the interpretation of quark model resultsas a violation of Hara's theorem were presented and their shortcomings were indicated. Phe-nomenological success of the VMD prescription was emphasized. It was stressed that thepredictions of the VMD model are clear-cut and different from those of other approaches. Thedecisive role of the soon-to-be-processed results of the KTeV experiment on E° -> A7 andE!° —• E°7 asymmetries was pointed out.Reference:
1. P. Zenczykowski, Acta Phys. Pol. B29 (1998) 2185.
On the Pattern of Asymmetries in the Pole Model of WeakRadiative Hyperon Decays
P. Zenczykowski
We study the question whether the pole-model VMD approach to weak radiative hyperondecays can be made consistent with Hara's theorem and still yield the pattern of asymmetriescharacteristic of the quark model. It is found that an essential ingredient which governs thepattern of asymmetries is the assumed off-shell behaviour of the parity-conserving l/2~ —1/2+ —7 amplitudes. It appears that this behaviour can be chosen in such a way that the patterncharacteristic of the quark model is obtained, and yet Hara's theorem satisfied. As a byproduct,however, all parity-violating amplitudes in weak radiative and nonleptonic hyperon decays mustthen vanish in the SU(3) limit. This is in conflict with the observed size of weak meson-nucleoncouplings.References:
1. P. Zenczykowski, "On the Pattern of Asymmetries in the Pole Model of Weak Radiative Hyperon Decays",IFJ Report 1790/PH (1998), to be published in Acta Phys. Pol. B;
2. P. Zenczykowski, "Weak Radiative Hyperon Decays and Vector Meson Dominance", Talk given at 3rdInternational Conference on Hyperons, Charm and Beauty Hadrons, Genoa, Italy, 30 June - 3 July 1998;hep-ph/9810337, to appear in Nucl. Phys. Proc. Suppl. B.
LIST OF PUBLICATIONS:
Articles:
1. B. Badelek, J. Kwieciriski,Unified Description of the Non-Singlet Spin Dependent Structure Function g\ Incorporat-ing Altartlli-Parisi Evolution and the Double Logarithmic In2(l/x) Effects at Low x,Proc. of the 1997 Workshop on "Physics with Polarized Protons at HERA", eds A. De Roeck,T. Gehrmann (Hamburg) 1998, p. 85; hep-ph/9709363 and Phys. Lett. B418 (1998)229;
2. A. Bialas, W. Czyz, W. Florkowski,Total 7*7* Cross Section and the QCD Dipole Picture,hep-ph/9705470; TPJU 6/97 and Eur. Phys. J. C2 (1998) 683;
3. A. Bialas, K. Zalewski,Bose-Einstein Condensation and Independent Production of Pions,hep-ph/9806435 and Phys. Lett. B436 (1998) 153;
128
4. P. Bizori, T. Chmaj,First Order Phase Transitions in Gravitational Collapse,Acta Phys. Pol B29 (1998) 1071;
5. P. Bizori, T. Chmaj,Formation and Critical Collapse of Skyrmions,Phys. Rev. D58 (1998) 041501;
6. P. Bozek, P. Danielewicz, K. Gudima, M. Pioszajczak,Obserwation of the Mott Effect in Heavy Ion Collisions,Yukawa Inst. for Theor. Phys preprint YITP-97-14 and Phys. Lett. B421 (1998) 31;
7. P. Bozek, Y.B. He, J. Hufner,Transport Theory with Self consistent Confinement Related to the Lattice Data,Phys. Rev. C57 (1998) 3263;
8. W. Broniowski, W. Florkowski,p — u> Mixing Effects in Relativistic Heavy-Ion Collisions,nucl-th/9804038 and IFJ Report 1793/PH and Phys. Lett. B440 (1998) 7;
9. W. Broniowski, M. Polyakov, Hyun-Chul Kim, K. Goeke,Tensor Susceptibilities of the Vacuum from Constituent Quarks,Preprint RUB-TPH-6/98; IFJ Report 1797/PH and Phys. Lett. B438 (1998) 242;
10. W. Broniowski, B. Hiller,Collective Modes and Current-Algebraic Sum Rules in Nuclear Medium,nucl-th/9807086; IFJ Report 1798/PH and Nucl. Phys. A643 (1998) 161;
11. M. Cerkaski,An Application of Lax's Formalism to a Class of Curvilinear Axially Symmetric Coordi-nates in Three Dimensional Space,J. Math. Phys. 39 (1998) 3236;
12. Chueng-Ryong Ji, R. Kamiriski, L. Lesniak, A. Szczepaniak, R. Williams,Coupled Channel Analysis of S-Wave mv and KK Photoproduction,IFJ Report 1769/PH and Phys. Rev. C58 (1998) 1205;
13. A. Dyrek, M. Sadzikowski,DCC Production from Classical Space,Phys. Rev. (1998) (in print);
14. W. Florkowski,Mean-Field Transport Theory for the Two-Flavour NJL Model,GSI preprint GSI-97-26; hep-ph/9704430 and Eur. Phys. J. A2 (1998) 77;
15. K. Golec-Biernat, J. Kwieciriski, A.D. Martin,Diffractive Dijet Photoproduction as a Probe of the Off Diagonal Gluon Distribution,hep-ph/9803464; preprint DTP-98-12 and Phys. Rev. D58 (1998) 09400-1;
16. K. Golec-Biernat, L. Gorlich, J. Turnau,QCD Coherence in Deep Inelastic Scattering at Small x at Hera,Nucl. Phys. B527 (1998) 289;
17. B. Golli, W. Broniowski, G. Ripka,Solitons in a Chiral Quark Model with Non-Local Interactions,hep-ph/9807261; IFJ Report 1801/PH (1998) and Phys. Lett. B437 (1998) 24;
18. A. Horzela,The Wigner Problem in Electrodynamics,Tr. J. of Phys. (1998) (in print);
19. R.A. Janik, B. Ziaja,Improved Intermittency Analysis of Single Event Data,hep-ph/9806227 and Phys. Lett. (1998) (in print);
129
20. R. Kaminski,Scalar Meson Spectroscopy from Three Channel Model Analysis of Meson-Meson Scatter-ing,Acta Phys. Pol. B29 (1998) 3055;
21. R. Kamiriski,Scalar Mesons and Multichannel Amplitudes,hep-ph/9810386; IFJ Report 1804/PH and Eur. Phys. J. C (1998) (in print);
22. E. Kapuscik,Self-Induced Electrostatic Fields,Found, of Phys. 28 (1998) 717;
23. E. Kapuscik,Elementary Charges in Classical Electrodynamics,Tr. J. of Phys. (1998) (in print);
24. S. Kubis, M. Kutschera, S. Stachniewicz,Neutron Stars in Relativistic Mean Field Theory with Isovector Scalar Meson,IFJ Report 1788/PH (1998) and Acta Phys. Pol. B29 (1998) 809;
25. M. Kutschera,Neutron Stars: Formation and Structure,Acta Phys. Pol. B29 (1998) 25;
26. J. Kwieciriski,Spin Dependent Structure Function g\ at Low x,hep-ph/9804004 and Proc. of the Cracow Epiphany Conference on Spin Effects inParticle Physics, 9-11 January 1998, Krakow, Poland, eds K. Fialkowski, M. Jezabek in:Acta Phys. Pol. B29 (1998) 1201;
27. J. Kwieciriski, C.A.M. Lewis, A.D. Martin,Deep Inelastic Events Containing Two Forward Jets at DESY HERA,hep-ph/9707375; Univ. of Durham preprint D T P / 9 7 / 5 8 and Phys. Rev. D57 (1998)496;
28. J. Kwieciriski, L. Motyka,Diffractive <//$ Production in High Energy 77 Collisions as a Probe of the QCD Pomeron,hep-ph/9806260; preprint TPJU-14/98 and Phys. Lett. B438 (1998) 203;
29. L. Lesniak,Photo-production of mr and KK Pairs,MESON'98 Workshop on Production, Properties and Interaction of Mesons, Krakow,Poland, 30 June -2 July 1998 in: hep-ph/9807242 and Acta Phys. Pol. B29 (1998)3345;
30. L. Motyka, J. Kwieciriski,Possible Probe of the QCD Oddeon Singularity through the Quasidiffractive nc Productionin 7 — 7 Collisions,hep-ph/9802278 and Phys. Rev. D58 (1998) 117501-1;
31. B. Ziaja,Inclusive Single Particle Density in Configuration Space from the QCD-Cascade in DLAApproximation,hep-ph/9705473 and European Phys. J. C5 (1998) 91;
32. P. Zenczykowski,Hara's Theorem, Quark Model, and 75-Dependent Renormalization Constants,hep-ph/9711341; IFJ Report 1777/PH (1997) and Eur. Phys. J. C5 (1998) 701;
33. P. Zenczykowski,Weak Radiative Hyperon Decays, Hara's Theorem and the Diquark,Phys. Rev. D57 (1998) 3163;
130
34. P. Zenczykowski,Weak Radiative Decays of Hyperons,Proc. of NATO Advanced Research Workshop on the Structure of Mesons, Baryons andNuclei in: Acta Phys. Pol. B29 (1998) 2259;
35. P. Zenczykowski,Weak Radiative Hyperon Decays and Vector Meson Dominance,Proc. of the 3rd Int. Conf. on Hyperons, Charm, and Beauty Hadrons, Genoa, Italy,30 June - 3 July 1998; hep-ph/9810337 and Nucl. Phys. Proc. Suppl. B (1998)(in print).
Proceedings:
1. V.S. Barashenkov, E. Kapuscik, M.V. Liabin,Nature of Relativistic Effects and Delayed Clock Synchronization,Open Questions in Relativistic Physics, ed. F. Selleri (Apeiron, Montreal) (1998) 195;
2. P. Bozek,Particle Production from Off-Shell Nucleons,Proc. of the IV Workshop on Nonequilibrium Physics at Short Time Scales, RostockUniversitat, Rostock, eds K. Morawetz, P. Lpavsky and V. Spicka;
3. K. Golec-Biernat, J. Kwieciriski, A. Szczurek,Reggeons in Diffractive Interactions in Deep Inelastic Scattering at HERA,hep-ex/9709471 and Proc. of the Madrid Workshop on Low x Physics, Milaflores de laSierra, Spain, June 1997, eds F. Barreiro et al. (World Scientific) (1998) 284;
4. K. Golec-Biernat, J. Kwieciriski, A.D. Martin,Diffractive Dijet Photoproduction and the Off-Diagonal Gluon Distribution,Proc. of the 6th Int. Workshop on Deep Inelastic Scattering and QCD (DIS'98), Brussels,Belgium, 4-8 April 1998, eds Gh. Coremans and R. Roosen (World Scientific) (1998) 408;
5. A. Horzela,Winger Time Dependent Quantization for External Harmonics Forces,Proc. of the Fifth Int. Conf. on Squeezed States and Uncertainly Relations, Balatonfured,Hungary 1997, eds D. Han et al. (NASA/CP) (1998) 251;
6. A. Horzela,On Clock Synchronization,"Relativistic Physics and Some of its Applications", eds F. Seleri and R.C. Keys (Apeiron,Montreal) (1998) (in print);
7. A. Horzela,Remarks on Clock Synchronization,Open Questions in Relativistic Physics, ed. F. Selleri (Apeiron, Montreal) (1998) 19;
8. R.A. Janik, B. Ziaja,Improved Intermittency Analysis of Indyvidual Events,hep-ph/9807208 and Proc. of Int. Conf. on Correlations and Fluctuations, Matrahaza,Hungary, 14-21 June 1998 (World Scientific) (1998) (in print);
9. R. Kamiriski, L. Lesniak, K. Rybicki,New Solutions for Scalar-Isoscalar TTTT Phase Shifts,hep-ph/9712336 and Proc. of the 7-th Int. Conf. on Hadron Spectroscopy, HADRON'97,Upton, USA, 25-30 August 1997, eds Suk-Urk Chang, H.J. Willutzki (BNL, Upton, NY)(1998) 397;
10. R. Kamiiiski, L. Lesniak, B. Loiseau,Analysis of New Results for Scalar-Isoscalar TTTT Phase Shifts,hep-ph/9712337 and Proc. of the 7-th Int. Conf. HADRON'97, Upton, USA, 25-30August 1997, eds Suk-Urk Chung, H.J. Willutzki (BNL, Upton, NY) (1998) 820;
131
11. E. Kapuscik,Wigner Time Dependent Communitation Relations for Particles in External Force Fields,Proc. of the Fifth Int. Conf. on Squeezed States and Uncertainly Relations, Balatonfured,Hungary, 1997, eds D. Han et al. (NASA/CP) (1998) 275;
12. E. Kapuscik,Generally Covariant Electrodynamics in Arbitrary Media,Open Questions in Relativistic Physics, ed. F. Selleri (Apeiron, Montreal) (1998) 239;
13. E. Kapuscik, A. Horzela,Wigner Quantization Problem for External Forces,CP 453 Proc. of the Conf. on "Particles, Fields and Gravitation", Lodz, Poland,15-19 April 1998, eds J. Rembieliriski and K. Smoliriski, AIP Publishing (1998) 242;
14. S. Kubis, M. Kutschera, S. Stachniewicz,Neutron Stars in Relativistic Mean Field Theory with Isovector Scalar Meson,IFJ Report 1752/PH (1997) and Proc. of the Int. Workshop XXVI on Gross Propertiesof Nuclei and Nuclear Excitations, Hirschegg, Austria, 11-17 January 1998, eds M. Buballaet al. (GSI Darmstadt) (1998) 74;
15. J. Kwiecinski, B. Ziaja,QCD Predictions for g[ at Small x Incorporating Double In2(l/x) Resummation,Proc. of the 1997 Workshop on Physics with Polarized Protons at HERA,eds A. de Roeck, T. Gehrmann (1998) 90;
16. J. Kwiecinski, A.D. Martin, A. Stasto,The Gluon from a Unified BFKL/DGLAP Analysis of F2,Proc. of the Madrid Workshop on Low x Physics, Madrid, Spain, 18-21 June 1997;eds F. Barreiro, L. Labarga, J. del Peso, (World Scientific) (1998) 9.
Other conference materials:
1. R. Kamiriski, L. Lesniak, B. Loiseau,Scalar Meson Spectroscopy from Three Channel Model Analysis of Meson-Meson Scatter-ing,Abstr. of Contributed Papers INPC/98 Int. Nucl. Phys. Conference, 24-28 August 1998,Paris, France (1998) 95.
Reports:
1. B. Badelek, J. Kwiecinski,Spin Dependent Structure Function g\ at Small x and Small Q2,Contribution to the 3-rd UK Phenomenology Workshop on HERA Physics, Durham, UK,September 1998 in: hep-ph/98 12297 (1998);
2. A. Bialas, K. Zalewski,Searching for Cold Spots in Multipion Systems,Report TPJU-27-98 and hep-ph/9810545 (1998);
3. A. Bialas, K. Zalewski,BE Condensation and Independent Emission: Statistical Physics Interpretation,hep-ph/9807382 (dedicated to Jan Pisut on occasion of his 60-th birthday) and ReportTPJU-17-98 (1998);
4. P. Bizori, T. Chmaj,Critical Collapse of Skyrmions,gr-gc/9801012 (1998);
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5. W. Broniowski, W. Florkowski, B. Hiller,u> —>• 7T7T Decay in Nuclear Medium,IFJ Report 1803/PH (1998);
6. J. Dziermaga, M. Sadzikowski,Antibaryon Density in the Central Rapidity Region of a Heavy Ion Collision,hep-ph/9809313;
7. K. Golec-Biernat, A.D. Martin,Off-Diagonal Parton Distributions and Their Evolution,DTP 98-48 and hep-ph/9807497;
8. K. Golec-Biernat, M. WusthofF,Saturation Effects in Deep Inelastic Scattering at Low Q2 and its Implications on Diffrac-tions,DTP 98-50 and hep-ph/9807513;
9. L. Hadasz, M. Sadzikowski, P. Wegrzyn,Quantum Radiation from Spherical Mirrors,hep-ph/9803032;
10. HI Collab., C. Adloff, (K. Golec-Biernat, L. Gorlich, L. Hajduk, M.W. Krasny, J. Marty-niak, S. Mikocki, E. Lobodziriska, G. Nowak, K. Rybicki, J. Turnau) et al.,Di-Jet Event Rates in Deep Inelastic Scattering at HERA,DESY preprint DESY-98-076 (1998);
11. M. Kutschera,Emergence of Magnetic Field Due to Spin-Polarized Bayron Matter in Neutron Stars,IFJ Report 1806/PH (1998);
12. M. Kutschera, J. Niemiec,Mixed Quark-Nucleon Phase in Neutron Stars and Nuclear Energy Symmetry,IFJ Report 1810/PH (1998);
13. J. Kwieciriski, A.D. Martin, A. Stasto,Penetration of the Earth by Ultrahigh Energy Neutrinos Predicted by Low x QCD,astro-ph/98 12262 (1998);
14. L. Lesniak,Phenomenology of Scalar Mesons,hep-ph/9807539 (1998);
15. A.D. Martin, M.G. Ryskin, A. Stasto,F2 at Low Q2,hep-ph/98 12334v2 (1998);
16. A.D. Martn, M.G. Ryskin, A. Stasto,The Description of F2 at Low Q2,Univ. of Durham preprint D T P / 9 8 / 2 0 (1998);
17. E. Schiller, H. Miither, P. Czerski,Pauli Exclusion Operator and Binding Energy of Nuclear Matter,nuc-th/9812011;
18. P. Zenczykowski,Weak Radiative Hyperon Decays and Vector Meson Dominance,hep-ph/9810337. B (1998) (in print);
19. P. Zenczykowski,On the Pattern of Asymmetries in the Pole Model of Weak Radiative Hyperon Decays,IFJ Report 1790/PH (1998).
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GRANTS:Grants from the State Committee for Scientific Research:
1. Assoc. Prof. W. Broniowski - grant No 2 P03B 08 012 (1.01.1997 - 31.12.1999),"Equilibrium and Nonequillibrium Properties of Hadron Dynamics in Effective ChiralTheories";
2. S. Kubis, M.Sc. - grant No 2 P03B 131 13 (1.07.1997 - 30.06.1998),"Kaon Condensation in Nuclear Matter";
3. Prof. M. Kutschera - grant No 2 P03D 001 09 (1.09.1995 - 30.09.1998)," Spin Sources of the Magnetic Field of Neutron Stars";
4. Prof. J. Kwieciriski - grant No 2 P03B 089 13 (1.07.1997 - 30.06.2000),"Physics of Small Values of the Bjorken Parameter x in Deep Inelastic Interactions";
5. A. Stasto, M.Sc. - grant No 2 P03B 137 14 (1.01.1998 - 31.12.1998),"Studies of Nucleon Structure Function in the Limit of Low Bjorken x";
6. Dr B. Ziaja-Motyka - grant No 2 P03B 042 14 (1.01.1998 - 22.04.1999),"Teoretical and Phenomenological Analysis of the Nucleon Spin Structure Functions".
Grants from other sources:
1. Prof. J. Kwieciriski,Mobility Joint European Project Grant; coordinator at the INP of the educational TEM-PUS programme, contract No M-JEP-09006-95; 1.09.1995 - 31.08.1998;
2. Prof. J. Kwieciriski,"Quantum Chromodynamics and the Deep Structure of Elementary Particles",(within the EU network coordinated by University of Durham, UK), TMR Research Net-work No ERB4061PL970285; FMRX-CT98-0194 (DG 12 - MIHT); 1.03.1998 - 28.02.2002;
3. Prof. J. Kwieciriski,SOCRATES - ERASMUS, The European Community Programme in the Field of HigherEducation, project No 47261-IC-1-97-1-PL-ERASMUS; 1998/1999;
4. Prof. L. Lesniak,"Interactions des Mesons",Convention IN2P3, No 93-71.
PARTICIPATION IN CONFERENCES AND WORKSHOPS:
P. Bozek:
1. "Transport Theory with Self consistent Confinement Related to the Lattice Data",Meeting of the German Physical Society, Bochum, Germany, March 1998;
2. "Fragmentation Instability in a Partonic Transport Model",Nuclear Summer School, Gull Lake, USA, July 1998;
3. "Particle Production from Off-Shell Nucleons",Workshop on Nonequilibrium Physics at Short Time Scales, Rostock, Germany, April1998.
W. Florkowski:
1. "Pion Condensation in Ultrarelativistic Heavy-Ion Collisions",Brahms Collaboration Meeting, Krakow, Poland, 16-18 April 1998 - invited talk.
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K. Golec-Biernat:
1. "Diffractive Dijet Production and Off-Diagonal Ghion Distribution",DIS'98 Workshop, Bruxelles, Belgium, 4-8 April 1998.
A. Horzela:
1. "Wigner Problem for External Forces" - part II,Int. Conf. on Particles, Fields and Gravitation '98, University of Lodz, Poland, April1998;
2. "The Wigner Problem" - part II,
Int. Conf. on New Insights in Quantum Mechanics, Goslar, Germany, September 1998.
R. Kamiriski:
1. "Meson-Meson Scattering and Scalar Meson Spectroscopy",Conference on The Structure of Mesons, Baryons and Nuclei, Krakow, Poland, May 1998.
E. Kapuscik:
1. "Wigner Problem for External Forces" - part I,Int. Conf. on Particles, Fields and Gravitation '98, University of Lodz, Poland, April1998;
2. "The Wigner Problem" - part I,Int. Conf. on New Insights in Quantum Mechanics, Goslar, Germany, September 1998.
S. Kubis:
1. "The Role of the Symmetry Energy in the Kaon Condensation",Int. School of Subnuclear Physics - from the Planck Scale to the Hubble Radius, EMFCSCErice, Italy, 28 August - 7 September 1998;
2. "Kaon Condensation in Neutron Star: the Role of Nuclear Symmetry Energy",Astrophysical Seminar, Institute of Physics, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland, Oc-tober 1998.
M. Kutschera:
1. "Neutron Star Matter",Astrophysical Seminar, Institute of Physics, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland, Jan-uary 1998;
2. "Quark-Hadron Transition in Early Universe",Brahms Collaboration Meeting, Krakow, Poland, April 1998;
3. "Gamma-Ray Bursts'98",Astrophysical Seminar, Institute of Physics, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland,November 1998.
J. Kwieciriski:
1. "QCD Expectations for the Small x Behaviour of Spin Dependent Structure Functions",TEMPUS Workshop and the 3rd Cracow Epiphany Conference on Spin Effects in ParticlePhysics, Krakow, Poland, 9-11 January 1998 - invited talk;
2. "77c Production in ep Collisions",Workshop on Pomeron and Odderon Physics, Univ. of Heidelberg, Germany, 18-23 March1998 - invited talk;
135
3. "Diffraction Processes in High Energy Physics",Polish Physical Society Seminar, Institute of Physics, Jagiellonian University, Krakow,Poland, April 1998;
4. "Diffractive Jjty Production in High Energy 77 Collisions as a Probe of the QCD Pomeron",Linear Collider Workshop, University of Lund, Sweden, June 1998;
5. "F27 at Low Q2 and <r#",
Linear Collider Workshop, University of Lund, Sweden, June 1998;6. "Deep Inelastic Diffraction - Theoretical Review",
Int. Conf. on Hadron Structure'98, Stara Lesna, Slovak Republik, 7-13 September 1998- invited talk;
7. "Theoretical Review - On Structure Functions",Int. Conf. on Hadron Structure'98, Stara Lesna, Slovak Republic, 7-13 September 1998 -invited talk;
8. "Research Activity of the Krakow Team",Meeting of the UK Network on QCD and Particle Structure, University of Durham,Durham, UK, 20 September 1998;
9. "Double In2 l/x Resummation Effects in the Spin Dependent Structure Function gx(x)",3rd UK Phenomenology Workshop on HERA Physics, University of Durham, Durham,UK, 20-25 September 1998;
10. "Theoretical Description of Structure Functions",HI Collaboration Meeting, Krakow, Poland, 30 September- 2 October 1998 - invited talk.
L. Lesniak:
1. "Photoproduction of TTTT and KK Pairs",MESON'98 - Workshop on Production, Properties and Interaction of Mesons, Krakow,Poland, 30 May - 2 June 1998;
2. "Phenomenology of Scalar Mesons",The Third Int. Conf. of Quark Confinement and the Hadron Spectrum, T. JeffersonLaboratory, Newport News, Virginia, USA, 7-12 June 1998 - invited talk.
J. Niemiec:
1. "Magnetars",Astrophysical Seminar, Institute of Physics, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland, De-cember 1998.
M. Sadzikowski:
1. "DCC Pion Production from Classical Sources",Workshop on High Energy Heavy Ion Physics, INP Krakow, Poland January 1998;
2. "Skyrmions Production in Heavy Ion Collisions",Workshop on Heavy Ion Collisions, Modra, Slovakia, August 1998.
S. Stachniewicz:
1. " Importance of the HIPPARCOS satelite Mission for Determination of the Age of GlobularClusters",Astrophysical Seminar, Institute of Physics, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland, May1998.
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A. Stasto:
1. "F2 at Low Q2V,QCD'98 Euroconference: 25 Years of Asymptotic Freedom, Montpellier, France, 1-8 July1998;
2. "Unified BFKL/ DGLAP Description of F2 Data",Meeting of the UK Network on QCD and Particle Structure, University of Durham,Durham, UK, 20 September 1998;
3. "VDM and Parton Model",3rd UK Phenomenology Workshop on HERA Physics, University of Durham, Durham,UK, 20-25 September 1998;
4. "Unified BFKL/DGLAP Description of F2 Data",Hi Collaboration Meeting, Krakow, Poland, 30 September - 2 October 1998 - invited talk.
B. Ziaja-Motyka:
1. "Polarized Proton and Neutron Structure Functions g^cfi-QCD Predictions for Small xRegion Including In2{\/x) Resumption",Topical Workshop on Low x Physics at HERA, DESY-Zeuthen, Zeuthen, Germany,3-6 June 1998;
2. "Improved Intermittency Analysis of Individual Events",Int. Conf. on "Correlations and Fluctuations'98", Matrahaza, Hungary, 18-21 June 1998- invited talk.
P. Zenczykowski:
1. "Weak Radiative Decay of Hyperons",Conference on The Structure of Mesons, Baryons and Nuclei, Krakow, Poland, May 1998- invited talk;
2. "Weak Radiative Hyperon Decays and Vector Meson Dominance",Int. Conf. on Hyperons, Charm and Beauty Hadrons, Genova, Italy, July 1998.
MEMBERS OF ORGANIZING COMMITTEE:
J. Kwiecinski
1. Member of Conference Committee and Session chairman of the TEMPUS Workshopand the 3rd Cracow Epiphany Conference on Spin Effects in Particle Physics, Krakow,Poland, 9-11 January 1998.
M. Sadzikowski
1. Member of Organizing Committee of the XXXVIII School of Theoretical Physics,Zakopane, Poland, June 1998.
SCHOLARSHIPS:
1. P. Bozek-Ph.D.- Alexander v. Humboldt Research Fellowship - April 1997 - May 1998;
2. K. Golec-Biernat - Ph.D.- The Royal Society Postdoctoral Fellowship, UK - January 1997 - July 1998.
137
SCIENTIFIC DEGREES:
1. St. Zubik - Ph.D.- "Nuclear Giant Resonances According to the Drop Model of Visconsand Compressive Liquid".
SEMINARS:
EXTERNAL:
1. P. Bozek,"Hadronization through Spinodal Decomposition",University of Heidelberg, Germany, May 1998;
2. P. Bozek,"Hadronic Transport Model with a Phase Transition",Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, USA, September 1998;
3. P. Bozek,"Solving the Galitskii-Feynman Equations at Finite Temperature",NSCL, East Lansing, USA, November 1998;
4. W. Broniowski,"Modification of Hadron Properties in Nuclear Matter",Division of High Energy Physics, INP, Krakow, Poland, March 1998;
5. W. Broniowski,""p — uj Mixing in Nuclear Matter",Centro de Ffsica Teorica, Department of Physics, University of Coimbra, Portugal, July1998;
6. W. Broniowski,"Tensor Susceptibility of the Vacuum from Constituent Quarks",University of Ljubljana, Slovenia, September 1998;
7. W. Broniowski,"Tensor Susceptibility of the Vacuum in the Quark Model",Institute of Physics, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland, October 1998;
8. P. Czerski,"Surface Effects in Semi-Infinite Nuclear Matter",University of Tubingen, December 1998;
9. W. Florkowski,"Chirally Invariant Transport Equations",Centro de Fisica Teorica, Department of Physics, University of Coimbra, Portugal, July1998;
10. W. Florkowski,"Vector Mesons in Hadronic Matter",University of Ljubljana, Slovenia, September 1998;
11. W. Florkowski,"Vector Mesons in Nuclear Matter",Dept. of Nuclear Reactions, INP, Krakow, Poland, November 1998;
12. K. Golec-Biernat,"Off-Diagonal Parton Distributions",DAMPT Cambridge, UK, 27 February 1998 - invited talk;
138
13. K. Golec-Biernat,"Off-Diagonal Parton Distributions - Overview",University of Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany, 26 November 1998 - invited talk;
14. K. Golec-Biernat,"Off-Diagonal Parton Distributions - Overview",DESY, Hamburg, Germany, 27 November 1998 - invited talk;
15. S. Kubis,"Kaon Condensation in Neutron Star",Institute of Physics, Department of Astrophysics and Cosmology, Silesian University, Ka-towice, Poland, December 1998;
16. M. Kutschera,"Matter inside Neutron Star",Dept. of Theor. Phys. Silesian University, Katowice, Poland, May 1998;
17. M. Kutschera,"Matter in the Neutron Stars",University of Lodz, Poland, January 1998;
18. J. Kwiecinski,"Probing the QCD Pomeron in ep and e+e~~ Collisions",Department of Radiation Sciences, University of Uppsala, Sweden, December 1998;
19. L. Lesniak,"Multichannel Decays of Scalar Mesons",Institute of Physics, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland, October 1998;
20. M. Sadzikowski,"Antibaryon Production in Chiral Phase Transition",Institute of Physics, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland, October 1998;
21. M. Sadzikowski," Antibaryon Production in Heavy Ion Collisions",BNL, Upton, USA, November 1998;
22. M. Sadzikowski,"Baryon Production in QCD Phase Transitions",SUNY, Stony Brook, USA, November 1998;
23. S. Stachniewicz,"Recent Estimates of Cosmological Parameters",PTMA, Krakow, Poland, March 1998;
24. S. Stachniewicz,"Resonant Phenomena in the Solar System",PTMA, Krakow, Poland, June 1998;
25. S. Stachniewicz,"Dark Matter or the Problem of Missing Mass in the Universe",PTMA, Krakow, Poland, November 1998;
26. P. Zenczykowski,"The Puzzle of Weak Radiative Hyperon Decays",University of Torino, Italy, June 1998.
INTERNAL:
1. H. Arodz (Institute of Physics, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland):"Effective Lagrangian for Gluonic Dynamics";
2. I. Bialynicki-Birula (Institute of Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland):" On the Localization of Photon";
139
3. W. Broniowski:"/> — u Mixing in Relativistic Heavy Ion Collisions";
4. M. Cerkaski:"Is Einstein's Lift a Physical Object in Minkowski's Space? On Science Collaboration inTwo Models of a Rocket";
5. T. Chmaj:"Critical Behaviour in Gravitational Collapse";
6. J. Czerniawski (Institute of Philosophy, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland):"Reality of Relativistic Effects";
7. W. Florkowski:"Astrophysical Evidence for Black Holes";
8. T. Gehrmann (DESY, Hamburg, Germany):"The Spin Structure of the Nucleon";
9. M. Heyssler (University of Durham, Durham, UK):"Radiation Zeros: More About Nothing";
10. A. Horzela:"Once More on the Quantum-Mechanical Harmonic Oscillator:- part I - "What is Missing in Textbooks",- part II - "Towards Noncommutative Geometry";
11. M. Jezabek (Department of Particle Theory, INP, Krakow, Poland):"Neutrino Oscillations and See-Saw Mechanism";
12. G. Junker (University of Erlangen, Germany):Supersymmetric Methods in Quantum and Statistical Physics";
13. J. Kalinowski (Inst. of Theor. Phys. Univ. of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland):"Chargino Pairs Production in e+e~ Collisions";
14. M.W. Krasny (Univ. Paris VI, France/Div. of High Energy Phys. INP, Krakow, Poland):"Is there an Anomaly in ep Scattering at Large Momentum Transfers ?";
15. L. Lesniak:"Multichannel Meson Interactions";
16. L. Lesniak:" Limited Applicability of the Multichannel Breit-Wigner Formula";
17. J. Lukierski (Univ. of Wroclaw, Poland):"From Deformed Relativistic Symmetries to Deformed Field Theory";
18. M. Lutz (GSI Darmstadt, Germany):"Chiral Dynamics of the Nuclear Equation of State and/or Nuclear Kaon Dynamics";
19. L. Motyka (Institute of Physics, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland):"Exclusive Meson Production in Photon-Photon Interactions";
20. B. Muryn (Department of Physics and Nuclear Techniques, Academy of Mining and Met-allurgy, Krakow, Poland):"Some Problems on Two-Photon Physics in DELPHI Experiment";
21. M. Nowak (Institute of Physics, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland):"Random Matrices and QCD";
22. A. Orlowski (Institute of Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland):"Localizability of Photons versus Localization of Light";
23. V.N. Piervushin (JINR, Dubna, Russia):"Hamiltonian Reduction of General Relativity";
24. E. Recami (University of Bergamo, Italy):"Tunneling and Superluminal Motions";
140
25. M. Sadzikowski:"Baryon Production in Chiral Phase Transition";
26. Y. Sitenko (Bogolubov Institute for Theoretical Physics, Kiev, Ukraine):"Vacuum Polarization Effects in the Background of a Nontrivial Topology";
27. A. Stasto:"Analysis of F2 Structure Function in the Region of Low <52";
28. B. Szczerbiriska:"The Strangeness Production in Quark-Gluon Plasma";
29. I. Talmi (Weizmann Institute, Rehovot, Israel):"Binding Energies of Nuclei and Atoms";
30. H. Wilczyiiski (Department of High Energy Nuclear Interactions, INP, Krakow, Poland):"Study of Higest Energy Cosmic Rays in the Auger Experiment".
LECTURES AND COURSES:M. Kutschera
1. "Theoretical Astrophysics",lectures for Physics students at the Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland;
2. Supervising M.Sc. thesis of J. Niemiec, Physics student at the Jagiellonian University andPh.D theses of S. Kubis and S. Stachniewicz, graduate Physics students at the Instituteof Nuclear Physics, Krakow, Poland.
J. Kwieciriski
1. Supervising Ph.D. thesis of A. Stasto, graduate Physics student at the Institute of NuclearPhysics, Krakow, Poland.
L. Lesniak
1. Supervising M.Sc. thesis of L. Bibrzycki, Physics student at Academy of Mining andMetallurgy, Krakow, Poland.
P. Zenczykowski
1. "Introduction to Nuclear and Elemetary Particle Physics",lectures for Physics students at the Cracow Pedagogical University, Poland;
2. Supervising M.Sc. thesis of P. Lach, Physics student at the Institute of Physics, Jagiel-lonian University, Krakow, Poland.
SHORT - AND LONG - TERM VISITORS:
1. prof. W. Alberico - University of Torino, Italy, May 1998;2. dr D. Baiko - A.F. Ioffe Phys. Techn. Inst., St. Petersburg, Russia, December 1998;3. prof. B. Frimann - GSI, Darmstadt, Germany, June 1998;4. dr T. Gehrmann - DESY, Hamburg, Germany, May 1998;5. dr B. Golli - University of Ljubljana, Slovenia, June 1998;6. M. Heyssler - TEMPUS student, University of Durham, UK,
November 1997 - April 1998;7. prof. Chueng-Ryong Ji - University of North Carolina, Raleigh, USA,
May/June, November 1998;
141
8. prof. G. Junker - University of Erlangen, Germany, November 1998;9. prof. J. Kalinowski - Inst. of Theor. Phys. University of Warsaw, Poland,
December 1998;10. dr D. Knoedler - University of Tubingen, Tubingen, Germany, November 1998;11. dr B. Loiseau - LPTPE Paris, France, March/April 1998;12. prof. J. Lukierski - University of Wroclaw, Poland, October 1998;13. dr M. Lutz- GSI, Darmstadt, Germany, June 1998;14. prof. A.D. Martin- University of Durham, UK, July 1998;15. J. Outhwaite - TEMPUS student, University of Durham, UK,
April - July 1998;16. prof. V.N. Piervushin - JINR, Dubna, Russia, September 1998;17. prof. E. Recami- University of Bergamo, Italy, December 1998;18. prof. G. Ripka - Ruhr Universitat, Bochum, Germany, June 1998;19. prof. Y. Sitenko - Bogolubov Institute for Theoretical Physics, Kiev,
Ukraine, November 1998;20. dr A. Szczepaniak - University of Indiana, Bloomington, USA, May/June 1998;21. prof. I. Talmi - Weizmann Institute, Rehovot, Israel, September 1998.
NEXT!©fft BLANK
V 143
PL9902512
HIGH ENERGY PHYSICS DEPARTMENTS(former DEPARTMENT OF HIGH ENERGY PHYSICS)
Division coordinator: Prof. Jerzy BartkeSecretaries: D. Filipiak, D. Krzyszton, M. Mielniktelephone: (48) (12) 633-33-66fax: (48) (12) 633-38-84e-mail: [email protected]
OVERVIEW:
Following our long-time tradition we will present under a common header the activities of theseven new units created in 1997 on the basis of the former Department of High Energy Physics:
Department of Particle Theory (Dept V)Department of Leptonic Interactions (Dept XI)Department of Hadron Structure (Dept XII)Department of High Energy Nuclear Interactions (Dept XIII)The ALICE Experiment Laboratory (NAL>The ATLAS Experiment Laboratory (NAT)High Energy Physics Detector Construction Group (PBD)
At the end we will list our common activities: lectures and courses as well as seminars.
Our research covers a variety of problems of the experimental and theoretical high energy particlephysics: the hadronic and leptonic interactions with nucleons and nuclei (characteristics of particleproduction, including heavy quark physics), e+ e~~ interactions and tests of the Standard Model (alsoevaluation of radiative corrections), ultrarelativistic heavy ion interactions and search for the quark-gluon plasma, as well as the spectra, composition and interactions of high energy cosmic ray particles.Research on detectors and accelerator components as well as the development of the apparatus for thehigh energy physics experiments at future accelerators: LHC (CERN, Geneva), RHIC (Brookhaven),B-Factory (KEK, Tsukuba) and TESLA (DESY) is also carried out. The technology of new materialswith unique properties such as carbon-carbon composites is also worked on from the point of view oftheir application in high energy physics experiments.
The Division is located in a separate building on the campus of the University of Mining andMetallurgy. This location, close to the Jagiellonian University, facilitates the collaboration with thelatter and with the University of Mining and Metallurgy. The joint weekly seminars carried out fornearly 40 years prove this long term tradition. A substantial part of our activities is teaching andtraining students from the academic community in Krakow at M.Sc. and Ph.D. level. Joint research,teaching and academic training in the high energy physics are carried out within the M. MiesowiczInter-Institute Centre for High Energy Physics, which was formed by an agreement between theUniversity of Mining and Metallurgy, the Jagiellonian University and our Institute to honour the late
144
Prof. Marian Miesowicz, the founder and the long-time leader of the high energy physics communityin Krakow.
Since the modern high energy physics experiments require enormous technical, man-power andfinancial efforts, our research is mainly carried out in large international collaborations. These arelisted at proper places in the following text. They were formed at the leading laboratories where largeaccelerators have been or will be constructed: the European Laboratory for Particle Physics CERNin Geneva (SPS, LEP, LHC), DESY in Hamburg (HERA), Brookhaven National Laboratory (RHIC),Fermilab in Batavia, USA (TEVATRON), and KEK in Tsukuba, Japan (B-Factory).
Our work in 1998 resulted in the publication of very interesting results from the e+ e~ experimentDELPHI at LEP, the e+/e~ p experiments Hi and ZEUS at HERA, and on heavy ion collisions fromBNL and CERN. Short reviews of some of these can be found in the following pages together withimportant results obtained in other experiments, like e.g. the cosmic ray experiment JACEE, andalso with those published by our theorists. Our computing facilities allow the application of the mostadvanced Monte-Carlo methods both for solving theoretical problems and for modelling the conditionsof experiments.
Close research contacts in some projects such as the DELPHI, ZEUS, NA49 and LHC experimentsare being maintained with the A. Soltan Institute of Nuclear Studies in Warsaw and the Institute ofExperimental Physics of the Warsaw University.
In 1998 our division organized the Cracow Epiphany Conference on Spin Effects in Particle Physics.It should be pointed out that our activity would be practically impossible without the financial
support of the State Committee for Scientific Research in Poland, the German-Polish Foundation,the EEC-Network and Mobility Programs, and the generous help of DESY which for several yearshas been funding most of the per-diem expenses of our staff and students in Hamburg as well as thepurchase of the computer equipment. We have also been helped by CERN, IN2P3, KEK, MIT, andthe German-Polish Centre for Particle Physics (Bielefeld, DESY-Zeuthen, Dortmund, Karlsruhe, MPIMunich). This support is gratefully acknowledged.
We note with great pleasure that the titles of Honorary Professors of our Institute were bestowed ontwo outstanding high-energy physicists from DESY: Prof. Johann Bienlein and Prof. Bjorn Wiik.
Professor Jerzy Bartke
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PL9902513
DEPARTMENT OF PARTICLE THEORY
Head of Department: Prof. Stanislaw JadachActing Head: Prof. Marek Jezabektelephone: (48) (12) 633-33-66e-mail: [email protected]
PERSONNEL:
Research Staff:Stanislaw Jadach, Prof. r,,. ™T . r, c
, . , . , , ' „ Zbigmew Was, Assoc. Prof.Marek Jezabek, Prof. m-w * D- U+ T»7 A r> c
„ , ,'. _, . Elzbieta Richter-Was, Assoc. Prof.Kacper Zalewski, Prof. , , . . p , , ~, „v ' Maciej Skrzypek, Ph.D.
OVERVIEW:
Research performed at the Department of Particle Theory is devoted to fundamental particles andtheir interactions. These studies are closely related to the current and future high energy experimentsat e+e~ and hadron-hadron colliders: LEP, TESLA, Tevatron and LHC. The papers reported belowcover a wide range of particle physics from neutrino masses and oscillations to processes involvingheavy particles like gauge and Higgs bosons or the top quark.
An evidence of neutrino oscillations observed by the SuperKamiokande Collaboration was the mostspectacular discovery of the year 1998. In a theoretical investigation performed at our departmenta relation has been found between the so called see-saw mechanism and the bi-maximal neutrinomixing.
Since many years a very important and labour-consuming part of the research activities is relatedto precision tests of the Standard Model. In the last year successful runs of LEP2 stimulated animpressive progress in theoretical description of processes with two- and four-fermion final states inelectron-positron annihilation. It is worth stressing that the results of the calculations have beendistributed in the form of the computer programs (Monte Carlo and other types) which serve as anindispensable tool in the analysis of the experimental data. Although the whole scientific program isa natural continuation of the activities started earlier a few results obtained in the last year shouldbe mentioned:
• Publication of the four-fermion Monte Carlo program KORALW for high energy e+e~ colliders;• Development of the exponentiation scheme at the spin amplitude level and studies of the anoma-
lous couplings for the e+e~ —¥ ff^ivy) processes;• Relation between QCD static potentials in momentum and position spaces, and its consequences
for bottom and top quark pair production and spectroscopy;• Participation in the preparation of the physics program of the pp experiments on LHC collider
particularly for Higgs searches in Standard Model and Minimal Supersymmetric SM.
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The members of the Department actively participated in a number of international working groupsstudying physics potential of existing and planned high energy colliders. They also played the leadingrole in organization of Cracow Epiphany Conference on Spin Effects in Particle Physics, Cracow,January 9-11, 1998.
Professor Marek Jezabek
REPORTS ON RESEARCH: PL9902514
Physics of the W-Pair Production and Decay at LEP2/NLCEnergies — The KORALW and YFSWW Projects
In the year 1998 our group has continued research on the physics of production and decay of the Wbosons. In particular in this period, within the Cracow-Knoxville collaboration, we have completed thenew version 1.42 of the Monte Carlo code KORALW. The distribution version of the code is availableat our web page [1]. Manual has been published in the form of preprint [2] and submitted to ComputerPhysics Communications. The program KORALW is an universal code for simmulations of all four-fermion processes in electron-positron collisions. It includes all the so called "background graphs" atthe Born level, multiple initial state photonic radiation in the Yennie-Frautschi-Suura approach anddominant first order corrections (e.g. the Coulomb effect). The most important novelty of version1.42 is the presence of two independent four-fermion phase-space presampiers. Construction of such apresampler is a highly nontrivial task. As compared to the matrix element calculation that at the Bornlevel can be carried over by a number of automated packages capable of evaluating Feynman graphs,the phase-space integration up to now has not been solved in a systematic way for the multi-fermionfinal states. KORALW 1.42 aims to partly fill-in this gap. The other significant improvement inversion 1.42 is the addition of the third order leading-logarithmic corrections to initial state photonicradiation.
Previous documented version 1.02 of the program [3] included only the so called "signal graphs"(CC03) doubly resonant with respect to the W bosons. Therefore the new version 1.42 is a much moreadvanced product. The KORALW code is used by all LEP collaborations in the analysis of LEP2data.
Along with the KORALW, the Cracow-Knoxville collaboration developed two other codes devotedto four-fermion "signal processes": the YFSWW and YFSZZ. The YFSWW code is oriented towardsexact simmulation (including higher order corrections) of the WW pair production and decay - themost important area of LEP2 experiments. During the RADCOR conference in Barcelona we haveargued [4] that these two codes (KORALW and YFSWW) are in fact complementary and shouldbe used together. This way we introduced the concept of "WW-Toolbox" as the solution to theoutstanding problem of reaching the 0.5% ultimate precision level required by the LEP experiments.We have given in [4] the preliminary estimate of the total technical and physical error of the "Toolbox"to be 0.5%. This way we entered into the new domain of precision WW physics.
There is however a number of still unsolved problems associated with this project. In particular thephotonic corrections to the ZZ-type four-fermion processes, if described in initial state approximation,can lead to severe inaccuracies. We hope to address this and other problems in the forthcoming future.
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References:
1. http://hpjmiady.ifj-edu.pl;2. S. Jadach, W. Placzek, M. Skrzypek, B.F.L. Ward, and Z. Was, "Monte Carlo Program KORALW version
1.42 for all Four-Fermion Final States in e+e~ Processes", CERN preprint CERN-TH-98-242 (1998);3. M. Skrzypek, S. Jadach, W. Piaczek, and Z. Was, "Monte Carlo program KORALW 1.02 for W-pair pro-
duction at LEP2/NLC energies with Yennie-Frautschi-Suura exponentiation" , Comput. Phys. Commun.94 (1996) 216;
4. M. Skrzypek, S. Jadach, W. Placzek, B.F.L. Ward and Z. Was, "Precision Calculations of Heavy BosonProduction - YFS Monte Carlo Approach", talk presented at the IVth International Symposium onRadiative Corrections (RADCOR 98), Barcelona, Spain, September 8-12, 1998, to appear in ConferenceProceedings.
PL9902515
Physics of the Fermion Pair Production and Decay at LEP1/LEP2Energies — The KORALZ and KK2f Projects
In the year 1998 there were two main direction of the work of our group on phenomenology offermion-pair production at e+e~ colliders.
The new technique of exponentiation was for the first time successfully applied in the Monte Carlocontext. It integrates techniques of the spin amplitude automatic calculation with the one of softphoton factorization as well as multiparticle phase-space generation. The most important advantagesconsist of: (i) implementation of bremsstrahlung initial-final state QED intereference, (ii) completetreatment of final state fermion spin including transverse spin correlation in case of production ofunstable fermions, (iii) straightforward possibility of implementing additional amplitudes e.g. due toanomalous couplings and with interferences to Standard Model amplitudes, (iv) possibility to generatesample of all two fermion final states in a single Monte Carlo run. Papers [1, 2] are devoted to thissubject.
There is however a number of still unsolved problems associated with this project. In particularnot all two-fermion final states are included. Still missing, or incomlete, are for example ti, veve, ande+e~ final states.
That was one of the reason that the work on precursor of KK2f i.e. KORALZ was continued.Effects of diffrerent hypotetical anomalous couplings or new particles were introduced to enable ex-perimental studies of their effects on experimental distributions in the presence of Standard Modeland realistic detector conditions. Such studies are essential, e.g. in setting experimental limits on newhypotetical particles masses and/or couplings. Papers [3, 4] were devoted to this subject.
References:
1. http://hpjmiady.ifj.edu.pl;2. S. Jadach, B.F.L. Ward, and Z. Was, "Global Positioning of Spin GPS Scheme for Half-Spin Massive
Spinors", Preprint CERN-TH/98-235;3. S. Jadach, B.F.L. Ward, and Z. Was, "Coherent Exclusive Exponentiation CEEX, The case of the resonant
e+e" collisons", Preprint CERN-TH/98-253;4. A. Jacholkowska, J. Kalinowski, and Z. Was, "Higher order QED corrections to e+e~ -*• vvf at LEP-2",
CERN-TH-98-55, Feb 1998, Eur. J. Phys C (in print), hep-ph/9803375;5. T. Paul and Z. Was, "Inclusion of r anomalous magnetic and electric dipole moments in the KORALZ
Monte Carlo", CERN-L3-NOTE-2184, January 1998, hep-ph/9801301.
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PL9902516'Improvement of Theoretical Errorin LEP Luminosity Measurements
The most precise measurements in LEP are measurements of mass of Z and of total cross sectionCo at Z peak. Both include as an essential ingredient (especially <TO) the measurement of the truemachine luminosity. The luminosity total error includes purely experimental component of about0.5% and important theoretical component due to unknown higher perturbative order correction toluminometric process - small angle Bhabha process. All LEP collaborations use for the predictionfor the small angle Bhabha process the Monte Carlo event generator BHLUMI developed by Cracow-Knoxville collaboration. The theoretical error of BHLUMI was established in 1966 at the 0.11% level.In the new work which was presented in Vancouver conference this year [1] the new lower error of0.6% was obtained. This work is now prepared for prompt publication.
References:
1. B.F.L. Ward, S. Jadach, M. Melles, and S.A. Yost, "New Results on the Theoretical Precision of theLEP/SLC Luminosity", Invited talk at 29th International Conference on High-Energy Physics (ICHEP98), Vancouver, Canada, 23-29 July 1998, hep-ph/9811245, UTHEP-98-0501, September 1998.
Phenomenology of High Energy Physics PL9902517
We have conducted reasearch on Bose-Einstein correlations between particles produced in processesof multiparticle production [1-6].
References:
1. A. Bialas and K. Zalewski, Phys. Lett. B436 (1998) 153;2. A. Bialas and K. Zalewski, Eur. Phys. J. C6 (1998) 349;3. A. Bialas and K. Zalewski, "Searching for cold spots in multipion systems", hep-ph/9810545;4. K. Zalewski, "Bose-Einstein correlations in high-energy multiple particle production processes", hep-
ph/9810431;5. K. Zalewski, "Bose-Einstein correlations in multiple particle production", hep-ph/9808271;6. A. Bialas and K. Zalewski, "BE condensation and independent emission: statistical physics interpreta-
tion", hep-ph/9807382.
Physics of Heavy Quarks PL9902518
Studies of top quark pair production in e+e annihilation have been continued [1, 2]. A relation wasderived between chromostatic potentials in position and momentum space [3] and its phenomenologicalconsequences have been studied in top quark [4] and bottom quark physics. Results were publishedof calculations of QCD corrections to r lepton polarization in B decays [5].
References:
1. E. Accomando, M. Jezabek, et al., "Physics with e+e~ linear colliders", Physics Reports 299 (1998) 1;2. Y. Sumino and M. Jezabek, "Decay of top quarks in e+e~ -+ ti near threshold", Acta Phys. Polonica
B 29 (1998) 1443;3. M. Jezabek, M. Peter, and Y. Sumino, "On the relation between QCD potentials in momentum and
position space", Phys. Lett. B428 (1998) 352;4. M. Jezabek, J.H. Kiihn, M. Peter, Y. Sumino, and T. Teubner, "The perturbative QCD potential and
the it threshold", Phys. Rev. D58:014006 (1998);5. M. Jezabek and P. Urban, "Polarization of tau leptons in semileptonic B decays", Nucl. Phys. B525
(1998) 350.
PL9902519 149
Neutrino Mixing and Oscillations
In [1] neutrino mixing has been studied assuming three light neutrinos and see-saw mechanism.A realistic model was found exhibiting bi-maximal mixing for atmospheric and solar neutrinos.
Reference:
1. M. Jezabek and Y. Sumino, "Neutino mixing and see-saw mechanism", Phys. Letters B440 (1998) 327.
Towards Preparation of the Physics Programme at LHC ^s
In the year 1998 the main direction of the work was studying prospects for the MSSM jHiggs discovery in SUGRA model. This SUSY model is characterised by 5 parameters onlyrno,m1/2,Ao,t&n(i,sign(fi) therefore a systematics studies on the predictivity of the model for theHiggs discovery can be performed.
An overview of the potential of the ATLAS detector for the observation of the SM decay channelsof MSSM Higgs bosons in SUGRA scenarios is was presented in [1]. Supression of the SM decay modesdue to the opening of the SUSY decay channels or due to the SUSY particles in the intermediate loopswas quantified for each channel considered as potentially promissing for the MSSM Higgs searches. The{m,A, tanb/3) discovery contour curves were drawn for few represenative scenarios of such supression.
The possible observation of the MSSM Higgs boson in the decay to supersymmetric particles wasdiscussed in [2] in more details for channel A/H —> XX —* Aleptons + X at the so called SUGRA point3, characterised by the fundamental parameters TOO = 200(?eV, m ^ 2 = lOOGeV, A = 0, tan/3 = 2 andsign{fi) = —1. At this point predicted masses for the Higgs bosons H and A are of ~ ZlbGeV, andthe kinematically allowed supersymmetric decays to neutralinos compete with otherwise dominantdecay to the top-quark pair. It was shown that the enhancement in the mttti distribution might bedetectable over the SM and SUSY backgrounds and give complementary information to the signalobserved in the A/H —> tt channel.
Both above studies complete information of the ATLAS potential in the MSSM Higgs sectorpresented in the very detailed report [3] for the case of SUSY particles being very heavy, hence notcontributing to the Higgs decay modes.
i •
4M 300 « » 100 3M MO
iO•CM• in
IS
100 ISO MO 400 M0
Fig. 1: The expected observability range of the A/Hwith ATLAS experiment.
References:
XX —> 4leptons + X in SUGRA model and
1. E. Richter-Was and D. Froidevaux, "MSSM Higgs bosons in SUGRA model: observability in SM decaymodes with ATLAS", ATLAS Communications, ATL-PHYS-98-012;
2. S. Zmushko, D. Froidevaux and E. Richter-Was, "Search for the heavy Higgs in SUGRA point 3", ATLASCommunications ATL-PHYS-98-009;
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3. E. Richter-Was et al., "Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model Higgs rates and backgrounds in AT-LAS", Int. J. of Modern Phys. A13, No 9, (1998) 1371.
LIST OF PUBLICATIONS:
Articles:
1. A. Bialas, K. Zalewski,Bose-Einstein Condensation and Independent Production of Pions,Phys. Lett. B436 (1998) 153;
2. T. Ishikawa, Y. Kurihara, M. Skrzypek, Z. Was,Four Quark Final State in W Pair Production: Case of Signal and Background,Eur. Phys. J. C4 (1998) 75;
3. A. Jacholkowska, J. Kalinowski, Z. Wajs,Higher-Order QED Corrections to e+e~ —>• 1/P7 at LEP2,Eur. Phys. J. C (1998) (in print);
4. S. Jadach, W. Placzek, M. Skrzypek, B.F.L. Ward, Z. Was,Exact O(ALPHA) Gauge Invariant YFS Exponentiated Monte Carlo for (Un) Stable W+W~Production at and beyond LEP-2 Energies,Phys. Lett. B436 (1998) 326;
5. M. Jezabek, P. Urban,Polarization of T Leptons in Semileptonic B Decays,Nucl. Phys. B525 (1998) 350;
6. M. Jezabek, J.H. Ktthn, M. Peter, Y. Sumino, T. Teubner,The Pertubative QCD Potential and the ti Threshold,Phys. Rev. D58 (1998) 014006;
7. M. Jezabek, M. Peter, Y. Sumino,On the Relation between QCD Potentials in Momentum and Position Space,Phys. Lett. B428 (1998) 352;
8. M. Jezabek, Y. Sumino,Neutrino Mixing and See-Saw Mechanism,Phys. Lett. B440 (1998) 327;
9. L. Motyka, K. Zalewski,Spin Effects in Heavy Quarkonia,The Cracow Epiphany Conf. on Spin Effects in Particle Physics and Tempus Workshop, Krakow,Poland, 9-11 January 1998; Acta Phys. Pol. B29 (1998) 1437;
10. E. Richter-Was et al.,Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model Higgs Rates and Backgrounds in ATLAS,J. Mod. Phys. A13 (1998) 1371;
11. Y. Sumino, M. Jezabek,Decay of Top Quarks in e+e~ —> ti near Threshold,Acta Phys. Pol. B29 (1998) 1443;
12. Z. W<*s,Trefoil Knot and ad-hoc Classification of Elementary Fields in the Standard Model,CERN-TH/97-162 and Phys. Lett. B416 (1998) 369;
13. Z. Was,Spin Correlations in WW Pair Production and Decay,Cracow Epiphany Conf. on Spin Effects in Particle Physics, 9-11 January 1998, Krakow, Poland,eds K. Fialkowski, M. Jezabek in: Acta Phys. Pol. B29 (1998) 1481;
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14. K. ZalEwski, L. Motyka,Mass Spectra and Leptonic Decay Widths of Heavy Quarkonia,Eur. Phys. J. C4 (1998) 107.
Proceedings:
1. W. Piaczek, (S. Jadach) et al.,Precision Calculation of Bhabha Scattering at LEP,Proc. of the IV-th Intern. Symposium on Radiative Corrections (RADCOR 98), Barcelona,Spain, 8-12 September (1998) (in print);
2. M. Skrzypek, (S. Jadach, Z. Was) et al.,Precision Calculation of Heavy Boson Production - YFS Monte Carlo Approach,Proc. of the IV-th Intern. Symposium on Radiative Corrections (RADCOR 98), Barcelona,Spain, 8-12 September (1998) (in print).
Reports:
1. J. Baines, (E. Richter-Was) et al.,ATLAS Trigger Menus,ATLAS DAQ and Trigger Note ATL-DAQ-98-121 (1998);
2. A. Bialas, K. Zalewski,Searching for Cold Spots in Multipion Systems,Report TPJU-27-98 and hep-ph/9810545 (1998);
3. A. Bialas, K. Zalewski,BE Condensation and Independent Emission: Statistical Physics Interpretation,hep-ph/9807382 (dedicated to Jan Pisut on occasion of his 60-th birthday) and Report TPJU-17-98 (1998);
4. W. Bogucki, M. Despet, J. Kotula, J. Michalowski, M. Stodulski, M. Strek,Mechanical Issues - Design and Fabrication,PHOBOS Report 98-60, MIT (1998);
5. S. Jadach, B.F.L. Ward, Z. Was,Global Positioning of Spin GPS Scheme for Half-Spin Massive Spinors,CERN preprint CERN-TH/98-235 (1998);
6. S. Jadach, B.F.L. Ward, Z. Was,Coherent Exclusive Exponentiation CEEX, the Case of the Resonant e+e~ Collisions,CERN preprint CERN-TH/98-253 (1998);
7. E. Richter-Was et al.,ATLFAST-2.0 a Fast Simulation Package for ATLAS,ATLAS Physics Note ATL-PHYS-98-131 (1998);
8. E. Richter-Was et al.,MSSM Higgs Bosons in SUGRA Model: Observability in SM Decay Modes with ATLAS,ATLAS Communication ATL-COM-PHYS-98-012 (1998);
9. E. Richter-Was, M. Sapinski,Search for the SM and MSSM Higgs Boson in the ttH with H -4 bb Channel,ATLAS Physics Note, CERN ATL-PHYS-98-132 (1998);
10. M. Skrzypek, S. Jadach, W. Placzek, Z. Was,Monte Carlo Program KORALW v. I.41 for all Four-Fermion Final States in e+e~ Processes,CERN preprint CERN-TH-98-242 (1998);
11. B.F.L. Ward, (S. Jadach) et al.,New Results on the Theoretical Precision of the LEP/SLC Luminosity,29-th Intern. Conf. on High-Energy Physics (ICHEP 98), Vancouver, Canada, 23-29 July 1998;hep-ph/9811245 and Report UTHEP-98-0501 (1998);
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12. K. Zalewski,Bose-Einstein Correlations in High-Energy Multiple Particle Production Processes,hep-ph/9810431 (1998);
13. K. Zalewski,Bose-Einstein Correlations in Multiple Production,TPJU-18-98; Int. Euroconf. on Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD 98), Montpellier, France,2-8 July 1998 and hep-ph/9808271 (1998);
14. S. Zmushko, D. Froidevaux, E. Richter-W^s,Search for the Heavy Higgs in SURGA Point 3,ATLAS Communication ALT-COM-PHYS-98-009 (1998).
GRANTS:Grants from The State Committee for Scientific Research:
1. Prof. M. Jezabek - grant No 2PB03B08414,"Theoretical investigations of the fundamental interactions of heavy particles", 01.01.98-31.12.98;
2. Prof. Z. Wqs - grant No 2P03B14715,"Precise predictions of the Standard Model in electron-positron colliders", 1.07-31.12.98;
3. Assoc. Prof. E. Richter-Wqs - grant No 2P03B00212,"Searches of the Higgs particle and supersymmetric particles in proton-proton collisions at14TeV", 01.01.98-31.12.98.
Grants from other sources:
1. Prof. M. Jezabek, Grant from The Physics Committee Polish Accademy of Sciences: "Cra-cow Epiphany Conference on Spin Effects in Particle Physics", publication of the conferenceproceedings;
2. Prof. S. Jadach - II Maria Sklodowska-Curie Fund, PAA/DOE-97-316," Calculations of Radiative Corrections to Accelerator Experiments by Monte Carlo and Analyt-ical Techniques", 1.01.98-31.12.98;
3. Prof. S. Jadach - Convention IN2P3, No 72,"Radiative Corrections at LEP", 1.01.98-31.12.98;
4. Assoc. Prof. E. Richter-Wqs- Convention IN2P3, No 95-81,"Higgs searches at LHC", 1.01.98-31.12.98.
PARTICIPATION IN CONFERENCES AND WORKSHOPS:
INVITED TALKS:
1. K. Zalewski,"Bose-Einstein correlations in multiple particle production",Presented at International Euroconference on Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD 98), Montpel-lier, France, 2-8 July 1998;
2. K. Zalewski,"Spin effects in heavy quarkonia",Presented at Cracow Epiphany Conference on Spin Effects in Particle Physics and TempusWorkshop, Krakow, Poland, 9-11 January 1998;
3. K. Zalewski,Physics Fin du Temps, Wroclaw, Poland;
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4. K. Zalewski,Mesons 98, Przegorzaty, Krakow, Poland;
5. Z. Was,"Spin Correlations in WW Pair Production and Decay",Cracow Epiphany Conf. on Spin Effects in Particle Physics, Krakow, Poland, 9-11 January1998;
6. Z. Was,"Uncertainties in W-mass and W-width definitions",Meeting of the ALEPH WW group, Annecy, France, 15 - 16 December 1998;
7. E. Richter-Was,"The prospects for Higgs and SUSY searches with LHC",Presented at International Conference on Hadronic Physics, Spatind, Norway, 2 - 6 January1998;
8. E. Richter-Was,"The physics programme at LHC",Presented at International Conrefrence Moriond QCD, Les Arcs, France, 21 - 27 March 1998;
9. E. Richter-Was,"Higgs physics overwiew",Presented at ATLAS Physics Workshop, Grenoble, France, 28 March - 5 April 1998;
10. E. Richter-Was,"Higgs sector in SUGRA",Presented at ATLAS Physics Workshop, Grenoble, France, 28 March - 5 April 1998;
11. E. Richter-Was,"ATLFAST- a fast simulation package for ATLAS",Presented at ATLAS Physics Workshop, Grenoble, France, 28 March - 5 April 1998;
12. E. Richter-Was,"The perspectives for Higgs searches with ATLAS",Presented at Workshop on Hadronic Physics with Colliders, Liblnice, Czech Republic, 30 Novem-ber - 1 December 1998;
13. E. Richter-Was,"ATLFAST- a fast simulation package for ATLAS",Presented at Workshop on Hadronic Physics with Colliders, Liblnice, Czech Republic, 30 Novem-ber - 1 December 1998;
14. M. Skrzypek,"Precision Calculations of Heavy Boson Production - YFS Monte Carlo Approach",Talk at IVth International Symposium on Radiative Corrections, Universitat Autonoma deBarcelona, Barcelona, Spain, 8 - 1 2 September 1998;
15. M. Jezabek,"Polarized top and bottom quarks",Cracow Epiphany Conference on Spin Effects in Particle Physics, Krakow, Poland 9 -11 January1998;
16. M. Jezabek,"Top quark pair production at future linear colliders",Euroconference on Standard Model and Beyond, Kerkyra, Grece, 7 September 1998;
17. M. Jezabek,"Bi-maximal neutrino mixing and see-saw mechanism",Euroconference on Standard Model and Beyond, Kerkyra, Grece, 8 September 1998;
18. M. Jezabek,"Bi-maximal neutrino mixing and see-saw mechanism",DESY Workshop: Directions beyond the standard model, DESY, Germany, 1 October 1998;
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19. S. Jadach," Coherent CEEX exponentiation",Talk at meeting of ECFA TESLA Workshop, Lund, Sweden, 28 June 1998;
20. S. Jadach,"Status of KK Monte Carlo for fermion pair production",Talk at meeting of ECFA TESLA Workshop, Frascatti, Italy, 9 November 1998;
MEMBERS OF ORGANIZING COMMITTEES:
1. K. Zalewski,International Euroconference on Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD 98), Montpellier, France,2 - 8 July 1998;
2. M. Jezabek, K. Zalewski, S. Jadach and M. Skrzypek:Cracow Epiphany Conference on Spin Effects in Particle Physics, Krakow, Poland, 9-11 January1998;
3. S. Jadach,IVth International Symposium on Radiative Corrections (RADCOR 98), Barcelona, Spain, 8-12September, 1998;
4. E. Richter-Was,Higgs session on ATLAS Physics Workshop, Grenoble, France, 28 March - 4 April 1998.
PROCEEDINGS EDITION:
1. M.Jezabek,Proceedings of Cracow Epiphany Conference on Spin Effects in Particle Physics, Acta Phys.Polon. B29, No 5 (1998).
SCHOLARSHIPS:
1. M. Skrzypek, Stipend Corresponding Fellow, CERN, 16.06-15.10.1998;2. E. Richter-Was, Stipend Project Associate, CERN, 16.04-31.12.1998;3. S. Jadach, Stipend Corresponding Fellow, CERN, 1.03-31.05.1998;4. S. Jadach, Stipend Project Associate, CERN, 1.08-31.12.1998.
SEMINARS:
EXTERNAL:
1. M. Jezabek,"On chromostatic Potential in Position and Momentum Space",Talk at Jagiellonian Univ., Krakow, Poland, March 1998;
2. M. Jezabek,"On QCD Potential in Position and Momentum Space",Talk at IFT UW, Warszawa, Poland, April 1998;
3. M. Jezabek,"TESLA - Center for Natural Research of XXI Century",PTF Conversatorium, Katowice, Poland, 22 April 1998;
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4. M. Jezabek,"Neutrino Mixing and See-Saw Mechanism",Talk at Jagiellonian Univ., Krakow, Poland, 15 July 1998;
5. M. Jezabek," Neutrino Oscillations",PTF conversatorium, Krakow, Poland, 8 October 1998;
6. M. Jezabek," Bi-Maximal Neutrino Mixing and See-Saw Mechanism",Talk at IFT UW, Warszawa, Poland, 9 October 1998;
7. M. Jezabek,"Center for Natural Sciences - TESLA",Talk at IFD UW, Warszawa, Poland, 9 October 1998;
8. M. Jezabek,"Neutrino Oscillations",PTF Conversatorium, Katowice, Poland, 14 October 1998;
9. M. Jezabek," Threshold Production of t-Quarks in Linear Colliders",Talk at IFD UW, Warszawa, Poland, 23 October 1998;
10. M. Jezabek,"Bi-Maximal Neutrino Mixing",Talk at Jagiellonian Univ., Krakow, Poland, 27 October 1998;
11. Z. Was,"Knots and ad hoc Classification of the Elementary Fields in Standard Model",Talk at Inst. of Physics, Jagiellonian Univ., Krakow, Poland, 1998;
12. S. Jadach,"MC Event Generators for LEP2",Seminar to plenary meeting of DELPHI Collaboration: CERN, Geneva, Switzerland, 5 February1998;
13. S. Jadach,"Exponentiation CEEX, The case of the Resonant e+e~ Collisons",Seminar at CERN-TH: CERN, Geneva, Switzerland, 5 November 1998;
14. S. Jadach,"CEEX for Narrow Resonances",Seminar at INFN Frascati: INFN Frascati, Italy, 12 November 1998;
15. S. Jadach,"Coherent CEEX Exponentiation";Talk in theory department of Frascatti INFN, Italy, 11 November 1998;
16. M. Jezabek,"QCD Static Potential in Position and Momentum Space",Univ. Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany, 3 July 1998;
17. M. Jezabek," Neutrino Mixing and See-Saw Mechanism",Univ. Karlsruhe, Karlsruhe, Germany, 8 July 1998;
18. M. Jezabek,"QCD Static Potential in Position and Momentum Space",BNL, Brookhaven, USA, 30 July 1998;
19. M. Jezabek,"Neutrino Mixing and See-Saw Mechanism",BNL, Brookhaven, USA, 31 July 1998;
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20. M. Jezabek,"QCD Static Potential in Position and Momentum Space",Michigan State Univ., USA, 6 September 1998;
21. M. Jezabek,"Neutrino Mixing and See-Saw Mechanism",Michigan State Univ., USA, 7 September 1998;
22. M. Skrzypek,"Physics and Monte Carlo Simulation of LEP2 Experiment at CERN",Talk at University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA, 9 March 1998;
23. Z. Was,"Coherent Exclusive Exponentiation",Thursday General Seminar of LAPP Annecy, France, 3 December 1998;
24. E. Richter-Was,"Higgs Physics Overwiew",Plenary Meeting of the ATLAS Collaboration, CERN, September 1998;
INTERNAL:
1. M. Jezabek (with A. Zalewska and A. Eskreys),Convining of the weekly seminars: "The Tesla Project";
2. M. Skrzypek,"Four-fermion Phase-space in KORALW", Krakow, Poland, January 1998;
3. W. Placzek (Jagiellonian Univ.),"KORALW", status report, Krakow, Poland, January 1998;
4. S.A. Yost, (Univ. of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA),"Second order radiative corrections to BHLUMI", Krakow, Poland, January 1998;
5. M. Skrzypek,"Update on KORALW v. 1.41", Krakow, Poland, March 1998;
6. W. Placzek (Jagiellonian Univ.),"Recent changes in KORALW Monte Carlo code", Krakow, Poland, March 1998;
7. S. Jadach,"Coherent exponentiation in Quantum Electrodynamics", INP, Krakow, Poland, 25 November1998;
8. M. Jezabek,"On the definition of heavy quark mass", INP, Krakow, Poland, 30 November 1998.
LECTURES AND COURSES:
1. M. Jezabek,Univ. of Silesia, Classical Electrodynamisc, Physics II year;
2. M. Jezabek,Univ. of Silesia, Quantum Mechanics, Physics III year;
3. M. Jezabek,Univ. of Silesia, Quantum Chromodynamisc, Ph.D. studies;
4. M. Jezabek,Univ. of Silesia, M.Sc. of Malgorzata Awramik.
157
SHORT TERM VISITORS:
1. S.A. Yost, Univ. of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA;2. B.F.L. Ward, Univ. of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA;3. G. Eynard, LAPP, Annecy, France.
159
PL9902521
DEPARTMENTOF LEPTONIC INTERACTIONS
Head of Department: Prof. Krzysztof Rybickitelephone: (48) (12) 633-33-66fax: (48) (12) 633-38-84e-mail: [email protected]
PERSONNEL:Research StaffElżbieta Banaś, M.Sc, E.E. Janusz Martyniak, Ph.D.Andrzej Bożek, Ph.D. Jerzy Michałowski, E.E.Paweł Briickman, Ph.D. Stanisław Mikocki, Ph.D.Krzysztof Cieślik, M.Sc. Zbigniew Natkaniec, M.Sc, E.E.Lidia Görlich, Ph.D. Grażyna Nowak, Ph.D.Leszek Hajduk, M.Sc. Wacław Ostrowicz, M.Sc, E.E.Zbigniew Hajduk, Ph.D. Henryk Pałka, Ph.D.Paweł Jałocha, M.Sc. Grzegorz Polok, Ph.D.Piotr Kapusta, M.Sc, E.E. Maria Różańska, Assoc. Prof.Bartłomiej Kisielewski, Ph.D. Krzysztof Rybicki, Prof.Tadeusz Lesiak, Ph.D. Jacek Turnau, Prof.Ewelina Lobodzińska, Ph.D. Mariusz Witek, Ph.D.Bogdan Lobodziński, Ph.D. Agnieszka Zalewska, Assoc Prof.
Technical StaffAndrzej Florek Jacek GarwolińskiBogusław Florek
OVERVIEW:1998 was the first full calendar year of the formal existence of our Department which evolved
from the Laboratory of Electronic Particle Detectors (originally called Laboratory of Filmless Detec-tors) founded in 1972.
The department is involved in two running experiments (DELPHI at CERN and HI at DESY)and in one experiment (BELLE at KEK) which will start data taking in 1999. In addition, threedepartment members work for the ATLAS collaboration at CERN. Since the DELPHI experimentwill soon be terminated, we are considering future enterprises. One possibility is the TESLA projectat DESY (our technicians have been working for several years on the construction and testing ofsuperconducting cavities for the project). Another possibility is the LHC-b experiment at CERN.
The main results of work done in 1998 are covered in reports on research. Here we mention onlya few highlights.
In the DELPHI experiment the cross section for the process eJre~ —> WJrW~ has been measured
160
for several energies. Data registered so far allowed determination of the W mass with the accuracycomparable to the Tevatron results. An important role in these measurements has been played by thesophisticated silicon detector to which the Cracow group brought a substantial contribution.
The analysis of more HI data has weakened the indication for an excess of very high Q2 eventsreported in 1997. Thus the paper on isolated leptons with very high transverse momenta was formu-lated even more carefully. In these and in several other studies the topological second level triggerdesigned, installed and improved by the Cracow-Orsay collaboration was very important.
In the BELLE experiment the HALNY system has been designed and installed by our people. Thesystem allows fast readout and filtering of signals from the Silicon Vertex Detector which is crucialfor the experiment.
One should also mention high-quality carbon-carbon composites produced in collaboration withthe High Energy Physics Detector Construction Group.
The following events additionally marked the year 1998 in our department:
- organization of the Cracow exhibition at DESY (February);- prestigious fellowship of the Foundation of Polish Science granted to Dr E. Lobodziriska (March);- organization of the HI collaboration meeting at Krakow with about 120 participants (September);- bestowing of a title of honorary professor of our institute on Johann Bienlein, our long-term
collaborator from DESY (November).
It should be added that Assoc. Prof. A. Zalewska continues her work in the SPS Committee atCERN while Prof. J. Turnau is an acting chairman of the Cracow branch of the Society of PolishPhysicists.
In 1998, due to reorganization in the institute, four persons from the former Electronics Sectionjoined the department. However, they can hardly be called newcomers since all of them have beenworking with us for quite a time. Now there are 29 people in the department.
It should be added that Prof. B. Muryn from the Department of Nuclear Physics and NuclearTechniques of the Mining and Metallurgy Academy has been working directly with us for a long time.Recently he was joined by Ph.D. student.
An extensive information about the:
- history of our team;- some of its members;- past and present experiments;- papers (including numbers of citations for most quoted ones),
can be found in www.ifj.edu.pl/Dept5/pedc.html.
Professor Krzysztof Rybicki
161
REPORTS ON RESEARCH: PL9902522
The BELLE Experiment at KEK B-Factory
E. Banas, A. Bozek, P. Jalocha, P. Kapusta, Z. Natkaniec,W. Ostrowicz, H. Paika, M. Rozariska, and K. Rybicki1
The BELLE experiment is dedicated to make precision tests of the Standard Model, in particu-lar to measure CP-violation in B meson decays. It will be performed at the KEK-B e+e~ asymmetriccollider with the design luminosity of lQ34cm~2s~1 corresponding to 108 BB pairs per year. Thecollider is now (January '99) being commisioned.
The experimental program requires an universal detector system capable to register a big varietyof decay channels with high efficiency and excellent accuracy. In December 1998 the BELLE detectorhas been completed, now the apparatus is tested with cosmic tracks. The roll-in of the detector isscheduled for March and data taking should start in April '99.
The Cracow group participated in preparation of the silicon vertex detector (SVD), in particularin design, production and tests of the fast, readout system, capable to read data at 500 Hz triggerrate with a dead time below 10%. The readout modules are double width VME boards with threeindependent readout channels containing:
- 4 ADC's 10 bits (AD876 or AD9200);- a front multi-event buffer (FIFO CY7C4261);- a signal processor (DSP56302 - Motorola, 66MHz/66MIPS);- an end multi-event buffer (FIFO CY7C4261);- a control unit (XILINX4010).The figure shows the first cosmic track registered in the BELLE SVD.
We have also been involved in physics simulations, in particular in studies of semitauonic Bdecays, which are described in a separate report.
JThe BELLE collaboration consists of about 250 physicists from 45 laboratories.
162 PL9902523
Simulation Study of Exclusive Decays of B Mesons into CharmedMesons and r-Leptons in the BELLE Detector1
M. Rozariska and K. Rybicki
We have performed simulation of exclusive decays of B mesons involving the r lepton. Thesedecays are very interesting both as a stringent test of the Standard Model and as a possible windowfor a new physics. It is possible to reconstruct these decays2 provided that we observe nearly all decayproducts of the hadronically decaying B° or B+, that the D or D* meson is fully reconstructed andthat we measure the r~ decay vertex. Thus obtained r~ energy and direction are reasonably close tothe generated values.
We have performed extensive simulations for a particular case of the BELLE experiment usingthese charm decay channels which are most promising from the point of view of both the branchingfractions and the detection possibilities. The results are shown in Table 1. The numbers of signal andbackground events refer to a sample of 108 BB pairs which should be collected during one year of fullluminosity running.
Table 1: Simulation results for various decay channels.
Decay chain
B~ ->. DOT~V^, D° ->
B~ -> D°r-J^, D° -jgo _^ D+T-^ £>+ _»
B~° _+ Z?*+r-lv, D*+ -»• D+n-0,
B°" -> D* + r -Jv , I3*+ -> D°7r+,JB~ —> D*°r~V^ D*° —> D°7r°
5 - _>. D*°r-izp, D*° -> D°7rB - _> D*°r-P7, I?*0 -»• D°7r°,
5 - _j. D*° r-P7, D*° -»• D°7,
£) —r L) T fT) i / —t LJ 7,
/^~7r+7r°
/vr-7r+7r+
, D° -> i^-7r+°, D° -> X~7TD ° ->• i^-TT+TT
/, D° -¥ K~^n O i f — +i / —̂ ft. K 7T
7T+
"7T°
•+
r+7r~
7T°
++ 7T~
h
•*"7T~
Purity
50%50%92%94%99%100%99%94%96%94%83%90%88%
Efficiency
0.5 x 10"3
1.9 x 10-3
4.6 x 10-3
1.6 x 10-3
0.8 x 10~3
2.7 x 10-3
1.3 x 10~3
0.5 x 10~3
1.9 x 10~3
0.9 x 10~3
0.9 x 10~3
3.4 x 10~3
1.6 x 10~3
LSign.
3.23.7
21.04.57.97.26.83.94.44.14.75.04.6
Bckgr.
8.09.918.92.14.32.81.91.72.83.23.54.57.1
It is seen that for the B° —>• D*+T~VT decays the signal to noise ratio is about 2.5 whileB~ -> D°T~P^ decays look hopeless also due low purity3. The remaining channels are at the limit ofour possibilities and would became better with improved vertexing.
We have also found that using the direction of the virtual W (opposite to the charmed mesondirection) in the parent B rest system allows the measurement of the r polarization.
Partial results of this study were published in Acta Physica Polonica B 29 (1998) 2065.2Hereafter the charge invariance is explicitly assumed i.e. the particle symbol stands for a particle and an antiparticle.
Thus e.g. B " -> D°r-v^, D° ->• K~n+ stands for B+ -¥ WT*VT, W -• K+n~ as well.3 The purity is defined here as the fraction of genuine events of the channel under consideration in a sample selected
by our cuts.
••• ••(••••in inn urn urn Km mi mi ~1 £ Q
PL9902524 b
The DELPHI Experiment at LEP
P. Briickman, K. Cieslik, Z. Hajduk, P. Jalocha, K. Korcyl, W. Kucewicz1
T. Lesiak, J. Michalowski, B. Muryn, A. Oblajcowska-Mucha, G. Polok,H. Palka, M. Witek, and A. Zalewska2
Engineers and technicians contributing to the project: K. Galuszka and T. Gdariski
In 1998 the DELPHI experiment operated at the highest LEP2 collision energy of 189 GeV.Thanks to excellent operation of the LEP Collider, large sample of high-quality data corresponding tothe integrated luminosity of 158 pb~l has been collected during the year. This allowed for decreasingthe error of the W boson mass determination to values near to 100 MeV, which is an important steptowards expected final precision of (40 -j- 50) MeV. The increased collision energy and high luminosityenabled new particle searches in wider mass range and with greater sensitivity. The excluded massrange for the Higgs particle has been extended in direct searches up to nearly 95 GeV which, in a viewof the relatively low Higgs mass preferred by precise measurements of the Standard Model parameters,makes the higher energy LEP searches to be very exciting. It is foreseen that the 1999 runs will startat (192 4- 193) GeV and the energy will be gradually raised by increasing the superconducting RFcavities gradient, to reach energies well above 200 GeV in the year 2000. This will be most likely thelast year of the operation of LEP experiments.
The Cracow group duties during the runs included the operation support of the Silicon Tracker,the Inner Detector and the RICH system. Members of the group took part in run preparations of thedetectors and in running detector specific and general purpose shifts. Our support of the detectorson the software side included contributions to the alignment of the Silicon Tracker and works onimprovement of its precise tracking as well as development of improved particle identification methodin RICH (described in separate report).
Physics analysis in 1998 was devoted to new physics searches and the Standard Model tests athigh energies as well as to many still very interesting studies for high statistics data at the Z° peak.The results of the analysis have been published in 19 papers (eleven further ones have been submittedfor publication) and were presented in numerous contributions and talks at 1998 conferences. TheCracow DELPHI members have pursued or took active part in the following investigations:
• a study of four-fermion production processes (see separate report);
• the measurement of forward-backward assymmetries of quarks at high energies;
• the measurement of radiative width of the t]c meson;
• an analysis of electron structure function in 77 interactions;
• a study of A hyperons spin correlations (see separate report);
• a study of the A;, baryon polarization and its exclusive decays;
• a search for exclusive decays of charmed baryons (see separate report).
It should be added that Assoc. Prof. A. Zalewska was the member of the DELPHI ExecutiveCommittee in 1998 and Dr T. Lesiak is the co-conveneur of the DELPHI LEP2 Quark ElectroweakAnalysis Group. The Cracow group will host the DELPHI collaboration meeting next year.
1 Institute of Electronics, University of Mining and Metallurgy.2The DELPHI Collaboration consists of about 500 physicists from 53 laboratories.
164PL9902525
Neutral Current Four-Fermion Production at LEP2
K. Cieslik, H. Palka, and M. Witek
Experimental observation of four fermions produced via neutral currents constitutes an importanttest of the Standard Model (SM). Such processes are described within the SM by higher order dia-grams which include two neutral vector boson propagators. The corresponding cross section can becalculated with a high precision and then compared to the measured value. The discrepancy betweenthe predictions and data could signal the existence of the new phenomena beyond the SM. The anal-ysis of the four-fermion production has been performed for the data collected at the collision energyranging from 130 to 183 GeV [1]. At presently available statistics, the agreement has been foundbetween the data and the SM prediction. Here we report on the Z°Z° on-shell production observedin the data collected in 1998 at s/s = 189 GeV. The observation of this process can be used to limitthe anomalous triple gauge couplings ZZZ and 7ZZ which are forbidden within SM. The search hasbeen performed for four channels: I+l~l+l~, l+l~qq, vvqq and qqqq where I stands for e,fi or r. Theresult is shown in Fig. 1. The left distribution shows the sum of two invariant masses for all Z°Z°candidates. The points with errors represent the data while the histogram shows the Monte Carloprediction (light grey for signal and black for background). The 22 observed events are consistent withthe 25.6 expected ones (21.1 signal and 4.4 background events). The right picture shows an exampleof the Z°Z° —»• e+e~/i+/i~ event with /X+JU~ invariant mass of 92.9 GeV/c2 and the recoil mass of92.3 GeV/c2.
ZZ MASS RECONSTRUCTION
6 -
DELPHI PRELIMINARYL=158 pb-1
BACKGROUNDZZ SIGNAL
120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 200Sum of Z Boson Ma»e>
Fig. 1: The distribution of the sum of two Z boson masses for selected candidates (left) and an exampleof the Z°Z° ->• e+e~fi+fj.~ event (right).
References:
[1] P. Bambade et al. (K. Cieslik, H. Palka, M. Witek), "Neutral current four-fermion production in e+e~collisions at y/s = (130-f- 183)GeV", Internal note DELPHI 98-104 CONF 172 (submitted to HEP'98 Conf.Vancouver, July 22-29).
PL9902526 165
Spin-Spin Correlations of A Hyperon Pairs Produced in HadronicZ° Decays
T. Lesiak and H. Palka
Correlation studies can provide valuable information on properties of the emitter of hadrons. Thestudies for boson pairs revealed the existence of an enhancement of the number of identical bosonswith small difference of their momenta over that of non-identical bosons (the Bose-Einstein Correlation- BEC). Analogous phenomenon is expected for a pair of identical fermions in the triple spin state[1]. The number of fermion-fermion pairs with parallel spins and close to each other in phase space,could be depleted due to the Pauli exclusion principle. The observation of this effect would allow us toestimate the dimension of the identical fermions emitter, without the need of constructing uncorrelatedreference samples which plagues the BEC studies for bosons. The above considerations led us to studyspin-spin correlations of pairs of A hyperons produced inclusively in Z° decays [2]. The analysis wasbased on the sample of 3.5 millions of hadronic Z° decays collected in 19924-95. The A hyperonswere selected by reconstructing their decay vertices into pw. The purity of the selected A sample wasfurther improved to 90% level employing particle identification in RICH and ionisation energy lossesin the TPC. Events with at least one A hyperon pair in the same quark jet have been selected for thespin analysis. The data sample consists of 3650 AA pairs, 620 of which are pairs of identical fermions.The information on the spin composition of pairs has been extracted from distributions of the anglebetween two decay protons, each measured in its parent hyperon rest frame. The spin compositionof spin triplet (S = 1) and spin singlet (S = 0) states have been determined for both identical andnon-identical fermion pairs as a function of the difference Q of their momenta. The fraction of S = 1component for the AA pairs was found to be consistent with 0.75 in whole analysed Q range. Thisvalue is expected for a statistical spin mixture. The spin composition of the AA ( AA ) system isdifferent from a statistical spin mixture for Q < 1.8 GeV, being consistent with a dominance of S = 0component. The effect observed allows us to estimate (Fig. 1) the spatial dimension (in units of fermi)of Gaussian AA emitter to be: R = O.ll^o'o^5^0*) i O.Ol(syst). The dimension of the emitter ofidentical A hyperons appears to be significantly smaller than that measured for identical boson pairsi.e. (0.5 -=- 0.75) fm.
i .a
i
O
-
L DELPHI
r
r
1
1
Q (GeV)
Fig. 1: Fraction of the S = 1 spin state for the AA system vs four-momentum difference Q. Thedashed line corresponds to the statistical spin mixture.
References:
[1] G. Alexander and H.G. Lipkin, Phys. Lett. B352 (1995) 162;[2] T. Lesiak and H.Palka, DELPHI 98-114 CONF 176 (submitted to Conf. HEP98, Vancouver, July 22-29).
166 PL9902527
Search for Charmed Hyperon Decay E® —> AK®
T. Lesiak
Up to now only the ARGUS experiment]!] has reported the observation of 7.4 ± 3.2 events of thedecay in question.
Our search for the decay E° -> AK® was peformed in the sample of 3.5 millions of hadronic Z°decays collected in 1992 -r 95. The K® mesons were selected by reconstructing their decay into TT+TT"
while A hyperons were found by the observation of their decays into p+K~ pairs1 Heavy baryonsproduced in e+e~ annihilations at LEP carry a substantial part of energy of their primary quarks.Therefore the pairs AK® were accepted only if their momenta exceeded 9 Gev. In the distributionof AK® invariant mass the peak is seen at the Ej? mass (Fig. 1). The spectrum of Fig. 1 has beenfitted assuming a Gaussian signal around 2.47 GeV and the background parametrized by a secondorder polynomial. The fit yields 40.5t\l'l events of the decay in question with the fitted S° mass of(2474 ± 5) MeV and the width of (14 ± 4) MeV consistent with experimental mass resolution. TheAKg hypothesis is further confirmed by fitting a common vertex of A and K°. The invariant massdistribution of AK® pairs for the events passing the fit exhibits the signal of similar strength withreduced width.
Preliminary estimate of the product /(S°) x £?F(E° -> AK®), where /(E°) denotes the sum ofprobabilities of b and c quarks fragmentation into the baryon 2°, gives (1.25 ± 0.30) x 10~3. Thissuggests fairly large BF(E° ->• AK®), since /(E°) is expected not to exceed few percent.
2 . S 2 . 6 2 . 7 2 . e
m(AK°) GeV
Fig. 1: The AK® mass spectrum.
References:
[1] H. Albrecht et al., (ARGUS collaboration) Phys. Lett. B342 (1995) 397.
'Hereafter a particle symbol stands for a particle and an antiparticle. Thus e.g. A0 —> pn stands also for aA°-> p7r+.
PL9902528 167
Results of the New Particle Identification MethodG. Polok
A new particle identification method has been proposed [1] and applied for data from Ring ImagingCherenkov (RICH) detector system in the DELPHI experiment [2].
The Cherenkov photons are emitted into the cone. Their polar 0 and azimuthal <f> angle whenplotted in two dimensions form a straight line parallel to <f> axis. All existing methods [3] used so farfor particle identification relied on one-dimensional histogram representing projection of (0, <j>) pointson the 9 axis. The new method exploits full two-dimensional information for a linear fit. Such a fit canbe done for hypotheses of p, K or TT, separately. Furthermore, the x2 obtained is used for calculationsof the probability of the given hypothesis. The identification procedure is based on probabilities forliquid and gaseous RICH detectors. The final probability is given as a product of these individualprobabilities. Extreme values of the probability, i.e. 0 or 1 were assigned in the case of the lack ofphotons for a given hypothesis. Necessary logic takes into account all hypotheses to guarantee uniqueassignments at the extreme values. The presented method was applied for the Monte Carlo and realdata from the DELPHI experiment at Z° peak. Various enriched samples of protons, kaons and pionswere selected for the analysis. The results compared with other DELPHI methods are given in Ref.[4].For illustration of the method a sample of protons coming from the A0 -> pir~ decay was chosen. Asit is seen in Fig. la) the efficiency obtained for the new method is significantly higher than that for thestandard DELPHI (one-dimensional) method. The comparison of the invariant mass distribution fortwo methods on Fig. lb) shows that the increase of the identification efficiency was obtained withoutdeterioration of the purity. It should be stressed that the probabilities obtained by the new methodcan be applied by the user to construct his own identification procedure. This probability also allowsmerging of the identification results from RICH with those from other detectors.
10.9
W>.
jjO.0.7
0.50.40.30.20.1
0
.c
a)
> * *
•»
} •
DATA 1994
STANDARD •
TW00IM o
>
0 10 20 30proton* momentum (CeV/c)
1.05 1.15 1.2 1.25mu (GeV/c2)
Fig. 1: a) efficiency comparison; b) A0 mass distribution.
References:
[1] G. Polok and T. Ypsilantis, "A new method of the two dimensional analysis for the RICH technique",in preparation;
[2] P. Aarnio et al., Nucl. Instr. and Meth. A303 (1991) 233;[3] W. Adam et al., Nucl. Instr. and Meth. A371 (1996) 12;[4] G. Polok, Presented at the RICH'98 Int. Workshop on Ring Imaging Cherenkov Detectors, Ein-Gedi,
Israel, submitted for publication in Nucl. Instr. and Meth. A.
168
HIMPL9902529
The HI Experiment at HERAL. Gorlich, L. Hajduk, E. Lobodziriska, J. Martyniak, S. Mikocki, G. Nowak, K. Rybicki,
and J. Turnau1
Engineer contributing to the project: A. Cyz
During 1998 the HI experiment collected below 5p&~"\ significantly less than in previous years.This was due to switching HERA from positron to electron beam, which is much more difficult tooperate. The physics analysis based on 1994 -=- 1997 data was continued. The main results weredescribed in 8 papers published in 1998, seven further papers have been submitted for publication.Previoujs indications of a possible deviation from Standard Model in the region of very high Q2 havenot been confirmed.
Members of the HI Cracow group participated in:
• the data collection, i.e. the HI run shifts and calorimeter expert shifts;• the developement of new tools for monitoring of the experiment systems via WWW (see separate
report);• upgrade of the readout system for Liquid Argon Calorimeter;• running and the developement of the topological trigger (see separate report);• the forward jet analysis and search for new type signatures of the BFKL dynamics;• the instanton search.
In September 1998 the HI Cracow group organized meeting of the HI Collaboration in Krakow,in which about 120 physicists participated. Three talks have been also given by theorists from ourinstitute. The organization of the meeting was supported by the Foundation for Polish-GermanCollaboration, by the Polish Committee for Scientific Research and by the Physics Committee of thePolish Academy of Sciences. It should be added that Prof. K. Rybicki is a member of the HI "WiseMen Committee" dealing with the selection of each new spokesperson.
I Level 2 Topological Trigger for the HI Experiment at HERAl o L. Gorlich, J. Martyniak, S. Mikocki, and G. Nowak•coi lO! £J Since 1990 the groups from LAL Orsay and INP Cracow work on the Level 2 Topological Trigger| § (L2TT) in the HI experiment. The main aim of the trigger is to recognize background and to reject|Q^ it while maintaining high efficiency for good events. The L2TT analysis is based on the topological[ properties of the examined event derived from distributions of energy depositions in calorimetersj and/or track positions, using signals delivered by Level 1 Trigger.
During the data taking in 1998, in addition to selections already used in the event filtering, twonew possibilities have been introduced:
a) In DIS processes, for so called "kinematical peak" events with scattered electron registered in thebackward calorimeter (Spacal). The L2TT requirement resulted in higher purity of the samplecollected with lowered prescale factor at Level 1;
b) For accepting very interesting cosmic events, recently observed in the LEP experiments, charac-terized by a flux of many parallel high energetic muons seen in the detectors. With the L2TTconditions we can achieve very large rate reduction of the LI trigger dedicated for this process.
The experience gained during the years of the L2TT operation has shown that use of Level 2Topological Trigger is essential for the HI experiment to be able to take data efficiently.
Four internal HI notes[l, 2, 3, 4] presented the main principles of the system hardware and someof the selections have been published. The habilitation thesis describing this project has been alsowritten.
'The Hi Collaboration consists of about 400 scientists from 39 laboratories.
169
References:
[1] J.C. Bizot, M. Jacquet, L. Gorlich, J. Martyniak, G. Nowak, and D. Hoffmann, "Spacal-based L2TT triggerelements", Hl-04/98/538, April 6, 1998;
[2] C. Beigbeder, R. Bernier, J.C. Bizot, D. Breton, B. Delcourt, A. Ducorps, M. Jacquet, D. Hoffmann,E. Banas, L. Gorlich, J. Martyniak, G. Nowak, and J. Turnau, "Level 2 Topological Trigger (L2TT)Hardware", Hl-07/98/547, July 17, 1998;
[3] J.C. Bizot, M. Jacquet, L. Gorlich, J. Martyniak, G. Nowak, D. Hoffmann, and G. Tsipolitis, "L2TTtrigger element with a digital //", Hl-07/98/548, July 31, 1998;
[4] J.C. Bizot, M. Jacquet, L. Gorlich, J. Martyniak, G. Nowak, D. Hoffmann, and D. Schmidt, "Inelastic J/tf>L2TT Trigger Element", Hl-10/98/553, October 15, 1998.
PL9902531
A Liquid Argon Purity Monitoring System - Display Programmeon WWW
A. Cyz and J. Martyniak
The World Wide Web plays a very important role as a fast and modern communication tool. It'sglobal nature is useful also for the HI Collaboration, since it allows an easy information access fromany place in the world.
The liquid argon (LAr) purity monitoring system described in Ref.[l] has been in succesful oper-ation in the HI detector since 1992. In order to realize the experimental goals it is necessary that theenergy resolution for electrons is <J(E)/E = 0.10/i/C-E) and that a stability of the response is at the1% level.
Even small concentration of electro-negative impurities such as oxygen in liquid argon of the orderof 1 part per million (ppm) can seriously deteriorate the energy resolution of the calorimeter.
The purity measurement is performed by small ionisation chambers (probes) placed in the LArcryostat. The probes are equipped with a or (3 radioactive sources. The change of the position andshape of the a and 7 peaks for a and 0 probes, respectively is used to estimate the LAr purity loss withtime. The data acquisition process is fully automated and the data are stored in ORACLE database.
The ORACLE data are used as input for the display programme, which performs an off-lineanalysis. A user selects the probes to be analysed, the reguired time period for the analysis andspecifies optional signal corrections, if needed. The HTML and Perl scripts analyse the user's input,the data from probes are extracted from ORACLE and the main analysis program (C, FORTRAN) isinvoked. The program applies high voltage and temperature corrections to the signal, then performssignal calibration. The result is displayed in a form of graphs and may be converted into standardpostscript file. In addition the linear fit to data is supplied.
The program allows an easy LAr purity control, and since it is invoked from the HI WWW page itmay be used by experts or a shift crew from any computer which runs a WWW viewer, e.g. Netscape.
References:
[1] HI Collaboration (I. Abt, et al.), "The HI Detector at HERA", Nucl. Instr. Meth. A386 (1997) 310.
170
LIST OF PUBLICATIONS:
Articles:
1. T. Akesson, (B. Kisielewski, P. Malecki, J. Olszowska) et al.,Electron Identification with a Prototype of the Transition Radiation Tracker for the ATLASExperiment,CERN-PPE/97-161 and Nucl. Instr. and Meth. A412 (1998) 200;
2. P. Brückman,Aj, Polarizationn in the DELPHI Experiment at LEP,Acta Phys. Pol. B29 (1998) 1405;
3. DELPHI Collab., P. Abreu, (P. Briickman, Z. Hajduk, P. Jałocha, W. Krupiński, W. Kucewicz,T. Lesiak, B. Muryn, H. Pałka, G. Polok, K. Rybicki, A. Zalewska) et al.,Rapidity Correlations in A- Baryon and Proton Production in Hadronic Z° Decays,CERN-PPE/97-27 and Phys. Lett. B416 (1998) 247;
4. DELPHI Collab, P. Abreu, (P. Briickman, Z. Hajduk, P. Jałocha, K. Korcyl, W. Krupiński,W. Kucewicz, T. Lesiak, B. Muryn, H. Pałka, G. Polok, K. Rybicki, M. Witek) et al.,Search for Neutral and Charged Higgs Bosons in e+e~ Collisions at y/s = 161 GeV and 172 GeV,CERN-PPE/97-85 and Eur. Phys. J. C2 (1998) 1;
5. DELPHI Collab., P. Abreu, (P. Briickman, Z. Hajduk, P. Jałocha, W. Krupiński, W. Kucewicz,T. Lesiak, B. Muryn, H. Pałka, G. Polok) et al.,Measurement of the Quark and Gluon Fragmentation Function i Z Hadronic Decays,CERN-PPE/97-108 and Z. Phys. C (1998) (in print);
6. DELPHI Collab., P. Abreu, (P. Briickman, Z. Hajduk, K. Korcyl, W. Krupiński, W. Kucewicz,T. Lesiak, B. Muryn, H. Pałka, G. Polok, K. Rybicki, M. Witek) et al.,Search for Charginos, Neutralinos and Gravitinos at LEP,CERN-PPE/97-107 and Z. Phys. C l (1998) 1;
7. DELPHI Collab., P. Abreu, (P. Briickman, Z. Hajduk, K. Korcyl, W. Krupiński, W. Kucewicz,T. Lesiak, B. Muryn, H. Pałka, G. Polok, K. Rybicki, M. Witek) et al.,Charged Particle Multiplicity in e+e~ -» qq Events at y/s = 161 and 172 GeV and from theDecay of the W Boson,CERN-PPE/97-113 and Phys. Lett. B416 (1998) 233;
8. DELPHI Collab., P. Abreu, (Z. Hajduk, K. Korcyl, W. Kucewicz, T. Lesiak, B. Muryn, H. Pałka,G. Polok, M. Witek) et al.,mj at m-z,CERN-PPE/97-141 and Phys. Lett. B418 (1998) 430;
9. DELPHI Collab., P. Abreu, (Z. Hajduk, K. Korcyl, W. Kucewicz, T. Lesiak, B. Muryn, H. Pałka,G. Polok, M. Witek, A. Zalewska) et al.,Search for Charged Higgs Bosons in e+e~~ Collisions at y/s = 172 GeV,CERN-PPE/97-145 and Phys. Lett. B420 (1998) 140;
10. DELPHI Collab., P. Abreu, (Z. Hajduk, K. Korcyl, W. Kucewicz, T. Lesiak, B. Muryn, H. Pałka,G. Polok, M. Witek, A. Zalewska) et al.,Measurement of Trilinear Gauge Couplings in e+e~ Collisions at 161 GeV and 172 GeV,CERN-PPE/97-163 and Phys. Lett. B423 (1998) 194;
11. DELPHI Collab., P. Abreu, (W. Kucewicz, T. Lesiak, B. Muryn, H. Pałka, G. Polok, M. Witek,A. Zalewska) et al.,n^,K^,p and p Production in 2° —> qq, 2!° —> uü, dd, ss,CERN-EP/98-95 and E. Phys. J. C5 (1998) 585;
12. DELPHI Collab., P. Abreu, (T. Lesiak, H. Pałka, G. Polok, M. Witek, A. Zalewska) et al.,Measurement of the Charged Particle Multiplicity of Weakly Decaying B Hadrons,CERN-EP/98-34 and Phys. Lett. B425 (1998) 399;
171
13. DELPHI Collab., P. Abreu, (W. Kucewicz, T. Lesiak, H. Pałka, G. Polok, M. Witek, A. Za-lewska) et al.,First Evidence for a Charm Radial Excitation D* ,CERN-EP/98-30 and Phys. Lett. B426 (1998) 231;
14. DELPHI Collab., P. Abreu, (Z. Hajduk, K. Korcyl, T. Lesiak, H. Pałka, G. Polok, M. Witek,A. Zalewska) et al.,Investigation of the Splitting of Quark and Gluon Jets,CERN-EP/98-24 and Eur. Phys. J. C4 (1998) 1;
15. DELPHI Collab., P. Abreu, (K. Cieślik, T. Lesiak, H. Pałka, G. Polok, M. Witek, A. Zalewska)et al.,A Study of the Hadronic Resonance Structure in the Decay r —>• Zni>T,CERN-EP/98-14 and Phys. Lett. B426 (1998) 411;
16. DELPHI Collab., P. Abreu, (W. Kucewicz, Z. Hajduk, K. Korcyl, T. Lesiak, H. Pałka, G. Polok,M. Witek, A. Zalewska) et al.,Measurement of the Inclusive Charmless and Double-Charm B Branching Ratios,CERN-EP/98-07 and Phys. Lett. B426 (1998) 193;
17. DELPHI Collab., P. Abreu, (Z. Hajduk, K. Korcyl, T. Lesiak, H. Pałka, G. Polok, M. Witek,A. Zalewska) et al.,Measurement of the W-Pair Cross-Section and the W Mass in e+e~ Interactions at 172 GeV,CERN-PPE/97-160 and Eur. Phys. J. C2 (1998) 581;
18. DELPHI Silicon Tracker Group, P. Chochula, (W. Kucewicz, K. Gałuszka, T. Gdański,J. Michałowski, H. Pałka) et al.,The DELPHI Silicon Tracker at LEP2,CERN-PPE/97-155 and Nucl. Instr. and Meth. in Phys. Res. A412 (1998) 304;
19. DELPHI Collab., P. Abreu, (W. Kucewicz, T. Lesiak, H. Pałka, G. Polok, M. Witek, A. Za-lewska) et al.,Measurement of \VCS\ Using W Decays at LEP2,CERN-EP/98-115 and Phys. Lett. B439 (1998) 209;
20. DELPHI Collab., P. Abreu, (P. Briickman, T. Lesiak, H. Pałka, G. Polok, M. Witek, A. Zalewska)et al.,A Search for nc Production in Photon-Photon Fusion at LEP,CERN-EP/98-151 and Phys. Lett. B441 (1998) 479;
21. DELPHI Collab., P. Abreu, (P. Briickman, T. Lesiak, H. Pałka, G. Polok, M. Witek, A. Zalewska)et al.,Search for Scalar Fermions and Long-Lived Scalar Leptons at Centre-of-Mass Energies of 130GeV to 172 GeV,CERN-EP/98-116 and E. Phys. J. C (1998) (in print);
22. DELPHI Collab., P. Abreu, (P. Briickman, T. Lesiak, H. Pałka, G. Polok, M. Witek, A. Zalewska)et al.,Two-Particle Angular Correlations in e+e~ Interactions Compared with QCD Predictions,CERN-EP/98-138 and Phys. Lett. B440 (1998) 203;
23. DELPHI Collab., P. Abreu, (P. Briickman, T. Lesiak, H. Pałka, G. Polok, M. Witek, A. Zalewska)et al.,Search for Composite and Exotic Fermions at LEP2,CERN-EP/98-169 and E. Phys. J. C (1998) (in print);
24. DELPHI Collab., P. Abreu, (P. Briickman, T. Lesiak, H. Pałka, G. Polok, M. Witek, A. Zalewska)et al.,Search for Pair-Produced Neutralions in Events with Photons and Missing Energy from e+e~Collisions at y/s=130-183 GeV,CERN-EP/98-142 and E. Phys. J. C (1998) (in print);
172
25. DELPHI Collab., P. Abreu, (P. Bruckman, T. Lesiak, H. Palka, G. Polok, M. Witek, A. Zalewska)et al.,A Search for Heavy Stable and Long-Lived Squarks and Sleptons in e+e~ Collisions at Energiesfrom 130 to 183 GeV,CERN-EP/98-171 and Phys. Lett. B444 (1998) 491;
26. DELPHI Collab., P. Abreu, (P. Bruckman, T. Lesiak, H. Paika, G. Polok, M. Witek, A. Zalewska)et al.,Search for Lightest Neutralino and Stau Pair Production in Light Gravitino Scenarios with StauNLSP,CERN-EP/98 /170 and E. Phys. J. C (1998) (in print);
27. DELPHI Collab., P. Abreu, (P. Bruckman, T. Lesiak, H. Palka, G. Polok, M. Witek, A. Zalewska)et al.,Search for Charginos, Neutralinos and Gravitions in e+e~ Collisions at ^/s=183 GeV,CERN preprint CERN-EP/98/176 and Phys. Lett. B (1998) (in print);
28. DELPHI Collab., P. Abreu, (P. Bruckman, W. Kucewicz, T. Lesiak, B. Muryn, H. Palka,G. Polok, M. Witek, A. Zalewska) et al.,Measurement of Inclusive p°', /o(980), K*)2(1430) and ^(1525) Production in Z Decays,CERN-EP/98-199 and Phys. Lett. B (1998) (in print);
29. DELPHI Collab., P. Abreu, (P. Briickman, W. Kucewicz, T. Lesiak, B. Muryn, H. Palka,G. Polok, M. Witek, A. Zalewska) et al.,A Precise Measurement of the Partial Decay Width Ratio R® = F^/Thad-,CERN-EP/98-180 and Eur. Phys. J. C (1998) (in print);
30. DELPHI Collab., P. Abreu, (P. Bruckman, W. Kucewicz, T. Lesiak, B. Muryn, H. Palka,G. Polok, M. Witek, A. Zalewska) et al.,Measurement of AbpB in Hadronic Z Decays Using a Jet Charge Technique,CERN-EP/98-189 and Eur. Phys. J. C (1998) (in print);
31. DELPHI Collab., P. Abreu, (P. Bruckman, W. Kucewicz, T. Lesiak, B. Muryn, H. Palka,G. Polok, M. Witek, A. Zalewska) et al.,Study of the Four-Jet Anomaly Observed at LEP Centre-of-Mass Energies of 130 and 136 GeV,CERN-EP/98-198 and Phys. Lett. B (1998) (in print);
32. G. Fischer,(W. Iwanski, P. Kapusta, M. Ziolkowski) et al.,A 40 MHz Pipeline Trigger for K° ->• 2TT0 Decays for the CERN NA48 Experiment,Nucl. Instr. and Meth. A419 (1998) 695;
33. K. Golec-Biernat, L. Gorlich, J. Turnau,QCD Coherence in Deep Inelastic Scattering at Small x at Hera,Nucl. Phys. B527 (1998) 289;
34. HI Spacal Group, R.D. Appuhn, (L. Hajduk, W. Janczur, K. Rybicki) et al.,Series Tests of Fine Mash Photomultiplier Tubes in Magnetic Fields of up to 1.2 Tesla,DESY preprint DESY-97-070 and Nucl. Instr. and Meth. in Phys. Res. A404 (1998) 265;
35. HI Collab., C. Adloff, (L. Gorlich, L. Hajduk, M.W. Krasny, J. Martyniak, S. Mikocki, G. Nowak,K. Rybicki, J. Turnau) et al.,Measurement of the Inclusive Di-jet Cross-Section in Photoproduction and Determination of anEffective Parton Distribution in the Photon,DESY-97-164 and Eur. Phys. J. C l (1998) 97;
36. HI Collab., C. Adloff, (L. Gorlich, L. Hajduk, M.W. Krasny, J. Martyniak, S. Mikocki, G. Nowak,K. Rybicki, J. Turnau) et al.,Thrust Jet Analysis of Deep-Inelastic Large-Rapidity-Gap Events,DESY preprint DESY-97-210 and Eur. Phys. J. C l (1998) 495;
37. HI Collab., C. Adloff, (L. Gorlich, L. Hajduk, M.W. Krasny, J. Martyniak, S. Mikocki, G. Nowak,K. Rybicki, J. Turnau) et al.,
173
Photo-Production ofi/)(2S) Mesons at HERA,DESY preprint DESY-97-228 and Phys. Lett. B421 (1998) 385;
38. HI Collab., C. Adloff, (L. Görlich, L. Hajduk, M.W. Krasny, J. Martyniak, S. Mikocki, G. Nowak,K. Rybicki, J. Turnau) et al.,Hadron Production in Diffractive Deep Inelastic Scattering,DESY preprint DESY-98-029 and Phys. Lett. B428 (1998) 206;
39. HI Collab., C. Adloff, (L. Görlich, L. Hajduk, M.W. Krasny, J. Martyniak, S. Mikocki, G. Nowak,K. Rybicki, J. Turnau) et al.,Multiplicity Structure of the Hadronic Final State in Diffractive Deep Inelastic Scattering atHERA,DESY preprint DESY-98-044 and Eur. Phys. J. C5 (1998) 439;
40. HI Collab., C. Adloff, (L. Görlich, L. Hajduk, M.W. Krasny, J. Martyniak,S. Mikocki, G. Nowak, K. Rybicki, J. Turnau) et al.,Observation of Events with an Isolated High-Energy Lepton and Missing Transverse Momentumat HERA,DESY preprint DESY-98-063 and Eur. Phys. J. C5 (1998) 575;
41. HI Collab., C. Adloff, (L. Görlich, L. Hajduk, M.W. Krasny, J. Martyniak, S. Mikocki, G. Nowak,K. Rybicki, J. Turnau) et al.,Differential (2+1) Jet Event Rates and Determination of as in Deep Inelastic Scattering atHERA,DESY preprint DESY-98-075 and Eur. Phys. J. C5 (1998) 625;
42. Z. Hajduk, W. Iwański, K. Korcyl, J. Olszowska, H.C. van der Bij,The S-Link in the Data Sources for Trigger Demonstrators in the LHC Environment,Abstr. p. 39 and Proc. of the X-th IEEE Real Time Conference (RT'97), Beaune, France, 22-26September 1997 p. 193 and IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science 45 (1998) 1845;
43. T. Lesiak,B Meson Spectroscopy,Talk given at MESON'98 Workshop, Krakow, Poland, June 1998 in: Acta Phys. Pol. B29(1998) 3379;
44. M. Różańska, K. Rybicki,On a Feasibility of Measuring Exclusive Semitauonic B° Decays at B-Factories,Acta Phys. Pol. B29 (1998) 3392.
Other publications:
1. S. Błażewicz, J. Chłopek, J. Michałowski,Preparations and Properties of High Modulus Carbon Composites, (in Polish),Karbo - Energochemia - Ekologia N r 1-2 (1998) 45.
Proceedings:
1. S. Błażewicz, J. Chłopek, J. Michałowski,Preparations and Properties of High Modulus Carbon Composites,III-rd Torunian Carbon Symp., 3-5 September 1997, Toruń/Bachotek, Poland (1998) (in print);
2. R. Kamiński, L. Leśniak, K. Rybicki,New Solutions for Scalar-Isoscalar TTTT Phase Shifis,hep-ph/9712336 and Proc. of the 7-th Int. Conf. on Hadron Spectroscopy, HADRON'97,Upton, USA, 25-30 August 1997, eds Suk-Urk Chang, H.J. Willutzki (BNL, Upton, NY) (1998)397;
3. A. Zalewska,The Silicon in the DELPHI Experiment at LEP2,Proc. of the HEP'97 Conf., Jerusalem, 19-26 August (1998) (in print).
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Other conference materials:
1. G. Polok,Results of Two-Dimensional Particle Identyfication Analysis Applied for the RICH in the DEL-PHI Experiment,Poster at RICH'98, Ein-Geli, Israel, November 1998 (1998);
2. C. Wajler, J. Michaiowski, S. Blazewicz,Oxidation Resistance of C/C Composite Coated with Silicon - Based Compounds,Extended Abstr. of the Int. Symp. on Carbon Science and Technology for New Carbons, Tokyo,Japan (1998) 368.
Reports:
1. B. Asman, (T. Lesiak) et al.,Measurement of the Lifetime of b-Baryons,ICHEP'98 Conf. Vancouver, July 1998 in: DELPHI Internal Note DELPHI 98-72 (1998);
2. P. Bambade, (K. Cieslik, H. Patka, M. Witek) et al.,Neutral Current Four-Fermion Production in e+e~ Collisions at yfs=130-183 GeV,ICHEP'98 Conf., Vancouver, July 1998 in: DELPHI Internal Note DELPHI 97-104 (1998);
3. C. Beigbeder, (E. Banas, L. Gorlich, J. Martyniak, S. Mikocki, G. Nowak, J. Turnau) et al.,Level 2 Topological Trigger (L2TT) Hardware,HI Internal Note Hl-07/98-547 (1998);
4. W. Bogucki, M. Despet, J. Kotula, J. Michaiowski, M. Stodulski, M. Strek,Mechanical Issues - Design and Fabrication,PHOBOS Report 98-60, MIT (1998);
5. W. Bogucki, K. Galuszka, M. Lemler, J. Michaiowski, M. Stodulski, P. Zychowski,Mechanical Structures and Cooling System for the PHOBOS Silicon Detectors,PHOBOS Report 98-61, MIT (1998);
6. W. Bogucki, K. Galuszka, J. Kotula, M. Lemler, J. Michaiowski, M. Stodulski, P. Zychowski,Mechanical Structures and Cooling System for the PHOBOS Silicon Detectors,PHOBOS Report 98-110, MIT (1998);
7. T. Coghen, J. Godlewski, P. Kowalczyk, J. Michaiowski, M. Stodulski,Temperature Distributions in PHOBOS Silicon Modules,PHOBOS Report 98-125 (1998);
8. DELPHI Collab., P. Abreu, (W. Kucewicz, T. Lesiak, H. Palka, G. Polok, M. Witek,A. Zalewska) et al.,Measurement of the e+e~ —>• 77(7) Cross Section at the LEP Energies,CERN preprint CERN-EP/98-75 (1998);
9. DELPHI Collab., P. Abreu, (T. Lesiak, H. Palka, G. Polok, M. Witek, A. Zalewska) et al.,Lower Bound for the Standard Model Higgs Boson Mass from Combining the Results of the FourLEP Experiments,CERN preprint CERN-EP/98-46 (1998);
10. DELPHI Collab., P. Abreu, (P. Briickman, T. Lesiak, H. Palka, G. Polok, M. Witek, A. Zalewska)et al.,Search for Leptoquarks and FCNC in e+e~ Annihilations at y/s=183 GeV,CERN preprint CERN-EP/98-177 (1998);
11. K. Galuszka, J. Kotula, M. Lemler, J. Michaiowski, M. Stodulski, P. Zychowski,Mechanical Structures for Silicon Detectors in the PHOBOS Experiment,PHOBOS Report 98-09, MIT (1998);
12. HI Spacal Group, R.D. Appuhn, (L. Hajduk, W. Janczur, K. Rybicki) et al.,The Electronics of the HI Lead/Scintillating Fiber Calorimeters,DESY preprint DESY-98-054 (1998);
175
13. Hl Collab., C. Adloff, (K. Golec-Biernat, L. Görlich, L. Hajduk, M.W. Krasny, J. Martyniak,S. Mikocki, E. Łobodzińska, G. Nowak, K. Rybicki, J. Turnau) et al.,Di-Jet Event Rates in Deep Inelastic Scattering at HERA,DESY preprint DESY-98-076 (1998);
14. HI Collab., C. Adloff, (L. Görlich, L. Hajduk, M.W. Krasny, J. Martyniak, S. Mikocki,E. Łobodzińska, G. Nowak, K. Rybicki, J. Turnau) et al.,Multi-Jet Event Rates in Deep-Inelastic Scattering annd Determination of the Strong CouplingConstant,DESY preprint DESY 98-087 (1998);
15. HI Collab., C. Adloff, (L. Görlich, L. Hajduk, M.W. Krasny, J. Martyniak, S. Mikocki,E. Łobodzińska, G. Nowak, K. Rybicki, J. Turnau) et al.,Diffractive Dijet Production at HERA,DESY preprint DESY 98-082 (1998);
16. Hl Collab., C. Adloff, (L. Görlich, L. Hajduk, M.W. Krasny, J. Martyniak, S. Mikocki,E. Łobodzińska, G. Nowak, K. Rybicki, J. Turnau) et al.,Forward Jet and Particle Production at HERA,DESY preprint DESY 98-143 (1998);
17. Hl Collab., C. Adloff, (L. Görlich, L. Hajduk, M.W. Krasny, J. Martyniak, S. Mikocki,E. Łobodzińska, G. Nowak, K. Rybicki, J. Turnau) et al.,Charged Particle Cross Sections in Photoproduction and Extrapolation of the Gluon Density inthe Photon,DESY preprint DESY 98-148 (1998);
18. HI Collab., C. Adloff, (L. Görlich, L. Hajduk, M.W. Krasny, J. Martyniak, S. Mikocki,E. Łobodzińska, G. Nowak, K. Rybicki, J. Turnau) et al.,Measurement of Leading Proton and Neutron Production in Deep Inelastic Scattering at HERA,DESY preprint DESY 98-169 (1998);
19. T. Lesiak, H. Pałka,Determination of the Spin Composition of AÄ and AA (AX Pairs in Hadronic Z Decays),ICHEP'98 Conf., Vancouver, July 1998 in: DELPHI Internal Note DELPHI 98-114 (1998);
20. B. Muryn, G. Polok,The rjc (2980) Formation in the Two-Photon Collisions at LEP Energies,ICHEP'98 Conf., Vancouver, July 1998 in: DELPHI Internal Note DELPHI 98-99 (1998).
GRANTS:
Grants from the State Committee for Scientific Research
1. Dr H. Palka - grant No 2P03B 033 11,"Study of e+e- Interactions Above W+W~ Threshold", 1 July 1996 - 30 June 1998;
2. Prof. K. Rybicki - grant No 2P03B 055 13,"Participation in the HI Experiment", 1 July 1997 - 1 April 1998;
3. Dr H. Palka - SPUB/P03/178/98,"Participation in the DELPHI Experiment" - part III, 1 July 1998 - 30 June 1999;
4. Prof K. Rybicki - SPUB/P03/154/98,"Participation in the HI and ZEUS Experiment at HERA".
176
Grants from other sources:
1. Polish-German Foundation - for organization of the HI collaboration meeting at Krakow;2. Physics Committee of Polish Academy of Sciences - for organization of the HI collaboration
meeting at Krakow.
PARTICIPATION IN CONFERENCES AND WORKSHOPS:
INVITED TALKS:
1. T. Lesiak"B Meson Spectroscopy", "Meson'98" conference, Krakow, Poland, June 1998;
2. G. Nowak"The High Q2 Neutral Current and Charged Current Cross-sections; HI and ZEUS results",First European Meeting: "From Planck Scale to Electroweak Scale", Kazimierz, Poland, June1998;
3. K. Rybicki"BELLE - a Detector to Study CP Violation at KEK B Factory", "Hadron Structure '98"conference, Stara Lesna, Slovakia, September 1998;
4. J. Turnau"Structure Function and Hadronic Final States", "Meson'98" conference, Krakow, Poland, June1998.
PRESENTATIONS:
1. L. GSrlich"Cracow Activities at DESY", Restricted European Committee for Future Accelerators, Krakow,Poland, September 1998;
2. G. Polok"A New Method of Particle Identification in RICH Detectors", RICH'98 Int. Workshop on RingImaging Cherenkov Detectors, Ein-Gedi, Israel, October 1998;
3. A. Zalewska"Cracow Activities at CERN", Restricted European Committee for Future Accelerators, Krakow,Poland, September 1998.
MEMBERS OF ORGANIZING/ADVISORY COMMITTEES:
1. K. Rybicki18-th Conference on Physics in Collision, Frascati, Italy, 17 - 19 June 1998, (also session chair-man);
2. K. Rybicki"Hadron Structure'98" conference, Stara Lesna, Slovakia, 7 - 13 September 1998, (also sessionchairman);
3. A. Zalewska"Epiphany" conference, Krakow, Poland, 6 - 9 January 1998.
177
SCIENTIFIC DEGREES:
NOMINATIONS:
J.K. Bienlein - Honorary Professor of The Institute of Nuclear Physics.
DEGREES:
P. Briickman - Ph.D.
SEMINARS:
EXTERNAL:
[talks at the meetings of the collaborations are not included)
1. P. Briickman"A6 Polarisation in DELPHI", DELPHI Forum, CERN;
2. G. Nowak"High-level triggering in modern experiments", Warsaw University, Poland;
3. J. Turnau"Hadronic Final States in Deep-Inelastic Collisions", Warsaw University, Poland;
4. A. Zalewska"A Silicon Tracker in the DELPHI Experiment at LEP2", PHOBOS workshop at Krakow,Poland;
5. A. Zalewska"What you can expect from the VD software at LEP2", DELPHI Forum, CERN;
6. A. Zalewska"CERN Experiments on the PS and SPS Accelerators", Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland;
7. A. Zalewska"Silicon Tracking Detectors - a Modern Tool of Particle Physics", Silesian University, Katowice,Poland.
INTERNAL:
1. J. Turnau,"Very High Q2 Events in HI Experiment";
2. H. Palka,"Physics Analysis of the DELPHI Data at Cracow";
3. B. Muryn," Investigations of 7 — 7 Interactions at DELPHI";
4. T. Lesiak,"Study of b - baryons in DELPHI";
5. K. Cieslik,"Study of Four-Lepton Events in DELPHI Experiment";
6. J. Martyniak,"A Comparison of Photoproduction and Deep-Inelastic Scattering in the HI Experiment";
7. A. Zalewska,"A New Type of Silicon Detectors";
8. J. Michalowski,"New Results in Carbon-Carbon Composites";
9. E. Lobodzinska,"HI Events with Single Leptons of Very High Transverse Momentum";
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10. M. Witek,"A New Effect in Four-Lepton DELPHI Events?";
11. L. Hajduk,"An Upgrade of HERA Collider and of the HI Apparatus";
12. G. Polok,"Review of Analysis Methods of Signals From RICH Detectors";
13. G. Polok,"A New Method of Particle Identification in RICH Detectors";
14. Z. Natkaniec:"A Fast Analysis of Signals from the BELLE Silicon Vertex Detector";
15. P. Jalocha,"A Fast Analysis of Signals from the DELPHI Silicon Vertex Detector";
16. T. Lesiak,"B Meson Spectroscopy";
17. K. Rybicki,"A Study of Decays B -4 D/D*rvr in the BELLE Experiment";
18. G. Nowak,"The HI and ZEUS Results on Deep Inelastic Scattering at Very High Q2";
19. J. Turnau,"Review of Deep-Inelastic Scattering";
20. K. Rybicki,"Present and Future Experiments Involving the Department";
21. B. Lobodzinski,"Simulation of Some Rare Decays in the BELLE Experiment";
22. G. Polok,"On the LHC-b Experiment";
23. L. Hajduk,"Upgrade of the HI Spaghetti Calorimeter";
24. H. Palka,"Further Study of the Strange Effect in Four-Lepton DELPHI Events";
25. P. Briickman,"Alignment of the DELPHI Silicon Vertex Detector".
SHORT TERM VISITORS:
M. Winter, IReS, Strassbourg, France,about 110 participants of the HI collaboration meeting.
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PL9902532
DEPARTMENT OF HADRON STRUCTURE
Head of Department: Prof. Andrzej EskreysDeputy Head of Department: Assoc. Prof. Jan Figieltelephone: (48) (12) 633-33-66e-mail: [email protected]
PERSONNEL:Research staff:Przemyslaw Borzemski, M.Sc.Janusz Chwastowski, Ph.D.Andrzej Eskreys, Prof.Jan Figiel, Assoc. Prof.Katarzyna Klimek, M.Sc.Krystyna Olkiewicz, Ph.D.Maciej B. Przybycieri, Ph.D.
Technical staff:Jerzy Andruszkow, E.E.Lucyna Antosiewicz,Witold Daniluk, E.E.Bronislaw Dabrowski,Piotr Jurkiewicz, E.E.
Bronislaw Niziol, Ph.D.Bogdan Pawlik, Ph.D.Piotr Stopa, Ph.D.Krzysztof Piotrzkowski, Ph.D.Maciej Zachara, Ph.D.Leszek Zawiejski, Ph.D.
Andrzej Kotarba, E.E.Krzysztof Oliwa, E.E.Wojciech Wierba, E.E.Artur Wtodarczyk.
OVERVIEW:
The XIIth Department of the Institute of Nuclear Research have been involved in the followingexperiments and projects:
• ZEUS experiment at HERA (DESY)1, which represents the main activity of the department. Thegroup from department participating in this experiment consisted of physicists: J. Chwastowski,A. Eskreys, J. Figiel, K. Klimek, M.B. Przybycien, and L. Zawiejski and engineers and techni-cians: W. Daniluk, B. Dabrowski, A. Kotarba, K. Oliwa, and W. Wierba;
'ZEUS collaboration includes 51 institutions from 12 countries.
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• TESLA project at DESY2. The small subgroup of 3 persons participated in 1998 in this project:P. Borzemski (physicist), J. Andruszkow, and P. Jurkiewicz (engineers);
• DO experiment at FNAL (Batavia), USA3 - only one person (B. Pawlik) represented the depart-ment in this experiment;
• NA22 - EHS experiment at CERN with one member of department (K. Olkiewicz) activelyparticipating.
11 physicists and 8 engineers and technicians have been involved in carrying this program of research.ZEUS experiment is the continuation of the ivestigation of e±p interactions at HERA collider which
has started over 10 years ago and has a perspective of another 5 years of activity. The upgrade of HERAand the expected 5-7 fold increase of luminosity makes the physics program very attractive. Krakowgroup is responsible for upgrade of of the luminosity monitor to meet the new working conditions afterHERA upgrade.
TESLA is the project of the new generation linear e+e~ collider planned to be built in Hamburg.DO is the pp experiment carried out at FNAL (Batavia), USA and designed to deliver soon 100
times higher luminosity than has been achieved so far.NA22 is the old experiment performed with the help of the European Hybrid Spectrometer (EHS)
and the analysis of its data have been completed in 1998.The analysis of the data from the three presently continued experiments (ZEUS, DO, NA22) cover
the program of research ranging from the exploitation of the structure of the matter in photopro-duction, deep inelastic e^p scattering and pp collisions through the searches of the exotic and rareprocesses (W, Z, top production) to the new approach to the traditional subject like properties of thepion emmission source. This research resulted in 26 publications in renown scientific periodicals.
Professor Andrzej Eskreys
REPORTS ON RESEARCH:
ZEUS Experiment at DESY PL9902533
Measurement of Elastic T Photoproduction at HERA x
The perturbative QCD can be applied to ep scattering to calculate properties of elastic heavyvector mesons production. The previous HERA results on J/i/} production [1] have shown that thecross section dependence on W and Q2 can be described by the perturbative QCD models [2, 3]. Forthe inclusive T production only the upper limits of the cross sections times branching ratio a • BRhave been estimated [4].
2TESLA project includes 34 institutions from 9 countries.3D0 experiment includes 49 institutions from 11 countries.'Based on publication : ZEUS Coll., J. Breitweg et al., Measurement of Elastic T Photoproduction at HERA,
Phys. Lett. B437 (1998) 432.
181
The measurement of a • BR uses a data sample of 43.2 pb 1 collected by ZEUS. The increasedintegrated luminosity allows the study of the elastic reaction jp —> fi+fi~p for fi.+fj,~ invariant massesbeyond the T mass region and for the range of the photon-proton centre of mass energy 80 < W <160 GeV. The T(15), T(25) and T(35) resonances are not resolved in this measurement.
The measured fi+(i~ mass distribution is shown in Fig. 1. The signals of the J/ip, i>(2S) and T's(unresolved) are apparent. The signals of the J/$, ip(2S) and T's (unresolved) are apparent. Thecontinuum outside the resonance regions is well described by the Bethe-Heitler process apart fromanenhancement in the region of 6 GeV, which is consistent with being a fluctuation. The spectrumoutside the resonance regions is well reproduced and the distribution has been used to subtract thebackground under the resonances.
ZEUS 1995-97
Fig. 1: Mass distribution of fi+n pairs. The histogram shows the simulated Bethe-Heitler background.Dotted in the J/^> region is drawn to guide the eye. The insert shows the signal remaining in theT region after subtraction of the non-resonant background.
The calculated a • BR is 13.3 ± Q.O(stat.)tH(syst.) pb at (W) = 120 GeV. Assuming thata • BR is the same as measured by CDF [5] and using the muonic branching ratio [6] we findCT7P->T(1S) p = 375 ± 170(stat.)±H(syst.) pb at W = 120 GeV and the ratio ^ - ^ ( I S ) P/CT7P->.J/^ P =(4.8 ± 2.2{stat.)^7
e(syst.)) x 10~3. Our measurement yields the higher value than the theoreticalpredictions of [3] where K, 60 pb for crlp->r(iS) p a n d & 0.001 for the ratio are quoted.
References:
[1] ZEUS Collab., J. Breitweg et al., Z. Phys. C75 (1997) 215;HI Collab., S. Aid et al., Nucl. Phys. B472 (1996) 3, Nucl. Phys. B468 (1996) 3;
[2] S.J. Brodsky et al., Phys. Rev. D50 (1994) 3134;M.G. Ryskin, Z. Phys. C57 (1993) 89;M.G. Ryskin, R.G. Roberts, A.D. Martin, and E.M. Levin, Z. Phys. C76 (1997) 231;
[3] L. Frankfurt, W. Koepf, and M. Strikman, Phys. Rev. D57 (1998) 512;R. Engel and M. McDermott, private communication;
[4] BCDMS Collab., D. Bollini et al., Nucl. Phys. B199 (1982) 27;EMC Collab., J.J. Aubert et al., Nucl. Phys. B213 (1983) 1;
182
[5] CDF Collab., F. Abe et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 75 (1995) 4358;[6] Review of Particle Properties, PDG, R.M. Barnett et al., Phys. Rev. D54 (1996) 1.
•co• L O:CM: O
O
Search for Selectron and Squark Production in e+p Collisionsat HERA 1
The supersymmetry (SUSY) theories relate bosons and fermions by associating to each fermion abosonic partner and vice-versa. In the supersymmetric extension of the Standard Model (SM) knownas the Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model (MSSM), in which /2-parity (Rp) is conserved, thesupersymmetric particles are produced only in pairs and the lightest supersymmetric particle (LSP) isstable. In these models the production of a slepton and a squark is the lowest order process in whichsupersymmetric particles could be produced at HERA [1, 2, 3]. A search for the i?p-conserving pro-duction and decay of a selectron and a squark e+p —»• e+q\X (a = L, R, b = L, R) has been performedby the ZEUS Collaboration. This process is mediated by the ^-channel exchange of a neutralino. Thecross section depends on the MSSM supersymmetry-breaking parameters Mi and M2, on the higgsinomass parameter //, on the ratio of the two Higgs vacuum expectation values tan/3 = W2/V1 > and onthe masses of the produced particles mg^m^ , ^ep^-e^x = <Tlb(^i'^2 )Mitany!3,m51,m^). As theproduction of high-mass particles in the final state involves high Bjorken-a; valence quarks from theproton, the process is mostly sensitive to the u quark contents. This measurement was performedwith the ZEUS detector using an integrated luminosity of L = 46.6 pb~l collected during the years1994 through 1997 at the e+p center-of-mass energy of 300 GeV.
The selectron (squark) can decay directly to the lightest neutralino x? a n d a positron (quark):£ —̂ eX? (? —> <7Xi )• Under the assumption that the lightest neutralino is the LSP and that Rp isconserved one can conclude that the neutralino will escape detection. In this case the signature forthe production of a selectron and a squark is one positron from e decay, a high Pt hadronic systemfrom q decay and the missing momentum from the two neutralinos [4]. The search for this processis used to set limits on the masses of the selectron and of the squark for a wide range of values ofthe MSSM parameters. Monte Carlo simulations are used to determine the efficiency for selecting thesignal, and to estimate the rate of the SM background.
,110
"100
|D 90•
80
70
60
SO
' tahp&iJii '-;n = -i00GeV!
• n\f3S CteV -_BB nv^O GeV I
-;S( \ L E P 161-172 QeV-
MMS 1
SO 100
ma [GeV]
Fig. 1: Excluded regions at a 95% CL in the plane defined by the selectron and squark mass, forTOXO = 35 GeV (grey area) and mxo = 50 GeV (double-hatched area), for // = -100 GeV andtan/3 — 1.41, where LEP limits on mg are also given.
on publication : ZEUS Coll., J. Breitweg et al., "Search for Selectron and Squark Production in e+p Collisionsat HERA", Phys. Lett. B434 (1998) 214.
183
One candidate event is found while 1.99lo'84 a r e expected from the Standard Model processes.The upper limit on the production cross section times branching ratios is found to be a x B < 0.5 pbat a 95% CL for mass differences mg — m o and m, — raxo larger than 10 GeV. Excluded regions inthe MSSM parameter space have been derived. We exclude (mg + rrig)/2 < 77 GeV at a 95% CLfor mxo = 40 GeV and large values of the MSSM parameter \fi\. The process is dominated by the ucontribution and the exclusion limit is 75 GeV when only the u squark is considered.
Fig. 1 shows the excluded regions in the plane rog, mg- for fixed values of roxo = 35 and 50 GeVand for tan/3 = 1.41 and fi = -100 GeV.
References:
[1] S.K. Jones and C.H. Llewellyn Smith, Nucl. Phys. B217 (1983) 145; P.R. Harrison, Nucl. Phys. B249(1985) 704; T. Bartels, in "Proceedings of the HERA workshop (1987)", edited by R.D. Peccei, DESY 1988,863; A. Bartl, M. Drees, W. Majerotto, and B. Mosslacher, in "Physics at HERA" edited by W. Buchmiillerand G. Ingelman, DESY 1992, 1118; T. Kon, K. Nakamura, and T. Kobayashi, Phys. Lett. B223 (1989)461;
[2] A. Bartl, H. Fraas, and W. Majerotto, Nucl. Phys. B297 (1988) 479;[3] H. Komatsu and R. Riickl, Nucl. Phys. B299 (1988) 407;
T. Bartels and W. Hollik, Z. Phys. C39 (1988) 433;[4] R. Cashmore et al., Phys. Rep. 122 (1985) 275; P. Schleper, in "Future Physics at HERA", edited by
G. Ingelman, A. De Roeck and R. Klanner, DESY 1996, 275.
PL9902535
Measurement of Three-jet Distributions in Photoproductionat HERA1
The large amount of photoproduction events collected over the period 1995-1997 by ZEUS allowedthe studies of the multijet hadronic states. The results of measurements can be compared with thecalculations of photoproduction processes beyond leading order in perturbative QCD and can providethe sensitive tests of the existing parton shower models. The properties of multijet events in hadroniccollisions have been the subject of earlier studies [1, 2, 3]. Dijet photoproduction accompanied bya third, low transverse energy cluster has been studied by ZEUS [4]. Using the luminosity of 16pb'1 ZEUS collaboration has measured the cross sections and angular distributions for the three hightransverse energy (above 5 GeV) jets. A set of five variables describing three jets were defined interms of the energies and the momentum three-vectors of the jets in the three-jet CM frame andbeam direction. From those the angular variables describing scattering angle of the highest energy jetw.r.t the beam direction and the angle between the plane containing the most energetic jet and thebeam and the plane containing the three jets can be defined. In Fig. 1 the results for the measuredthree-jet cross section are shown together with O(aa2
s) PQCD calculations [5, 6, 7] and differentparton shower models as implemented in PYTHIA and HERWIG Monte Carlo. Good agreement wasfound between the data and QCD calculations. PYTHIA and HERWIG can also describe the shapeof the distributions although the predicted cross sections are too low by about 30-40%.
For the angular distributions of the three jets events the results were inconsistent with a uniformpopulation of the available phase space but were well described by both fixed-order PQCD calcula-tions and Monte Carlos. Within the parton shower model the three-jet events are found to occurpredominantly due to the initial state gluon radiation, and the fundamental QCD phenomenon ofcolour coherence is seen to have an important effect on the angular distribution of the third jet.
'Based on publication : ZEUS Coll., J. Breitweg et al., "Measurement of Three-jet Distributions in Photoproductionat HERA", Phys. Lett. B443 (1998) 3944.
184
ZEUS 1995-1996
10o
Q.
1 -
b -1"O10
i TSA
li11
1 i i
i i
Ini
II
II
li
= I |
• DataHarris &
— KlasenPYTHIAHERWIG
i
\
Owens
sii \
60 80 100 120 140 160(GeV)
Fig. 1: The measured three-jet cross section as a function of the three-jet invariant mass, data - blackdots. The inner error bar shows the statistical error. The outer error bar is the quadratic sum of thestatistical and the systematic error. The jet energy-scale uncertainty is shown as the shaded band.O(aal) PQCD calculations: Harris & Owens - thick solid; Klasen - dot-dashed line. The thin solidand dashed histograms show PYTHIA and HERWIG predictions.
References:
[1] UA2 Collab., J.A. Appel et al., Z. Phys. C30 (1986) 341;[2] DO Collab., S. Abachi et al., Phys. Rev. D53 (1996) 6000;[3] CDF Collab., F. Abe. et al., Phys. Rev. D54 (1996) 4221;[4] ZEUS Collab., M. Derrick et al., Phys. Lett. B354 (1995) 163;[5] B.W. Harris and J.F. Owens, Phys. Rev. D56 (1997) 4007 and private communication;[6] M. Klasen, T. Kleinwort, and G. Kramer, Z. Phys.-e C l (1998) 1, hep-ph/9712256;
[7] M. Klasen, hep-ph/9808223.
PL9902536
Two Jets Production in Neutral Current Deep Inelastic e+pInteractions at 300 GeV C.M.S. Energy1
The exclusive dijet cross section has been measured in deep inelastic e+p scattering at 300 GeVc.m.s. energy at the HERA collider. The whole 1995 data sample collected by the ZEUS detector hasbeen used in this analysis, which corresponds to integrated luminosity of 6.1 pb"1. Jets were identifiedusing the cone and the cluster (ICT) algorithms in the laboratory frame. Jets were required to have axisin the pseudorapidity range -2 < 77 < 2 in laboratory frame and transverse momentum greater then
'M.B. Przybycieri, Ph.D. Thesis, 1998.
185
4 GeV in both, laboratory and center-of-mass frames. Only events with 7 GeV2 < Q2 < 100 GeV2
were accepted. The measured cross section at the hadron level is cr^nl = ^•04±0.0S(stat)to'^(sys)nb_ 2 7 4 ± 0 0 3 (stat)toit(sys)nb) and at the parton level: av
cZl = 3-93 ± 0.04(stat)toH(sys)nb= 3.74 ± ^ ™
1 1.25 1.5 1.78 2 - 3 - 1 5 - 2 - l a -1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 I 1 1
V
11111II,
-as o as 1 u
Fig. 1: Differential dijet cross section at parton level versus a) Q2, b) £, c) Prmax/Q2, d) P
The inner (outer) bars indicate the statistical error (statistical and systematic errors added in quadra-ture). Shaded area shows jet energy scale uncertainty. The measured cross sections corrected toparton level (black points) are compared to MC models Ariadne (solid line), Lepto (dashed line),Herwig (dotted line) and NLO calculations. Jets reconstructed with the kj algorithm.
Although the shapes of kinematical and jet variables distributions are well described by most ofthe models (NLO QCD calculations [1], Lepto [2], Ariadne [3] and Herwig [4], which does not describeQ2 distribution), the absolute normalization is not reproduced by any Fig. 1.
References:
[1] E. Mirkes, hep-ph/9711224;[2] G. Ingelman, LEPTO 6.1, Proc. of the DESY Workshop, Physics at HERA, Eds W. Buchmiiller and
G. Ingelman. Hamburg (1991) 1366;[3] L. Lonnblad, ARIADNE v. 4, Comp. Phys. Comm. 71 (1992) 15;
[4] G. Marchesini et al., DESY 91-048.
The EHS-NA22 Collaboration
K. OlkiewiczPL9902537
Estimation of Hydro dynamical Model Parameters for (n+/K+)Interactions at 250 GeV/c 2
The analysis of the data collected by the NA22-European Hybrid Spectrometer (EHS) experimenthas been continued. In particular the interesting results have been obtained in the study of geometricaland dynamical properties of the pion emitting source.
1 Antwerp, Brussels, Krakow, Moscow, Nijmegen, Protvino, Rio de Janeiro, Tbilisi, Yerevan Collaboration.2based on paper by N.M. Agababyan et al., (K. Olkiewicz), Phys. Lett. B 422 (1998) 359.
186
Assuming the hydrodynamical model for the three-dimensionally expanding cylindrically symmet-ric pion source one can attempt to determine the longitudinal Ri, 'out' ifo, and 'side'/?s effectivedimensions of the source, exploiting the correlation function of negative pion pairs, subject to Bose-Einstein symmetrization. Due to the non-static nature of the source, these effective sizes vary withthe average transverse mass and the average rapidity of the pion pair. More detailed information canbe obtained analysing the invariant negative pion spectra.
The model predicts that at fixed transverse mass mt the rapidity distribution can be parametrizedas follows:
f(y,mt) = Cmexp[-(y - yo)2/2Ay2]
withAy2 = AT?2 + T0/mt
where Cm is an m^-dependent normalization coefficient and yo denotes the midrapidity in the interac-tion c.m.s. The width Ay of the rapidity distribution is determined by the width A77 of the longitudinalspace-time rapidity 77 of the pion emitters and by the thermal smearing width yTo/m t, where To isthe freeze-out temperature. Parameters To and A7? can be found by fitting Ay dependence on mt.
The rapidity distribution were fitted for 23 ra< bins obtaining good agreement between the dataand the prediction. Linear dependence of the rapidity width on l/mt was confirmed with parametersAT? = 1.36 ± 0.02 and To = 140 ± SMeV.
The fits of the model prediction for the shape of mt distribution in y bins were also performedyielding the y-dependent effective temperature.
Combining the results from the analysis of the single particle spectra with those from the twoparticle correlation function, the following characteristics of the source were found:
• The hadron matter undergoes predominantly longitudinal expansion and non-relativistic trans-verse expansion with the mean transverse four-velocity < ut >= 0.20 ± 0.07;
• The hadron matter possesses a large temperature inhomogeneity in the transverse direction, theextracted freeze-out temperature at the center of the tube and at the transverse rms radius are140 ± 3MeV and 82 ± 7 MeV, respectively;
• Mean freeze-out time of the source is 1.4±0.1/m/c and its transverse geometrical rms radius is1.2 ±0.2 fm.
LIST OF PUBLICATIONS:
Articles:
1. DO Collab., B. Abbot, (B. Pawlik) et al.,
Z1 Production in Anti-pp Collisions y/s = 1.8 TeV and Limits on Anomalous ZZ-y and Z11
Couplings,Phys. Rev. D57 (1998) 3817;
2. DO Collab., B. Abbot, (B. Pawlik) et al.,Probing Hard Color Singlet Exchange in pp Collisions at ,/s = 630 GeV and 1800 GeV,Phys. Lett. B440 (1998) 189;
3. DO Collab., B. Abbot, (B. Pawlik) et al.,Measurement of the Shape of the Transverse Momentum Distribution od W Bosons Produced inpp Collisions at ^ = 1.8 TeV,Phys. Rev. Lett. 80 (1998) 5498;
187
4. DO Collab., B. Abbot, (B. Pawlik) et al.,Limits on WW^ and WWZ Couplings from W Boson Pair Production,Phys. Rev. D58 (1998) 51101;
5. DO Collab., B. Abbot, (B. Pawlik) et al.,Search for Charge 1/3 Third Generation Leptoquarks in pp Collisions at yfs = 1.8 TeV,Phys. Rev. Lett. 81 (1998) 38;
6. DO Collab., B. Abbot, (B. Pawlik) et al.,A Search for Heavy Pointlike Dime Monopoles,Phys. Rev. Lett. 81 (1998) 524;
7. DO Collab., B. Abbot, (B. Pawlik) et al.,Direct Measurement of the Top Quark Mass by the DO Collaboration,Phys. Rev. D58 (1998) 52001;
8. DO Collab., B. Abbot, (B. Pawlik) et al.,Search for the Decay b —> X(s)/j,+fi~,Phys. Lett. B423 (1998) 419;
9. EHS/NA22 Collab., N.M. Agababyan, (K. Olkiewicz) et al.,Estimation of Hydrodynamical Model Parameters from the Invariant Spectrum and Bose-EinsteinCorrelations of K~ Mesons Produced in (n+/K+)p Interactions at 250 GeV/c,Phys. Lett. B422 (1998) 359;
10. EHS/NA22 Collab., N.M. Agababyan, (K. Olkiewicz) et al.,Self-Affine Scaling from Non-Integer Phase-Space Partition in ir+p and K+p Collisions at 250GeV/c,Phys. Lett. B431 (1998) 451;
11. ZEUS Collab., J. Breitweg, (P. Borzemski, J. Chwastowski, A. Eskreys, J. Figiel, K. Klimek,M.B. Przybycieri, L. Zawiejski) et al.,Dijet Cross Sections in Photoproduction at HERA,DESY-97-196 and Eur. Phys. J. C l (1998) 109;
12. ZEUS Collab., J. Breitweg, (P. Borzemski, J. Chwastowski, A. Eskreys, J. Figiel, K. Klimek,L. Zawiejski) et al.,Measurement of the Diffractive Structure Function F2 at HERA,DESY-97-184 and Eur. Phys. J. C l (1998) 81;
13. ZEUS Collab., J. Breitweg, (P. Borzemski, J. Chwastowski, A. Eskreys, J. Figiel, K. Klimek,M.B. Przybycieri, L. Zawiejski) et al.,Measurement of the t Distribution in Diffractive Photoproduction at HERA,DESY 97-238 and Eur. Phys. J. C2 (1998) 237;
14. ZEUS Collab., J. Breitweg, (P. Borzemski, J. Chwastowski, A. Eskreys, J. Figiel, K. Klimek,M.B. Przybycien, L. Zawiejski) et al.,Elastic and Proton-Dissociative p° Photoproduction at HERA,DESY 97-237 and Eur. Phys. J. C2 (1998) 247;
15. ZEUS Collab., J. Breitweg, (P. Borzemski, J. Chwastowski, A. Eskreys, J. Figiel, K. Klimek,M.B. Przybycien, L. Zawiejski) et al.,Charged Particles and Neutral Kaons in Photoproduced Jets at HERA,DESY 97-229 and Eur. Phys. J. C2 (1998) 77;
16. ZEUS Collab., J. Breitweg, (P. Borzemski, J. Chwastowski, A. Eskreys, J. Figiel, K. Klimek,M.B. Przybycien, L. Zawiejski) et al.,Event Shape Analysis in Deep Inelastic Scattering Events with a Large Rapidity Gap at HERA,DESY 97-202 and Phys. Lett. B421 (1998) 368;
17. ZEUS Collab., J. Breitweg, (P. Borzemski, J. Chwastowski, A. Eskreys, J. Figiel, K. Klimek,M.B. Przybycien, L. Zawiejski) et al.,Measurement of Jet Shapes in Photoproduction at HERA,DESY 97-191 and Eur. Phys. J. C2 (1998) 61;
188
18. ZEUS Collab., J. Breitweg, (P. Borzemski, J. Chwastowski, A. Eskreys, J. Figiel, K. Klimek,M.B. Przybycieri, L. Zawiejski) et al.,Measurement of Elastic Y Photoproduction at HERA,DESY 98-089 and Phys. Lett. B (1998) (in print);
19. ZEUS Collab., J. Breitweg, (P. Borzemski, J. Chwastowski, A. Eskreys, J. Figiel, K. Klimek,M.B. Przybycieri, L. Zawiejski) et al.,Measurement of Inclusive D*+- and Associated Dijet Cross Sections in Photoproduction atHERA,DESY 98-085 and Eur. Phys. J. (1998) (in print);
20. ZEUS Collab., J. Breitweg, (P. Borzemski, J. Chwastowski, A. Eskreys, J. Figiel, K. Klimek,M.B. Przybycien, L. Zawiejski) et al.,Measurement of the Diffractive Cross Section in Deep Inelastic Scattering using ZEUS 1994Data,DESY 98-084 and Eur. Phys. J. (1998) (in print);
21. ZEUS Collab., J. Breitweg, (P. Borzemski, J. Chwastowski, A. Eskreys, J. Figiel, K. Klimek,M.B. Przybycierl, L. Zawiejski) et al.,Search for Selectron and Squark Production in e+p Collisions at HERA,DESY 98-069 and Phys. Lett. B434 (1998) 214;
22. ZEUS Collab., J. Breitweg, (P. Borzemski, J. Chwastowski, A. Eskreys, J. Figiel, K. Klimek,M.B. Przybycieri, L. Zawiejski) et al.,Forward Jet Production in Deep Inelastic Scattering at HERA,DESY 98-050 and Eur. Phys. J. (1998) (in print);
23. ZEUS Collab., J. Breitweg, (P. Borzemski, J. Chwastowski, A. Eskreys, J. Figiel, K. Klimek,M.B. Przybycieri, L. Zawiejski) et al.,Diffractive Dijet Cross Sections in Photoproduction at HERA,DESY 98-045 and Eur. Phys. J. C5 (1998) 41;
24. ZEUS Collab., J. Breitweg, (P. Borzemski, J. Chwastowski, A. Eskreys, J. Figiel, K. Klimek,M.B. Przybycieri, L. Zawiejski) et al.,Measurement of Jet Shapes in High Q2 Deep Inelastic Scattering at HERA,DESY 98-038 and Eur. Phys. J. (1998) (in print);
25. ZEUS Collab., J. Breitweg, (P. Borzemski, J. Chwastowski, A. Eskreys, J. Figiel, K. Klimek,M.B. Przybycieri, L. Zawiejski) et al.,High-Er Inclusive Jet Cross Sections in Photoproduction at HERA,DESY 98-018 and Eur. Phys. J. C4 (1998) 591;
26. ZEUS Collab., J. Breitweg, (P. Borzemski, J. Chwastowski, A. Eskreys, J. Figiel, K. Klimek,M.B. Przybycieri, L. Zawiejski) et al.,Measurement of Three-jet Distributions in Photoproduction at HERA,DESY preprint 98-162 (1998); and Phys. Lett., B443 (1998) 394.
Reports:
1. T. Coghen, J. Godlewski, P. Kowalczyk, J. Michalowski, M. Stodulski,Temperature Distributions in PHOBOS Silicon Modules,PHOBOS Report 98-125 (1998);
2. ZEUS Collab., J. Breitweg, (P. Borzemski, J. Chwastowski, A. Eskreys, J. Figiel, K. Klimek,M.B. Przybycieri, L. Zawiejski) et al.,ZEUS Results on the Measurement and Phenomenology of F2 at Low x and Low (J2,DESY preprint 98-121 (1998);
3. ZEUS Collab., J. Breitweg, (P. Borzemski, J. Chwastowski, A. Eskreys, J. Figiel, K. Klimek,M.B. Przybycieri, L. Zawiejski) et al.,Exclusive Electroproduction of Rho° and J/Psi Mesons at HERA,DESY preprint 98-107 (1998).
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GRANTS:
Grants from The State Committee for Scientific Research:
1. Prof. A. Eskreys- grant No 2P03B10612,"ZEUS Experiment";
2. Prof. A. Eskreys and Prof K. Rybicki, - SPUB No 115/E-343/SPUB/P03/002/97and 115/E-343/SPUB/P03/154/98"ZEUS and HI Experiments at HERA";
3. Prof. A. Eskreys, - Funds for the international collaboration granted by the Committee forScientific Research.
Grants from other sources:
1. Prof. A. Eskreys- project POL-219-96,Support from Wissenschaftlich - technologische Zusammenarbeit mit Polen (WTZ).
PARTICIPATION IN CONFERENCES AND WORKSHOPS:
INVITED TALKS:
1. J. Chwastowski,"Lepton-Nucleus Interactions at HERA Collider",International Workshop on Coherent QCD Processes with Nucleons and Nuclei, Trento, Italy,7 - 1 1 September 1998.
PRESENTATIONS:
1. J. Chwastowski, A. Eskreys, J. Figiel, K. Klimek, and L. Zawiejski,The Cracow Epiphany Conference, Krakow 5 - 8 January 1998;
2. J. Chwastowski,"Status of o~tot(jp) Measurement",presentation at the ZEUS plenary meeting, DESY, 19 - 25 October 1998;
3. A. Eskreys,"Luminosity Monitor Upgrade After Year 2000",presentation at the ZEUS plenary meeting, DESY, 19 - 25 October 1998.
SCIENTIFIC DEGREES:
M.B. Przybycieri - Ph.D.
SEMINAR:
EXTERNAL:
1. J. Chwastowski:"Luminosity Measurement with ZEUS Luminosity Monitor",Ecole Polythechnique, Paris, France, 28 May 1998. I UEXT
191
DEPARTMENT PL"°2538
OF HIGH ENERGY NUCLEAR INTERACTIONS
Head of Department: Prof. Roman Holyriskifax: (48) (12) 633-38-84telephone: (48) (12) 633-33-66e-mail: [email protected]
PERSONNEL:
Research Staff:Anna Dabrowska, Ph.D. Adam Trzupek, Ph.D.Roman Holynski, Prof. Barbara Wilczynska, Ph.D.Dariusz Kudzia, M.Sc, E.E. Henryk Wilczyriski, Assoc. Prof.Andrzej Olszewski, Ph.D. Wladyslaw Wolter, Assoc. Prof.Pawei Sawicki, Ph.D. Barbara Wosiek, Assoc. Prof.Monika Szarska, Ph.D. Krzysztof Wozniak, Ph.D.
Technical Staff:Maria Brozyna Marianna KowalczykJanina Czajka Mieczyslawa ManieckaWitold Kita Anna Polarska
OVERVIEW:
In 1998 the research activities of the Department concentrated on investigations of heavy ioninteractions and the study of the primary cosmic rays.
In the field of heavy ion physics the EMU13 experiment supplied us with the data on Pb collisionswith different targets at the energy of 158 GeV/nucleon. High multiplicity Pb-Ag/Br collisions werestudied on event by event basis. It is believed that the investigation of individual high multiplicityevents should reveal the onset of new phenomena such as e.g., creation of a quark gluon plasma. Thefragmentation process of lead projectiles in Pb-Pb interactions recorded in emulsion chambers speciallydesigned for this purpose was also studied. The measured cross section indicated the important roleof electromagnetic processes in the high energy Pb-Pb interactions.
We also continued the investigations of Au collisions with the components of nuclear emulsion at10.6 GeV/nucleon (experiment BNL868). The results on the particle production were compared withpredictions of the RQMD model. The fragmentation of the Au projectile as well as the target nucleiwere analyzed.
PHOBOS experiment at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider at BNL will investigate Au-Au in-teractions at a center of mass energy 200 GeV/nucleon. Such interactions will produce the highest
192
energy density ever reached in a laboratory. It is expected that under these conditions the quarkgluon plasma will be discovered. The preparation for PHOBOS experiment have entered the finalstage with the first physical run at the accelerator planned for November 1999. The physicists fromour Department and the engineers from the High Energy Physics Detector Construction Group havebeen involved in computer simulations of various physical processes as well as designing, testing andconstructing the elements of the PHOBOS detector.
In the field of cosmic ray research our Department has started participating in the Pierre AugerProject. The aim of this broad-based international effort is to study cosmic rays at the highest energies(E > lO^eF) in order to obtain information on the sources and acceleration mechanisms of these highenergy particles.
I would like to take this opportunity to acknowledge the great effort of all the members of theDepartment of High Energy Nuclear Interactions in obtaining the significant scientific results in thepast year.
Professor Roman Holynski
REPORTS ON RESEARCH:
CERN EMU13 EXPERIMENT x
The KLM Collaboration 2
Group from the Institute of Nuclear Physics includes:A. Dabrowska, R. Holynski, A. Olszewski, M. Szarska, A. Trzupek, B. Wilczyriska,
H. Wilczyriski, W. Wolter, B. Wosiek, and K. Wozniak
Event-by-Event Analysis of High MultiplicityPb(158 GeV/nucleon) - Ag/Br Collisions
We have presented [1] different methods of analyzing individual nucleus-nucleus interactions.These methods have been applied to study, on an event-by-event basis, high multiplicity collisionsof Pb(158 GeV/nucleon) with the Ag/Br targets of nuclear emulsion from the EMU13 experiment.The in measurements of particles produced in these collisions ensure that the results on single eventproperties are not distorted by acceptance cuts. The global characterization of particle pseudorapiditydistributions has not revealed the presence of anomalous events. The analysis of the roughness of T)distributions showed no significant deviations of the single event spectra from the distribution aver-aged over the sample of all events. The search for high density regions in the one-dimensional TJ and <pdistributions showed the rare occurrence of small phase space domains with densities that exceeded,by a factor of 1.5 -r- 2, the average density. Similar densely populated regions are also seen in MonteCarlo VENUS [2] and FRITIOF [3] simulations, but with a slightly smaller probability. Cluster-likeobjects were identified in the two-dimensional r\ — <p phase space by using the cone algorithm. Theanalysis revealed a slightly stronger clustering of particles in the measured events than in the VENUSor FRITIOF generated events. We have also observed deviations from the scenario of completelyindependent particle emission in the analysis of clusters with small angular separation.
'This research has been partially supported in Poland by the State Committee for Scientific Research, grant No2P03B18409 and M. Sklodowska-Curie Fund II PAA/NSF-96-256.
2Participating institutions: Institute of Nuclear Physics, Krakow, Poland; Department of Physics and Astronomy,Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA; University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
193
Ev. 10811001 Ev- 1OS26001
A systematic study of particle density fluctu-ations at all scales was performed by meansof the factorial moments method [4]. In sin-gle collision events we observed different pat-terns of dynamical fluctuations (see Fig. 1).Therefore the systematic analysis of parti-cle density fluctuations in phase space do-mains of varying size, performed in terms offactorial moments, can be used as an effec-tive triggering for events with large dynami-cal fluctuations. The analysis presented hereindicates that the effects observed in highmultiplicity events are dominated by a largecombinatorial background. The search forlarge event anomalies in future heavy ion ex-periments can be performed with the help of FiS- L L°g-l°g pl° t s o f the factorial moments F™known methods, such as those discussed in v s t h e , n u m b e r M o f c e l l s calculated for the two. , . ^ ,, ., , , ,, , , ,. Pb-Ag/Br events in the one-dimensional fi (upperthis paper. On the other hand, the detection , , , ~ „ , A -, , . T. , fi
_ „ _ .,, , , ,._ , plots) and <p (lower plots) bins. Lines show theof small effects will be extremely difficult. fitg t o p o w e r l a w f u n c t i o n s .References:1. M. L. Cherry et al, The KLM Collab., Acta Phys. Pol. B29 (1998) 2129;2. K. Werner, Phys. Rep. 232 (1995) 87;3. H. Pi, Computer Physics Comm. 71 (1992) 173;4. A. Bialas, R. Peschanski: Nucl. Phys. B273 (1986) 703, B308 (1988) 857, K. Kadija, P. Seyboth: Z. Phys.C61 (1994) 465.
Fragmentation of the Pb Projectile at 158 GeV/nucleon in Pb-PbInteractions
The access to the 158 GeV/nucleon lead ions at CERN SPS provided the opportunity to studythe fragmentation of heavy nuclei at the highest accelerator energies. The lead-emulsion chamber (seeFig. 1) composed of target, angular measurement and charge identification modules appeared to bea suitable tool for investigating the projectile fragmentation in Pb-Pb collisions. It has been found thatthe experimentally determined cross section of Pb-Pb interactions is greater than the predicted nu-clear charge changing cross section, due to a contribution of electromagnetic processes. The observedevents of Pb-Pb fragmentation caused by electromagnetic dissociation do not differ significantly fromthe break-up caused by nuclear processes and therefore investigated sample of events is a combinationof about 80 % of nuclear origin and the rest of electromagnetic nature.
M
•in
isISid.
t5cm
a). Emulsion
b)
- Spacer" - EmulsionC)
Fig. 1. EMU13 emulsion chamber (a). Blowups of the target module (T), the angularmeasurement module (M) and the charge measurement module (C) are correspond-ingly shown in Figs: b), c) and d).
194
Angular and charge measurements of singly charged particles and multiply charged fragments emit-ted within restricted cone 8 < 9 mrad {r} = —In tan(6/2) > 5.5) have been performed in consecutiveemulsion plates using a semi-automated CCD device. The uncertainty of charge determination was ofthe order of 10 % for the charges above 30 and of the order of 1-2 charge units for the light fragments.Such accuracy was sufficient to allow us to study different fragmentation topologies.
Among various fragmentation channels, there is a well defined class of events corresponding to thefission of the Pb nucleus. The observed fission events correspond to the cross section (jflS3ton RJ 340m&.Another type of Pb fragmentation process, investigated by us, was the multifragmentation in which aheavy projectile breaks up into many fragments of relatively small charges. We have selected eventswith at least three light N/ fragments and by a light fragment we assume a fragment with a charge2 < Zj < 15. Despite numerous studies of multifragmentation process, the question whether it canbe associated with a phase change or is a statistical process, remains open. The charge distributionfor multifragmentation is well described by exponential dependence P{Zf) ~ e~tlZi with coefficientpk = 0.26 ± 0.02 (Fig. 2). Fig. 3 shows the fragment multiplicity distribution. Within statistical errorbars this distribution is consistent with the Poisson distribution. We also see no evidence for theangular correlation between fragments. All these observations favor the statistical interpretation ofthe multifragmentation process.
10" -
10"
\
Fig. 3. Multiplicity distribution of Nf fragmentsin multifragmentation events with the Poissonfit.
Fig. 2. The charge distribution of fragments formultifragmentation events. The line is an expo-nential fit to the data points.
BNL E868 Experiment 1 PL9902541The KLM Collaboration 2
The group from the Institute of Nuclear Physics includes:A. D^browska, R. Holynski, A. Olszewski, M. Szarska, A. Trzupek, B. Wilczynska,
H. Wilczynski, W. Wolter, B. Wosiek, and K. Wozniak
Fragmentation and Particle Production in Interactions of10.6 GeV/n Gold Nuclei with Hydrogen, Light and Heavy Tragets.
We continued the investigation of 10.6 GeV/n Au interactions with different components of nuclearemulsion. The analysis of the fragmentation of the projectile gold nucleus, performed earlier [1,2,3,4],was recently extended to detailed study of different fragmentation channels. The new analysis includedalso the investigation of the fragmentation of target nuclei and the multiparticle production [5].
In the fragmentation of the target nuclei we do not observe any correlation between the numberNi of target evaporation fragments and the number Ng of recoil target protons for gold interactionswith heavy Ag/Br nuclei (Fig. 1).
'This work has been partially supported in Poland by the State Committee for Scientific Research, GrantNo 2P03B18409 and the MSC Fund II PAA/NSF-96-256.
2Participating institutions: Institute of Nuclear Physics, Krakow, Poland; Department of Physics and Astronomy,Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA; University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
195
15
10
5
n
-
-
-
1 1 I I 1 ,
Au-(Ag,Br)1
1fi
i
T" ' ~T~ * *
•<Nb>vsNB
° <Nfl> vs Nb
10 15 20 25
Fig. 1.
- 2 - 1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 B
Fig. 2.
Similar independence of Nb and Ng was observed in [6] for interactions of protons and light nucleiwith the emulsion nuclei and was interpreted as the existence of a critical temperature of the exitedtarget nucleus.
The multiparticle production was studied as a function of the mass of the target nucleus. Anattempt to describe experimental data by the Relativistic Quantum Molecular Dynamics (RQMD)simulations was only partially satisfactory. The shape of the multiplicity distribution of producedcharged particles in Au interactions with heavy targets Ag/Br is reproduced by the RQMD Model,except for the highest multiplicities where the statistics is poor. The shape of the pseudorapidity (??)distribution (Fig. 2) of singly charged relativistic particles Ns emitted from central collisions of Auwith Ag/Br is quite well described by the model simulations. On the other hand pseudorapidity dis-tributions measured in inclusive data samples are not correctly reproduced by the RQMD simulations.Model predictions underestimate particle densities at the central pseudorapidity region.
References:
1. M. L. Cherry et al., Z. Phys. C62 (1994) 25;2. M. L. Cherry et al., Z. Phys. C63 (1994) 549;3. M. L. Cherry et al., Phys. Rev. C52 (1995) 2652;4. W. Wolter et el., Proc 25th ICRC Durban, Vol. 6 (1997) 5;5. M. L. Cherry et al., Europ. Phys. J., C5 (1998) 641;6. A. Dabrowska et al., Z. Phys. C59 (1993) 399.
PL9902542
Energy Dependence of the Au Projectile Fragmentationin Au - Emulsion Interactions
The process of the fragmentation of the Au projectile interacting with the emulsion target wasinvestigated at the primary energy of 10.6 GeV/nucleon [1, 2] and below 1 GeV/nucleon [3]. The lowenergy sample was divided into four subsamples of events characterized by different energies of thegold nuclei covering the range from 0.1 to 1 GeV/nucleon.
The study of the gold fragmentation in minimum bias samples showed that the high energy goldnuclei were more severely broken up than those of low energies, producing a smaller heaviest fragment,Z\ and releasing more singly charged particles, Np ( Fig. la). The spectator part of the gold nucleusbounded in multiply charged fragments, Z(,ound, also decreases with increasing projectile energy.
Fig. lb shows that the mean numbers of alpha particles, Na, and heavier fragments, JV/r (Z> 3),and the mean value of the fragment charge, Z/ r slightly decrease with the energy. A new channel ofgold disintegration into singly charged fragments is observed at 10.6 GeV/nucleon data contributingto 1.3% of all interactions.
196
Eo [ MeV/nucleon]
Fig. 1: The energy dependence of mean values of Zboun^ Z\, Np, Zjr, Na, Njr. Lines are the linearfits to the experimental data as a function of lni?o-
Different processes of nuclear fragmentation have been studied, among them the fission of goldnuclei and processes of spallation and multifragmentation. It was found, that the cross section for thefission of gold nuclei decreases with increasing incident energy. On the other hand, characteristics of thespallation process seem to be independent of the incident energy, while those of multifragmentationchange with energy. The analysis of fragment multiplicity distributions and angular correlationsbetween fragments for multifragmentation events suggests a statistical nature of this process.
References:1. M.L. Cherry et al., Z. Phys. C 62 (1994) 25; M.L. Cherry et al., Phys. Rev. C 52 (1995) 2652; M.L. Cherryet al., Eur. Phys. J. C 5 (1998) 641;2. A. Dabrowska, Ph.D. Thesis, INP, Krakow (1998);3. C.J. Waddington and P.S. Freier, Phys Rev. C 31 (1985)
PL9902543
Measurement of Charge of Heavy Ions Using a CCD Camera1
A. Dc^browska, R. Holyriski, D. Kudzia, A. Olszewski, M. Szarska, A. Trzupek, B. Wilczyriska,H. Wilczyriski, W. Wolter, B. Wosiek, and K. Wozniak
Charges of heavy ions can be measured manually in nuclear emulsion by counting grains, gapsor delta electrons along the track. This is, however, a slow and labor-intensive procedure. Therewere many attempts in the past to automate these measurements by photometry of the track [1],but these proved in many cases difficult to apply. The photometric profile of a track in the emulsiondepends on a number of variables: charge and energy of the particle, emulsion grain size and density,location depth and inclination of the track in emulsion, background objects seen in the field od viev,illumination of the field of view, microscope optical properites, etc.
The automation attempts so far used mainly the width of the track profile as a relevant parameter,which is relatively insensitive to emulsion properties and illumination. We have succeded in calibratingnot only the width, but also the height of track profile, after applying necessary corrections for emulsionproperties and illumination [2]. The height of the track profile is a more sensitive measure of chargein the range of small charges, while the width is a better measure of large charges. Fig. 1 illustrates
'This research was partially supported by Polish State Committee for Scientific Research, Grants No 2 P03B 181 09,2 P03B 184 09 and by M. Skiodowska-Curie Fund II, Grant No PAA/NSF-96-256.
197
the resolution of the profile height method in the range of small charges. The overall accuracy ofboth the height and width methods is shown in Fig. 2. The relative error of charge measurementsusing track profile changes from between 5% and 10% for small charges to 4% for the heaviest nuclei.Measurements using the CCD camera are several times quicker than manual delta electron countingand very reproducible.
10-
5-
CtiargeefTOr- M t t d o n l u I a U h• bam) on hdgM tar d-SOn
buaclonMgKMriMMn- tuned on IwfcM Tor d-ZKv
20 40 60 80 10 20 30 40
z50 60 70 80
Fig. 1. The distribution of the profile height forcharges Z < 10, smoothed with the Savitzky-Golay filter.
References:
Fig. 2. The standard deviation of charge vs.charge for measurements based on track profileheight and width.
[1] M. Ceccarelli and G.T. Zorn, Phil. Mag. 43 (1952) 356; L. Van Rossum, Ann. Phys. 10 (1955) 643;M. Ichimuraet al., Nucl. Instr. Meth. 300 (1991) 616; S.P. Angius et al., Nucl. Instr. Meth. B63 (1992)359; P.G. Bizzeti and M. Delia Corte Nuovo Cim. 7 (1958) 231;
[2] D. Kudzia et al., INP Report No 1802/PH, to be published in Nucl. Instr. Meth.
PHOBOS EXPERIMENT at RHIC1
The PHOBOS Collaboration 2 PL9902544
Group from the Institute of Nuclear Physics includes:A. Bialas, W. Bogucki, A. Budzanowski, W. Czyz, K. Galuszka, R. Holyriski,
J. Kotuia, M. Lemler, J. Michabwski, A Olszewski, P. Sawicki, M. Stodulski, A. Trzupek,B. Wosiek, K. Wozniak, K. Zalewski, and P. Zychowski
During 1998 a tremendous progress has been made in both construction of the PHOBOS detectorand the preparation of the physics program. This progress guarantees that the PHOBOS experimentwill be fully operational at the turn-on of the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider at BNL, scheduled forthe Fall of 1999. The group of physicists and engineers from our Institute contributed significantly tothe past year achievements of the PHOBOS Collaboration.
All the mechanical support structures for the PHOBOS spectrometer and multiplicity detectorswere manufactured at the INP, shipped to the US and now await the installation in the acceleratortunnel. Other hardware activities included the design of the mechanical support and the fabrication ofthe light guides for the time-of-flight detectors, the final design and the beginning of the construction
Supported in part in Poland by Maria Sklodowska-Curie FUND II (PAA/NSF-95-229).2Participating institutions: From Poland: Institute of Nuclear Physics, Jagiellonian University; From USA: Argonne
National Laboratory, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Oak Ridge NationalLaboratory, University of Illinois at Chicago, University of Maryland, University of Rochester, Yale University; FromTaiwan: National Central University.
198
of the cooling system for silicon detectors, as well as the conceptual project of the detector enclosures.More details of the hardware activities are described in this Annual Report, at the Chapter: HighEnergy Physics Detector Construction Group.
The physicists from our Institute worked on the development of the software analysis tools andalso prepared and successfully tested the reconstruction and analysis of 130 GB of simulated data atthe RCF (RHIC Computing Facility). The software package for the analysis of the data obtained fromthe Testbeam'98 was developed in the collaboration with the PHOBOS group from the MassachusettsInstitute of Technology. Monte Carlo simulation of various physics processes was well advanced. Theprogress was also made in the development and optimization of the template algorithm for recon-struction and identification of particles recorded in the PHOBOS spectrometer. The following shortreports summarize our software activities in 1998.
Developments in the Phobos Analysis Tool (PhAT) SoftwarePhAT offline software is based on the object oriented ROOT framework. It provides definitions of
basic objects and methods for storing, retrieving and manipulations of data events and properties ofall the elements of the Phobos detector.
In 1998 work continued in several directions. The general aim was to produce data similar to thosethat will be obtained during a real experimental run, and to test programs and procedures developedfor the purpose of reconstruction and data analysis.
A detailed description of detector sensors has been completed, except for classes defining TOF andtrigger sensors, that still require more work. A class for storing raw data consisting of digitized signalscoming from sensor pads had been designed, a data base of mapping between electronic channels andsensor pads had been constructed and methods for conversion between pads and channels have beenwritten.
Tests of the software were performed at the RCF during the first round of the Mock Data Challenge(MDC). In these tests Phobos had transferred some 10 milion events to the RCF storage device,the High Performance Storage Server (HPSS). During the 6 weeks of MDC almost all the raw datatransferred to HPSS were reconstructed and analysed using the PhAT software. PhAT software hasbeen performing very well. This was seen in the utilization rate of CPU power that was close to 80%for the Phobos experiment, the highest among all RHIC experiments. Scientists from INP mainlycontributed to this success. Their activities included production of simulated raw data, developmentof programs to test data reconstruction and running the MDC tests.
Test Beam '98Soon after the MDC a test of the Phobos detector sensors took place. It was called Test Beam '98
(TB98). During the two weeks in October a set of 4 silicon planes constructed out of 8 sensors fromthe Phobos spectrometer module was setup, and together with trigger counters connected to a readoutelectronics and exposed to beams of several types of particle at energies ranging from 0.3 MeV/c upto8GeV/c (see Fig. 1).
TOF start Degrader J J 1 ^ typei'modules™11 «*°P
Fig. 1. The setup of the Test Beam '98 apparatus.
The purpose of the tests was to measure a response of the Phobos silicon sensors to particles atdifferent momentum regimes. At the momenta where particles exhibit a minimum ionizing behavioura signal amplitude would be measured to find out a signal to noise ratio, and important factor in
199
the sensor performance. At high momenta a relativistic rise of energy loss for ionization would bemeasured and compared with theoretical predictions. In the low momenta range a 1//3 was measuredfor pions and kaons, and attempt was made to find the amplitude of the signal coming from stopping
particles. After two weeks of tests on variousbeams some 2 X 106 events have been collected,45 Gbytes of raw data were written to tapes.They were being taken with a frequency up tolOOHz. The system performance was excellent.On the total of 12,000 electronics channels, only60 channels were found to be noisy. A sig-nal/noise ratio was found to be about 17:1, anda total efficiency 98%. With this signal/noise ra-tio and a stable noise levels it was immediatelypossible to extract signals coming from physicalparticles hitting sensors.
Fig. 2
In Fig. 2 a sequence of signals in four planes for single track crossing these planes can be seen.The results of the full analysis of the TB98 data will be used for a fine calibration of Phobos detectorsfor detection of various particles in the broad energy range.
Monte Carlo SimulationsHeavy ion collisions are complex processes that involve many nonperturbative effects. There-
fore our understanding of nucleus-nucleus interactions at relativistic energies are mainly restricted tophenomenological models. Their MC implementation are valuable tool for the initial design of theexperiment and further for the analysis of the experimental data. At present, there are at least severalMC generators, based on different physical assumptions.
For the purpose of PHOBOS experiment we performed comparison of the results produced byfour event generators: HIJET, FRITIOF, HIJING and VENUS. For further development we choseHIJING which in our opinion is based on a reliable physics grounds and gives the results which are inagreement with simple extrapolation from the low energy region.
At the RHIC energy we expect the appearance of newphysical effects, which are not included in the initialdesign of HIJING. Therefore we introduced modifica-tions to the HIJING output in order to simulate ef-fects of droplets of plasma. In our model we replacesome part of charged pions from the HIJING outputby pions produced from a spherical thermal source.The momenta of produced pions are distributed ac-cording to Boltzmann spectrum with the temperatureof 170 MeV. The results of pure HIJING generatorand HIJING generator with 30% of pions producedfrom plasma droplets were compared. In both casesmomentum distributions of positive pions are similar,whereas pseudorapidity distribution obtained from themodified Hijing shows an excess of pions in the cen-tral region as compared to the pure Hijing simulations(Fig. 3).
i ! i 111 i 11 L i l i i i 1 1 1 1 i i ! 11 11 f i i i i Li i t i I n i 11
- 5 - 4 - 3 - 2 - 1 0 1 2 3 4 5
Fig. 3: Pseudorapidity distribution forpure Hijing events (dashed histogram) andfor events with plasma production (full his-togram) .
200
The capabilities of the PHOBOS apparatus allow detailed studies of the HBT effects. At present,there is no well defined method for incorporating Bose-Einstein correlations into MC generators. Forour purposes we have tested two methods: the first one based on shifts of momenta of identicalparticle, the second one based on mixing of events. Our preliminary results show that both methodswork reasonably well if the size of the pion source is of the order of 10 fm. For smaller sources, wenoted that one should take into account also higher order correlations. In 1999 we are going to performfurther tests of both methods and utilize the results to test resolution of the detector.
Track reconstructionThe momentum measurement and identification of the charged particles will be done in the PHO-
BOS spectrometer. It consists of 16 layers of silicon sensors, placed in a 2 T magnetic field, except thefirst 4 layers located outside the magnet. The reconstruction algorithm is based on the track templatescalculated for range of particle momenta, p, and emission angles, 0. A track template contains theinformation on the hit positions in each layer and the full covariance matrix of deviations from themean position of the hits. The deviations are due mainly to multiple scattering in the silicon andare strongly correlated. If a particle scatters in a sensor, it influences the hit position in all the sub-sequent layers. Track candidates are created by searching for hits combinations compatible with thetemplate trajectory. Then for each candidate x2 values are calculated. Candidates with probabilityless than 1% are rejected and the remaining ones are tested for the hit sharing. If a pair of candidateshas more then 2 common hits, the less probable candidate is rejected. In the study presented herethe reconstruction of pions with total momentum of about 450 MeV/c and emission angle 9 close to45° was tested. The templates used were calculated for $ step of 0.2° and momentum step of about2.25 MeV/c.
Hants. 963
Mean = 7.7sens&-05
HMS =0.00767101
4.03 0.03
A A
vLav25
20
15
10
5
0
IIIN«*nt » 963
Mean =0.00705146
RMS =0.118121
, , i , ii1 j^BBiidii!§llllitil3i
I ii
III,,.-0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0.2 0.4 0.6
Fig. 4: Error of reconstructed total momentum ptot and emission angle 6.
The reconstructed efficiency of single pion tracks is of the order of 95% . The resolution in 8(a = 0.13°) is better than the template grid. The resolution in momentum is 7.8 MeV/c (Ap/p = 1.7%)and can be improved by the global momentum fitting.
201
JACEE Experiment1
The JACEE Collaboration2 PL9902545
Group from the Institute of Nuclear Physics includes:B. Wilczyriska, H. Wilczyriski, and W. Wolter
The cosmic ray energy spectra and composition studies were continued with balloon-borne emulsionchambers. The JACEE results represent the highest energy direct particle-by-particle measurementsavailable on the spectra of cosmic-ray hydrogen and helium nuclei up to 800 TeV. With the improvedstatistics from the Antarctic flights, the results appear to be fully consistent with the predictions basedon models of supernova shock acceleration coupled with the 'leaky-box' model of propagation throughthe Galaxy [1].
Heavier nuclei indicate generally flatter spectra than the proton spectrum, suggesting a change incosmic ray composition towards heavy nuclei dominance at energies approaching the 'knee' region ofthe cosmic ray spectrum [2].
References:
[1] K. Asakimori et al., Astrophys. J. 502 (1998) 278;[2] Y. Takahashi et al., Nucl. Phys. B (Proc. Suppl.) B60 (1998) 83.
i IIIIIIII in
PL9902546Pierre Auger Project
Group from the Institute of Nuclear Physics in 1998 includes:
M. Kutschera (Department of Theoretical Physics), B. Wilczyriska, and H. Wilczyriski.
The Pierre Auger Project is a broad-based international effort to make a detailed study of cosmicrays at the highest energies. The objectives of the Project are to measure the arrival direction, energyand mass composition of cosmic rays above 1019 eV. The Auger Collaboration involves nearly 50institutions from 19 countries: Argentina, Armenia, Australia, Bolivia, Brazil, Czech Rep., China,France, Germany, Greece, Italy, Japan, Mexico, Poland, Russia, Slovenia, Vietnam, UK and USA.
Cosmic ray energy spectrum extends to energies above 1O20 eV, i.e. eight orders of magnitudehigher than the highest energies attained in terrestrial particle accelerators. In spite of the manydecades of cosmic ray research, neither the sources nor acceleration mechanisms of these highestenergy particles have been identified yet - the existing experimental data is insufficient. The smallvalue of the cosmic ray flux represents a major experimental difficulty in cosmic ray detection - above1020 eV this flux is about 1 particle/km2/century.
Cosmic ray particles of extreme energies travelling the large intergalactic distances interact withphotons of the cosmic microwave background radiation [1]. These interactions limit the particles'range to several tens megaparsecs [2]. Therefore, the highest energy cosmic rays which do arrive tothe Earth, must come from nearby sources, which should be rather easy to identify. However, thearrival directions of the cosmic rays of extreme energies show no convincing correlation with knownastrophysical objects which could be the cosmic ray sources [3].
The aim of the Pierre Auger Observatory [4] is to provide experimental data necessary to determinethe origin of the highest energy particles in the universe [5]. The Pierre Auger Observatory detectorswill be spread over a total area of 6000 km2, divided into two sites of 3000 km2 each: one in thesouthern hemisphere (in Province of Mendoza, Argentina) and the other in the northern (in Utah,
'This research was partially supported by Polish State Committee for Scientific Research, Grant No 2 P03B 181 09and by M. Sklodowska-Curie Fund II, Grant No PAA/NSF-96-256.
2Participating institutions: Institute for Cosmic Ray Research - University of Tokyo, Hiroshima University, KEK,Kobe University, Kobe Women's Junior College, Kochi University, Okayama University of Science, Tezukayama Univer-sity, Waseda University, University of Alabama in Huntsville, Louisiana State University, NASA Marshall Space FlightCenter, University of Washington, Institute of Nuclear Physics - Krakow.
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Fig. 1: The principle of hybrid detection of extensive air showers in the Pierre Auger Observatory.
USA). Thus the full sky coverage will be achieved to enable detailed studies of anisotropy in cosmicray arrival directions.
The Auger apparatus will be a hybrid detector. It will consist of a ground array of water Cerenkovdetectors recording the extensive air showers at the ground level and of an optical detector similar toFly's Eye which will record fluorescence light emitted by nitrogen molecules along the shower path.The principle of hybrid detection of an air shower is shown in Fig. 1. The Auger Observatory willuse some novel experimental techniques: Each of the 3200 Cerenkov detector stations will be poweredby solar panels and batteries; the communication between the stations and data transfer to a centralcomputer will be done using methods similar to cellular telephone techniques; the accurate timing willbe achieved by using signals received from the Global Positioning System (GPS) satellites.
The Cracow group participates in development of the fluorescence detector. The current activitiesare focussed on the detector design optimization through detailed Monte Carlo studies of variouscomponents of the detector.
References:
[1] K. Greisen, Phys. Rev. Lett. 16 (1966) 786; G.T. Zatsepin and V.A. Kuzmin, JETP Lett. 4 (1966) 78;[2] J.W. Cronin, Nucl. Phys B28 (Proc.Suppl) (1992) 213; F.A. Aharonian and J.W. Cronin, Phys. Rev. D50
(1994) 1892;[3] A.M. Hillas, Nature 395 (3 September 1998) 15;[4] The Pierre Auger Design Report, second edition, Fermilab (1997)
(available at http://www.auger.org/admin/DesignReport/);[5] H. Wilczynski, Proc. of the Commission for Astrophysics, Polish Academy of Arts and Sciences, Krakow,
Poland (in print).
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LIST OF PUBLICATIONS:Articles:
1. JACEE Collab., Y. Takahashi, (R. Hołyński, A. Jurak, B. Wilczyńska, H. Włlczyński, W. Wolter)et al.,Elemental Abundances of High Energy Cosmic Rays,Proc. of the 15-th ECRS, Perpignan, Prance in: Nucl. Phys. B (Proc. Suppl.) 60B (1998) 83;
2. JACEE Collab., K. Asakimori, (R. Hołyński, B. Wilczyńska, H. Wilczyński, W. Wolter) et al.,Cosmic-Ray Proton and Helium Spectra: Results from the JACEE Experiment,Astrophys. J. 502 (1998) 278;
3. KLM Collab., A. Dąbrowska, (R. Hołyński, D. Kudzia, A. Olszewski, M. Szarska, A. Trzupek,B. Wilczyńska, H. Wilczyński, W. Wolter, B. Wosiek, K. Woźniak) et al.,Comparison of Particle Production in Pb(158 GeV/nucléon) - Ag/Br Collisions with the VENUSand FRITIOF Models,Nucl. Phys. A633 (1998) 357;
4. KLM Collab., M.L. Cherry, (A. Dąbrowska, R. Hołyński, A. Olszewski, M. Szarska, A. Trzupek,B. Wilczyńska, H. Wilczyński, W. Wolter, B. Wosiek, K. Woźniak) et al.,Event-by-Event Analysis of High Multiplicity Pb(158 GeV/nucléon) - Ag/Br Collisions,Acta Phys. Pol. B29 (1998) 2129;
5. KLM Collab., M.L. Cherry, (A. Dąbrowska, R. Hołyński, A. Olszewski, M. Szarska, A. Trzupek,B. Wilczyńska, H. Wilczyński, W. Wolter, B. Wosiek, K. Woźniak) et al.,Fragmentation of the Pb Projectile at 158 GeV/nucléon in Pb-Pb Interactions,Acta Phys. Pol. B29 (1998) 2155;
6. KLM Collab., M.L. Cherry, (A. Dąbrowska, R. Hołyński, A. Olszewski, M. Szarska, A. Trzupek,B. Wilczyńska, H. Wilczyński, W. Wolter, B. Wosiek, K. Woźniak) et al.,Fragmentation and Particle Production in Interactions of 10.6 GeV/N Gold Nuclei with Hydro-gen, Light and Heavy Targets,IFJ Report 1799/PH and Eur. Phys. J. C5 (1998) 641.
Proceedings:
1. JACEE Collab., B.S. Nilsen, (B. Wilczyńska, H. Wilczyński, W. Wolter) et al.,New Results on Cosmic Ray H and He Composition from the JA CEE Collaboration,Proc. of the Texas Symp. on Relativistic Astrophysics, Chicago (1998) (in print).
Other conference materials:
1. KLM Collab., A. Dąbrowska, (R. Hołyński, A. Jurak, A. Olszewski, M. Szarska, A. Trzupek,B. Wilczyńska, H. Wilczyński, W. Wolter, B. Wosiek, K. Woźniak) et al.,Charges and Angular Distributions of Projectile Fragments Produced in Pb-Pb Collisions at 158A GeV/c,The Poster Session Summaries Book of XVIII Physics in Collision, Frascati, Italy, 17-19 June1998, p. 25;
2. KLM Collab., A. Dąbrowska, (R. Hołyński, A. Jurak, A. Olszewski, M. Szarska, A. Trzupek,B. Wilczyńska, H. Wilczyński, W. Wolter, B. Wosiek, K. Woźniak) et al.,Fragmentation of the Au Projectile Nucleus in Au-Emulsion Interactions in the Energy Range0.1-10.6 GeV/Nucléon,The Poster Session Summaries Book of XVIII Physics in Collision, Frascati, Italy, 17-19 June1998, p. 27.
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Reports:
1. D. Kudzia, (A. Da>rowska, R. Holynski, A. Olszewski, M. Szarska, A. Trzupek, B. Wilczynska,H. Wilczyriski, W. Wolter, B. Wosiek, K. Wozniak) et al.,Measurement of Charge of Heavy Ions in Emulsion Using a CCD Camera,IFJ Report 1802/PH (1998).
GRANTS:
Grants from The State Committee for Scientific Research:
1. Prof. R. Holynski- grant No 2P03B18409,"Multiparticle Production and Fragmentation of Nuclei in Nuclear Interactions at High Energies"(1.08.1995-31.07.1998);
2. Assoc. Prof. W. Wolter- grant No 2P03B18109,"Investigation of Cosmic-Ray Particles in the Energy Range 1012 - 1015eV in the JACEE Ex-periment" (1.08.1995-31.07.1998).
Grants from other sources:
1. Prof. R. Holynski- The M. Sklodowska-Curie Foundation II No PAA/NSF-95-229,"Search for the Quark Gluon Plasma - the PHOBOS Project at the Relativistic Heavy IonCollider (RHIC)" (1.03.1995-28.02.1999);
2. Assoc. Prof. W. Wolter- The M. Sklodowska-Curie Foundation II No PAA/NSF-96-256,"Energy Spectra of Cosmic-Ray Particles and Nuclear Interactions at Accelerator and Cosmic-Ray Energies" (1.01.1996-31.12.1999).
PARTICIPATION IN CONFERENCES AND WORKSHOPS:
INVITED TALKS:
1. B. Wosiek"Other HEP Experimental Groups in Poland", R-ECFA Meeting, Krakow, Poland, 4th September
1998.
PRESENTATIONS:
Oral:
1. B. Wosiek,"Event-by-Event Analysis of High Energy Nucleus-Nucleus Collisions", Workshop on High En-ergy Heavy Ion Physics, Krakow, Poland, 14th January 1998;
2. B. Wilczynska,"Study of Gold Nuclei Fragmentation due to Nuclear Interactions at 10.6 GeV/nucleon", Inter-national Symposium on Very High Energy Cosmic Ray Interactions, Gran Sasso, Italy, 12 - 17July 1998;
3. H. Wilczynski,"Energy Flow in an Interaction Event With Asymmetric Emission of Secondaries", InternationalSymposium on Very High Energy Cosmic Ray Interactions, Gran Sasso, Italy, 12 - 17 July 1998.
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Posters:
1. A. Dabrowska,"Fragmentation of the Au Projectile Nucleus in Au-Emulsion Interactions in the Energy Range0.1-10.6 GeV/nucleon", XVIII International Conference on PHYSICS IN COLLISION, Frascati,Italy, 17 - 19 June 1998;
2. M. Szarska," Charges and Angular Distributions of Projectile Fragments Produced in Pb-Pb Collisions at158 A GeV/c", XVIII International Conference on PHYSICS IN COLLISION, Frascati, Italy,17 - 19 June 1998.
ORGANIZED CONFERENCES AND WORKSHOPS:
Workshop on High Energy Heavy Ion Physics, Institute of Nuclear Physics, Poland, January 1998.
SCIENTIFIC DEGREES:
A. Dabrowska- Ph.D., April 1998.
SEMINARS:
EXTERNAL:
1. H. Wilczynski," The Highest Energy Particles in the Universe","INP Open Day", Krakow, Poland, October 1998;
2. H. Wilczynski,"Study of Cosmic Rays with Highest Energies in the Pierre Auger Experiment",Seminar of the Department of Theoretical Physics, INP, Krakow, Poland, November 1998;
3. H. Wilczyriski,"The Puzzle of the Origin of Cosmic Rays with Highest Energies",Polish Physical Society Seminar, December 1998;
4. A. Dabrowska,"Study of the Fragmentation of Au Nuclei in the Energy Range 0.1-10.6 GeV/nucleon",Seminar of the Department of Nuclear Reactions, INP, Krakow, Poland, November 1998;
5. B Wosiek,"Experiments with colliding Beams of Relativistics Nuclei",Warsaw University, Poland, May 1998.
INTERNAL:
1. B. Wilczynska,"Measurement of Charge of Heavy Ions in Emulsion Using CCD Camera";
2. J. Cronin (University of Chicago, USA),"Neutrino Detection in the Pierre Auger Observatory Detectors";
3. A. Para (Fermilab, USA),"Emulsion Detector for MINOS Experiment";
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4. T. Tominaga (Hiroshima International University, Japan),"Detection of Heavy Nuclei in the JACEE Experiment";
5. A. Dajarowska,"Analysis of the Charge Moments in Multifragmentation Processes for Au Nuclei in the EnergyRange 0.1-10.6 GeV/nucleon";
6. M. Szarska,"Charge Measurements of Projectile Fragments in Emulsion Chambers for EMU13 Experiment";
7. A. Olszewski,"Mass and Width Measurements of the cj> Mesons Decays Using PHOBOS Detector";
8. A. Trzupek,"Comparison of the Experimental Results with RQMD Model for Particles Produced in theCollisions of Au Nuclei with Different Nuclear Targets";
9. K. Wozniak,"Optimization of Particle Track Reconstruction in the Spectrometer of the PHOBOS Detector";
10. P. Sawicki,"Implementation of the Plasma Source in HIJING Generator";
11. W. Wolter,"Fragmentation of the Projectile and Target Nuclei in Au-Nucleus Interactions at10.6 GeV/nucleon";
12. R. Holyriski," Comparison of Fragmentation for Au and Pb Nuclei in Collisions with the Different NuclearTargets";
13. B. Wosiek,"Analysis of the Factorial Moments of the Angular Distributions of Particles Produced in Au-AuCollisions at 200 GeV/nucleon in CM System".
SHORT TERM VISITORS:
1. B. Back (ANL, USA),2. M. Baker (MIT, USA),3. W. Busza (MIT, USA),4. P. Decowski (MIT', USA),5. R. Ganz (UIC, USA),6. S. Gushue (BNL, USA),7. W. Lin (NCU, Taiwan),8. 5. Manly (Yale, USA),9. A. Mignerey (UM, USA),
10. H. Pernegger (MIT, USA),11. L. Remsberg (BNL, USA),12. G. Roland (CERN, USA),13. 5. Steadman (MIT, USA),14. A. Sanzgiri (Yale, USA),15. B. Wadsworth (MIT, USA),16. F. Wolfs (Rochester, USA),17. B. Wyslouch (MIT, USA),18. G.S.F. Stephans (MIT, USA),19. /. Parib(BNL, USA),
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20. J. Cronin (University of Chicago, USA),21. A. Para (Fermilab, USA),22. T. Tominaga (Hiroshima International University, Japan)23. T. Sugitake (Hiroshima University, Japan),24. A. Iyono (OkayamaUniversity, Japan),25. T. Matsumoto (Hiroshima University, Japan),
ANL = Argonne National LaboratoryMIT = Massachusetts Institute of TechnologyBNL = Brookhaven National LaboratoryUIC = University of Illinois at ChicagoUM = University of MarylandNCU = National Central University, Taiwan
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PL9902547
THE ALICE EXPERIMENT LABORATORY
Head of Laboratory: Prof. Jerzy Bartketelephone: (48) (12) 633-33-66fax: (48) (12) 633-38-84e-mail: [email protected]
PERSONNEL:
Research Staff:Jerzy Bartke, Prof. Andrzej Rybicki, M.Sc, Ph.D. Student,Ewa Gladysz-Dziadus, Ph.D. Piotr Stefanski, Ph.D.Marek Kowalski, Ph.D.
Technical Staff:Ewa Bukala Maria Mielnik, M.A.Danuta Filipiak Maria PieczoraDanuta Krzyszton Tadeusz Wojas
OVERVIEW:
The Laboratory is involved in research with ultrarelativistic heavy ions: the NA49 experiment atthe CERN SPS and the preparation of the ALICE experiment at the CERN LHC.
The aim of the NA49 experiment is to study the production of charged hadrons and charged andneutral strange particles in collisions of ultrarelativistic nuclei with nuclear targets. The productionof strangeness (A and E-hyperons, <?!>-mesons, and both, neutral and charged, kaons), single particlespectra as well as two-pion correlations (boson interferometry) are investigated in a search for thephase transition of nuclear matter to the Quark-Gluon Plasma predicted by Lattice QCD.
The NA49 experiment1 is a continuation of NA35 using the lead beam of 158 GeV/nucleon (theNA35 experiment used oxygen and sulphur beams). The major components of the detector are twolarge volume, fine granularity time projection chambers (MTPC), and two smaller high resolution timeprojection chambers (VTPC) placed in a magnetic field. The hadron identification system is completedby high resolution time of flight walls. The new additions to the setup are the time of flight systembased on Pestov counters and a small "forward" TPC with the new readout scheme. The forwardangle calorimeters measure the directional energy flow and provide a trigger on the "centrality" ofthe collisions. Large acceptance of the detector allows the study of global dynamical observables tobe done at the event-by-event level. NA49 is seen by the CERN Management as the only fixed-targetheavy ion experiment to remain on the floor until the year 2000, and perhaps even beyond it.
1 Participating laboratories: Athens, Berkeley, Birmingham, Bratislava, Budapest, CERN, Darmstadt, Davis, JINR,Frankfurt, Houston, Krakow, Los Angeles, Marburg, Miinchen, Yale, Seattle, Warszawa, Zagreb.
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In 1998 interactions of protons with various nuclear targets were recorded with a new "centrality"trigger as well as Pb+Pb interactions at 158 A GeV and at 40 A GeV. Two people from Krakowparticipated in data taking runs. Our group was responsible for the maintenance of the TPC low-voltage system, built in Krakow in 1994-95.
The NA49 physics data analysis was continued in 1998, leading to several publications and con-ference reports. The Krakow group took part in two NA49 workshops, during which the preparedpapers were discussed.
ALICE (A Large Ion Collider Experiment)2 is a dedicated detector for heavy ion physics at theLHC whose goal is to pursue similar research at much higher energies. The experiment was approvedby the CERN Management on February 6, 1997 and should be on the floor in the year 2005 when theLHC is expected to enter into operation.
The main tracking detector of ALICE is the large cylindrical time projection chamber (TPC). Itstask will be track finding, momentum measurement and particle identification by energy loss dE/dx.Simulations of the TPC performance have been carried out in Krakow.
The fragmentation regions of colliding heavy ions seem to be also interesting from the point of viewof "exotic" events observed so far only in cosmic ray experiments: "centauros" and "strangelets". Anadditional, special detector, named CASTOR has been proposed to look for these phenomena. Afterhaving been reviewed by the panel of CERN experts, the CASTOR detector was approved in 1998,at least in its calorimeter part, the multiplicity detectors needing some further studies. Our groupperformed some calorimeter simulations for this proposal.
The six subsequent short reports summarize our activities in 1998.
Professor Jerzy Bartke
REPORTS ON RESEARCH: PL9902548
Baryon Stopping in p+p, P+Pb and Pb+Pb Collisionsat 158 A GeV Projectile Energy
H.G. Fischer1, A. Rybicki, and F. Sikler2
1CERN, Geneva,, Switzerland, 2KFKI Research Institute for Particle and Nuclear Physics, Budapest,Hungary
Baryon stopping in hadronic interactions can be studied by investigating longitudinal momentumspectra (or xp spectra) of baryons observed in the collision. Especially useful is a comparative studyof such spectra for various types of collisions, e.g. hadron-nucleon, hadron-nucleus, and nucleus-nucleus interactions. Such a study is possible in the NA49 experiment for various projectile andtarget types, and for a large fraction of the available phase space. Moreover, the addition of theCentrality Detector [l] to the NA49 setup allows a more detailed study of hadron-nucleus interactionsas a function of collision centrality.
Participating laboratories: Alessandria, Aligarh, Athens, Attikis, Ban, Bijing, Bergen, Birmingham, Bombay,Bratislava, Budapest, Cagliari, Calcutta, Catania, CERN, Chandigahr, Clermont-Ferrand, Copenhagen, Darmstadt,Frankfurt, Gatchina, Heidelberg, Ioannina, Jaipur, Jammu, JINR, Kharkov, Kiev, Kosice, Krakow, Legnaro, Lund,Lyon, Marburg, Mexico City, Minsk, Moscow, Minister, Nantes, Novosibirsk, Oak Ridge, Ohio, Orsay, Oslo, Padua,Prague, Protvino, Rehovot, Re2, Rome, Salerno, Sarov, St. Petersburg, Strasbourg, Trieste, Turin, Utrecht, Warszawa,Wuhan, Yerevan, Zagreb.
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10T3
i i i i | I r
P- P
• P + PD p+ Pb, 0<lv p+Pb,o Pb + Pb, central
0 0.5XF
Fig. 1: xp distributions for participating protons (p - p) observed in p+p, peripheral p+Pb (0 < NCD < 2),central p+Pb (NCD > 7), and central Pb+Pb collisions. The results for central Pb+Pb are scaled down by theevaluated number of participant nucleon pairs.
Fig. 1 shows results of such a wide study for participating protons in the projectile hemisphere forp+p, peripheral and central p+Pb, and central Pb+Pb interactions. As it can be seen in the figure,the xp distribution steepens up from p+p to p+Pb, and also with increasing centrality for p+Pb.It should be noted that the scaled central Pb+Pb curve falls in between the peripheral and centralp+Pb points. The influence of isospin effects from neutron projectiles on the proton yield in Pb+Pbhas to be further investigated.
This work was supported by the Polish State Committee for Scientific Research (grunt 2 P03B09913).
References:
[1] J. Bachler et al. (NA49 Collab.), "Status and Future Programme of the NA49 Experiment", Addendum-2to Proposal SPSLC/P264, CERN/SPSC 98-4, January 1998.
Transverse Momentum Phenomena in Hadronic InteractionsStudied in the NA49 Experiment
H.G. Fischer1, A. Rybicki, and F. Sikler2
1CERN, Geneva, Switzerland, 2KFKI Research Institute for Particle and Nuclear Physics, Budapest.Hungary
The study of transverse momentum distributions and of their correlation with longitudinal kine-matic variables for particles observed in hadronic collisions is a method to obtain information abouithe internal dynamics of a given reaction. A first step of such a study is the investigation of mean pj(the first moment of the corresponding distribution) as a function of the Feynman variable xp. Suchan approach provides a simple way of comparing the first-order characteristics of the pr phenomenafor different reactions.
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1.0 -
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i i i
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i 1
i
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-
-
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t
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-
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Fig. 1: Mean pr as a function of a;j? for positive pions (a) and protons (b), as observed in p+p, peripheralp+Pb (0 < N C D < 2), central p+Pb (NCD > 7), and central Pb+Pb interactions.
Fig. 1 shows the mean pr as a function of xp for positive pions and protons, for the case of p+p,peripheral and central p+Pb, and central Pb+Pb interactions at 158 A-GeV projectile energy. As itcan be seen in Fig. la, the well-known "seagull" shape is visible for 7r+ in p+p interactions, whichthen steepens up from p+p to p+Pb, and also with increasing centrality for p+Pb. It should be notedthat the central Pb+Pb points show an intermediate behaviour close to peripheral p+Pb reactions.The influence of resonance decays on the presented phenomenon has to be further investigated.
The mean pr dependence on a;̂ for protons (Fig. lb) shows a different behaviour: it is rather flat,with a clear increase from p+p through peripheral and central p+Pb, up to central Pb+Pb interac-tions.
This work was supported by the Polish State Committee for Scientific Research (grant 2 P03B09913).
IC53•O5
Calculation of the ALICE TPC Filling FactorM. Ivanov1 and M. Kowalski
1 University of Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia and GSI, Darmstadt, Germany.
The occupancy of the ALICE TPC front-end electronics (FEE) channel is one of the most importantfactors which has to be taken into account in the design of the detector. It influences the patternrecognition performance and thus the detector tracking capabilities, as well as the momentum anddE/dx resolution. In these studies, the FEE channel occupancy is defined as the ratio:
_ -NaboveOccupancy = —TJ—,
where Nabove is the number of pad x time bin units with a signal above the threshold, to all such units,determined by the TPC geometry and the readout design.
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Calculations have been performed using the ALICE TPC Slow Simulator algorithm [1]. Thehighest expected multiplicity of charged particles in the central Pb+Pb event, dN/dy = 8000 hasbeen assumed. Given the ^"s"e ratio and the preamp/shaper parameters from the NA49 experiment,one can find that for the pad size of 2 x 0.35 cm2 the occupancy reaches 65% in the central region.This prohibits the reasonable tracking efficiency and thus several approaches to reduce this numberhave been tried. One of them is to use shorter pads which allows to reduce the cluster size in the driftdirection for inclined tracks. In this approach the pad width has to be increased, to keep the numberof FEE channels constant.
For the pad size of 0.8 x 0.8 cm2 one observes that the filling factor drops down to 49%. As thisnumber is still not satisfactory one can consider the increase of the TPC inner and outer radii. Itshould be stressed that due to the very high particle flux, the dependence of the occupancy on thepad-row radius is rather linear than quadratic. This is the effect of the saturation, as the maximalFEE channel load cannot exceed unity.
Thus, in order to reduce the occupancy by 50%, the inner radius of the TPC field cage shouldbe at least 140 cm. This can create the problem for the TPC-ITS track matching algorithms. Theincrease of the outer radius is limited by the presence of the TRD and PID detectors. The aboveapproach is still under carefull study.
As the alternative solution one can consider use of the Gaseous Electron Multiplier (GEM) [2] asthe readout chambers in the lower part of the TPC. Also the requirements for the parameters of theFE electronics should be studied in details.
This work has been supported by the Polish Committee for Scientific Research (grant 2P03B 12112 and SPUB P03/016/97).
References:
[1] M. Kowalski, ALICE Note TPC/SIM 96-36;[2] F. Sauli, NIM A 386 (1997) 531.
HUNPL9902551
CASTOR - the Forward Detector for ALICE
J. Bartke, J. Blocki, E. Gladysz-Dziadus, P. Stefariski, and P. Zychowski
The physics motivation for a forward calorimeter for the heavy ion project ALICE at the LHCwas already presented in the 1997 Annual Report. Here we shall only briefly recall that this detectoraims at obtaining information on hadrons and photons emitted in the forward rapidity region ofcolliding nuclei and, in particular, to search for "exotic" events reported by cosmic ray experiments:"Centauros" and "long flying component".
The schematic representation showing the main components of the CASTOR forward detectorcan also be found in the 1997 Annual Report. Continuing and extending the earlier works, someexperimental observables have been recalculated and more precise predictions for the LHC conditionshave been obtained [1, 2], see also the following contribution. Hence the geometrical parameters ofCASTOR and its position in ALICE were specified. The project (the full list of authors of the projectis given in ref. [1]) was evaluated by the panel of CERN experts and approved in September 1998 forits calorimeter part, the multiplicity detectors needing some further studies. The construction detailsof the CASTOR calorimeter including its mechanical support have been elaborated (see Fig. 1), stressand deflection calculations have also been carried out [3].
The calorimeter is made of layers of active medium sandwiched between tungsten absorber discs.The active medium consists of planes of silica fibres and the signal is the Cherenkov light produced asthey are traversed by the charged particles in the shower. The fibres are inclined at 45 degrees relativeto the incoming particles to maximize light output. The calorimeter is azimuthally divided into 8
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octants. Each octant is longitudinally segmented into 80 layers, the first 8 (~ 14.7 Xo) comprising theelectromagnetic section and the remaining 72 (~ 9.47 A/) the hadronic section. The light output fromgroups of 4 consecutive active layers is coupled into the same light guide, giving a total of 20 readoutchannels along each octant.
* " " • • • • • - . . . . . . .Fig. 1: General view of the CASTOR calorimeter constructionincluding support. The outer plates (one omitted for clarity)constitute the support for the light guides and photomultip-liers.
This work has been supported by the Polish State Committee for Scientific Research (grant No2P03B 121 12 and SPUB P03/016/97).
References:
1. A.L.S. Angelis, J. Bartke, M.Yu. Bogolyubsky, S.N. Filippov, E. Gladysz-Dziadus,Yu.V. Kharlov, A.B. Kurepin, A.I. Maevskaya, G. Mavromanolakis, A.D. Panagiotou,S.A. Sadovsky, P. Stefanski, and Z. Wlodarczyk, Proc. 28-th Intern. Symposium on Multi-particle Dynamics, Delphi (Greece), 1998, to be published by World Scientific;A.L.S. Angelis et al., 10-th ISVHECRI, Gran Sasso, 1998, to be published in Nucl. Phys. B,Proc. Suppl.;
2. E. Gladysz-Dziadus, Yu.V. Kharlov, A.D. Panagiotou, and S.A. Sadovsky, Proc. 3-rd ICPA-QGP, Jaipur, 17-21 March 1997, eds B.C. Sinha et al., Narosa Publishing House, New Delhi,1998, p. 554;
3. A.L.S. Angelis, J. Bartke, J. Blocki, G. Mavromanolakis, A.D. Panagiotou, and P. Zychowski,ALICE/98-46 Internal Note/CAS, CERN, 1998.
PL9902552
New Strangelet Signature and Its Relevance to the CASTORCalorimeter
E. Gladysz-Dziadus
The hypothesis, presented in [1], to explain the anomalously long-range cascades observed in superhigh energy cosmic-ray events as the signs of the strange quark matter droplets, suggested the newunconventional strangelet signature.
This idea has been developed and adapted to the LHC conditions [2]. It has been shown, byGEANT simulations, that the energy deposition pattern in deep calorimeters could be the spectacularand unconventional signature of different kinds of stable and unstable strangelets. Simulations of thepassage of strangelets through the CASTOR calorimeter have been done for the wide spectrum oftheir parameters, such as:
• baryonic number Asjr = 15 — 40• quarkchemical potential // = 600 - 1000 MeV• energy per baryonic number Eatr = 400 - 1200 GeV
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CASTOR calorimeter is shown to be the appropriate tool for detection of strongly penetratingobjects, such as strangelets, possibly produced in the baryon-rich region in central Pb-Pb collisionsat LHC energies. The CASTOR calorimeter will be sensitive to both stable and unstable strangeletsfor a wide range of their parameters what is very important in the context of the current experimentswhich are mostly sensitive only to long-lived objects.
Its performance for strangelet detection can be judged from the figure below which showsthe response of the calorimeter to one central Pb+Pb HIJING event, containing a strangelet ofAsir = 20, Estr = 20 TeV and fi = 600 MeV.
(a) Sector with Strangelet
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20R.O. Layer
This work has been supported by the Polish State Committee for Scientific Research (grant No2P03B 121 12 and SPUB P03/016/97).
References:
[1] E. Gladysz-Dziadus and Z. Wlodarczyk, ALICE/97-17, Internal Note/CAS, 1997;E. Gladysz-Dziadus and Z. Wlodarczyk, J. Phys. G: Nucl. Part. Phys. 23 (1997) 2057;
[2] A.L.S. Angelis, J. Bartke, E. Gladysz-Dziadus, and Z. Wtadarczyk, Insitute of Nuclear PhysicsReport No 1800/PH, 1998; ALICE/98-38, Internal Note/CAS, 1998.
PL9902553
Proposal for the Experimental Study of Relativistic HypernucleiJ. Bartke, A. Filipkowski1, V. Nikitin2, and A. Parfenov2
1Soltan Institute for Nuclear Studies, Warsaw, Poland; 2Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Dubna, Russia
Physical motivation for an experiment aimed at investigation of relativistic hypernuclei has beenelaborated. Relativistic hypernuclei with energies of a few GeV per nucleon have decay lengths of theorder of 10 cm what allows lifetime measurement and determination of branching ratios into variousdecay channels. At present such data are scarce and exist only for a few lightest hypernuclei. This isdue to the fact that in most experiments the produced hypernuclei are very slow. Lifetimes and decaybranching ratios of hypernuclei are very interesting from the theoretical point of view as non-mesonicdecays of hypernuclei which are dominant for all but the lightest hypernuclei, result from the weakfour-baryon interaction:
A + p —» p+ n or A + n—>n + n.
These processes are otherwise not accessible for experimental investigation being overshadowed bystrong interactions.
Theoretical estimates indicate that the yield of hypernuclei produced in collisions of relativistic nu-clei increases with incident energy and reaches a maximum of a few /ib in the energy range 3 - 4 GeV/n.Thus we propose to perform a hypernuclear experiment at the nuclotron (or the synchrophasotron)at the High Energy Laboratory (LVE) of JINR, Dubna. The scheme of the central part of the pro-posed experimental set-up: the 30 cm long vacuum decay volume with silicon trigger counters and
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multi-wire proportional chambers is shown in Fig. 1. Only these detectors should be built, as apreliminary agreement has been reached about installing them in the existing multi-purpose magneticspectrometer SFERA which will allow both incident beam definition and momentum determinationof secondary particles.
This proposal was reported at the "Strangeness in Quark Matter" conference in Padova in July1998 [1] and is available as the INP Report [2] where a more detailed description of the proposedsetup, including the trigger, can be found.
SMD S M [
Fig. 1: Vacuum decay volume with trigger counters: PC34 - MWPC's, V - vacuum volume, SMDi_4
- silicon multistrip detectors, with a decay of the ^Be hypernucleus produced in the target T by theincident relativistic carbon nucleus C shown as an example.
References:1. J. Bartke et al., Proc. International Conference "Strangeness in Quark Matter '98", Padova,
Italy, to be published in Journ. Phys. G2. J. Bartke et al., INP Report No 1795/PH, Krakow, Poland, 1998.
LIST OF PUBLICATIONS:
Articles:
1. NA35 Collab., T. Alber, (J. Bartke, E. Gladysz-Dziadus, M. Kowalski) et al.,Charged Particle Production in Proton-, Deuteron-, Oxygen- and Sulphur-Nucleus Collisions at200 GeVper Nucleon,Eur. Phys. J. C2 (1998) 643;
2. NA49 Collab., T. Alber, (J. Bartke, E. Gladysz-Dziadus, M. Kowalski, A. Rybicki) et al.,Projectile Fragmentation in Pb+Pb Collisions at 158 GeV/nucleon,Phys. Rev. C (1998) (in print);
3. NA49 Collab., T. Alber, (J. Bartke, E. Gladysz-Dziadus, M. Kowalski, A. Rybicki) et al.,Hadronic Expansion Dynamics in Ultra-Relativistic Pb+Pb Collisions at 158 GeV/nucleon,Eur. Phys. J. C2 (1998) 661;
4. NA49 Collab., H. Appelshauser, (J. Bartke, E. Gladysz-Dziadus, M. Kowalski, A, Rybicki) et al.,Directed and Elliptic Flow in 158-GeV/nucleon Pb + Pb Collisions,LBL-41016 and Phys. Rev. Lett. 80 (1998) 4136;
5. NA49 Collab., (J. Bartke, E. Gladysz-Dziadus, M. Kowalski, A. Rybicki) et al.,Spectator Nucleons in Pb+Pb Collisions at 158 A GeV,Eur. Phys. J. A2 (1998) 383.
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Proceedings:
1. ALICE Collab., E. Gladysz-Dziadus et al.,Generator for Centauro Events Simulation,Proc. of the Third. Intern. Conf. on Physics and Astrophysics of Quark Gluon Plasma(ICPAQGP'97), March 1997, Jaipur, India (1998) (in print).
Reports:
1. ALICE Collab., J. Schukraft, (J. Bartke, E. Ghidysz-Dziadus, E. Gornicki, M. Kowalski, A. Ry-bicki, P. Stefariski) et al.,ALICE - Technical Design Report of the High Momentum Particle Identification Detector,CERN preprint, ALICE TDR 1 CERN/LHCC 98-19 (1998);
2. A.L.S. Angelis, J. Bartke, E. Gladysz-Dziadus, Z. Wlodarczyk,The Energy Deposition Pattern as the Unconventional Strangelet Signature and its Relevance tothe Castor Calorimater,IFJ Report 1800/PH (1998);
3. A.L.S. Angelis, J. Bartke, J. Blocki, G. Mavromanolakis, A.D. Panagiotou, P. Zychowski,The Mechanical Design and Support for the CASTOR Calorimeter for ALICE,ALICE Internal Note ALICE/98-46 (1998);
4. J. Bartke, A. Filipkowski, V. Nikitin, A. Parfenov,Relativistic Hypernuclei - what and how Can We Learn from them,IFJ Report 1795/PH (1998);
5. NA49 Collab., J. Bachler, (J. Bartke, E. Gladysz-Dziadus, M. Kowalski, A. Rybicki) et al.,Addendum-2 to Proposal SPSLC/P264- Status and Future Programme of the NA49 Experiment,CERN Report CERN/SPSC 98-4 (1998).
GRANTS:
Grants from the State Committee for Scientific Research:
1. Dr M. Kowalski with Prof. E. Skrzypczak (Warsaw University) - grant No 2P03 B 019 12(terminated 30.06.98),"Study of Dense and Hot Matter Created in 208P6 +208 Pb Collisions at Energy 33 TeV; TheNA49 Experiment at CERN";
2. Prof. J. Bartke with Prof. T. Siemiarczuk (Soltan Institute for Nuclear Studies) - grant No2 P03 B 121 12,"Study of Interactions of Ultrarelativistic Heavy Ions at Energies above 1000 Gev/Nucleon inthe ALICE Experiment at the LHC Accelerator at CERN";
3. Prof. J. Bartke with Prof. T. Siemiarczuk (Soltan Institute for Nuclear Studies) - special grantNo 620/E-77/SPUB P03/016/97,"Study of Interactions of Ultrarelativistic Heavy Ions at Energies above 1000 Gev/Nucleon inthe ALICE Experiment at the LHC Accelerator at CERN".
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PARTICIPATION IN CONFERENCES AND WORKSHOPS:
PRESENTATIONS (oral):
1. J. Bartke,"Relativistic Hypernuclei: What and How Can We Learn from Them",4-th International Conference "Strangeness in Quark Matter", Padova, Italy, 20-24 July 1998;
2. J. Bartke,"CASTOR: the ALICE Forward Detector for Identification of Centauros and Strangelets inNucleus-Nucleus Collisions at the LHC",28-th International Symposium on Multiparticle Dynamics, Delphi, Greece, 6-11 September 1998.
SEMINARS:
1. M. Kowalski,"Generator pool in the ALICE experiment",PHOBOS Workshop, Krakow, Poland, 14 January 1998;
2. M. Kowalski,"Generator pool in the ALICE experiment",BRAHMS Collaboration Meeting, Krakow, Poland, 16-18 April 1998.
SHORT TERM VISITORS:
1. A. Parfienow, JINR Dubna, Russia.
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PL9902554
THE ATLAS EXPERIMENT LABORATORY
Head of Department: Assoc. Prof. Piotr Maleckitelephone: (48) (12) 633-33-66, (48) (12) 637-02-22 ext.: 112e-mail: [email protected]
PERSONNEL:
Research Staff:Dariusz Bocian, M.Sc. Bogdan Madeyski, E.E.Szymon Gadomski, Ph.D. Piotr Malecki, Assoc. Prof.Edward Gornicki, E.E. Arkadiusz Moszczynski, M.Sc., E.E.Wieslaw Iwariski, M. Sc, E.E. Jolanta Olszowska, M.Sc., E.E.Anna Kaczmarska, M.Sc. Mariusz Sapinski, M.Sc.Jan Kaplon1, M.Sc., E.E. Andrzej Sobala2, M.Sc.Krzysztof Korcyl, Ph.D. Robert Szczygiel, M.Sc., E.E.Wojciech Krupiriski1, Ph.D. Marcin Wolter, Ph.D.
OVERVIEW:
ATLAS Experiment Laboratory has been created by physicists and engineers preparing a researchprogramme2 and detector for the LHC collider. This group is greatly supported by members ofother Departments taking also part (often full time) in the ATLAS project. These are: J. Blocki,J. Godlewski, Z. Hajduk, P. Kapusta, B. Kisielewski, W. Ostrowicz, E. Richter-W^s, and M. Turala.Our ATLAS Laboratory realizes its programme in very close collaboration with the Faculty of Physicsand Nuclear Technology of the University of Mining and Metallurgy.
ATLAS, A Toroidal LHC Apparatus Collaboration groups about 1700 experimentalists fromabout 150 research institutes. This apparatus, a huge system of many detectors, which are techno-logically very advanced, is going to be ready by 2005. With the start of the 2 x 7 TeV LHC colliderATLAS and CMS (the sister experiment at LHC) will begin their fascinating research programme atbeam energies and intensities which have never been exploited.
Associate Professor Piotr Malecki
1 On leave of absence^Programme partially supported by the Polish State Committee for Scientific Research grants:
115/E-343/SPUB/P3/004/97, 115/E-343/SPUB/P03/157/98, 2P03B00212 and KBN/S2000/IFJ/009/1998
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REPORTS ON RESEARCH:PL9902555
The Gas Gain and Xenon Concentration Monitoring Systemfor the ATLAS TRT Gas System Prototype
J. Olszowska
The prototype VME Gas Analyzer for the ATLAS TRT Gas System Prototype was build. Its goalsare monitoring and stabilization of the gas gain and Xenon concentration monitoring. Both moni-toring tasks are implemented in the present version of the prototype, while the gas gain stabilizationalgorithms and communication with the HV power supplies will be added in next steps.
The Xenon concentration measurements are based on the absorption method.
Two test counters with carefully chosen geometry are irra-diated with properly collimated X-ray source (Fe55). Theratio of counter rates serves for Xenon contents evaluation.Up to 8 reference counters (straws) for gas gain stabiliza-tion measurements can be used in the system. Signals fromcounters after digitalization with the charge ADC are his-togramed to form spectra. The peak positions of thosespectra are used to monitor the gas gain stabilization aswell as for calculations of necessary HV changes.
Fig.l Schematic view of the Gas Gain and XenonConcentration Monitoring System.
The data acquisition is based on VME modules: 16-channeI sealer module V560 (CAEN), 8-inputcharge ADC 1182 (LeCroy), RCB 8047 CORBO VME read-out control board (CES) and MVME162-5333A VME embedded processor with OS-9 system. Each of the acquisition tasks (sealers ratemeasurements, ADC histograms collection) can be individually started, stopped and reseted. Eachhistogram and sealers data collection is gated individually with its own software timer. ADC datareadout is based on VME hardware interrupts, as the signals at the ADC inputs occur randomly intime. The data are buffered in the 16-events depth ADC memory.
All data acquisition parameters, start, stop and reset commands are send from the host Gas SystemDCS computer (running Bridge View supervisor application which provides the user interface). Thehost computer requests the collected or temporary data to be sending back. The protocol implementingthe fetching of the data and the sending of the commands has been developed over the TCP/IP layer.Several TCP/IP connections to host can be opened and serviced at the same time.
The OS-9 data acquisition software is written in C language. System is divided on processesrunning simultaneously (communication processes, acquisition process, and interrupt handler routine)which actions are synchronized by sending signals to each other. Collected data, temporary data andacquisition parameters are kept in data modules with semaphores to synchronize access from differentprocesses. The VME/OS-9 data acquisition system have been tested and integrated with the TRTGas System Prototype.
References:
1. Z. Hajduk, "Proposal for gas gain monitoring in TRT gas system", ATLAS TRT Technical noteEP-ATE-ZH, 10 February 1998, (http://wwwcn.cern.ch/ hajduk/gain.ps);
2. http://wwwcn.cern.ch/ hajduk/gain.pUR.htm;3. http://itcowww.cern.ch/jcop/subprojects/ATLAS_TRT/gwg_trt.htm;4. http://itcowww.cern.ch/LHC_GAS/TRT_GCS/ICDs/GCS-GasAnalyserICD.html.
PL9902556 2 2 1
Selection of Jets from b-Quark Fragmentation
S. Jagielski1, A. Kaczmarska, and M. Wolter
1 Faculty of Physics and Nuclear Techniques, UMM Krakow, Poland
The capability for efficient identification of high-px jets originating from fe-quark fragmentationplays a key role in the identification of possible Higgs boson and top quark decays in the ATLASexperiment. Also the efficient detection of expected decays of SUSY particles requires tagging of6-jets. B-tagging can be achieved by two independent methods: vertexing using the relatively longB meson lifetime and soft lepton tagging based on the identification of low px leptons from B decay.
The jet tagging method based on electrons from 6-quark fragmentation was studied with simulatedevents from WH production (run = 100 GeV) [1]. Using the generated Monte Carlo data and thefull simulation of the ATLAS detector a set of variables was constructed which constitute the 6-jetsignature. Those variables explore the characteristic features of soft electron tracks coming fromb—quark as reconstructed by the ATLAS detector, including the information from the Inner Detectorand from the Electromagnetic Calorimeter. An additional set of variables characterizes more globalfeatures of the 6-jets themselves, like impact parameter of the track in the transverse plane, andtherefore is efficient to improve the rejection of jets from non-6 cascade decays.
For each track the discriminating function Dtrack containing probabilities for the track to be ele-ctron and to be hadron is calculated. Probabilities aredefined for all identifying variables in three pr bins becauseof significant dependence on the transverse momentum ofthe track. The track with the highest probability of beingan electron from fr-quark fragmentation is later used todistinguish between 6-jets and jets of another origin.
Fig. 1 shows the jet rejection factors for various typesof jets as a function of the efficiency of the b-tagging al-gorithm. The overall soft-electron b-tagging efficiency isobtained by multiplying the algorithm efficiency e%9 bythe inclusive branching ratio BRal1 for the electron pro-duction m B decay, calculated tor the chosen threshold orthe electron pT (e.g. BRaU = 14.5% forpf1" > 2GeV). For
Fig. i: Jet rejection factor Rja, as a function & n o m i n a i overall efficiency of the soft electron b-taggingof the efficiency of the b-tagging algorithm, #w / alo n* \ • • • •ea
b'3, for various jet types. o f ~ 7 - 2 % (eb = 5 0%) t h e rejection against gluon jets is
~ 200, against c-jets ~ 45 and against u-jets ~ 550.The standard algorithm described above will be combined in the future with the vertexing ^-tagging
algorithm to improve the overall ATLAS 6-tagging performance.
References:
[1] S. Jagielski, A. Kaczmarska, and M. Wolter, "Tagging low p x electrons inside jets", ATLASInternal Note ATL-PHYS-98-129, Acta Physica Polonica (in print).
10 t̂̂ iaii-
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PL9902557
Search for the SM and MSSM Higgs Bosonin the tiH, H —¥ bb Channel
E. Richter-Wa.s and M. Sapiriski
The tiH, / / —> bb channel has been proposed [1] as an interesting channel to search for the SMand MSSM Higgs. A detailed simulation of this channel has been performed for Higgs boson masses
222
from 80 to 120 GeV and an integrated luminosity of 3 • 104 pb~l [2]. A clear evidence for an excessof events with four b-tagged jets over the background from W + jets and ti production have beenobserved (Fig. 1).
However, a clean reconstruction of the H -» bb mass peak is difficult because of the combinatorialbackground from the signal itself. This problem can be to a large extent overcome if both top-quarkdecays are reconstructed in addition to the reconstruction of the H —>• bb mass peak. In the MSSMscenario, the low tan/? region (up to tan/3 ~ 6) for an integrated luminosity of 3 • 104 pb~l and mostof the (m,Ai tan/3) parameter space for an integrated luminosity of 105 pb~x would be accessible withthis channel (Fig. 1). Excellent b-tagging capability and good efficiency for jet reconstruction arehowever necessary to explore this channel to its full potential.
40
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signai+background
background
trueH—»bb
$ ATLASI<§ tth with h - » bb
f
= 175 GeV
0 100 200150 200 250 300
3 0 0 40° mA(GeV)mbb(GeV)
Fig. 1: Left plot shows expected m^ distributions for the signal and background events and for anintegrated luminosity of 3 • 104 p6 -1and for mjj = 100 GeV. On the right plot there are 5<r-discoverycontour curves for the tih with h -¥ bb channels, on the (m^, tan/3) plane describing the MSSM Higgssector.
References:
[1] J. Dai, J. F. Gunion and R. Vega, Phys. Rev. Lett. (1993) and D. Froidevaux, E. Richter-Was,ATLAS Note, PHYS-No-043 (1996), CERN preprint TH-7459/94, Z. Phys. C67 (1995) 213;
[2] E. Richter-Was and M. Sapinski, ATLAS Note, PHYS-98-132 (1998), Acta Phys. Pol. B (in print).
joo
• L O
Front-End Readout Electronics for ATLAS SCT TrackerW. Dabrowski1, J. Kaplon, R. Szczygiel, and M. Wolter
1 Faculty of Physics and Nuclear Techniques, UMM Krakow, Poland
The ABCD chip [1] is one option of the front-end readout of silicon strip detectors in the ATLASSilicon Tracker. The chips are manufactured using DMILL 0.8 fim BiCMOS radiation hard process,which is suitable for mixed signal design. It provides an excellent radiation hardness performance fora wide variety of devices, including MOSFETs, BJTs, JFETs and high value resistors. The ABCDdesign is a single chip implementation of the binary readout architecture of ATLAS silicon stripdetectors and it comprises all functional blocks required for the binary readout architecture.
Compared to the SCT128B prototype the front-end circuits and the pipeline have been imple-mented in ABCD with some minor changes. The most important improvement is the sparse readoutlogic which allows performing zero suppression on the chip, so that only addresses of hit channels canbe read out. The layout of the chip is shown in Fig. 1.
Two batches of 8 wafers have been successfully manufactured, while the DMILL process was stillin the stabilisation phase in the Temic foundry. Modules equipped with 80 fim pitch and 300
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thick strip detectors (about 20 pF capacitance load per strip) and six ABCD readout chips were builtand tested [2] using both the test setup and the H8 beam at CERN. A set of test setup measurementswas taken before detectors were connected and subsequently for the complete module. Fig. 2 showsthe noise increase from about 900 el rms up to 1600 el rms after connecting the detector, which isclose to the expected value.
40 p-
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1000 2000 3000Chip 1 ENC(el)
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L m n module
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Fig. 1: Layout of the ABCD chip. Fig. 2: Distribution of noise without (hybrid)and with detectors connected (module).
The performed tests have proven the full digital functionality of the prototype, however uniformityof some analogue parameters across the chip, in particular of the discriminator offset, has to beimproved. The design of the chip has been optimised to meet all the ATLAS specifications. The newbatch of chips is expected to be manufactured in the first months of 1999.
References:
[1] W. Dabrowski et al., (J. Kapfon, R. Szczygiel, M. Wolter - from INP), "The ABCD binary read-out chip for silicon strip detectors in the ATLAS silicon tracker", presented at IV Workshop onElectronics for LHC Experiments, Rome September 98, CERN/LHCC/98-36 30 October 98, p.175;
[2] D. Ferrere et al., (J. Kaplon, R. Szczygiel, M. Wolter - from INP), "Test on ABCD Chips", ATLASint. note ATL-INDET-98-217.
High Speed Data Transmission DesignW. Iwanski, P. Kapusta, E. van der Bij1, and Z. Meggyesi2
XCERN, Geneva, 2RMKI-KFKI, Budapest, Hungary
PL9902559
An optical 1 Gbit/s link has been suggested as a medium to transfer the data between front-end electronics and read-out systems in ATLAS at LHC. It was also proposed to have the S-Linkas a standard defining a connector for this kind of transmission. Although the mechanical standardof a link hasn't been chosen yet, there are a few ongoing projects which develop designs for thesepurposes. One of them is the Fiber Channel Slink destination module realized as a PCI mezzanine card(FCS-PMC). The card is a merger of 2 existing modules: Fiber_Channel_Slink [1] and Slink_to_PMC [2]modules and has been designed in collaboration of our Institute with KFKI Budapest and CERN. Theprimary goal of the project is to produce the PMC card, which can easily be installed on commercially
224
available VME crate controllers, as the most of the test read-out setups is built in this standard.Equally important, the secondary goal is to investigate a possible incorporation of a time critical anddemanding part of the high speed link design into local, front-end electronics designs.
-'m^n^:;-*
The FCS-PMC module itself consists of 2 independent logical parts: the Fiber Channel Slinkpart and the PCI/PMC part. The first one contains duplex optical transceiver, data serialize!',encoder/decoder and 10k30 Altera chip. This part converts Fiber Channel compatible serial datainto/from parallel 32 bit wide Slink data. The second part contains FIFO, 7032S Altera chip and PCIcoupler and exchange the Slink data between the FCS-PMC and a host computer over the PCI bus.All components are assembled on 2 sides of the 8 layer PCB (see the photograph). Actually, the firstprototype of the module is under tests.
S-LINK test software, written under Windows95 system consists of two parts. The first one (SPS- "transmitter") controls the PCI-to-S-LINK interface, the second one (SSP- "receiver") serves theS-LINK-to-PCI unit.
The software consists of a VXD driver, operating in the Ring 0 of the Win95 system, for fast controlof the hardware, a DLL library, acting as a bridge between the VXD driver and high level languageapplications, and a Win32 application, equipped with Graphical Interface for easy manipulation ofthe test program. A Win32 part has been developed using the Visual Basic and it is dedicated tothe S-LINK tests only. DLLs and VXDs present a reusable code which can be used as a base fordevelopment of other S-LINK applications.
References:
1. http://www.rmki.kfki.hu/detector/S-Link/; Illlllllllllllliilllll2. http://www.cern.ch/HSI/s-link/devices/slink-pmc/. lIllllilllllBllUllllllllllllllll
v n i l l I I I PL9902560
Designing of Silicon Strip Detectors for ATLASJ. Kaplon, A.S. Moszczyriski, and R. Szczygiet
The ATLAS Silicon Tracker will contain several thousand of silicon strip detectors. Such big quan-tity requires few potential vendors of detectors. One of them is CSEM (Centre Suisse d'Electroniqueet de Microtechnique) in Neuchatel, Switzerland. Our group has established the cooperation withCSEM since 1996. Our task is to design the set of masks for photolithography required for detectorprocessing at CSEM.
Since each factory has its own specific technology ATLAS Collaboration prepares only generic tech-nical specification for detectors. Detailed problems of design must be resolved by designer accordingto specific "design rules".
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Fig. 1: Fragment of detector layout.
ATLAS Silicon Tracker contains generally two kinds of silicon strip detectors; "barrel" - of rectangleshape and "forward" - of trapezoid shape. "Barrel" detectors have parallel strips with constantdistance (pitch). "Forward" detectors have constant angle between strips. Five different types of"forward" detectors for five concentric wheels of different radius have been foreseen for forward partof Silicon Tracker. Two of them for two outer wheels were our subject of interest.
The CADENCE program package used widely for designing of integrated circuits is also used forsilicon strip detectors designing. The design of two layouts (set of masks) for two kinds of detectorshave been done in spring 1998. Fig. 1 shows fragment of one detector layout.
The work has been done with CADENCE packages installed in Krakow and at CERN. The setof standard test structures has been designed as well. These structures are "placed" on each siliconwafer (4 inches in diameter) in the neighbourhood of detector (6 x 6 cm approximately). The designeddetectors with test structures will be soon processed at CSEM.
The TOSCA simulation package has been used in early stage of designing in order to optimizedetector parameters. The results of measurements performed on test structures and detectors fromfirst production run in 1996 have been taken under consideration during designing as well.
LIST OF PUBLICATIONS:
Articles:
1. T. Akesson, (B. Kisielewski, P. Malecki, J. Olszowska) et al.,Electron Identification with a Prototype of the Transition Radiation Tracker for the ATLASExperiment,CERN-PPE/97-161 and Nucl. Instr. and Meth. A412 (1998) 200;
2. CPLEAR Collab., R. Adler, (M. Wolter) et al.,Direct Determination of Two-Pion Correlations for pp —> 27r+27r~ Annihilation at Rest,CERN-PPE/97-135 and Eur. Phys. J. Cl (1998) 139;
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3. CPLEAR Collab., R. Adler, (M. Wolter) et al.,Measurement of the CP Violating Parameter rjoo Using Tagged K° and K°,CERN-PPE/97-148 and Phys. Lett. B420 (1998) 191;
4. CPLEAR Collab., R. Adler, (M. Wolter) et al.,An EPR Experiment Testing the Nonseparability of the K°K° Function,CERN-PPE/97-140 and Phys. Lett. B422 (1998) 339;
5. CPLEAR Collab., R. Adler, (M. Wolter) et al.,Search for CP Violation in the Decay of Tagged K° and K° to 7r°7r°7r0,Phys. Lett. B425 (1998) 391;
6. CPLEAR Collab., R. Adler, (M. Wolter) et al.,The Neutral Kaons Decays to 7r+7r~7r°; a Detailed Analysis of the CPLEAR Data,CERN-EP/98-74 and Eur. Phys. J. C5 (1998) 389;
7. CPLEAR Collab., R. Adler, (M. Wolter) et al.,Measurement of the K^ - Ks Mass Difference Using Semileptonic Decays of Tagged NeutralKaons,CERN-EP/98-152 and Phys. Lett. B444 (1998) 38;
8. CPLEAR Collab., R. Adler, (M. Wolter) et al.,First Direct Observation of a T Violation in the Neutral Kaon System,CERN-EP/98-153 and Phys. Lett. B444 (1998) 43;
9. CPLEAR Collab., R. Adler, (M. Wolter) et al.,A Determination of the CPT Violation Parameter Re(8) from the Semileptonic Decayof Strangenesss-Tagged Neutral Kaons,CERN-EP/98-154 and Phys. Lett. B444 (1998) 52;
10. DELPHI Collab., P. Abreu, (P. Briickman, Z. Hajduk, P. Jalocha, W. Krupiriski, W. Kucewicz,T. Lesiak, B. Muryn, H. Palka, G. Polok, K. Rybicki, A. Zalewska) et al.,Rapidity Correlations in A- Baryon and Proton Production in Hadronic Z° Decays,CERN-PPE/97-27 and Phys. Lett. B416 (1998) 247;
11. DELPHI Collab, P. Abreu, (P. Briickman, Z. Hajduk, P. Jalocha, K. Korcyl, W. Krupiriski,W. Kucewicz, T. Lesiak, B. Muryn, H. Pafka, G. Polok, K. Rybicki, M. Witek) et al.,Search for Neutral and Charged Higgs Bosons in e+e~ Collisions at y/s = 161 GeV and 172 GeV,CERN-PPE/97-85 and Eur. Phys. J. C2 (1998) 1;
12. DELPHI Collab., P. Abreu, (P. Briickman, Z. Hajduk, K. Korcyl, W. Krupiriski, W. Kucewicz,T. Lesiak, B. Muryn, H. Palka, G. Polok, K. Rybicki, M. Witek) et al.,Search for Charginos, Neutralinos and Gravitinos at LEP,CERN-PPE/97-107 and Z. Phys. Cl (1998) 1;
13. DELPHI Collab., P. Abreu, (P. Briickman, Z. Hajduk, K. Korcyl, W. Krupiriski, W. Kucewicz,T. Lesiak, B. Muryn, H. Palka, G. Polok, K. Rybicki, M. Witek) et al.,Charged Particle Multiplicity in e+e~ —> qq Events at y/s = 161 and 172 GeV and from theDecay of the W Boson,CERN-PPE/97-113 and Phys. Lett. B416 (1998) 233;
14. DELPHI Collab., P. Abreu, (Z. Hajduk, K. Korcyl, W. Kucewicz, T. Lesiak, B. Muryn, H. Palka,G. Polok, M. Witek) et al.,nib at mz,CERN-PPE/97-141 and Phys. Lett. B418 (1998) 430;
15. DELPHI Collab., P. Abreu, (Z. Hajduk, K. Korcyl, W. Kucewicz, T. Lesiak, B. Muryn, H. Palka,G. Polok, M. Witek, A. Zalewska) et al.,Search for Charged Higgs Bosons in e+e~ Collisions at s/s = 172 GeV,CERN-PPE/97-145 and Phys. Lett. B420 (1998) 140;
16. DELPHI Collab., P. Abreu, (Z. Hajduk, K. Korcyl, W. Kucewicz, T. Lesiak, B. Muryn, H. Palka,G. Polok, M. Witek, A. Zalewska) et al.,
227
Measurement of Trilinear Gauge Couplings in e+e~ Collisions at 161 GeV and 172 GeV,CERN-PPE/97-163 and Phys. Lett. B423 (1998) 194;
17. DELPHI Collab., P. Abreu, (Z. Hajduk, K. Korcyl, T. Lesiak, H. Pałka, G. Polok, M. Witek,A. Zalewska) et al.,Investigation of the Splitting of Quark and Gluon Jets,CERN-EP/98-24 and Eur. Phys. J. C4 (1998) 1;
18. DELPHI Collab., P. Abreu, (W. Kucewkz, Z. Hajduk, K. Korcyl, T. Lesiak, H. Pałka, G. Polok,M. Witek, A. Zalewska) et al,Measurement of the Inclusive Charmless and Double-Charm B Branching Ratios,CERN-EP/98-07 and Phys. Lett. B426 (1998) 193;
19. DELPHI Collab., P. Abreu, (Z. Hajduk, K. Korcyl, T. Lesiak, H. Pałka, G. Polok, M. Witek,A. Zalewska) et al.,Measurement of the W-Pair Cross-Section and the W Mass in e+e~ Interactions at 172 GeV,CERN-PPE/97-160 and Eur. Phys. J. C2 (1998) 581;
20. G. Fischer,( W. Iwański, P. Kapusta, M. Ziółkowski) et al.,A 40 MHz Pipeline Trigger for R° -*• 2TT° Decays for the CERN NAĄ8 Experiment,Nuci. Instr. and Meth. A419 (1998) 695;
21. Z. Hajduk, W. Iwański, K. Korcyl, J. Olszowska, H.C. van der Bij,The S-Link in the Data Sources for Trigger Demonstrators in the LHC Environment,Abstr. p. 39 and Proc. of the X-th IEEE Real Time Conference (RT'97), Beaune, France, 22-26September 1997 p. 193 and IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science 45 (1998) 1845.
Repor t s :
1. ALICE Collab., J. Schukraft, (J. Bartke, E. Gładysz-Dziaduś, E. Górnicki, M. Kowalski, A. Ry-bicki, P. Stefański) et al.,ALICE - Technical Design Report of the High Momentum Particle Identification Detector,CERN preprint, ALICE TDR 1 CERN/LHCC 98-19 (1998);
2. S. Azman, W. Dąbrowski, J. Kapłon, C. Lacasta, D. Macina, M. Wolter, A. Szsenei,Test on. A BCD Chips,ATLAS Internal Note, CERN ATL-INDENT-98-217 (1998);
3. W. Dąbrowski, (M. Wolter) et al.,The ABCD Binary Redout Chip for Siliconn Strip Detectors in the ATLAS Silicon Tracker,IV Workshop on Electronics for LHC Experiments, Rome, September 1998 in: CERN ReportCERN/LHCC/98-36 (1998);
4. S. Jagielski, A. Kaczmarska, M. Wolter,Tagging b-Jets Using Low pr Electrons,ATLAS Internal Note, CERN ATL-PHYS-98-129 (1998).
PARTICIPATION IN CONFERENCES AND WORKSHOPS:
INVITED TALKS:
1. M. TurałaSummary Talk, Wire Chamber Conference, Vienna, Austria, February 1998;
2. S. Gadomski"A Measurements of fs/fd using sequential dimuon decays", Annual Conference of the AmericanPhysical Society, Columbus, Ohio, USA, April 1998;
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3. S. Gadomski"Beautiful Physics with CDF" Symposium of the Canadian Physical Society, Waterloo, Ontario,Canada, June 1998.
PRESENTATIONS:
1. B. Madeyski (E. Gornicki, and S. Koperny),"Power Supply Design", ATLAS SCT Week, CERN, March 1998;
2. B. Madeyski (E. Gornicki, and S. Koperny),"Power Supply Review", ATLAS SCT Week, CERN, March 1998;
3. A. Kaczmarska,"b-Tagging with Soft Electrons", ATLAS Physics Workshop, Grenoble, March/April 1998;
4. M. Sapiriski,"The SM and MSSM Higgs Search in ttH, H->bb Channel with ATLAS Detector on LHC",ATLAS Physics Workshop, Grenoble, March/April 1998;
5. M. Sapinski,"Application of Top-Pair Reconstruction in Search of Higgs Boson in ttH Channel", ATLASWeek, Top WG. CERN, 8 November 1998;
6. M. Wolter and D. Macina"ABCD Beam Test Results 1998", ATLAS SCT Week, 10 November 1998.
ORGANIZED CONFERENCES AND WORKSHOPS:
1. Z. HajdukATLAS TRT Week, CERN, November 1998;
2. P. MaleckiR-ECFA Open Session on Particle and Nuclear Physics in Poland, Krakow, Poland, 4 - 5 Septem-
ber 1998.
SCIENTIFIC DEGREES:
NOMINATIONS:
1. Z. Hajduk - Polish Representative to ACCU (1995-1998);2. Z. Hajduk - Detector Control System coordinator in TRT-ATLAS Collaboration;3. Z. Hajduk - Member of the ATLAS Power Supplies Working Group;4. M. Turala - Member of the LHC Electronics Board - (from 1996);5. M. Turala - Expert in Physics Advisory Committee (PAC), ZIBJ Dubna, April 1998;6. M. Turala - Member of the ATLAS SCT steering group (from 1997);7. P. Malecki - Polish Representative in R-ECFA (Restricted European Committee for Future
Accelerators).
SCHOLARSHIPS:
1. Z. Hajduk - Scientific Associate, CERN, 1997-1998;2. K. Korcyl - Scientific Associate, CERN, 1998-1999.
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SEMINARS:
EXTERNAL:
1. M. Sapiriski,"Single Top and Top Pair Reconstruction with Fast Simulation (ATLFAST)",CERN, 8 October 1998, Jet/ETmiss Working Group;
2. Z. Hajduk,"Common Specifications for Inner Tracker LV Power Supplies",ATLAS Power Supplies Working Group, 30 January 1998;
3. Z. Hajduk,"Update of Specifications for Inner Tracker LV Power Supplies" ,ATLAS Power Supplies Working Group, 27 February 1998;
4. Z. Hajduk,"PowerDistribution and Patch Panel Location",ATLAS TRT Coll. Meeting, 27 February 1998;
5. Z. Hajduk,"Update on TRT Services",ATLAS TRT Coll.Meeting, 17 April 1998;
6. Z. Hajduk,"Overview of the TRT DCS Status",ATLAS TRT Coll. Meeting, 13 November 1998;
7. Z. Hajduk,"Risk Analysis for Failure of the TRT Components",ATLAS TRT Coll.Meeting, 16 November 1998;
8. Z. Hajduk,"Status of the HV and LV Systems in TRT Detector",ATLAS DCS Coll. Meeting, 17 November 1998;
9. Z. Hajduk,"Specifications for TRT LV Power Supplies",ATLAS TRT Coll. Meeting, November 1998.
INTERNAL:
1. M. Kudla (UW-CMS),"CMS Muon Trigger", 8 January 1998;
2. P. Zalewski (UW-CMS),"SUSY at CMS - Experimental Aspects", 15 January 1998;
3. E. Richter-Was,"SUSY - ATLAS Physics Programme", 22 January 1998;
4. D. Bocian and M. Wolter,"Report from Grenoble Physics Workshop", 9 April 1998;
5. W. Dabrowski (FPNT AGH),"Structures of Silicon Detectors", 23 April 1998;
6. K. Jeleri (FPNT AGH),"Physics of Thin Gas Layers", 30 April 1998;
7. J. Szwed (UJ),"Basis of Supersymmetry", 7 May 1998;
8. A. Bialas (UJ),"Higgs Mechanism", 14 May 1998;
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9. P. Jenni (CERN),"LHC and ATLAS", 21 May 1998;
10. J. Btocki,"Thermal Tension in Silicon Detectors", 18 June 1998;
11. S. Jagielski (FPNT AGH),"Tagging b-jets Using Low pt Electrons", 26 November 1998;
12. M. Wolter,"Programme of Tests for the SCT Frontend Electronics", 3 December 1998;
13. E. Rulikowska,"Monitoring Xe concentration in TRT", 10 December 1998;
14. D. Bocian,"Quantum Computers - CERN School of Computing 1998", 17 December 1998.
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PL9902561
HIGH ENERGY PHYSICS DETECTORCONSTRUCTION GROUP
Head of Section: Marek Stodulski M.Sc, M.E.telephone: (48) (12) 633-33-66 ext.: 53fax: (48) (12) 633-38-84e-mail: [email protected]
PERSONNEL:Research Staff:Jacek Blocki, Ph.D. Marian Lemler, M.Sc., C.E.Tomir Coghen, Prof. Krzysztof Pakoriski, Ph.D.Kazimierz Galuszka, M.Sc., M.E. Marek Stodulski, M.Sc., M.E.Jan Godlewski, Ph.D. Pawel Zychowski, M.Sc., M.E.Technical Staff:Marian Despet Mieczystaw StrekAndrzej Straczek
OVERVIEW:
The main activity of the Group concentrates on the design and construction of mechanical struc-tures and cooling systems applied in high energy physics experiments as well as of some componentsof future accelerators (LHC at CERN). Research and development of new materials, such as carboncarbon (C-C) composites have also been carried out since 1993 in collaboration with the Departmentof Leptonic Interactions and the Department of Special Ceramics of the University of Mining and Met-allurgy in Krakow, and, starting in 1998 also with CERN. The latter collaboration is mainly devotedto testing whether the elements from C-C - composites manufactured by the Department of LeptonicInteractions and our Group using various types of technology to obtain the desired properties, canbe applied in extreme operating conditions (temperature, radiation, vacuum, humidity) occurring inmodern accelerators and their detectors. It should be pointed out that the C-C composites have uniqueproperties, such as low density and mean atomic number (resulting in high values of radiation andinteraction lengths) as well as very good mechanical properties, e.g. high Young's modulus comparableto that of steel, good thermal conductivity and resistance for high temperature, which are particularlydesirable in high energy physics experiments. In the past the group took part in the construction ofwire chambers for several experiments at SPS and the DELPHI experiment at LEP (CERN), of theLiquid Argon Calorimeter and of muon chambers for the HI experiment at HERA (DESY). In 1998our main activity was concentrated on the design and construction of the supporting structures andthe water cooling system for silicon detectors in the PHOBOS - experiment at RHIC (BNL) to becommissioned in 1999. R&D, however, has also been continued on the design of components of theATLAS and ALICE experiments at LHC which should be commissioned in 2005. Details on our work
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which is carried out in collaboration with several experimental groups from our Institute, from CERNand BNL are presented in the following Reports on Research.
Marek Stodulski
REPORTS ON RESEARCH:PL9902562
Carbon-Carbon Composites Applicable in High Energy PhysicsAccelerators and Detectors
J. Blocki, T. Coghen, J. Godlewski, J. Michalowski x, M. Stodulski, and P. Zychowski
• Work on the development of the technology of manufacturing elements from C-C composites,has been continued. In particular: Stage I of bi-annual agreement 1998-1999 between CERNand INP on this subject has been realized. The following apparatus has been built in Krakow:
— Apparatus for vacuum saturation of C-C composites by means of the CVI - method atabout 1300°i<:,
- Furnace for high temeperature (up to 1800°K) treatment of C-C composites in argon at-mosphere.
C-C specimens from various carbon fabrics and rovings were manufactured in Krakow and testedboth in Krakow and CERN. Values of mechanical parameters obtained are comparable to thoseobtained in leading centres, e.g. Young's modulus E = lOQGPa -f- 500GPa, bending strengtha = 300MPa-f- GOOMPa, depending on the internal structure (ID, 2D). Tests performed atCERN in a vacuum chamber have shown that as concerns outgassing, best results are obtainedfor samples graphitized at 2500 K. These have properties comparable to those of stainless steel.Preliminary tests made in a special chamber at CERN, on the influence of humidity changeson the saturation of samples with moisture and the resulting displacements, gave similar results(best for graphitized samples). To be fully conclusive the tests have to be carried out for severalmonths and will be continued according to the above-mentioned agreement in 1999.
• In collaboration with the Department of Special Ceramics of the University of Mining andMetallurgy, Krakow, work on manufacturing composites with special elastic properties has beencarried out. Specimens (ID) of various thicknesses (0.3 mm - 29 mm) were fabricated fromultra-high modulus carbon fibres (K1100) and phenolic resin. Presently, these specimens aretested using ultrasonic method to determine their elastic properties.
1 Department of Leptonic Interactions.
Hill II Illlllllllillllllllliiiiiiiiiiiiii o o o
PL9902563 2Sd
High Energy Physics Experiments at LHCJ. Blocki, B. Da.browski, J. Godlewski, A. Str^czek,
M. Strek, and P. Zychowski
ALICE Experiment
The mechanical design of the CASTOR calorimeter for the ALICE experiment has been pro-posed. A preliminary study of stresses and deformations for this structure caused by its ownweight has been carried out.ATLAS Experiment
Cooling system for the ATLAS TRT detector
In 1998 substantial progress in the design of the cooling system for the ATLAS TRT detectorwas made. The impact of substituting water by iluorocarbon was studied both theoreticallyand experimentally. It has been proven that from the point of view of heat exchange a newcooling liquid will cause no adverse effects. A thermal mock-up of read-out electronics has beenbuilt and tested. The results of the tests have been compared with Finite Elements Analysiscalculations. Good agreement between tests and calculations has been achieved. Fig. 1. showsa temperature distribution on the electronics board obtained by ANSYS simulation.
For the cooling/ventilating gas a new shape of the inlet manifold and distribution area hasbeen proposed. The proposed changes were implemented into the existing mock-up, and testsin a wide range of gas flow were performed. The results of the tests are satisfactory and allowintroducing the proposed changes into the final design of the TRT End-cap Wheels.
Studies of temperature distribution in the services area were performed. The proposal for coolingthe power cables was checked both by experimental tests and ANSYS simulations. This proposalhas been already implemented into the design of the TRT detector.
In 1998 three students made their diploma theses basing on the topics connected with the TRTcooling system.
i l i
Fig. 1: Temperature distribution on the electronics board.
Thermal stress problems of the STC detector
Thermal stresses in silicon modules caused by temperature differences between working temper-ature (—15°C) and temperature of glue curing (25°C) have been investigated. Thin glue layerscan transmit quite high thermal deformations and induce thermal stresses which have been es-timated using a simple analytical model and then compared with the Finite Element Analysis(ANSYS program).
Stress States in the Girder of the Tile Calorimeter
In addition, stress states in the girder (Fig. 2), i.e. the main structural element of the TileCalorimeter, have been analyzed using the ANSYS program.
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Fig. 2: The FEA model of the girder. PL9902564
High Energy Physics Experiments at RHIC
W. Bogucki, T. Coghen, B. Da,browski *, M. Despet, K. Gahiszka,J. Kotula 2, M. Lemler, J. Michalowski 3, M. Stodulski, A. Str^czek,
M. Str?k, and P. Zychowski
During this year the design of mechanical structures for the silicon detector modules for thePHOBOS experiment was almost finalized. Most of those structures were fabricated in Krakow andshipped to Brookhaven National Laboratory. In particular:
• Supporting structure of the inner spectrometer arm - final versions of the base plate and coolingframes were fabricated and tested. Maximum sag of the base plate was measured and it wassmaller than 300 microns. Tightness of the cooling frames was tested at 0.1 MPa overpressureand a pressure drop was measured for each frame. The spectrometer arm is supported fromthe bottom by a sliding and a fixed base. The former was designed and fabricated. Supportingstructures for the outer spectrometer arm will be fabricated in 1999.
• Supporting structure for the vertex and octagon multiplicity detector modules - final versions ofthe octagon frame and its sliding base were fabricated. Maximum sag of the octagon structuremounted on the sliding base did not exceed 2.5 mm. Vertical adjustment of the sliding baseallows for compensation of that sag. Tightness tests and measurements of a pressure drop werealso performed.
• Supporting structure for the ring counters - a final version of the detector frame was designed.One complete structure was shipped to the University of Illinois in Chicago. Five remainingstructures will be finished in 1999.
Besides, we have also been involved in the following activities at the Massachusetts Institute ofTechnology (MIT):
• Installation of the mechanical structures - rail systems were designed and fabricated. The railsystems will serve for installation of the spectrometer arms and the octagon structure inside themagnet and also for their precise positioning. The mechanical structures mounted on the railsystems in the MIT laboratory are shown in Fig. 3.
• The spectrometer silicon detector modules - together with people from MIT we designed thesilicon detector modules and tooling for their gluing, bonding and storing. Finaly we fabricatedthe tooling and some components of the modules.
1 Department of Hadron Structure.2 Division of Mechanical Construction.3Department of Leptonic Interactions.
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r 1Fig. 1: Mechanical structures supporting PHOBOS silicon detectors.
SEMINARS:EXTERNAL:
1. J. Blocki,"Summary of All Forces Acting on the Cylinders (definitions of the extreme cases)", ATLASWeek, CERN, 26 February 1998;
2. J. Blocki,"Strength Calculations for the Girder", ATLAS Week, CERN, 26 February 1998;
3. J. Blocki,"Thermally Induced Stress in Silicon-BeO Module Assemblies", ATLAS Week, CERN, 3 June1998;
4. J. Blocki,"Last Update on the General Forces on the Calorimeter", ATLAS Week, CERN, 4 June 1998;
5. J. Blocki,More Results of FEA Calculations on the Girder", ATLAS Week, CERN, 4 June 1998;
6. J. Blocki,"Status of the New Calculations with the New Load Conditions", ATLAS Week, CERN,10 September 1998;
7. J. Blocki,"Stresses in the Extended Barrel Girder", ATLAS Week, CERN, 12 November 1998;
8. J. Blocki,"Thermal Stresses in Silicon Detector Modules", Krakow ATLAS Group Meeting, 18 June 1998;
9. W. Bogucki, K. Galuszka, J. Kotula, and M. Stodulski,"Cooling System for the Silicon Detectors in the PHOBOS Experiment", presented by M. Sto-dulski at the PHOBOS Coll. Meeting, INP, 12 January 1998;
10. W. Bogucki, M. Despet, J. Kotula, J. Michalowski, M. Stodulski, and M. Strek,"Mechanical Issues - Design and Fabrication", presented by M. Stodulski at the PHOBOSMonthly Meeting, MIT, 11 April 1998;
11. W. Bogucki, K. Galuszka, M. Lemler, J. Michalowski, M. Stodulski, and P. Zychowski,"Mechanical Structures and Cooling System for the PHOBOS Silicon Detectors", presented byG. Stephans at the PHOBOS Coll. Meeting, MIT, 30 July 1998;
12. W. Bogucki, K. Galuszka, J. Kotula, M. Lemler, J. Michalowski, M. Stodulski, and P. Zychowski,"Mechanical Structures and Cooling System for the PHOBOS Silicon Detectors", presented byR. Holynski at the PHOBOS Coll. Meeting, BNL, 16 October 1998;
236
13. W. Bogucki, K. Galuszka, J. Kotuia, M. Lemler, M. Stodulski, A. Straczek,"Assembly of the Spectrometer and Installation at BNL", presented by M. Stodulski at thePHOBOS Monthly Meeting, MIT, 14 December 1998;
14. K. Galuszka, J. Kotuia, M. Lemler, J. Michaiowski, M. Stodulski, and P. Zychowski,"Mechanical Structures for the Silicon Detectors in the PHOBOS Experiment", presented by M.Stodulski at the PHOBOS Collaboration Meeting, INP, 12 January 1998;
15. J. Godlewski,"Wheels; Cooling Status" , CERN TRT Meeting , CERN, 26 January 1998;
16. J. Godlewski,"Wheels; Cooling Status" , TRT ATLAS Week , CERN, 26 February 1998;
17. J. Godlewski,"Progress in 'Warm' Fluorinert Cooling for the TRT and Other Detectors, Together with Phase1 Plans", ATLAS Cooling Working Group Meeting, CERN, 20 April 1998;
18. J. Godlewski,"Status of Warm Fluorinerts Tests", ATLAS Cooling Group Meeting, CERN, 12 June 1998;
19. J. Godlewski,"Gas Distribution Studies", TRT Workshop Gatchina'98; 23 September 1998;
20. J. Godlewski,"Temperature Distribution between End-Cap Wheels and Cryostat", TRT WorkshopGatchina'98; 23 September 1998;
21. J. Godlewski,"Heat Dissipation in Power Cables", TRT Workshop Gatchina'98, 23 September 1998;
22. M. Stodulski,"Optimization and Sensitivity Analysis of the PHOBOS Spectrometer Structure", MechanicalDepartment, Cracow University of Technology , 21 January 1998.
237
COMMON ACTIVITIES OF THE HIGH ENERGYPHYSICS DEPARTMENTS
LECTURES AND COURSES:
For Jagiellonian University students:
1. J. Bartke,"Physics of Relativistic Nuclei";
2. J. Figiel, H. Palka, and J. Turnau,"Selected Topics in High Energy Physics";
3. P. Malecki,"Experimental Methods in Elementary Particle Physics";
4. T. Lesiak and S. Mikocki,"Seminar on Experimental High Energy Physics";
5. K. Cieslik, D. Bocian, K. Olkiewicz, T. Wozniak, and M. Witek,"High Energy Physics Laboratory".
For INP Ph.D. students:
1. M. Jezabek,"Quantum Chromodynamics".
For Silesian University students:
1. M. Jezabek,"Classical Electrodynamics","Quantum Mechanics".
SEMINARS OF THE DEPARTMENTS OF HIGH ENERGY PHYSICSJoint seminars with the Theoretical Physics Department of the Jagiellonian University,Krakow, Poland.
1. W. Czyz (Jagiellonian Univ.),"Distortion of Vacuum, Production of DCC, and Beams in RHIC";
2. J. Bartke,"The "Quark Matter '97" Conference in Tsukuba (Japan)";
3. A. Bialas (Jagiellonian Univ.),"Influence of Bose-Einstein Correlations on Multiplicity Distributions and Charge Ratios";
4. K. Fialkowski (Jagiellonian Univ.),"Implementation of Bose-Einstein Correlations into Monte-Carlo Generators";
5. K. Jeleri (Univ. of Mining and Metallurgy),"Linear Electron Accelerators";
6. A. Dyrek (Jagiellonian Univ.),"Disoriented Chiral Condensate";
7. L. Lesniak,"Strong Interactions of Mesons";
8. P. Malecki,"The ATLAS Project";
9. A. Bialas (Jagiellonian Univ.),"On the Early Stage of Nucleus-Nucleus Collisions: Do We Already Observe Quark-GluonPlasma?";
10. H. Palka,"News from LEP-2";
238
11. J. Turnau,"Recent Results from HERA";
12. A. Biaias (Jagiellonian Univ.),"Influence of Bose-Einstein Correlations on Multiplicity and Momentum Distributions of Pions";
13. Th. Ghermann (DESY),"The Spin Structure of the Proton";
14. A. Biaias (Jagiellonian Univ.),"Quark Model of Strange Baryon Production";
15. A. Biaias (Jagiellonian Univ.),"Bose-Einstein Correlations and Independent Production of Pions";
16. L. Motyka (Jagiellonian Univ.),"Diffractive J / f Production in j — 7 Collisions as a Probe of BFKL Dynamics";
17. M. Jezabek,"Top Quark Pair Production at Future Linear Colliders";
18. A. Zalewska,"The Future of European Neutrino Physics";
19. M. Przybycieri (Univ.of Mining and Metallurgy),»W+W~ Production at LEP-2";
20. K. Fialkowski (Jagiellonian Univ.),"Bose-Einstein Effect in Monte-Carlo for W+W~";
21. K. Fialkowski (Jagiellonian Univ.),"Anomaly in the Beta Decay of Tritium - Tachyonic Neutrinos or Neutrino Cloud?";
22. B. Wosiek,"Fragmentation of 158 A GeV Pb Nuclei in Pb + Pb Collisions";
23. J. Szwed (Jagiellonian Univ.),"The Electron Structure Function";
24. A. Biaias (Jagiellonian Univ.),"Two-Particle Correlations of Hadrons in e+e~ Collisions".
Internal Seminars:
1. B. Szczerbinska (Wroclaw Univ.),"Strangeness Production in Quark-Gluon Plasma";
2. L. Motyka (Jagiellonian Univ.),"Exclusive Meson Production in Photon-Photon Collisions";
3. W. Broniowski,"Modification of Hadron Properties in Nuclear Matter";
4. G. Polok,"Multiphoton Interaction - the First Measurements";
5. A. Dabrowska,"Fragmentation of Au Nuclei at Energies 0.1-10.6 GeV/n";
6. J. Kisiel (Silesian Univ.),"Search for Glueballs in the "Crystal Barrel" Experiment at LEAR (CERN)";
7. J. Michalowski, "Carbon-Carbon Composites and their Application in Particle Detectors andAccelerators";
8. B. Badelek (Warsaw Univ.),"Thermodynamics of Polarized Targets: Orienting Nuclear Spins";
9. J. Figiel,"Electroproduction of Vector Mesons";
239
10. N.N. Nikolaev (Landau Institute and IKP FZ Jiilich),"Leading Baryons in DIS at HERA";
11. W. Wislicki (INS, Warsaw),"Spin Structure of the Nucleon";
12. A. Szczurek,"Meson Cloud in Nucleon and Asymmetry of Light Antiquarks";
13. S. Gadomski,"Measurement of Fragmentation Ratios of the &-Quark into B° and B + i B° Mesons in the CDFExperiment";
14. L. Motyka (Jagiellonian Univ.),"The Rochester Conference - Vancouver'98";
15. S. Jadach,"New Monte-Carlo for LEP-2";
16. D. Bloch (CRN Strasbourg),"Charm Results from Z Decays in the DELPHI Experiment at LEP";
17. K. Piotrzkowski (DESY and INP),"Production of Vector Mesons at HERA and Predictions of Quantum Chromodynamics";
18. J. Bartke,"Two conferences: "Strangeness in Quark Matter" and "Multiparticle Dynamics";
19. E. Lobodziiiska,
"Productions of Jets and Forward-Going Particles at the HERA Collider".
Seminars of the TESLA Linear Collider:
1. M. Jezabek,
"Static Properties of the t Quark";2. A. Zalewska,
"General Characteristics of the Experimental Apparatus and Requirements for the Vertex De-tector at TESLA";
3. E. Rulikowska (Univ. of Mining and Metallurgy),"Main Tracker and Optimization of the Applied Gases";
4. J. Turnau,"Hadronic Final States and QCD Tests at TESLA";
5. B. Muryn (Univ. of Mining and Metallurgy),"Aspects of the Two-Photon Physics at the TESLA Energies";
6. M. Jezabek,"i-Quark Physics at the TESLA Energies";
7. M. Witek," Calorimeters in the Proposed Detector at TESLA";
8. J. Andruszkow et al.,"Electronics for Tests of the TESLA Superconductive Cavities";
9. T. Lesiak,"Detector Simulations for the Experiment at TESLA";
10. K. Jeleri (Univ. of Mining and Metallurgy),"Introduction to e+e~ Future Linacs and to Free Electron Lasers";
11. W. Kucewicz (Univ. of Mining and Metallurgy),"Active Pixel Sensors with Analog Readout - Proposed R&D for the Vertex Detector at TESLA";
12. J. Krzywiiiski (Institute of Physics, Warsaw),"Chance for Coherent X-Rays - Free Electron Lasers at the TESLA Project";
240
13. K. Jeleii (Univ. of Mining and Metallurgy),"The TESLA and S-BAND Projects";
14. M. Witek,"Summary of the Orsay Meeting (Starting the 2nd ECFA/DESY Study on Physics and Detectorsfor a Linear Electron-Positron Collider)";
15. E. Rulikowska (University od Mining and Metallurgy),"New Ideas in Gaseous Detectors - GEM and Others";
16. M. Jezabek,"Precision of the t Quark Mass Determination";
17. P. Stopa,"Expected Backgrounds at the TESLA Project";
18. A. Zalewska,"Compact Linear Collider (CLIC) - the CERN Project of the Future e+e~ Collider";
19. S. Jadach,"Summary of the Lund Meeting (in a Framework of the 2nd ECFA/DESY Study on Physicsand Detectors for a Linear Electron-Positron Collider)";
20. S. Jadach,"QED Corrections to Z Radiative Return at LEP2 and NLC";
21. E. Rulikowska (Univ. of Mining and Metallurgy),"Summary of the Detector Meeting at DESY";
22. P. Stopa,"The Neutron Background at TESLA";
23. A. Eskreys,"HERA Upgrade and its Consequences for Luminosity Measurement";
24. K. Krop (Univ.of Mining and Metallurgy),"Synchrotron Radiation and its Applications".
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PL9902565
DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTALAND RADIATION TRANSPORT PHYSICS
Head of the Department: Prof. Jerzy LoskiewiczSecretary: EwaLipkatelephone: (048) (12) 637-02-22 ext. 345e-mail: [email protected]
PERSONNEL:
Scientific Staff:
Jan Lasa, Prof.Andrzej Zuber, Prof.Urszula Woznicka, Assoc. Prof.Krzysztof Drozdowicz, Ph.D.Ewa Krynicka, Ph.D.Jan Swakon, Ph.D.Ireneusz Sliwka, Ph.D.Tadeusz Zaleski, Ph.D.Teresa Cywicka-Jakiel, Ph.D.Jaroslaw Necki, Ph.D.Joanna Bogacz, M.Sc.
Tomasz Kozicz, M.Sc. Eng. - graduate studentPiotr Mochulski - graduate studentAndrzej Lutak - graduate student
Technical Staff:
Jacek BurdaWladyslaw JanikRyszard Haber
Dominik Dworak, M.Sc.Joanna Da_browska, M.Sc. Eng.Andrzej Drabina, M.Sc. (1/2)Barbara Gabanska, M.Sc.Andrzej Igielski, M.Sc. Eng. (1/5)Mirostaw Janik, M.Sc. Eng.Mariola Kosik-Abramczyk, M.Sc.Jadwiga Mazur, M.Sc. Eng.Eugeniusz Mnich, M.Sc. Eng.Grzegorz Tracz, M.Sc.
Antoni Ros"ciszewskiArkadiusz KurowskiTadeusz Zdziarski
OVERVIEW:
The Department is engaged in research on:Tracer hydrology,Study of the gases responsible for greenhouse effects,Slow-neutron transport in materials,Radon research,Semi-empirical calibration procedures for neutron borehole probes,Application of artificial neural networks in geophysical parameters determination,Neutron and particle transport studies for accelerator shielding and measurement gauges.
242
Studies were continued on models for the interpretation of tracer data and transit time calculations inhydrologic systems and on solute velocities and hydraulic parameters in Karstic Aquifers.
At the Kasprowy Wierch Station (Tatra Mountains) were continued the measurements of gasesparticipating in the greenhouse effect (CH4, CO2 and SF6). The same gases are also measured in Krakow. Thedata obtained during the last two years will make possible an exhaustive study of the balance of greenhousegases.
The use of SF6 as tracer substance for studies of the age of subterranean waters was studied.A method of measuring the concentration of SF6 in subterranean waters was developed and tested on a fewspring outlets.
The problem of generally valid approximation describing scattering of slow neutrons on hydrogenousmixtures was finalized and published in Nuclear Instruments and Methods A. Also a theoretical method forcalculating scattering and diffusion of thermal neutrons was worked out for plexiglass and published inJournal of Physics D.
Long term measurements of radon concentration were continued. A simple method for measuring radonconcentration in soil gas using track-etch detectors was tested and compared with measurements performedwith ionization chamber ALPHAGuard PQ 2000. For the purpose of collecting the soil gasa special probe has been designed which stops the inflow of atmospheric air into the hole. The results werepresented at the Int. Conference on Nuclear Tracks in Solids held in Besancon (France) and will be publishedin Radiation Measurements. The problem of the measuring time interval for short screening tests by the use ofcanisters with active charcoal was studied and it was found that the minimal time interval needed to get rid ofdiurnal variations of concentration equalled 4 or 5 days. A FORTRAN program RADONTRA describing theinflow of radon gas from the soil into houses was positively tested. When studying the radon transport wefound that the soil permeability is a very important model parameter. The existing methods of permeabilitymeasurement call for a comparison with a standard, which will be the next task.
The semi-empirical calibration method was extended to three-layer case and tested on 5 measurementswith steel tubings as intermediate layer. The measurements have been performed at Geophysical CompanyZielona G6ra. The parameters of the apparent Sa calculation procedure are now under review. The theoreticalcalculations and computational results were presented at the SPWLA Regional Conference on Well Logging inMoscow.
An artificial neural network analysis has been applied to the data from miocene formations situated inCarpathian foreland. A very good description of Ea = f(K, U, Th) dependence was obtained also in this region.The results were presented on SPWLA Regional Conference on Well Logging in Moscow.
A study of the problem of influence of inhomogeneity of the (rock) medium on the spatial distribution ofthermal neutron flux was performed. First results were reported on National Conference on Achievements andPractice in Oil and Gas Mining Industry in Warszawa.
In collaboration with Radiation Protection Group of DESY work concerning the neutron, chargedparticle and gamma doses in HERA-West hall was carried out. The radiation was generated by interactions of820 GeV protons on nuclei of the rest gas in accelerator pipe. The results from FLUKA code calculations werecompared with measurement in the experimental hall. The agreement was quite good and giving hope that thecalculations alone will be sufficient to estimate the doses.
Professor Jerzy Loskiewicz
243
REPORTS ON RESEARCH: PL9902566
Density-Removed Thermal Neutrons Diffusion Parameters from the VariableBuckling Experiment Simulated with the Monte Carlo Method
J. Dajjrowska and K. Drozdowicz
The time decay constant X of the fundamental mode of the thermal neutrons flux, measured in the variablebuckling experiment, is defined by:
2 A
The decay constants X are measured for a set of samples of different dimensions (i.e. of different bucklings B )and the material diffusion parameters <vEa), Do and C can be evaluated from Eq. (1). These parameters for
a given medium are dependent on the mass density p . The macroscopic absorption cross section Sa is
proportional to the p, the diffusion constant £>o is inversely proportional to the p, and the diffusion cooling-3 T»2
coefficient C has a p dependence. Also the buckling a is a weak function of the p through theextrapolation distance. In the case of measurement series with bulk materials it is difficult to keep the samebulk density for all samples of the material. Czubek [1] proposed a method to eliminate the influence of thevariable bulk density on results. Dividing Eq. (1) by p the following generalized expression is obtained:
XM = -CM(BM)4 +...,where:
= - , BM=~, (vX^> = ^ ^ ,P P P o
(2)
= P3C. (3)
8
The last three parameters defined by Eqs. (3) should be independent of the mass density variability providingthat the neutron transport propertiesdo not differ significantly in measured
p-.a A samples. Therefore, the question isabout an admissible range of changeof the bulk density. It might beanswered in an experimental waywhich is very laborious and timeconsuming. Instead, a Monte Carlo [2]computer simulation of experimentalseries can be made. The computationswere made for polyethylene sphericalsamples of two significantly differentdensities corresponding to twoporosities (0 and 40 %) of a bulkmaterial. Neutrons were generated bythe volume uniform and isotropicsource in a whole sample, within the100 ps time interval with the sameprobability. Their initial energy wassampled from the Maxwellian
distribution at the room temperature ET= kT — 0.0253 eV. Like in a real pulsed experiment, after the initialneutron pulse, the neutron fluxes in the samples were scored in 900 time channels, one (is in width, and thedecay constants X were calculated [3].The results of the two simulated series are presented in Fig. 1. As it was expected two curves A. = X(B2)
35000
30000
25000
20000
15000
10000
5000
n
-
-
porosity: 40%
p = 0.6 p0 = 0.57 g/cm3
OG
_ o
O
porosity: 0
p = po= 0.95 g/cm3
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0 8 i.o
Buckling 82 [cm'2]
244
obtained for the two extremal values of the porosity differ significantly. For each curve the diffusionparameters (vS f l), Z>o and C were evaluated and then, according to Eqs. (3), their density removed analogues
were calculated . They are given in Table 1. It can be seen that the values of interest differ a little. The study isgoing on.
Table 1. Density removed neutrons diffusion parameters for two different porosities.
%
0
40
P
gem"3
0.95
0.57
<uS.M>
cmV's"1
6328±436520±26
n M
Do
cnT'gs"1
25 919±15525 306±54
CM
cm-Vs"1
1681±1381292±25
References:
1. J.A. Czubek, Appl. Radiat. Isot. 48, No. 2 (1997) 237;2. J.F. Briesmeister, Monte Carlo N-Particle Code System, LA-12625-M (November 1993);3. K. Drozdowicz, B. Gabariska, and E. Krynicka, INP Rept. No 1635/AP, Krakow (1993).
LIST OF PUBLICATIONS:
Articles:
1. J. Burda, A. Igielski, W. Janik, M. Kosik, A. Kurowski, U. Woznicka, T. Zaleski,Time-Dependent Neutron Field Experimental Set-up at the Pulsed Neutron Generator in theINP, Krakow,Nukleonika (1998) (in print);
2. J.A. Czubek, U. Woznicka,Neutron Flux and Axial Moments in Three-Region Cylindrical Geometry Applied for NeutronLog Calibration. Part I: Theretical Description,Acta Geoph. Pol. XLVI, No 4 (1998) 427;
3. K. Drozdowicz,The Diffusion Cooling Coefficient for Thermal Neutrons in Plexiglas,J. Phys. D31 (1998) 1800;
4. K. Drozdowicz,A Method to Calculate Thermal Neutron Diffusion Parameters for Hydrogenous Mixtures,Nucl. Instr. and Meth. A411 (1998) 121;
5. P. Matoszewski, A. Zuber,A General Lumped Parameter Model for the Interpretation of Tracer Data and Transit TimeCalculation in Hydrologic Systems - Comments,J. Hydrol. 204 (1998) 297;
6. A. Zuber, J. Motyka,Hydraulic Parameters and Solute Velocities in Triple-Porosity Karstic-Fissured-Porous Carbon-ate Aquifers: Case Studies in Southern Poland,Environmental Geology 34 (1998) 243.
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Other publications:
1. T. Cywicka-Jakiel,Determination of Hard Coal Qualities by Neutron Methods (in Polish),Mechanizacja i Automatyzacja Gornictwa, Czasopismo Naukowo-Techniczne, Nr 3(331) (1998)41.
Proceedings:
1. T. Cywicka-Jakiel, J. Loskiewicz, G. Tracz,Computational and Experimental Research on Humidity Measurements of Coke and/or Cement,"Bulk Hydrogen Analysis Using Neutrons", Final Report of the Second Research Co-ordinationMeeting of the above Co-ordinated Research Programme, IAEA HQ, Vienna, Austria, 17-20November 1998, IAEA/PS/RCM98-2 (1998) 1;
2. J.A. Czubek, A. Drabina, U. Woznicka,Extension of the Theoretical Approach of the Semi-Empirical Method of Neutron Tool Calibrationon the Three-Layer Borehole System,Abstr. of the Int. Conf. Nuclear Geophysics, Krakow, Poland, 20-23 October 1997, p. 11 andProceedings ed. U. Woznicka (Publs. Inst. Geophys. Pol. Acad. Sc., M-21(309)) (1998) 147;
3. J. Dabrowska, K. Drozdowicz, B. Gabanska, A. Igielski, M. Kosik, E. Krynicka, U. Woznicka,T. Zaleski,Neutron Transport Physics Laboratory Oriented to the Absorption Cross Section Measurementsfor Geophysics,Abstr. of the Int. Conf. "Nuclear Geophysics '97", Krakow, Poland, 20-23 October 1997, p. 25and Proceedings ed. U. Woznicka (Publs. Inst. Geophys. Pol. Acad. Sc., M-21(309)) (1998)205;
4. A. Drabina, U. Woznicka,Apparent Slowing-Down and Migration Length in a Three-Region Borehole Geometry (in Polish),VII National Conf. "New Methodolical and Interpretational Achievements in Well-LoggingGeophysics", Koninki, Poland, 22-24 April (1998) 85;
5. K. Drozdowicz, B. Gabariska, M. Kosik, E. Krynicka, U. Woznicka,Homogenity of Samples for Thermal Neutron Absorption Cross Section Measurement (in Polish),VII National Conf. "New Methodological and Interpretational Achievements in Well-LoggingGeophysics", Koninki, Poland, 22-24 April (1998) 103;
6. T. Florkowski, (J. Necki) et al.,Isotopic Composition od CO2 and NH4 in a Heavily Polluted Urban Atmosphere (SouthernPoland),Proc. of an Int. Symp. on "Isotope Techniques in the Study of Environmental Changes in theHydrosphere and the Atmosphere", IAEA, Vienna, Austria, 14-18 April 1997, IAEA-SM-348/5(1998) 37;
7. E. Krynicka,Measurement of the Thermal Neutron Absorption Cross Section of Rocks by a CorrelationMethod,Abstr. of the Int. Conf. "Nuclear Geophysics "97", Krakow, Poland, 20-23 October 1997, p. 9and Proceedings ed. U. Woznicka (Publs. Inst Geophys. Pol. Acad. Sc, M-21(309)) (1998)179;
8. E. Krynicka,Estimating an Accuracy of the Experimental Results by a Computer Simulation Method(in Polish),VII National Conf. "New Methodolical and Interpretational Achievements in Well-LoggingGeophysics", Koninki, Poland, 22-24 April (1998) 253;
246
9. J. Lasa,Photo-Ionisation Detectors (PID, PDPID) for Gas Chromatography (in Polish),V Polish Chromatographic Seminar on "Eco-Analysis in Environmental Protections", Torun,Poland, ed. B. Buszewski (M. Kopernik University, Torun) (1998) 105;
10. J. Loskiewicz,How Neural Networks Can be Used in Well-Logging Applications,Abstr. of the Int. Conf. on Nuclear Geophysics, Krakow, Poland, 20-23 October 1997, p. 17;Proc. in: Publications of the Institute of Geoph. Polish Academy of Sciences, ed. U. Woznicka(1998) 43;
11. J. Loskiewicz, J. Swakori, K. Kulczykowska,Neural Network Estimation of Rock Thermal Neutron Absorption Cross Section from NaturalRadioactivity,Abstr. of the Int. Conf. on Nuclear Geophysics, Krakow, Poland, 20-23 October 1997, p. 23and Proceedings ed. U. Woznicka (Publs. Inst. Geophys. Pol. Acad. Sc. M021(309) (1998)189;
12. J. Loskiewicz, J. Mazur,Indoor Radon, Exposure and Hazards,Proc. of the Joint Symp. on the Indoor Environment & Respiratory Illness, Including Allergy,(UNEP, WHO, ILO), 25-27 September 1997, Ustron, Poland (1998) 69;
13. P. Mabszewski, A. Zuber, E. Bedbur,Transport Parameters of Some Herbicides Determined from a Tracer Test,Proc. of Int. Conf. "Groundwater Quality: Remediation and Protection", Tubingen, Germany,21-25 September 1998, eds M. Herbert, K. Kovar (IAHS Publ. no. 250) (1998) 529;
14. D. Mazur, J. Bogacz, M. Janik, J. Loskiewicz, P. Olko, J. Swakori,Measurements of Radon Concentration in Dwellings and Soil at the Institute of Nuclear Physicsin Krakow,Proc. of the Fourth Symp. of the Croatian Radiation Protection Association, Zagreb, 11-13November 1998, eds B. Obelic, Z. Franic (CRPA) (1998) 329;
15. J. Necki et al.,Determination of the Bio- and Anthropogenic Emission of Greenhouse Gases" (in Polish),V Polish Chromatographic Seminar on "Eco-Analysis in Environmental Protections", Torun,Poland, ed. B. Buszewski (M. Kopernik University, Torun) (1998) 199;
16. J. Swakon, J. Loskiewicz,Thermal Neutron Absorption Cross-Section Dependence on a Natural Radioactive Elements Con-centrations for Miocene Rocks from Carpathian Piemont (in Polish),VII National Conf. "New Methodolical and Interpretational Achievements in Well-Logging Geo-physics", Koninki, Poland, 22-24 April (1998) 317;
17. I. Sliwka,Quantative Measurements of the Chlorofluoro-Compounds in Air" (in Polish),V Polish Chromatographic Seminar on "Eco-Analysis in Environmental Protections", Torun,Poland, ed. B. Buszewski (M. Kopernik University, Toruri) (1998) 129;
18. T. Zorski, A. Drabina, M. Stattmiiller,Application of the Semi-Empirical Method of the Neutron Tool Calibration in Oil Industry,Proc. of the Int. Conf. "Nuclear Geophysics '97", Krakow, Poland, 20-23 October 1997,ed. U. Woznicka (Publs. Inst. Geophys. Pol. Acad. Sc., M-21(309) (1998) 103;
19. T. Zorski, M. Stadmiiller, A. Drabina,Quantitative Interpretation of Neutron Logs in Geofizyka Krakow Company (in Polish),VII National Conf. "New Methodolical and Interpretational Achievements in Well-LoggingGeophysics", Koninki, Poland, 22-24 April (1998) 371;
20. A. Zuber et al.,Protection of the Malm Aquifer in Cracow Region from Anthropogenic Pollution Determined by
247
Environmental Tracer Methods (in Polish),Prace Naukowe Uniwersytetu Śląskiego (Katowice) 1718: "Hydrogeologia obszarów zurbani-zowanych i uprzemysłowionych", red. A. T. Jankowski (1998) 268.
Other conference materials:
1. J. Burda, A. Igielski, W. Janik, M. Kosik, A. Kurowski, U. Woźnicka, T. Zaleski,Time-Dependent Neutron Field Experimental Set-up at the Pulsed Neutron Generator in theINP, Kraków (in Polish),National Symp. on Nuclear Techniques in Industry, Medicine, Agriculture and EnvironmentalProtection,, Kraków, Poland, 16-18 September 1998, p. 117;
2. J. Dąbrowska, K. Drozdowicz, B. Gabańska, M. Kosik, E. Krynicka, U. Woźnicka,Thermal Neutron Diffusion Parameters for Media of Variable Bulk Density (in Polish),National Symp. on Nuclear Techniques in Industry, Medicine, Agriculture and EnvironmentalProtection, Kraków, Poland, 16-18 September 1998, p. 112;
3. A. Drabina, U. Woźnicka,Progress of Semi-empirical Calibration Method in the Three-region Borehole Geometry,Abstr. of the Int. Conf. and Exhibition on Well Logging, Moscow, 8-11 September 1998,p. B2.7;
4. A. Drabina, U. Woźnicka,Progress of the Semi-empirical Calibration Method for the Neutron Porosity Tools,Abstr. of the "Conference and Exhibition on Modern Exploration and Improved Oil and GasRecovery Methods", Kraków, Poland, 1-4 September 1998, AW-02 (1998) 35;
5. K. Drozdowicz, B. Gabańska, M. Kosik, E. Krynicka, U. Woźnicka,Influence of the Rock Material Heterogenity on Using the Pulsed Neutron Generator (in Polish),Methodological Achievements in World Oil-Geology and the Practice in Polish Oil and GasMining Industry, Warszawa, Poland, 19 May 1998, p. 47;
6. K. Drozdowicz, B. Gabańska, M. Kosik, E. Krynicka, U. Woźnicka,Neutronie Laboratory Experiments on Geological Samples Useful for Geophysical Interpretation,Abstr. of the Int. Conf. and Exhibition on Well Logging, Moscow, 8-11 September 1998,p. M1.6;
7. M. Duliński, A. Garlicki, J. Grabczak, A. Zuber,Water Origin Isotopic Analyses in Polish salt Mines (in Polish),IV Meeting of Polish Salt Mining Association (1998) 16;
8. M. Duliński, A. Garlicki, J. Grabczak, A. Zuber,Water Origin Isotopic Analyses in Polish Salt Mines (in Polish),National Symp. " Nuclear Technique in Industry, Medicine, Agriculture, and EnvironmentalProtection, Kraków, Poland, 16-18 September (1998) 141;
9. J. Loskiewicz, P. Olko, J. Swakoń, J. Bogacz, M. Janik, D. Mazur, J. Mazur,On the Applicability of Short Time Measurements to the Determination of Annual Average ofRadon Concentration in Dwelling,IRPA Regional Symposium on Radiation Protection in Neighbouring Countries of Central Eu-rope, Praque, 8-12 Sptember 1997 (1998) 142;
10. J. Loskiewicz, J. Swakoń,Analysis of the Correlations between Thermal Neutron Absorption Cross-Section and K, U, ThConcentrations for Miocene Rocks from Carpathian Piemont in Poland,Technical Abstracts of Int. Conf. and Exhibition on Well Logging, Moscow, Russia, 8-11 August1998, p. M1.4;
11. D. Mazur, M. Janik, J. Loskiewicz, P. Olko, J. Swakoń,Measurement of Radon Concentration in Soil Gas,XIX Int. Conf. on Nuclear Tracks in Solids, Besançon, September 1998;
248
12. A. Zuber,Isotope Methods in Determining the Origin of Brines in the Upper Silesian Coal Basin (inPolish), III Conf. on Environmental Protection, Jastrzebie Zdroj, Poland, 26 October 1998(NOT) (1998) 33.
Monographs:
1. J. Lasa, I. Sliwka,The Determination of Optimal Operation Conditions of the Electron Capture Detector for Ap-plication to Freons Concentrations Measurements. The Measurements of F-ll and F-12 Freonsin the Atmosphere,Environmental Chemistry - Exercises and Seminars, eds E. Szczesniak-Cileciak, P. Koscielniak(Jagiellonicum University Publishers) (in Polish) (1998) (in print).
Reports:
1. J. Bogacz, J. Mazur, J. Loskiewicz, M. Janik, D. Mazur,The Use of Diffusion-Barrier Charcoal Canisters for Radon Concentration Measurements inBuildings,IFJ Report 1789/Ap (1998);
2. A. Drabina, U. Woznicka,Neutron Diffusion Approximation Solution for the Three-Region Borehole Cylindrical Geometry.Part II: Numerical Tests and Results,IFJ Report 1794/PN (1998);
3. A. Drabina, J. Loskiewicz, U. Woznicka, T. Zorski,A Comparison of Theoretical Solution of Three-Layer Coaxial diffusion Approximation of theBorehole with the Measurements at Zielona Gora Calibration Facility,IFJ Report 1796/AP (1998);
4. M. Janik, J. Loskiewicz, P. Olko, J. Swakon,How Precise is the Determination of the Average Radon Concentration in Buildings from Mea-surements Lasting only a few Days,IFJ Report 1792/AP (1998).
GRANTS:
Grants from The State Committee for Scientific Research:
1. Prof. A. Zuber - Grant No 6 P04D 019 09,,,Determining the Origin and Age of Water in Chosen Main Groundwater Systems by Isotope and NobleGas Methods";
2. Prof J. loskiewicz - Grant No 9 T12B 014 10,,,Physics of the Neutron Tools Calibration for the Cylindrical Three-Zone system. Theory, ComputerCodes and Practice" (ended 31st March 1998);
3. J. Swakon, Ph. D. - Grant No 6 P04D 046 11,„ A comparison of stationary and pulsed measuring methods of thermal neutron absorption cross-section".
Grants from other sources :
1. Prof J. Lasa - IAEA Research Contract 302-F3-POL-8669,..Measurements of SF6 Concentration in Air and Water in Southern Poland";
2. Prof. A. Zuber - Coordinated Research Programme (CRP) No F3 40 06,
249
,,Combined Interpretation of Environmental Isotopes for Analyses of Flow and Transport Parametersby Making Use of the Lumped-Paramater Approach";
3. T. Cywicka-Jakiel, Ph.D. - IAEA Research Contract No 9613/R1/RBF,"Computational and Experimental Research on Humidity Measurement of Coke and/or Cement";
4. Prof. J. Loskiewicz - Annex 2 to Agreement on Scientific and Technical Cooperation between NationalAtomic Energy Agency (Poland) and The Foundation ,,German Electron-Synchrotron DESY",,,Computer and Theoretical Studies of Shielding for High Energy Accelerators", 1997-98.
CONTRIBUTIONS TO CONFERENCES AND WORKSHOPS:
INVITED TALKS:
1. J. Lasa,"Photo-Ionisation Detectors (PID, PDPID) for Gas Chromatography",Vpolish Chromatographic Seminary on "Eco-Analysis in Environmental Protections " , Torun, Poland,8-10 September 1998.
PRESENTATIONS:
1. T. Cywicka-Jakiel,"Determination of Hard Coal Qualities by Neutron Methods",National Conference "Technical Conditions Concerning the Optimization of Coal BlendsCompositions", Rudy Raciborskie, Poland, April 1998;
2. A. Drabina and U. Woznicka,,,Apparent Slowing-Down and Migration Length in a Three-Region Borehole Geometry",VII National Conference ,,New Methodological and Interpretational Achievements in Well-LoggingGeophysics", Koninki, Poland, April 1998;
3. K. Drozdowicz, B. Gabanska, M. Kosik, E. Krynicka, and U. Woznicka,,,Homogenity of Samples for Thermal Neutron Absorption Cross Section Measurement",VII National Conference ,,New Methodological and Interpretational Achievements in Well-LoggingGeophysics", Koninki, Poland, April 1998;
4. E. Krynicka,,,Estimating an Accuracy of the Experimental Results by a Computer Simulation Method",VII National Conference „ New Methodological and Interpretational Achievements in Well-LoggingGeophysics", Koninki, Poland, April 1998;
5. J. Swakoh and J. Loskiewicz,,,Thermal Neutron Absorption Cross Section Dependence on a Natural Radioactive ElementsConcentrations for Miocene Rocks from Carpathian Piemont",VII National Conference ,,New Methodological and Interpretational Achievements in Well-LoggingGeophysics", Koninki, Poland, April 1998;
6. T. Zorski, M. Stadmueller, and A. Drabina,Quantitative Interpretation of Neutron Logs in Geofizyka Krakow Company",VII National Conference ,,New Methodological and Interpretational Achievements in Well-LoggingGeophysics", Koninki, Poland, April 1998;
7. A. Zuber,Coordination Meeting of the Coordinated Research Programme on Use of Isotopes for Analyses of Flowand Transport Dynamics in Groundwater Systems, USGS, Reson VA, USA, 18-22 May 1998:a) ,,Combined Interpretation of Environmental Isotopes for Analyses of Flow and Transport Parameters
by Making Use of the Lumped-Parameter Approach":b) ,,Some Problems in the Use of Environmental Tracer Methods for Calibration or Validation
of Mathematical Models of Flow and Transport in Groundwater Systems";8. K. Drozdowicz, B. Gabanska, M. Kosik, E. Krynicka, and U. Woznicka,
,,Influence of the Rock Material Heterogenity on Using the Pulsed Neutron Generator",
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Conf. „ Methodological Achievements in World Oil Geology and the Practice in Polish Oil and GasMining Industry", Warszawa, Poland, May 1998;
9. A. Zuber, J. Motyka, K. Osenbriick, S.M. Weise, and J. Grabczak,"Protection of the Malm Aquifer in Cracow Region from Anthropogenic Pollution Determined by
Environmental Tracer Methods",Conf. on Hydrogeology of Urbanised and Industrialised Regions, Ustron, Poland, June 1998 ;
10. P. Maloszewski, A. Zuber, and E. Bedbur,,,Transport Parameters of Some Herbicides Determined from a Tracer Test",International Conf. „ Groundwater Quality: Remediation and Protection ", Tuebingen, Germany,September 1998;
11. A. Drabina and U. Woznicka,,,Progress of Semi-Empirical Calibration Method in the Three-Region Borehole Geometry",PWLA International Conf. And Exhibition on Well Logging, Moscow, Russia, September 1998;
12. J. Loskiewicz and J. Swakon,,,Analysis of the Correlations between Thermal Neutron Absorption Cross Sections and K, U, ThConcentrations from Miocene Rocks from Carpathian Piemont in Poland",SPWLA International Conf. And Exhibition on Well Logging, Moscow, Russia, September 1998;
13. K. Drozdowicz, B. Gabanska, M. Kosik, E. Krynicka, andU. Woznicka,,,Neutronic Laboratory Experiments on Geological Samples Useful for Geophysical Interpretation",SPWLA International Conf And Exhibition on Well Logging, Moscow, Russia, September 1998;
14. D. Mazur, M. Janik, J. Loskiewicz, P. Olko, and J. Swakon,,,Measurement of Radon Concentration in Soil Gas",International Conf On Nuclear Tracks in Solids, Besancon, France, September 1998;
15. J. Burda, A. Igielski, W. Janik, M. Kosik, A. Kurowski, U. Woznicka, and T. Zaleski,,,Time-Dependent Neutron Field Experimental Set-up at the Pulsed Neutron Generator in the INP,Krakow",National Symp. on Nuclear Techniques in Industry, Medicine, Agriculture and EnvironmentalProtection, Krakow, Poland, September 1998;
16. J. Da^browska, K. Drozdowicz, B. Gabanska, M. Kosik, E. Krynicka, and U. Woznicka,,,Thermal Neutron Diffusion Parameters for Media of Variable Bulk Density",National Symp. on Nuclear Techniques in Industry, Medicine, Agriculture and EnvironmentalProtection, Krakow, Poland, September 1998;
17. M. Dulinski, A. Garlicki, J. Grabczak, and A. Zuber,,,Water Origin Isotopic Analyses in Polish Salt Mines",National Symp. on Nuclear Techniques in Industry, Medicine, Agriculture and EnvironmentalProtection, Krakow, Poland, September 1998;
18. A. Drabina and U. Woznicka,,,Progress of the Semi-Empirical Calibration Method for the Neutron Porosity Tools",Conf. and Exhibition on Modern Exploration and Improved Oil and Gas Recovery Methods ", Krakow,Poland, September 1998;
19. /. Sliwka and J. Lasa,"Quantitative Measurements of the Chlorofluoro-Compounds in Air",V Polish Chromatographic Seminary on " Eco-analysis in environmental protections", Torun, Poland,8-10 September 1998;
20. J. Necki, M. Zimnoch, J. Miroslaw, and A. Korus,"Determination of the Bio- and Anthropogenic Emission of Greenhouse Gases",V Polish Chromatographic Seminary on "Eco-analysis in environmental protections" , Torun, Poland,8-10 September 1998;
21. A. Zuber,,,Isotope Methods in Determining the Origin of Brines in the Upper Silesian Coal Basin",III Conf. on Environmental Protection, Jastrzebie Zdroj, Poland, October 1998;
22. T. Cywicka-Jakiel, J. Loskiewicz, and G. Tracz,Computational and Experimental Research on Humidity Measurements of Coke and/or Cement",II Research Co-ordination Meeting of the Co-ordinated Research Programme on „ Bulk HydrogenAnalysis Using Neutrons ", IAEAHQ, Vienna, Austria, November 1998;
251
23. D. Mazur, J. Bogacz, M. Janik, J. Loskiewicz, P. Olko, and J. Swakon,,,Measurements of Radon Concentration in Dwellings and Soil at the Institute of Nuclear Physics in
Krakow", IVSymp. of the Croatian Radiation Protection Association, Zagreb, Jugoslavia, November1998.
MEMBERS OF INTERNATIONAL ORGANISATIONS AND EDITORIAL BOARDS:
1. A. Zuber,Member of International Association of Hydrogeologists (IAH),Member of International Association of Cosmochemistry and Geochemistry (IACG),Member of the Advisory Editorial Board of Journal of Hydrology,Associate Editor of Hydrogeology Journal,Member of the Hydrological Commission of the Polish Academy of Science.
2. J. Lasa,Member of the Chromatography Commission and Commission of Analysis of Gases and Air of the PolishAcademy of Science.
SCIENTIFIC DEGREES:
1. T. Cywicka-Jakiel, Ph.D. Thesis:,,Determination of Hard Coal Properties by Neutron Scattering";
2. J. Necki, Ph.D. Thesis:,,Estimation of the Greenhouse Gas Emission on the Local and Continental Scale Basing on Data Obtainedfrom Remote Station at Kasprowy Wierch".
SEMINARS:
EXTERNAL:
1. K. Drozdowicz - Centro Atomico Bariloche, Argentina,a) Calculation of the Thermal Neutron Diffusion Cooling Coefficient in Moderators".b) ,,A Correlation Method to Measure the Thermal Neutron Absorption Cross Section of Rocks".
INTERNAL:
1. M. Janik,,,On what Factors Does the Radon Concentration Depend in Soil Gas";
2. J. Bogacz,,,Spectrometric Methods in the Measurement of Soil Humidity";
3. K. Drozdowicz,,,Calculations and Measurements of Neutrons" - collaboration with Centro Atomico Bariloche;
4. U. Woznicka,,,Difliision Parameters in Inhomogenous Materials";
5. M. Janik,,,On the Radon Transport Equation";
6. M. Janik,,,Radons (Rn-220 and Rn-222) in Soil Gas in New Jersey";
7. J. N^cki and J. Lasa,,,Measurements of Greenhouse Gases in the Laboratory at Kasprowy Wierch";
252
8. J. Bogacz,,,New (LSO, GSO, CdTe, CZT) Detectors of Gamma Radiation";
9. J.Ne.cki,,,The Balance of Greenhouse Gases for the City of Krakow";
10. G. Tracz,,,The FNGT Method Applied to Measure the Humidity of Coke";
l l . D . Dworak,,,The Field of Scattered Particles in HERA Tunnel from Interactions on Rest-Gas in theAccelerator Pipe".
LECTURES AND COURSES:
1. J. Lasa,Course ,,Instrumental Analytical Methods Employed for Air Pollution Determination", Faculty of NuclearPhysics and Technique, University of Mining and Metallurgy, Krakow Poland;
2. J. Lasa,Course ,,Gas Chromatography and Air Trace Gases Monitoring", Faculty of Physics, JagiellonianUniversity, Krakow, Poland;
3. J. Lasa,Course ,,Measurements of the Trace Atmospheric Gases Effected in Greenhouse Effect and Earth's OzoneLayer Destruction", Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Krak6w, Poland;
4. U. Woznicka, K. Drozdowicz, B. Gabanska, M. Kosik, and T. Zaleski,Laboratory Exercises "Measurement of Macroscopic Cross-Section of Rocks by a Pulsed NeutronGenerator", Faculty of Geology, Geophysics and Environmental Protection, University of Mining andMetallurgy, Krakow, Poland.
253
DEPARTMENT OF RADIATIONAND ENVIRONMENTAL BIOLOGY
Head of Department: Assoc. Prof. Antonina Cebulska-WasilewskaConsultant: Jacek Capala, Ph.D., (BNL, NY, USA)Consultant: Jerzy Huczkowski, Ph.D.telephone: (48) (12) 637-02-22 ext. 322e-mail: [email protected]
PERSONNEL:
Laboratory of Radiation and Environmental Cytogenetic:
Head: Assoc. Prof. Antonina Cebulska-WasilewskaDeputy: Anna Wierzewska, M.Sc.
Research Staff:
Dorota Florjan, M.Sc. Agnieszka Miarka, M.Sc.
Janusz Gajewski, M.Sc.
Technical Staff:
Ewa Bartel Joanna WiltowskaEwa Kasper, M.Sc.
Laboratory of Radiation and Environmental Mutagenesis:
Head: Barbara Palka, Ph.D.
Technical Staff:
Jolanta Adamczyk Igor Pawfyk, M.Sc., Eng.,Malgorzata Litwinszyn, M.Sc. Ewa Tomankiewicz, M.Sc., Eng.
Neutron Therapy and Pre-clinical Research Division:
Head: Wojciech Niedzwiedz, M.Sc.
Research Staff:
Wojciech Dyga, M.Sc., Eng. Krystyna R^kas, M.Sc., Eng.
Technical Staff:
Barbara Janiszewska, M.Sc., Eng. StanisJaw Krasnowolski, M.Sc.Tomasz Janiszewski, Eng.
254
OVERVIEW: PL9902567
The year 1998 might again be called as the "Comet Year". The rain of bolides expected in the skyresembles pictures of DNA damages in shapes, numbers, mysterious processes and sometimes challenges todetect them. It was in this year that we detected, in a fluorescent light under the microscope, another "shinningstar" a long time expected translocation induced by neutrons and then transferred to its glitter throughfluorescence in situ hybridization technic.
The year was filled in with measurements and brought plenty of scientific events that are partly reflectedin the following pages; strong will and hard work to maintain research standards equal to technologicallyadvanced partners in Europe and in other parts of the World; the USA, Sth Korea. We mainly devoted the year1998 to the activities concerning our basic research, and requirements and expectations of various Committeesin the issues of three research projects.
We gather results on genotoxicity of pesticides, occupational exposures, and also the importance of lifestyles as factors affecting the levels of damage induced in human cells. We have also succeeded to go fasterwith modernization of our methodology by transferring the single cell "Comet Assay" to the routine work forthe analysis of DNA damage induced by UV and X-rays radiation and for the studies on individual variabilityin the damage repair capacity.
On January 13th we installed a new powerful RTG machine. Polish Atomic Energy supported thisinvestment. And this was really the meaningful celebration of 100 anniversary of the discovery ofPOLONIUM and RADIUM. So, now, before a new therapeutic tool will be used in routine applications forradiotherapy, we with our new beautiful and powerful roentgen machine are deeply involved in the explorationof the strength of radiotherapeutic efficiency of sources and schedules.
With the use of gene mutations in TSH -assay, we have finally established good dose response curves forcalifornium 252 neutrons from KAERI source. The third part of our effort concerns an application of differentradiation sources for clinical cancer therapy. In cooperation with dr Jacek Capala we have done experimentson Medical Research Reactor in Brookhaven Laboratory. We have also introduced a COMET assay in theirlaboratory. This is an excellent feeling when both cooperating sides may benefit from co-operation.
The year 1998 was also very attractive in the sense of many interesting visits to our Department. AH ofthem we enjoyed a lot. We were honored to host Dr Diana Anderson from BIBRA International, Carshalton,UK. We are happy to see that her visits have become a tradition so much profitable for bothour friendship and programs.
The end of the year was equally touching as the beginning when X-ray machine had arrived, at thebeginning of December, I won myself, a prize from the International Mutagenesis Society for the outstandingpresentation; on the 3rd International Conference of Mutagenesis in Human Populations. I really respect both,working issue of the Conference "Understanding Gene and Environmental Interactions for Disease Prevention"and a prize itself (Five-year-subscription of International Journal of Environmental and MolecularMutagenesis). Whoop!
I am proud of myself and of the people in my Department!!
-^el^C^-^ CeJZ~/*.
Assoc. Professor Antonina Cebulska-Wasilewska
PL9902568 255
Stable and Unstable Aberration Frequencies after 252Cf Neutrons Irradiationof Human Lymphocytes Pretreated or not with BSH
A. Cebulska-Wasilewska, D. Nowak, K. R^kas, and A. Kreft'
' University of Mining and Metallurgy, Krakow, Poland(Research was partially supported by grant Polish Committee of Science KBN No 6 P04A05112)
Human blood samples were irradiated with neutrons from isotopic 252Cf source at the Faculty ofNuclear Physics and Technics at Academy of Mining and Metallurgy (both neutron source and samples wereplaced in polyethylene block). Chemical pretreatment with BSH (Na2
IOBi2HnSH) was done to introduceboron-10 ion into cells in order to check any enhancement effect due to the process of boron neutron capture.Classical cytogenetics was applied to assess the frequencies of unstable aberrations (dicentrics and rings).Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) with probes for chromosomes 1, 4 (14.3% of whole genome) andpancentromeric probe was performed to evaluate the frequencies of stable aberrations (translocations). Theevaluation of the frequencies of translocations for the whole genome was done on the base of Lucas et al.equation [1]: FG = Fp/2.05fp(l- fp), where Fp means observed translocation frequency evaluated with FISH andfp means fraction of the genome covered with the probe. There is an increase of aberration frequency with dose
-without BSH
-with BSH
0,2 0,4
Dose[Gy]
0,8
Fig. 1: Percent of aberrant cells after irradiationwith and without BSH.
Fig. 2: Unstable aberration frequencies after irradiation withand without BSH.
0,2 0,4
Dose [Gy]
Fig. 3: Stable and unstable aberration frequencies afterirradiation without BSH treatment. CAbF -frequency of unstable aberrations; FG - freque-ncy of translocations for the whole genome.
Fig. 4: Stable and unstable aberration frequencies afterirradiation with BSH treatment CAbF,FG-as atFig. 3.
of radiation both for BSH pretreatment and observed without BSH. There is no significant difference betweenboron pretreated and not treated cells, although the higher translocation frequency is observed in case of the
256
highest dose with BSH pretreatment. The level of translocations observed is comparable with the frequencies ofdicentrics and rings.
Reference:
1. J.N. Lucas, et al., Int. J. Radiat. Biol., 62 (1992) 53.illinium
PL9902569
Monitoring of DNA and Cytogenetic Damage in Lymphocytesfrom Skin Cancer Diseases
A. Cebulska-Wasilewska, W. Dyga, S. Krasnowolski, A. Wierzewska,and [E. Budzanowska
JL Rydygier Hospital, Department of Dermatology, Krakow, Poland.
(Research was partially supported by contract of the European Communities INCO-Copernicus ERBIC15CT960300 and grant KBN No 6P04A05112)
There is a lot if interest in the studies that would help to understand whether there is a casual associationbetween cancer and various types of molecular or cytogenetic damage detected in human cells. One majoroncogenesis process is activation of proto-oncogenes by point mutations or chromosomal translocation. There issubstantial evidence that indicates that loss of heterozygosity of certain chromosomes is involved in humancarcinogenesis. Our study aimed to elicit the possible association between cancer and DNA and cytogeneticabnormalities induced in lymphocytes of persons bearing various categories of skin cancer cells. Fresh blood wascollected by venipuncture from 25 individuals (including nine prior to cancer treatment). All patients werenonsmoking males, however 42.3 % of them were former smokers. Blood samples were divided into two parts and inthe first part of samples cytogenetic studies were performed immediately, while from the second part lymphocyteswere isolated and stored at - 70° C for further studies in vitro. In the latter one a single cell gel electrophoresis assay(SCGE) known as a Comet assay was performed to study individual susceptibility to the induction of DNA damageby UV or radiation and cellular repair capability. An average of 220 per sample of good metaphase spreads in thefirst mitotic division, and 100 per sample in the second division, were accepted for analysis of cytogenetic damage.Chromosome and chromatid type aberrations were scored in the cells in the first mitosis and expressed as totalaberration frequency including gaps and excluding gaps. Sister chromatid exchanges, high frequency cells andproliferative rate index were screened and evaluated in the second mitosis. Each of the patient revealed exceeding in atleast one of the cytogenetic biomarkers level from the biomarker's level detected in reference group. In order toestimate susceptibility of people to environmentally induced damage, in isolated lymphocytes DNA damage wasdetected after exposures to various radiation. The lymphocytes were isolated from 0.5 ml of blood from each patient,irradiated with 2 Gy dose of X-rays or 6 J/m2 of UV radiation and single cell gel electrophoresis (SCGE assay) wasperformed. To compare various individual capability to repair damages, incubation of cells in precense or absence ofthe agent stimulating cellular division was also done prior to DNA damage analysis. Statistically significant higherresponse to UV and lower capability to repair UV induced damage in skin cancer patients was observed.No difference between control and skin cancer patients in the induction of DNA damage by X-rays was observed.
Acknowledgments:The able assistance of E. Bartel and J. Politowska, is greatly appreciated.
PL9902570 257
Comparison between Cytogenetic Damages Induced in vivo by EnvironmentalChemicals or Radiation
A. Cebulska-Wasilewska
(Research was partially supported by contract ERJBIC15CT 960300 from the Commission of the EuropeanCommunities and Polish Committee of Science KBN No 6 P04A05112)
The importance of various environmental exposures has been evident in variation in cancer incidence andmortality. Benzene is considered to be a human carcinogen, is clastogenic to rodents and humans, and it affects theimmune response. Workers in various industrial plants, are exposed to benzene and benzene related compounds asa result of various activities in which benzene is processed, generated or used. Major sources of environmentalexposure to benzene related compounds, continue to be active and passive smoking, auto exhaust, and driving orriding in automobiles. Benzene is of a particular interest, not only because of its known toxicity, but also because thiswas to be the parent compound and a model for extensive programs of metabolism of a variety of aromaticchemicals. Ionizing radiation is an unavoidable physical agent that is presented in environment, and public opinion iswell aware against radiation risk and strongly against it. The aim of the presentation was the comparison ofcytogenetic damages induced in vivo by environmental chemicals with those of radiation. Results from biomonitoringsurvey on genotoxicity in human blood cells of benzene and benzene related compounds were compared to damagesdetected in lymphocytes of people who had been accidentally exposed to gamma radiation. In the groups, that hadbeen occupationally or environmentally exposed to benzene related compounds, total aberration frequencies, orpercent of aberrant cells ranged between 0 - 0.16 aberrations/cell or 16% of aberrant cells respectively.An multivariate regression analysis confirmed: (i) a significant association between cytogenetic damage and exposureto benzene related compounds, (ii) a possible association between cytogenetic damage and cancer, (iii) a significantinfluence of smoking habit. In 1996 few persons were suspected to be accidentally exposed to gamma radiation.To estimate the absorbed doses, lymphocytes from their blood were analyzed for the presence of chromosomalaberrations. The frequency of dicentric and rings detected in lymphocytes of two persons confirmed an exposure toionizing radiation. The absorbed doses estimates were done on the base of dose response curves obtained previously.The doses exceeded ten times the annual permissible dose. The highest total aberration frequency measured was 0.14aberrations/cell. Comparable levels of cytogenetic damage observed in the groups from the environmental survey andfrom the accidental exposure to radiation source confirmed that health hazard from radiation exposure in the publicopinion is often overestimated in contradiction to everyday environmental hazard.
Acknowledgments:The able assistance of E. Bartel is greatly appreciated.
Influence of the Electrophoresis Time on the Level of DNA DamageDetection in the SCGE Method
A. Cebulska-Wasilewska and W. Niedzwiedz
(This work was supported by grants fromlNCO-Copernicus ERBIC 15CT960 300)
The single cell gel electrophoresis method (SCGE) was developed to estimate the DNA damage induced inindividual cells as a result of their exposure to different mutagenic agents. In the present study we investigatethe influence of various electrophoresis time on the level of DNA damage detected in Comet method, on theexample of genotoxicity of hydrogen peroxide and O,S,S mreealkylodithiolophosphate. Isolated humanlymphocytes (PBL) were treated for 30 min. at 4°C with different concentration of H202 (0-80 \M) or O,S,Sthreealkylodithiolophosphate (0-40 mM). The following treatment of SCGE assay was conducted and cellswere exposed to different electrophoresis time (20, 30, 40 min). The DNA damage was assessed using tailmoment parameter[l, 2]. To investigate the influence of electrophoresis time on the level of DNA damagedetected in comet method we compared the alpha coefficient calculated for dose-response curves. Our results
258
reveal that the increase of the electrophoresis time from 20 to 30 min. resulted in the increase of efficiency ofdetection of DNA damage (Fig. 1). Further elongation of the electrophoresis time from 30 to 40 min did notincrease the sensitivity of the method. Results from H2O2 treatment showed that optimal electrophoresis time is30 min. This assumption was confirmed by studies with O,S,S threealkylodithiolophosphate (data presented inFig. 2). Those results reveal that electrophoresis time might be critical in evaluation of genotoxic potency.
90
80 -
70 "
60 -
50 -
40 "
30 "
20 -
10 -
0
20 min. 30 min. 40 min.» 20 min
y=0.296x+0.673[20min.]
y=0.884x-l.739[30min]
y=>0.7Z7x + 13.139(40 rain.]
i
20 30 40 50 60 70
Concentration of H202 [uM]
10 20 30 40
Concentration of O, S, S [mM]
Fig. 1 and 2: Influence of the electrophoresis time on the level of DNA damage detected in SCGE method.
Acknowledgements:We would like to thank Msc. M Kuciel for technical assistance.
References:
1. V.J. McKelvey-Martin, M.H.L. Green, P. Schmezer, B.L. Pool-Zobel, M.P. De Meo, and A Collins,"The Single Cell Gel Electrophoresis Assay (Comet Assay): A European Review", Mutation Research 288 (1993)
47.2. D.W. Fairbairn, P.L.Olive, and K.L. O'Neill, "The Comet Assay: a Comprehensive Review", Mutation Research
339 (1995) 37. '
PL9902571
Efficiency of the DNA Damage Repair in UV Irradiated Human Lymphocytes
A. Cebulska-Wasilewska, W. Dyga, and W. Niedzwiedz
(This work was partially supported by INCO-Copernicus ERBIC 15CT960 300 grant)
We have used a SCGE assay to estimate the influence of cellular process during incubation on DNA damageslevel and their subsequent repair capacity in UV irradiated lymphocytes taken from young healthy volunteers. Weestimated the level of DNA damage exposed to various doses of UV radiation (0-18 J/m ) and examined their ownrepair capacity in unstimulated human lymphocytes. Fig. 1 presents DNA damage level dependence on time ofincubation after different doses of UV radiation. We have also studied an influence of stimulation cellular divisionprocess on repair capacity (Fig. 2). Results showed statistically significant influence of the LF-7 (cellular divisionstimulator) on repair of the DNA damages induced with different dose of UV. Our results indicate that SCGEassay may be useful for studying individual capacity of the DNA damage repair, so it would give us theinformation about the variability in human radiosensitivity.
259
90
80
70
60
50
x -1 Xi
yO 1/mZt- 0 J33i + 2,71 1*2-0,53
0
a 18J/m2 18J/m2LF:; 3J/m2 3 J/m2 LF
100
Dose
18J/m2
9 J/m2
6J/m2 |
80 -
60 "
3J/m21
25 50 75 100
Incubation time [nun]
125
40 -
Fig. 1: DNA damage level dependence on timeof incubation after different dosesof UV radiation.
References;
60 90 120
Incubation time [min]
Fig, 2: Influence ofLF-7 on the repair of DNAdamage induced after 18 Jm'2 and 3 Jm"2
of UVC radiation.
150
1. C. Gedik, S. Ewen, and A. Collins, "Single-Cell Gel Electrophoresis Applied to the Analysis of UV-C Damageand its Repair in Human Cells", International Journal of Radiation Biology 62. no.3 (1992) 313;M.H. Green, J.E. Lowe, S.A. Harcourt, P. Akinluyi, T. Rowe, J. Cole, A.V. Anstey, C.F. Arlett, "UVC Sensitivityof Unstimulated and Stimulated Human Lymphocytes from Normal and Xeroderma Pigmentosum Donors in theComet Assay: a Potential Diagnostic Technique", Mutation Research 273, no 2 (1992) 137;M. Holmberg, "The Effect of Deoxynuclosides on Repair of DNA Breaks in UVC-Irradiated HumanLymphocytes", Mutation Research 218 (1989) 33.
2.
3.
PL9902572
Studies on the DNA Damage in L9 Tumour Cells Irradiated in the Presenceand Absence of 10B at the Epithermal Neutron Port of the Brookhaven
Medical Research Reactor
A. Cebulska-Wasilewska, W. Niedzwiedz, J. Capala1, and J.A. Coderre1
'Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, USA
(This work was supported by grants from M. Skiodowska-Curie Foundation No. PAA/NIH-97-308)
Boron neutron cancer therapy (BNCT) is a binary system based on the nuclear reaction 10B(n,a)7Li,which occurs when a non- radioactive isotope of boron, °B, captures thermal neutrons. Because the ranges ofthe high-LET products of this reaction in tissue are comparable to the cell diameter, BNCT provides means tokill specifically tumor cells that accumulate 10B.
The goal of the present studies was to investigate the DNA damage induced during BNCT in L9 tumourcells. The DNA damage was estimated using a single cell gel electrophoresis (SCGE) technique. Thistechnique, also known as the comet assay, provides a rapid and very accurate method to assess, in individualcells, the type of initial DNA damage and its repair. In this study L9 rat tumour cells were irradiated withepithermal neutrons from Brookhaven Medical Research Reactor following a 2 hour incubation in cell culturemedium with or without boric acid (the final concentration of boron atoms at cells was 10 ppm). The neutrondose rate was 3.043 and 5.328 (cGy/MWmin) for cells with and without boron, respectively. To evaluate theDNA damage we estimate percent of cells expressing high (H) and total (T) type of DNA damage [1,2]. Thepercent of cells with H+T DNA damage observed in different groups of samples is shown in Fig. 1. As is seen
260
from our data for nontreated cells we observe the increase of DNA damage with increasing dose of neutrons.The cells pretreated with boric acid show higher level of the DNA damage than nontreated cells, although forhigher doses the observed effects are statistically insignificant. Furthermore, the relatively higher level of theDNA damage observed in control (cells incubated with boric acid) may suggest that boric acid per se inducedmost of the damage in these cells.
without bar with bor
1.00
O.BD
0.80
0.40 -
0.80 -
0.00
•#*p-0.0007
p-0.0018 * *
p-0.005p-0.373
I
p-D.427
0.5 1.5Doae IQy]
Fig. 1: L9 tumour cells treated with neutrons.
References:
1. D. Anderson, T.W. Yu , B.J. Philips, and P. Schmezer, "The Effect of Various Antioxidants and Other ModifyingAgents on Oxygen-Radical-Generated DNA Damage in Human Lymphocytes in the Comet Assay", Mutation Research307(1994)261;
2. A. Cebulska-Wasilewska, W. Niediwiedi, and D. Nowak, "Hydrogen Peroxide and Radiation Induced DNA DamageInvestigated by the "Comet Assay", Nukleonika 41 no 2 (1996) 33.
PL9902573
DNA Damage Induced in Human Lymphocytes with Neutronsfrom 252Cf Source
A. Cebulska- Wasilewska, W. Niedzwiedz, and A. Kreft1
1 University of Mining and Metallurgy, Krakow, Poland
(This work was supported by grant from Polish Committee of Science KBN No 6P04A05112)
The aim of this study was to investigate the efficiency of the DNA damage induction in normal and boronenriched human lymphocytes by neutrons from Cf source (source and samples were placed in polyethyleneblock). Isolated lymphocytes (100 000 cells/ml) were irradiated at Academy of Mining and Metallurgy inKrakow (using 2Cf source emiting 107neutrons/s) in the presence or absence of BSH. The irradiation wasperformed at a room temperature for 3; 6,5; 13 hours. After the irradiation, single cell gel electrophoresis wasperformed, according to the procedure described elsewhere [1]. The DNA damage was estimated using tail DNAand tail moment parameters [2, 3]. Figs 1 and 2 present dose-response curves gathered for lymphocytespretreated or untreated with BSH and irradiated with neutrons. As can be seen from our data, there is a linearincrease of DNA damage (reported as a mean value of tail DNA and tail moment) with the time of irradiationin normal lymphocytes and those pretreated with BSH. In the case of boron ions enriched cells we observed aslightly lower effect.
261
without BSH with BSH without BSH with BSH
Time of irradiation [h]
3 6 9 12
Time of irradiation [h]
Figs 1 and 2: Mean values of tail DNA and tail moment observed in human lymphocytes irradiatedwith neutrons from 252Cf source placed in moderator.
References:
1. A. Cebulska-Wasilewska, D. Nowak, W. Niedzwiedz, and D. Anderson, "Correlations between DNA andCytogenetic Damage Induced after Chemical Treatment and Radiation", Mutation Research 42 (1998) 83;
2. V. J. McKelvey-Martin, M.H.L. Green, P. Schmezer, B.L. Pool-Zobel, M.P. De Meo, and A. Collins, "The SingleCell Gel Electrophoresis Assay (Comet Assay): A European Review", Mutation Research 288 (1993) 47;
3. D.W. Fairbairn, P.L. Olive, and K.L. O'Neill, "The Comet Assay, a Comprehensive Review", Mutation Research339 (1995) 37.
Preliminary Calculations of a Fast Neutron CollimatorUsing the MCNP Code
J. Gajewski, A, Cebulska-Wasilewska, J. Huczkowski, M. Waligorski ' , P. Olko, ^B. Lazarska, E. Byrski2, and L. Wielopolski3
'institute ofNuclearPhysics, Krakdw, Poland; 2 Institute of Oncology, Krakdw, Poland; §3 Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, USA |
(This work was partly supported by KBN grant No 6P04A05112 and PAA/NIH-97-308)
Calculations are being performed of a collimator previously used for a cyclotron-produced fast neutronradiotherapy beam, to investigate the applicability of this collimator at a higher neutron energy. Neutron areproduced in B ^ d ^ B reaction, formerly for deuterons of energy Ed= 12.5 MeV (U-120 cyclotron), to bereplaced by deuterons of energy Ed = 30 MeV (AIC-144 cyclotron). Calculations are being
£. 100
I
Total dose fall
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Depth in the w ater (cm)
measurement(12.5 MeV)
calculations(12.5MeV)
calculations(30MeV)
Fig. 1
262
performed using the MCNP ( Monte Carlo Neutron Photon ) Transport Code System version MCNP4B2 withneutron - photon cross section data library DLC-189 (MCNPXS library) for energy range up to 100 MeV, toexamine the suitability of the collimator for fast neutron cancer radiotherapy using the AIC-144 cyclotron.Fig. 1 shows the measured [1] percentage-depth dose distribution in water, for total (n+gamma) dose and thecalculated distribution, for E <j = 12.5 MeV, as predicted by the code for E d = 30 MeV. Fig. 2 shows thediagonal total dose profile of the neutron beam close to the collimator field (10x10 cm2 ), measured [2] and
Sectional profile of the neutron beam
—•— measurerreni(12.5 MeV)
—*•••• calculations(12.5 MeV)
#«#»•%•••••(& ~ « — calculations0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 (30 MeV)
Dstance fromthe axis (cm)
Fig. 2
calculated for deuteron energy 12.5 MeV and predicted by the code for E d = 30 MeV. These calculations arestill being performed to improve their accuracy and precision and to investigate the small discrepancies withinthe measurements and other data are elaborated to check the suitability of this collimator to work with theAIC-144 cyclotron.At this stage, based on the initial calculations, we believe that the collimator could be applied withoutmodification for fast neutron cancer radiotherapy using deuterons of E d = 30 MeV from the AIC-144
cyclotron.
References:
1. E. Byrski, Ph.D. dissertation, 1981;2. J. Skolyszewski et al., "Clinical Application of the Fast Neutrons Coming from U-120 Cyclotron", The Tumors 3
(39) 1979.
The Renovation of Tradescantia Plantation by in vitro Regeneration of Plantsfrom Lateral Buds
B. Patka, H. Pawtowska1, M. Litwiniszyn, E. Tomankiewicz, and I. Pawtyk; University of Agriculture, Department of Plant Breeding and Seed Science, Krakow, Poland
Tradescantia plants used for mutagenicity testing are heterozygous for flower colour and must bepropagated vegetatively in order to maintain genetic identity. The older plants may lost their growthcharacteristics and plantation may be also contaminated by seedlings not heterozygous for flower colour. Tominimize biological variability of the over 20 years old plantation it was decided to regenerate in vitro newplants in sterile conditions from primary meristems. The cloning was performed at the Department of PlantBreeding and Seed Science of the University of Agriculture in Krakow. Plants selected for cloning werepreviously checked for induction of gene mutations (colour change from blue to pink) by means of X-rayirradiation. Small pieces of Tradescantia shoots, each containing node with lateral bud, were placed verticallyin Murashige-Skoog medium supplemented with growth regulators such as N6-benzyladenine (BA) and a-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA).
The regeneration of shoots and roots was obtained after 4-6 weeks of culturing in controlled conditions,then plants were moved to pots with soil. New plants after short period of adaptation to in vivoconditions were transported to the Institute of Nuclear Physics and placed in the controlled environment of thegrowth chamber. Gradually developing flowers were screened for the presence of pink cells (gene mutations)in stamen hairs. All new plants were checked and all of them have shown the presence of spontaneously
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Table 1. Spontaneous gene mutation frequenciesin Tradescantia plants obtained by in vitro cloningfrom primary meristems.
Clone 02Code
123456789101112131415
C102
NoH4536203042121920162012964641453612965508332864819449002471
GM0.150.060.120.270.190.150.130.090.230.050.080.310.100.110.04
Mean valueofGM
Cl 44300.14 ±0.080.42 + 0.21
Clone 4430Code
1234567891011121314151617181920
NoH34763978275424481530183618361224183633662142153061261215302142275412246121224
GM0.620.780.650.450.590.160.220.490.160.450.330.200.650.330.390.470.070.410.820.16
NoH - number of screened hairsGM - gene mutation frequency x 100
arising pink cells in their stamen hairs. Therefore, itwas the proof that all plants are heterozygous forflower colour. Spontaneous gene mutationfrequencies are shown in Table 1; the mean value forclone 4430 is 3 times higher than for clone 02 andthis difference is statistically significant (Ntest,p < 0.01). Additionally, inflorescences of selectedplants were irradiated with 1 Gy of X rays andinduced gene mutation frequencies were 13.64 ± 0.52and 8.37 ± 3.03 for clone 02 and 4430, respectively,but the difference is not statistically significant(r-test, p = 0.33).
Tradescantia plants, clone 02 and 4430,obtained by in vitro cloning from primary meristemsof shoots are practically free from the majority ofpathogens and are propagated further vegetatively toget sufficient number of plants needed forexperiments.
Acknowledgements:The authors would like to thank Prof. B. Sku-
ciriska, the Head of the Department of Plant Breedingand Seed Science of the University of Agriculture inKrakdw for permission to use the cell culture facilities.We thank the Project Leader, Assoc. Prof. A. Cebulska-Wasilewska for permission to use irradiation facilities(X ray machine financed by National Atomic EnergyAgency grant no 12/IN/97, and the growth chamberfinanced by State Committee for Scientific Researchgrant no 6 P04A05112).
LIST OF PUBLICATIONS:
Articles:
1. D. Anderson, J.A. Hughes, A. Cebulska-Wasilewska, E. Ni2ankowska,Ras p21 Protein Levels in Human Plasma from Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease(COPD) Compared with Lung Cancer Patients and Healthy Controls,Mutation Research 403 (1998) 229;
2. D. Anderson, J.A. Hughes, M.H. Brinkworth, A. Cebulska-Wasilewska, E. Ni2ankowska, B. Graca,T. Wiedebaum, K. Peltonen, M. Sorsa,Examination of Ras Oncoproteins in Human Plasma from Healthy Controls and Workers Exposed toPetroleum Emissions,Mutation Research (1998) (in print);
3. A. Cebulska-Wasilewska,Comparison between Cytogenetic Damages Induced in vitro by Environmental Chemicals orRadiation,Abstracts on the 13-th Symposium of the Polish Genetics Society, Warszawa, Poland, 22-25 September1998 and Journal of Applied Genetics 39A (1998) 175;
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4. A. Cebulska-Wasilewska, W. Niedzwiedz, D. Nowak, E. Kasper, A. Wierzewska, A. Wojcik, E. Bouzyk,DNA and Chromosomal Damage Estimate in Blood of People Suspected of Exposure to Radiation,Nukleonika 43(1998)65;
5. A. Cebulska-Wasilewska, D. Nowak, W. Niedzwiedz, D. Anderson,Correlation between DNA and Cytogenetic Damage Induced after Chemical Treatment and Radiation,Mutation Research 421 (1998) 83;
6. A. Cebulska-Wasilewska, K. Rekas, J.K. Kim,Application ofTSHBioindicatorfor Studying the Biological Efficiency of Radiation,Nukleonika (1998) (in print);
7. A. Cebulska-Wasilewska, W. Niedzwiedz, A. Wierzewska, D. Nowak, P. Moszczyiiski,Z. Zabiriski,Monitoring of Molecular and Cytogenetic Damage in Lymphocytes from three Persons with PolycysticKidney Disease,Archives of Medical Research 1 (1998) (in print).
Proceedings:
1. A. Cebulska-Wasilewska,Comparison of Clastogenetic Effects Induced in vivo in Human Lymphocytes with Ionizing Radiation orEnvironment Pollution,Abstr. of XI Meeting of PTBR, Siedlce, Poland, 15-17 April (1998) 86;
2. A. Cebulska-Wasilewska,Comparison between Cytogenetic Damages Induced in vivo by Environmental Chemicals or Radiation,Abstr. of 28-th Annual Meeting "European Environmental Mutagen Society", Salzburg, Austria,7-11 September (1998)189;
3. A. Cebulska-Wasilewska,Comparison between Cytogenetic Damages Induced in vivo by Environmental Chemicals orRadiation},Abstr. of the 3-rd Int. Conf. on Environmental Mutagens in Human Populations, Bangkok - Khao Yai,Thajland, 29 November - 4 December (1998) 86;
4. A. Cebulska-Wasilewska, D. Nowak, W. Niediwiedz,Comparison between DNA and Cytogenetic Damage Induced in Human Lymphocytes,Abstr. of "European Radiation Research '98", Capri, 3-7 October (1998) 60;
5. A. Cebulska-Wasilewska, J. Capala, K. Rekas, J.A. Coderre,Estimation of Biological Efficiency of the Brookhaven Medical Research Reactor Epithermal NeutronBeam Using Tradescantia Assay,Abstr. of the Eight Int. Symposium on Neutron Capture Therapy for Cancer, 13-18 September 1998,La Jolla, California, USA (1998);
6. A. Cebulska-Wasilewska, D. Nowak, W. Niedzwiedz,Comparison between DNA and Cytogenetic Damage Induced in Human Lymphocytes,Abstr. of the 3-rd Int. Conf. on Environmental Mutagens in Human Populations, Bangkok - Khao Yai,Thajland, 29 November - 4 December (1998) 108;
7. E. Herbut, E. Sosn6wka-Czajka, B. Niziol,Effect of Negative Ion Concentration on Health and Performance of Broiler Chickens,Xl-th Int. Symposium of Young Poultry Scientists, WPS A, Olsztyn, Poland, June 1998, Book of
Abstracts (1998) 63;8. W. Niedzwiedz, A. Cebulska-Wasilewska,
Repair od DNA Damages in Human Lymphocytes Induced by Gamma Radiation,Abstr. of XI Meeting of PTBR, Siedlce, Poland, 15-17 April (1998) 92;
9. W. Niedzwiedz, A. Cebulska-Wasilewska,Studies on the DNA Damage Induction and their Subsequent Repair in Human Lymphocytes Exposed toVarious LET Radiation,Abstr. of 28-th Annual Meeting "European Environmental Mutagen Society", Salzburg, Austria,7-11 September (1998) P193;
265
10. D. Nowak, W. Niedzwiedz, A. Cebulska-Wasilewska,Correlaction between DNA Damages and Chromosomal Aberractions in Human Lymphocytes Inducedby Genotoxic Agents,Abstr. of XI Meeting of PTBR, Siedlce, Poland, 15-17 April (1998) 94;
11. D. Nowak, W. Niedzwiedz, A. Cebulska-Wasilewska,Comparison between DNA and Cytogentic Damage Induced in Human Lymphocytes,Abstr. of 28-th Annual Meeting "European Environmental Mutagen Society", Salzburg, Austria,7-11 September (1998)349;
12. K. Rekas, A. Cebulska-Wasilewska, J.K. Kim,Aply ofTHS Bioindicator to Estimate Biological Radioefficiency,Abstr. of XI Meeting of PTBR, Siedlce, Poland, 15-17 April (1998) 93.
Reports:
1. A. Cebulska-Wasilewska, A. Wierzewska, E. Kasper,Influence of Benzene and Benzene Related Compounds on Cytogenetic Damage in Human BloodLymphocytes (Polish Workers),Report of the EC Envnment Programme "Biomonitoring of Human Populations Exposed to PetroleumFuels with Special Consideration of the Role of Benzene as a Genotoxic Component" eds A. Carere,R. Crebelli in: Instituto Superiori di Sanita Report, Serie Relazioni 97/4 , ISSN 0394-9311 (1998) 68;
2. Kim Jin Kyu, A. Cebulska-Wasilewska,Application of Tradescantia Bioindicator for Studying the Biological Efficiency of Neutronsfrom Cf-252},KAERI Report TR-955/98 (1998).
GRANTS:
Grants from the State Committee for Scientific Research:
A. Cebulska-Wasilewska:
1. No6P04A051 12,"Studies on Biological Efficiency of High LET on the Case of Various Energy Neutrons";
2. No 2 467/IA/620/98,"The Complementation of Laboratory Equipment: Ph-Meter and Electrophoresis System";
Grants from other sources:
A. Cebulska-Wasilewska:
1. ERBIC 15CT 960300,"Pesticide Effects on Humans";
2. PAA/NIH-97-308,"/« vitro Studies on Biological Effectivenees of Therapeutic Neutron Beams in the Presence of1 D";
3. PAA No 7/SP/98,"Pre-Clinical Tests Concerning Cyclotron AIC-144 Application for Medical Treatment".
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PARTICIPATION IN CONFERENCES AND WORKSHOPS:
INVITED TALKS:
A. Cebulska-Wasilewska
1. "Comparison between Clastogenic Effects Induced in vivo by Radiation and Chemicals",Korea Cancer Center Hospital, Seul, South Korea;
2. "Application of Tradescantia Assay for Biological Monitoring",KAERI, Taejon, South Korea;
3. "Comparison of Clastogenic Effects Induced in vivo in Human Lymphocytes by Ionizing Radiationor Environmental Pollution",XIII Congress PTG Warszawa, Poland;
4. "What is More Hazardous in our Environment: Chemical Pollution or Radiation?",INP, "Open Day", Krakow, Poland;
5. "Comparison of Clastogenic Effects Induced in vivo in Human Lymphocytes by Ionizing Radiationor Environmental Pollution",XI Congress PTBR, Siedlce, Poland.
PRESENTATION:
1. A. Cebulska-Wasilewska
- The Third Meeting of the Steering Committee Inco-Copernicus ERBIC 15CT960300, Krakow, Poland,March 1998,"Progress in Human Monitoring Studies: Sampling and DNA Repair Epability Studies";
- XI Congress PTBR, Siedlce, Poland, 15 - 17 April 1998,"Comparison of Clastogenic Efects Induced in vivo in Human Lymphocytes with Ionizing Radiation orEnvironmental Pollution";
- 28th Annual Meeting European Environmental Mutagen Society, Salzburg, Austria, 7-11 September1998,"Comparison between Cytogenetic Damages Induced in vivo by Environmental Chemicals orRadiation","Studies on the DNA Damage Induction and their Subsequent Repair in Human Lymphocytes Exposedto Various LET Radiation";
- The 13-th Symposium of the Polish Genetics Society, Warszawa, Poland, 22-25 September 1998,"Comparison between Cytogenetic Damages Induced in vitro by Environmental Chemicals orRadiation";
- European Radiation Research 98, The 29th Meeting of the European Society for Radiation Biologyand The 9th Meeting of the Italian Society for Radiation Research, Capri, Italy, 3-7 October 1998,"Comparison between Cytogenetic Damages Induced in vivo by Environmental Chemicals orRadiation","Comparison between DNA and Cytogenetic Damages Induced in Human Lymphocytes";
- The 3rd International Conference on Environmental Mutagens in Human Populations, Bangkok -Khao Yai, Thailand, 29 November - 4 December 1998,"Comparison between Cytogenetic Damages Induced in vivo by Environmental Chemicals orRadiation","Correlation between DNA and Cytogenetic Damage Induced in vitro in Human Lymphocytes";
- Symposium "Molecular Cytogenetics: from Chromatin Structure to Induced ChromosomalAbnormalities", Leiden, The Netherlands, June 1998;
- The 4th Meeting of the Steering Committee Inco-Copernicus ERBIC15CT960300, Budapest, Hungary,September 1998,"Progress in UV Induced DNA Repair Capability Studies".
267
2. W. Dyga
- The Third Meeting of the Steering Committee Inco-Copernicus ERBIC 15CT960300, Krakow, Poland,March 1998,"Application of SCGE Abson for DNA Repair Capacity Studies".
3. W. Niediwiedz
- XICongress PTBR, Siedlce, Poland, 15-17 April 1998,"Repair of DNA Damages in Human Lymphocytes Induced by Gamma Radiation".
4. B. Niziol- Symposium "Chosen Problems of Electromagnetic Environment", PAN, Krak6w, Poland,
24 September 1998,"Ion Concentration in the Troposphere".
- Symposium "Chosen Problems of Electromagnetic Environment", PAN, Krakow, Poland,24 September 1998 (with E. Herbut- Institute of Zootechnics, Chichen-Farm, Balice, Poland),"Effect of Negative Ion Concentration on Performance of Broiler Chickens Breeding".
5. D. Nowak
- XI Congress PTBR, Siedlce, Poland, 15-17 April 1998,"Correlation between DNA Damages and Chromosomal Aberrations in Human Lymphocytes Inducedby Genotoxic Agents";
- 28th Annual Meeting European Environmental Mutagen Society, Salzburg, Austria, 7-11 September1998,"Comparison between DNA and Cytogenetic Damage Induced in Human Lymphocytes".
6. K. Rekas
- XI Congress PTBR, Siedlce, Poland, 15-17 April 1998,"Apply of TSH Bioindicator to Estimate Biological Radioefficiency".
7. A. Wierzewska
- The 4th Meeting of the Steering Committee Inco-Copernicus ERBIC 15CT960300, Budapest, Hungary,September 1998.
ORGANIZED CONFERENCES:
"The Third Meeting of the Steering Committee Inco-Copernicus ERBIC15CT960300",Krakow, March 1998:
1. Transferring of biological samples procedures (Workshop 1);2. Visiting laboratories Department of Radiation and Environmental Biology;3. Molecular and cytogenetic methods in human monitoring (Workshop 2);4. Coding system and analyzing of confounding factors (Workshop 3).
SCHOLARSHIPS:
D. Nowak
1. Batory Foundation of Warsaw Scientific Society - Part of the cover on the participation in 28th EEMSMeeting in Salzburg.
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AWARDS:
A. Cebulska-Wasilewska
Awards of the International Mutagen Society to A. Cebulska-Wasilewska for outstanding presentation on 3rdICEMHP conference "Understanding Gene and Environmental Interactions for Disease Prevention ", 29.11.- 4.12.1998, Bangkok - Khao Yai, Thailand.Award: 5 years subscription for Environmental and Molecular Mutagenesis.
SEMINARS:
EXTERNAL:
1. W. Niedzwiedz - Institute Oncology, Krak6w, Poland,"Applying of Comet Assay (SCGE Assay) for Investigation of Induction and Repair of DNA Damage inHuman Lymphocytes";
2. D. Florjan - Institute Oncology, Krakow, Poland,"Investigation of Dependence of DNA and Chromosomal Damage Induced in Lymphocytes with IonizingRadiations and Chemicals";
3. A. Cebulska-Wasilewska - AGH, Krakow, Poland,"What is More Hazardous in our Environment: Chemical Pollution or Radiation?";
4. J. Huczkowski - Institute Oncology, Krakow, Poland,"The Report from the Conference on Neutron Therapy - Londyn, 27.04.1998".
INTERNAL:
1. W.Dyga, January 1998,"Influence of UV Radiation on Human with Consideration of DNA Induction and Repair";
2. D. Nowak, February 1998,"On the Structure and the Function of Telomeres";
3. W. Niedzwiedz, March 1998,"Gene Therapy";
4. B. PaJka, March 1998,"Cytochrome P450 System";
5. A. Cebulska-Wasilewska, April 1998,"Cytochrome P450 in Human: Evolution, Catalytic Ability and Interindividual Variation in Expression";
6. E. Tomankiewicz, April 1998,"Applying of PIXE Method for the Analysis of Biological Samples - Perspectives";
7. M. Kowalska (Warszawa, Poland), May 1998,"Delayed Mortality of Animal Cells after Ionizing Radiation";
8. A. Cebulska-Wasilewska, June 1998,"Safety and Health Standards for Workers with Bloodborne Pathogens";
9. H.C. Sikka (NY, USA), September 1998,"Comparative Metabolism of the Liver Carcinogen, 2-Acetylaminoflourene by Rats and Fish";
10. W. Niedzwiedz, October 1998,"Induction and Repair of DNA Damage in Human Lymphocytes - Advantages and Disadvantages ofComet Assay";
11. D. Nowak, October 1998,"Dependence between DNA and Chromosomal Damage Induced in Human Lymphocytes";
12. J. Gajewski, November 1998,"Preliminary Calculations of Present Kolimator of Neutron Beam with an Application of MCNPProgram";
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13. I. Pawtyk, November 1998,"Radio and Microwaves - do They Threaten Human Health?";
14. A. Miarka, December 1998,"The Influence of Biskojatooksowanadan (IV) on the Biochemical and Morphological Parameters ofGolgi Apparats of Control and STZ - Induced Diabets in Rat Hepatocytes";
15. H. Staszczuk (ZOZ, INP), December 1998,"The Health Service Reform";
16. A. Cebulska-Wasilewska, December 1998,"Comparison of clastogenic Effects Induced in vivo in Human Lymphocytes by Ionizing Radiation orEnvironmental Pollution".
LECTURES AND COURSES:
A. Cebulska-Wasilewska
1. Syllabus of Radiation and Environmental Mutagenesis Lecture for Students of Medical Physics andDosimetry Faculty at The University of Mining and Metallurgy , Krak6w, Poland:
Lecturers program contains:1.1 Biological effects of ionizing radiation:
a) energy deposition in living cells,b) mechanisms of damage induction on a cellular level,c) radiobiology of neutrons,d) molecular models developing dose response relationship,e) influence of the DNA repair on dose rate and split dose effects, oxygen effects.
1.2 Models of interaction between agents; synergism, antagonism, adaptive response.1.3 Major environmental hazards: structure dependence models for genotoxic potency, short and long term
consequences; stochastic and nonstochastic effects, avoidable cancer causes.1.4 Role of antioxidants.1.5 Susceptibility to environmental agents (polymorphism of cytochrome p450).1.6 Environmental risk characteriration; biological dosimetry of adsorbed dose and chemical exposures,
a) biological monitoring of adverse effects, parallelogram and Sv-equivalent models,b) bioindicators; in vivo and in vitro short term assays.
2. Medical Physics and Dosimetry, University of Mining and Metallurgy, Krakow, Poland:
Laboratory training;Application of various biomarkers for studying biological effectivenes of x-rays and environmental mutagens.
SHORT TERM VISITORS TO THE DEPARTMENT:
Dr D, Anderson - BIBRA, Carlshalton, Great Britain, November 1998;DrJ. Capala - BNL, N.Y., U.S.A., April, December 1998;Dr J. Kyu Kim - KAERI, Taejon, South Korea, September 1998;Dr C. Siffel - National Institute of Public Health, Budapest, Hungary, October 1998;Prof. H. Sikka - State University College at Buffalo, NY, USA, September 1998;Dr R. Marcos - University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain, March 1998;Dr S. Piperakis - DEMOCRITOS, Athens, Greece, March 1998.
NEXTleft BLANK
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DEPARTMENTOF NUCLEAR RADIOSPECTROSCOPY
Head of Department: Prof. Andrzej JasinskiDeputy Head of Department: Assoc. Prof. Zdzisiaw T. LalowiczSecretary: Maria Nogatelephone: (48) (12) 637-02-22 ext: 253e-mail: [email protected]
PERSONNEL:
Magnetic Resonance laboratory:
Assoc. Prof. Zdzisiaw T. Lalowicz, Head of the Laboratory
Research Staff:
Artur Birczynski, Ph.D. Zbigniew Olejniczak, Ph.D,Jer2y Blicharski, Prof. Grzegorz Stoch, Ph.D.Jacek W. Hennel, Prof. Piotr Ziarko, M. Sc.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Laboratory:
Prof. Andrzej Jasinski, Head of the Department and the Laboratory
Research Staff:
Barbara Chom^towska, M.Sc.Jacek Kibinski, Ph.D. Tomasz Sk6rka, M.Sc.Stanislaw Kwiecinski, M.Sc. Zenon Sutek, Ph.D.Artur Krzyzak, M.Sc. Krzysztof Szybinski, Ph.D.Piotr Kulinowski, E.E. Boguslaw Tomanek, Ph.D.Joanna Pindel, M.Sc. Wladyslaw Wejlarz, Ph.D.
Technical Staff:
Pawel Borowiec Ryszard Lerch, E.E.
Administration:
Secretary: Maria Noga
Cryogenics Laboratory:
Technical Staff:Jacek Kiczek, E.E. Roman Wiertek
Piotr Sk6ra, Msc.
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OVERVIEW: PL9902576
Research at the Department of Nuclear Radiospectroscopy concerns various aspects of nuclear magneticresonance (NMR) and its applications to solids and to biosystems. Current research activity covers two areas:investigation of molecular dynamics and structures in solids using magnetic resonance spectroscopy, andinvestigation of humans, small animals and plants using magnetic resonance imaging and localizedspectroscopy.
The Magnetic Resonance Laboratory is equipped with a 7.05 T wide bore vertical superconductingmagnet (MAGNEX 300/89) with a home-built pulse spectrometer. It allows measurements of deuteron NMRspectra at temperatures down to 5 K using an Oxford Instruments continuous flow cryostat. NMR highresolution spectra for ^Si , ' 'B, ^Al and 31P nuclei can be measured using MAS-NMR probeheads.
The Magnetic Resonance Imaging Laboratory is equipped with a home—built 360 MHz MR microscopebased on a 8.4 T narrow bore superconducting magnet and a MRI/MRS system based ona 2.0 T, 31 cm horizontal bore superconducting magnet. The 8.4 T magnet was obtained as a grant-in-aidfrom Stanford Magnetic Resonance Laboratory, Stanford University School of Medicine in Stanford, USA.
The Department closely cooperates with the Department of Physics of the Jagiellonian University, theDepartment of Radiology and Department of Neuropathology of the Collegium Medicum of the JagiellonianUniversity, the Institute of Human Physiology of the Academy of Physical Education in Krak6w and theInstitute of Catalysis, Polish Academy of Sciences in Krakow.
International collaboration with several research centers as the Institute for Biodiagnostics, NationalResearch Council of Canada in Manitoba, Centre Resonance Magnetique FORENAP in Rouffach, France,MR Centre at the Nottingham University in Nottingham, England, Center for Structural Biology at theUniversity of Florida in Gainesville, Florida, University of Turku, Finland and Max-Planck Institut furMedizinische Forschung in Heidelberg, Germany plays an important role in our activity.
MAGNETIC RESONANCE LABORATORY
Molecular reorientation studies aimed at disclosing tunnelling rotation and structural research ofamorphous solids were our main topics. Realisation of these projects, both supported by the grants of the StateScientific Committee, required a continuous development of our NMR pulse spectrometer and theoreticalmethods.The spectrometer, of our own construction, was put into operation in 1997. Recent development was done inthe data aquisition by the introduction of a new A/D converter and a pulse programmer. Incorporation of suchadvanced hardware was paralleled by a major extension of the software controlling the spectrometer thatallows us to perform more sophisticated pulse experiments.
Tunnelling and reorientations of mixed isotope rotors are currently the most interesting topics. For a givendeuteration rate of an ammonium compound we anticipate that deuteron NMR spectra consist of weightedcontributions from the following isotopomers: NH3D
+, NH2D2+, NH3D
+ and ND4+. Each isotopomer provides
a characteristic spectral component reflecting its mobility. Our computer programs supply simulated spectrafor various motional models which fitted to experimental ones allow us to evaluate the tunnelling frequency orthe reorientation rate.
Measurements were performed for a number of partially deuterated samples of (NH4)2S2Og, NH4CIO4,NH4PF6, (NH4)2ZnCl4 and (NH^TeCk in the temperature range 5-100 K. The spectra of NHsD* ions areparticularly interesting. A new effect of an isotope ordering was observed. The deeper potential wells are morepopulated at low temperatures and from that we can determine the magnitude of an asymmetry in the three-dimensional potential. The asymmetry was found to be 7 meV in 9% deuterated (NH4)2S2Og.The structural investigations of amorphous solids by NMR technique have obtained a major boost this yeardue to the acquisition of a new MAS probe. It covers the full frequency range of all nuclei that are importantfor structural research. Moreover, it can spin the sample at frequencies up to 15 kHz, which greatly improvesthe sensitivity and resolution of the method. It is particularly important for quadrupolar nuclei possesinga half-integer spin, such as n B, 23Na, and 27A1.
A special simulation program has been written for half-integer quadrupolar nuclei, which takes intoaccount the second-order quadrupolar interaction for the central transition under MAS. It can be used toextract the structural parameters from the central band of the MAS-NMR spectrum. The program was applied
273
to the n B MAS-NMR spectra measured in different forms of borax and colemanite. It was possible todetermine quantitatively the relative populations of tetrahedral and trigonal positions of boron atoms in thesecompounds.
A series of synthetic ZSM-5 zeolites with different concentration of aluminium and boron oxides wasinvestigated by MAS-NMR. The samples were annealed at high temperatures for different periods of time inthe presence of water vapour. This process closely simulates the performance of the zeolite under naturalconditions of the catalytic reaction in the industrial installation. The purpose of the NMR study was todetermine the speed and temperature dependence of structural transformations occuring in such conditions,namely the removal of aluminium or boron atoms from the matrix into the pores of the zeolite. A quantitativeanalysis of these results is in progress.
A complete structural analysis of aluminium-boron-phosphate glasses was performed by measuring theMAS-NMR spectra of 27A1, UB, 31P, and 29Si nuclei. The crucial role of silicon or sodium oxides as stabilizersof the glassy form was confirmed. It was possible to determine the structure of dominant short range clustersthat form the glass, depending on the concentration of the stabilizers. A model of the aluminium-boron-phosphate glass structure based on NMR and FTIR results was proposed.
MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING LABORATORY
In 1998 we continued investigation of energy metabolites in human calf muscle (m. gastrocnemius)during dynamic contraction, using localised 31P MR spectroscopy. This work was done in collaboration withthe Institute of Human Physiology of the Academy of Physical Education in Cracow. The dynamic footexercise was performed in the 2.0 T magnet on a specially constructed ergometer, recording generated work intime with the resolution of 100 ms. The MR spectra was recorded using probe with surface coil, double tunedto 3IP and proton frequency. The subjects were healthy voluntiers, physically active males. Improvements ofhardware and software was made, concerning field homogenity, rf probe optimization and data processingmethod, to get faster and more accurate measurements of PCr concentration in working muscle. One ofinvestigated problems, was the influence of pre-exercise acidification on work generating capability of thecalf muscle. The results show a significant drop in work generating capabilities, increasing of PCr utilizationand fastening of acidification of investigated calf muscle, after pre-exercise acidification, induced by exerciseof other group of muscle.
We continued our investigation of water diffusion tensor in a spinal cord of the rat to detect and toestimate the extent of damage in a drop-weight injury model. After studying excised injured spinal cord invitro, using MR microscopy, we performed our first sucessfull experiments in vivo of the diffusion tensorimaging (DTI) at the centre of the injury and 5 mm away rostrally, in the same animal. The experiments wereperformed at 9.4 T, in collaboration with the Institute for Biodiagnostics in Winnipeg. These were the firstmeasurements of the diffusion tensor in vivo reported. It was shown that DTI of the spinal cord candifferentiate between injured and control spinal cord tissues in both in vitro and in vivo experiments. A largeincrease in isotropy index after injury was observed near the centre of injury, especially in the white matter.This finding is in agreement with the pathophysiology of the spinal cord trauma. The final goal of theseresearch was to apply DTI technique to human spinal cord. We obtained our first diffusion images of thehuman spinal cord on voluntiers using the spin-echo sequence with navigator-echo to correct motion artefactsdue to CSF and vascular pulsations. This work was done in collaboration with FORENAP in Rouffach, on anexperimental 3 T whole-body MR scanner. It showed that diffusion tensor imaging may be used in medicaldiagnoses of the human spinal cord disorders. This work was done in collaboration with the Departments ofRadiology and Neuropathology Collegium Medicum of the Jagiellonian University.
Fast, graident echo imaging method, was applied to investigate drug tablets (Flegamin) dissolvingprocess, using real - time MR microscopy. Changing pH of the solver simulates dissolving in different parts ofgastrointestinal tract. This work, done in collaboration with the Institute of Pharmacy at the Medical Academyin Warsaw, was a matter of disertation.
Theory, software and design of planar gradient coils, was developed. Work on designing and testing ofa 3T MR system, dedicated to brain functional imaging, was continued in colaboration with the Institute forBiodiagnostic.
Professor Andrzej Jasinski
274
REPORT ON RESEARCH: p L g g Q 2 5 7 7
Application of Minimum Inductance Method to DesigningBiplanar Gradient Coils
T. Skorka and A. Jasinski
(This research was supported by Polish State Committee of Scientific Research, grant KBN8T11E01312)
Purpose:The purpose of the work was to design biplanar gradient coils of low inductance.
Introduction:Gradient coils should comply to a number of conflicting requirement depending on their application. In the
case of planar geometry the most important requirements are:• generate linear gradient in largest possible volume,• have low inductunce and high speed of switching,• comply to geometrical constraints.
Methods:In order to obtain maximum speed of gradient switching Minimum Inductance [1,2] has been used for the
design.By use of Green's function expansion of Poisson's equation in cylindrical coordinate system, following
equations has been obtained for magnetic field induction:
m
and inductance:
L=
where j m is m-order Hankel's transform of current density, I is a current, a and P are constants depends on unitsystem.
Equations for j m can be obtained by minimizing:
where L is an inductance, Bn is a desired value of the field in the n* target point, Bz(r) is an actual value of thefield in n* target point and K are Lagrange multipliers.
Results:For coils consists of two planes of z coordinates ± a and thickness 2c following equation for transform of
current density was obtained:
where C° and C1 depends on gradient direction. For z gradient coil for example:
C° (k, zn) = — e"*" sinh(te) sinh(fan),KC
2 r iC\k) = — 1 sinh(Ae)(e + e sih(kc))
kc\_ kc
Calculations were performed for coils with a = 250 mm and 2c = 5 mm. Resulting pattern of transversal
275
gradient coil (X) is shown on the Fig. 1. The pattern fits circle of radius 500 mm. Fig. 2 shows gradientdeviation in plane z = 0 derived from above pattern. Range of the acceptable gradient homogeneity is from- 150 mm to 150 mm in the x direction. In the z direction it is smaller (not shown on the map) equal to±100 mm. Efficiency of the coil is about 0.01 Gs/Acm.
Similar calculations were performed for longitudinal gradient coil for the same geometry. Range ofacceptable gradient homogeneity is ± 130 mm radially and ± 100 mm in Z direction, efficiency is0.01 Gs/Acm.
Conclusion:The results obtained for planar geometry minimizing the indutance produce relatively smaller region of
usable gradient. Ease of active shielding, inherent in this method, further reduces the ratio of usable gradientvolume to the total volume of gradient coils. Therefore, fast switching biplanar gradient coils will have muchsmaller usable volume than comparable cylindrical one.
500
400
3 DO
200
100
0
-100
-200
-300
-400
-500-500 -400 -300 -200 -100 100 200 300 400 500
X[mm]
Fig. 1: Pattern of transversal gradient coil.
Gradient deviation In % - plans z-0150
100
SO
-100
-150
T~
-150 -100 100 1SO
Fig. 2: Gradient deviation contour plot, plane z = 0, x gradient coil.
References:
1. R. Turner, ,jMinimum inductance coils", J. Phys. E: Sci Instrum. 21 (1998) 948;2. R Turner, ,,Gradient coil design", Magn. Reson. Imag. 11 (1993) 903.
276PL9902578'
Diffusion Tensor Imaging of the Injured Spinal Cord of a Rat in vivoa Comparison with in vitro Experiments
A.T. Krzyzak, A. Jasinski, P. Kozlowski1, D. Adamek2, P. Sagnowski3, and J. Pindel
3 Institute for Biodiagnostics, NRC, Winnipeg, Canada; Division ofNeuropathology;Division of Radiology, Collegium Medicum, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
(This work was supported by the Committee of Scientific Research of Poland, grants No 2 P03B 083 14and 8 THE 024 09)
Introduction:
Water diffusion became one of the important contrast mechanisms in MRI when it was found thatischemic injury of brain tissue changes rapidly diffusion coefficient. Since then Diffusion Weighted Imaging(DWI) has been used to investigate brain and spinal cord tissue [1]. During last years attention was focusedon the implementation and development of Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI) in investigations of brain tissue.Most of the work on diffusion imaging of the spinal cord was done in vitro, on excised spinal cord of the rat.[6, 7]. There are only a few MR papers investigating the rat spinal cord in vivo. Surface coils were used toimage it at 7.0 T [3], to image and do localized MRS at 4.7 T [4], whereas implanted coils were used ataround 2.0 T for imaging [5, 8].
The aim of this study was to correlate the presence and extent of spinal cord tissue damage with changesin water diffusion tensor components in vivo and in vitro, on a rat model of spinal cord injury. Of specialinterest is a comparison of absolute values of diffusion tensor components (DTC) measured in vivo and afterfixation in vitro.
Subjects:
Well characterized "dynamic load" rat spinal cord injury model [16] with minor modifications was usedto induce injury. Male Wistar rats of 250 g to 300 g were used for all experiments.
For in vitro experiments laminectomy was performed at the Thl3 level under general anesthesia.Animals were sacrificed 10 min. to 4 hrs after the injury. Spinal cords were fixed in situ by formalineperfusion. After excision they were placed in 4% formaline solution. Before measurements the samples wereplaced in sample tubes filled with formaline solution or physiological solution. The control group consisted ofspinal cords without any laminectomy.
For in vivo experiment rats were anesthetized to a surgical depth with isoflurane in an oxygen/airmixture and maintained with isoflurane in the same carrier gases. Animals were intubated, attached toa rodent ventilator. Laminectomy at the Thl3 spine level was performed. After injury the wounds were closedand animals were placed in a MR probe. Rats were maintained at 37° C. A motion detector was placed ontheir chest to synchronize the MRI system to the animal breath rate. First diffusion weighted MR images wererecorded 60 min. after inducing the spinal cord injury.
Methods:
In vitro samples were measured in a home-built MR microscope, with a 6.4 T narrow vertical boremagnet. MR images (256 x 256) were acquired at room temperature (21° C) with an in-plane resolution40 x 40 um and a slice thickness of 400 u.m - 800 ^m. The following acquisition parameters were used:TR = 0.8 s, TE = 47 ms, gradient b-factor up to 800 mm2/s.
In vivo experiments were done in a 9.4 T/21 horizontal magnet equipped with an actively shieldedgradient system (Magnex Scientific) with a Bruker Medspec imaging system. An inductively coupled, singleturn flat ellipsoidal surface coil, 18,5 mm by 25 mm ID was used. A home built dedicated probe allowedtuning and matching while the animal was in the magnet. MR images in the form of a 128 x 256 matrix wereacquired with a FOV of 2 cm, TR = 2 s, TE = 40 ms, gradient b-factors up to 2000 mm2/s, slice thickness of1 mm, 4 averages and temperature 37°C. A conventional Spin-Echo imaging sequence (Tl and T2 weighted)with diffusion gradients symmetrical around 180° rf pulse was used to measure the effect of diffusion on MRimages in both in vitro and in vivo experiments. Diffusion tensor components (DTC) were evaluated for eachpixel of the image [1]. No motion artefacts were observed on in vivo DW images.
277
Results:
Table 1 shows values of transverse DTC (DT = (Dxx + Dyy)/2), longitudinal DTC (DL = Dzz), trace(TR) and isotropy index (ID = DT/DL), for different ROIs of grey matter and white matter, obtained fromthe transverse image of the injured and control spinal cord in vivo and in vitro. In vitro data were normalisedto the same temperature of 37 °C assuming the same temperature dependence as for water.
Values of DTC, TR and ID for injured (1) andcontrol (2) rats in vivo (xlO'2 mm2/s +/-25%)
DC1DC2VC1VC2DH1DH2SGISG2CC1CC2
DXX0,0450,0240,0320,0210,0670,0820,0530,0590,0920,071
DYY0,0490,0260,0290,0120,0650,0610,0590,0510,0950,068
DZZ0,0900,2520,0770,2240,0770,1260,0850,1970,1040,135
DT0,0470,0250,0300,0160,0660,0710,0720,1240,0990,102
DL0,0900,2520,0770,2240,0770,1270,0850,1970,1040,135
TR0,0610,1010,0460,0860,0700,0900,0660,1020,0970,092
ID0,5200,0990,3980,0750,8590,5660,8500,6290,9560,752
Values of DTC, TR and ID for injured (1) andcontrol (2) rats in vitro (xlO"2 mm2/s +/-15%)
DC1DC2VC1VC2DH1DH2SGISG2CC1CC2
DXX0?040,0460,050,040,050,0460?040,0420,0670,043
DYY0,0420,0270,0550,030,0560,0320,0920,0160,0580,078
DZZ0,0970,1270,120,090,0870,0630,0980,0830,080,09
DT0,0640,040,060?040,070,0440,0910,0350,0730,079
DL0,0970,1270,120,090,0870,0630,0980,0830,080,09
TR0,0910,0680,0860,0580,0740,050,0920,0510,0740,084
ID0,4470,330,550,4270,8140,7250,940,4330,920,83
Table 1: Values of diffusion tensor components measured in vivo and in vitro for injured (index 1) and control (index2) spinal cord of the rat. DC - Dorsal Column (Right, Left); VC - Ventral Column (Right, Left); SG(R, L) -Substantia Gelatinosa (Right, Left); DH(R, L) - Dorsal Horn (Right, Left), CCR- Central Canal Region.
For in vivo data changes due to injury are more significant then in vitro. The DL is decreasing, while theDT is increasing (and thus the ID is increasing) near the centre of injury, as compared to the values from thecontrol.
Conclusions:
It was shown that DTI of the spinal cord can differentiate between injured and control tissue in both invitro and in vivo experiments. A large increase in isotropy index after injury was observed near the centre ofinjury, especially in the white matter. Absolute values of the DL components for control rats are about twotimes higher in vivo than in vitro, for the same structure, whereas for DT this difference is smaller. Itdemonstrates the effect of formaline fixation. This finding is in agreement with the pathophysiology of thespinal cord trauma.
References:
1. A.T. Krzyzak et al., Proc. Of the ISMRM VI Meeting, Sydney (1998) p. 1931;2. B.A. Inglis, L. Yang et al., Mag. Reson. Imag. 15 (1997) 441;
278
3. M.L. Banson et a l , Magn. Reson. Imag. 10 (1992) 929;4. F.O. Zelaya et al., Magn. Reson. Med. 35 (1996) 443;5. J.C. Ford et al., Magn. Reson. Med. 31 (1994) 218;6. E.D. Wirth III et al., Magn. Reson. Med. 30 (1993) 626;7. V. Gulani et al., Magn. Reson. Med. 38 (1997) 868;8. D.A. Fenyes and P.A. Narayana, Proc. ISMRM VI Meeting, Sydney 1998, p. 1252. PL9902579
Investigations of Human m. Gastrocnemius during Dynamic Exerciseusing 31P MR Spectroscopy in vivo — Influence of Pre-Exercise Acidification
P.Kulinowski, J. Zolajdz1, Z.Suiek, A.Jasinski, K. Szybinski, J.Kibinski,J. Majerczak1, andKDuda1
Institute of Human Physiology, Academy of Physical Education, Krakow, Poland
(This work was supported by a grant from Polish State Committee of Scientific Research, KBN4PO5D/001/09 and by Magnex Scientific Ltd.)
Purpose:
The main objective of our investigations was to determine influence of pre-exercise acidification on poweroutput and PCr utilisation in human skeletal muscles during dynamic exercise.
Introduction:
The ability of adaptation of human skeletal muscles to different work load is a key question inunderstanding of muscle metabolism. Important factors limiting muscle performance are enhanced metaboliteconcentrations (ADP, Pi, AMP, IMP and H*) [1] and depletion of metabolic substrates. Acidification seems toplay a very important role in a muscle fatigue [2]. However, the physiological mechanism responsible for thisis still unknown. This is why we have tried to evaluate the influence of pre-exercise on the rate of PCrutilisation, intracellular pH changes and power generation capabilities of human m. gastrocnemius duringdynamic foot exercise.
Methods:
The subjects were healthy volunteers, physically active, non-smoking males (age: 22-24 years, bodyweight: 65-85 kg, height: 180-190 cm).
Volunteer examination consisted of two steps. On the first visit MR signal from the m. gastrocnemiuswas acquired at rest and during foot exercise with incremental work load, until exhaustion. On the second visitthe subject was additionaly acidificated by incremental arms exercise on a cycloergometer until exhaustion.The MR signal at rest, before and after acidification was recorded. It was followed immediately by footexercise protocol with MR signal acquisition, exactly the same as during the first visit.
The level of the body acidification was measured by arterialised blood samples ([H+] and [HCO3"] in the
Table 1).The MR data were acquired in a 2.0 T magnet (Magnex Scientific, type Sports II) using double tuned
probe-head with a two turn 50 mm ID surface coil, located 10 cm distal to fossa poplitea. The dynamic footexercise was performed in the magnet, on a specially constructed ergometer, registering generated work vs.time with a resolution of 100 ms. Every three consecutive muscle contractions, performed with a pace of 1 sec,were followed by a Is rest break for a signal acquisition. Time resolution of MR measurements was 120 sec(30 signal accumulations with 4 sec recovery time) and was associated with a step of exercise load.
Signal to noise ratio of MR data was rather poor because of low concentrations of interesting metabolites,movement noises and restricted acquisition time.
MR data were analysed in time-domain using MRUI97.1 software package, utilising prior knowledge ofrelative a, p, y ATP chemical shifts, line splitting and relative line intensities [3]. Finally, after Tj correction,relative metabolite concentrations PCr/ATP and Pi/ATP, as well as intracellular pH were assessed.
279
Results:
1. The physical work capability of the gastrocnemius and soleus muscles after pre-exercise acidification wassignificantly reduced (p = 0.02) relative to control measurement (6.031 ± 1.652 vs. 7.787 ± 3.195 kJrespectively).
2. M. gastrocnemius intracellular pH measured during final step of foot exercise performed afteracidification was significantly lower (p < 0.05) than in the control test (6.65 ± 0.25 vs. 6.85 ± 0.26respectively).
3. PCr/ATP ratio in the m. gastrocnemius at rest in the control experiment was 4.18 ± 0.70 and in the finalstage of incremental test dropped to 1.45 ± 0.80. In the experiment with acidification the pre-exercisePCr/ATP ratio was not significantly different from control study (4.74 ± 0.76) and no difference inPCr/ATP ratio in this muscle immediately after the arms exercise was observed (5.07 ± 1.46). Moreover,the final step exercise PCr/ATP ratio in this experiment (1.19 ± 0.53) was no significantly different fromthe control measurements.
Table 1: Experimental results.
PCr/ATPIntracellular pH[H+][nmol/l]
[HC03"][mmol/l]
Control protocolRest
4.18 ±0.7
41.0 ±1.725 ±1
W = 7.787 ±3.195kJ50% of max
workload
6.95 ±0.16
Maximumworkload
1.45 ±0.806.85 ± 0.2642.4 ±1.7
23±1
PCr/ATPIntracellular pH[H+]tnmol/l]
[HC03"][mmol/l]
Protocol with acidification W = 6.031 + 1 652kJRest beforeacidification4.74 ± 0.76
42.0 ±1.824.3 ±1.5
Rest afteracidification5.07 ±1.46
54.7 ± 6.717±1.7
50% of maxworkload
6.86 ±10.19
Maximumworkload
1.19 ±0.536.69 ± 0.2545.0 ± 3.020.5 ±1.9
Discussion:
Pre-exercise acidification, induced by arms exercise, significantly decreases the physical work capacity ofthe gastrocnemius and soleus muscles. In the study with pre-exercise lower value of performed work wasaccompanied by the greater PCr depletion and greater intramuscular acidosis when compared to the controlstudy. This suggests that acidosis accelerates the PCr depletion in the working muscle. This data supportshypothesis that acidosis may directly and indirectly contribute to muscle fatigue.
References:
1. R.H. Fitts, Physiol. Rev. 74 (1994) 49;2. K. Sahlin, Acta Physiol. Scand 128 (1986) 83;3. R. de Beer, Quantitative in vivo NMR", lecture notes, available at
http://dutnsic.tn.tudelft.nl:8080/c59_to_html/c59.html.
PL9902580
Quantitative Assessment of Injury in the Spinal Cord of a Rat in vivousing MRI of Water Diffusion Tensor
A.T. Krzyzak, A. Jasinski, P. Kozlowski1, D. Adamek2, P. Sagnowski3, and J. Pindel
1Institute for Biodiagnostics, NRC, Winnipeg, Canada;1 Division ofNeuropathology;3 Division of Radiology Collegium Medicum, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
(This work was supported by the Committee of Scientific Research of Poland, grants No 2 P03B 083 14and 8 THE 024 09)
Introduction:
Water diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) has proven to be a valuable, non-invasive mean of visualisation andquantitative assessment of the injury of spinal cord tissues. Up-to-date investigations of in vitro waterdiffusion tensor imaging show possibilities of an early quantification of the presence and extent of damagesinduced by injury [1,2]. However, only a few works concerning in vivo DTI investigations were published sofar [4 ].
The aim of this study was to investigate the water diffusion in the injured spinal cord of the rat in vivo andto measure the water diffusion tensor components to detect and to estimate the extent of damages.
Subjects:
18 male Wistar rats of 250 g to 300 g weight were anaesthetised to a surgical depth with 3-4% isofluranein an oxygen: air 40:60 mixture and maintained with 1.5-2.5% isoflurane in the same carrier gases. Animalswere intubated orally, attached to a rodent ventilator and maintained at 60 breaths per min. A laminectomyat the Thl3 spine level was performed. Spinal cord injury was induced using a dynamic weight-drop model.The wounds were then closed with a suture and animals placed in a MR probe in the supine position. Theanimals were maintained at 37 C all the time by placing them on a water blanket. A motion detector wasplaced on their chest to synchronise the MRI system to the animal breath rate. First diffusion weighted MRimages were recorded 60 min. after inducing the spinal cord injury.
Methods:
Experiments were done in a 9.4 T/21 horizontal magnet equipped with an actively shielded gradientsystem (Magnex Scientific) with a Bruker Medspec imaging system. An inductively coupled, single turn flatelipsoidal surface coil, 18,5 mm by 25 mm, made of SWAG #18 copper wire, attached to a 1.5 mm acrylicplate was used. A home built dedicated probe allowed tuning and matching while the animal was in themagnet. A standard multislice spin-echo sequence with diffusion gradients symmetrical around 180 rf pulse,applied in 6 directions was used to measure the diffusion tensor components. MR images in the form ofa 128x256 matrix were acquired with a FOV of 2 cm, TR = 2 sec, TE = 40 msec, gradient b-factors up to1200 mm2/sec, slice thickness of 1 mm, and 4 averages. A single gradient direction took 15 min. Diffusiontensor components (DTC) were evaluated for each pixel of the image [2, 3].
Results:
Good quality MR images free from any motion artefacts were obtained from the normal and injuredspinal cord of the living rat. T1/T2 weighted images show very little contrast in the spinal cord. Diffusionweighted images show very good contrast and differentiation between the grey and the white matter,depending on the diffusion gradient direction. The injured region of the spinal cord is seen very well indiffusion weighted images.
Longitudinal DTC (DL = Dzz), transverse DTC (DT = (Dxx + Dyy)/2) and isotropy index(ID = DT/DL) for different ROIs of grey matter, white matter, obtained from the transverse image of theinjured spinal cord in the centre of injury and 5mm above were calculated. The DL is decreasing, while theDT is increasing (and thus the ID is increasing) near the centre of injury, as compared to the values fromcontrol sample (ID -0.15 for WM).
281
0,02
0,015
0.01
[x10"1mm2/s] CONTROL RATS
i P DOR DCL O.CR O.CL VLCR VRIX VCR VCL SOR SQL DrR CH. VhR VHL CCR
Fig. 1: DT (dark) and DL (white) for different ROIs of the control rats at the laminectomy level.
Isofropy index ID for control and injured rats
P DCR 0 a a C R E t a Vl£R VFCL V C R V a S G R S G L D W C H . V W V H . C C R
Fig, 2: ID for the given ROIs for the injured spinal cord of a rat in the cross-section in centre of injury(white) and 5 mm above of injury (dark).
Fig. 3: Histopathology cross-section of spinal cord of a rat and corresponding diffusion weigted(X-direction) MR image. 1-P - pyramidal tracts; 2-DC(R, L) - Dorsal Column (Right, Left);3-DLC(R, L) - Dorso Lateral Column (Right, Left); 4-VLC(R, L) - Ventro Lateral Column (Right,Left); 5-VC(R, L) - Ventral Column (Right, Left); 6-SG(R, L) - Substantia Gelatinosa (Right, Left); 7-DH(R, L) - Dorsal Horn (Right, Left); 8-VH(R, L) - Ventral Horn (Right, Left); 9-CCR - Central CanalRegion.
Conclusions:
The obtained results show differences in the anisotropy of water diffusion in different parts of theinjured spinal cord. A large decrease in the anisotropy after injury was observed near the centre, especiallyin the white matter. DTC determined from the saggital images illustrate the propagation of injury alongthe spinal cord allowing visualisation and quantification of the extent of damage.
References:
1. M.E. Moseley et a l , Magn. Reson. Med. 14 (1990) 330;2. A. Jasiriski, Proc. IVth NMR School, Zakopane, Poland (1996) p. XXI;3. P.J. Basser, J. Mattiello, and D. LeBihan, J. Magn. Reson. B103 (1994) 247;4. A.T. Krzyzak and A. Jasmski et al., MAG*MA VI, suppl. (1998) 119;5. A.T. Krzyzak et al., Proc. of ISMRM, 6th Scientific Meeting in Sydney, vol. 3 (1998) 1931.
282
LIST OF PUBLICATIONS:
Articles:
1. H. Haranczyk, W.P. We.glarz, Z. Sojka,The Observation of Solvable Extractive Fraction in Horse Chestnut Aesculus Hippocastanum I.) BastUsing Proton Magnetic Relaxation,Holzforschung (1998) (in print);
2. A. Krzyzak, (A. Jasinski, M. Baj, W.P. Wejlarz) et al , •Monitoring Injury in a Rat Spinal Cord Using MR Microscopy of a Water Diffusion Tensor,ESMRMB'97, 14-th Annual Meeting, Magn. Reson. Mat. Phys. Biol. Med. in: MAG*MA, Suppl. V No II(1998)161;
3. A. Krzyzak, (A. Jasinski, W.P. Wfglarz, M. Baj) et al.,Visualisation of the Extent of Damage in a Rat Spinal Cord Injury Model Using MR Microscopy ofWater Diffusion Tensor, MAG*MA, Suppl. (1998) (in print);
4. S. Kwieciriski, (A. Jasinski, P. Kulinowski) et al.,NMR Microscopy of Drug Relasefrom Tablets,ESMRMB'97, 14-th Annual Meeting, Magn. Reson. Mat. Phys. Biol. Med. in: MAG*MA, Suppl. V, No11(1998)164;
5. D. Reichert, (Z. Olejniczak) et al.,Carbon-13 Spin Exchange in Durene as Measured by MAS-NMR Spectroscopy,Solid State Nucl. Magn. Resonance 13 (1998) 137;
6. L. Stoch, (Z. Olejniczak) et al.,Mixed Network ALPO4-BPO4-SiO2Glasses,Ceramics 53 (1998) (in print);
7. B. Sulikowski, (Z. Olejniczak) et al.,The Synergetic Effect of Cobalt and Indium in Ferrierite Catalysts for Selective Catalytic Reduction ofNitric Oxide with Methane,Chem. Commun. 24 (1998) 2755;
8. We.glarz, (A. Jasinski, A. Krzyzak, J. Pindel) et al.,Mi? Microscopy of Water Diffusion Tensor in Biological Systems,Appl. Magnetic Resonance 15 (1998) 333.
Other publications:
1. A. Krzyzak, A. Jasinski, J. KuSmiderski, D. Adamek, P. Sagnowski, M. Baj,MR Microscopy Measurements of Water Diffusionn Anisotropy in a Rat Spinal Cord (in Polish),Rez. Magn. Med. 6 (1998) 5;
2. Zagrodzki, (S. Kwiecinski) et al.,Application of Magnetic Resonance Tomography in Studies of Constant Dissipation System (in Polish),Farmacja Polska 54, No 5 (1998) 9.
Proceedings:
1. D. Adamek, (A. Krzyzak) et al.,In the Search of Better Insight into Pathology of Spinal Cord Injury. Investigations on NMR WaterDiffusion Imaging in Relation to Patomorphological Changes in Spinal Cord of Rat after ExperimentalWeight drops Injury,Zentralblatt fur Neurochirurgie 59 (1998) 211;
2. A. Birczynski, Z. Lalowicz, Z. Olejniczak, G. Stoch, P. Ziarko,2H-NMR Spectra of Partially Deuterated Ammonium Compounds (in Polish),XXX National Sem. on "Nuclear Magnetic Reson. and its Applications", December 1997, IFJ, Krakow,Poland (1998) 84;
3. A. Birczynski, Z. Lalowicz, Z. Olejniczak, G. Stoch, P. Ziarko,2H-NMR Spectra of Partially Deuterated Ammonium Compounds (in Polish),
283
Proc. of the XXXI Polish Seminar onNMR and its Applications, Krak6w, Poland, 1-2 December (1998)(in print);
4. S. Blicharski,Nuclear Magnetic Relaxation in the Presence of Two High Frequency Fields (in Polish),Proc. of the XXXI Polish Seminar on NMR and its Applications, Krak6w, Poland, 1-2 December (1998)(in print);
5. S. Blicharski,Application of Smoluchowski Equation to Nuclear Magnetic Relaxation in the Presence ofIntermolecular Interactions (in Polish),Proc. of the XXXI Polish Seminar on NMR and its Applications, Krak6w, Poland, 1-2 December (1998)(in print);
6. B.A. Chometowska, (Z. Sutek, A. Jasinski, P. Kulinowski, K. Szybinski, Kibiriski) et al.,Relative Metabolites Concentration in Human m. Gastrocnemius during Dynamical Exercise asDetermined by Localised 31P MR Spectroscopy "in vivo" (in Polish),Proc. of the XXXI Polish Seminar on NMR and its Applications, Krakow, Poland, 1-2 December (1998)(in print);
7. M. Derewinski, (Z. Olejniczak) et al.,Oxidative Dehydrogenation of Propane on Large Pore Zeolites,Catalytic Activation and Functionalisation on Light Alkanes, eds E.G. Derouane et al., Kluwer Academic(1998)397;
8. A. Jasinski, (A. Krzyzak) et al.,Water Diffusion Tensor Imaging in an Injured Spinal Cord of the Rat in vivo at 9.4 T,Polish Symp. on "Application of Magnetic Resonance in Chemistry and Related Areas", 24-26 June 1998,Warszawa, Book of Abstracts (1998) p. L5 and Magn. Reson. Mater. Phys. Biol. Med. (MAGMA)ESMRMB'98, 17-20 September 1998, Geneva, Switzerland 6 Suppl. (1998) 119;
9. A. Jasinski, (A. Krzyzak, J. Pindel) et al.,Investigation of Spinal Cord Injury on a Rat Model Using Water Diffusion Tensor Imaging,Proc. of the IV-th Annual Meeting of the British Chapter of the ISMRM, Nottingham, 18-19 December(1998) B8;
10. A. Jasinski, (A. Krzyzak, K. Szybinski) et al.,MR Imaging of Water Diffusion in Human Spinal Cord (in Polish),Proc. of the XXXI Polish Seminar on NMR and its Applications, Krak6w, Poland, 1-2 December (1998)(in print);
1 l.J. Kibinski, (A. Jasinski, K. Szybinski) et al.,Ergometerfor Physical Examination of Human Limb Muscles with Application of Magnetic ResonanceSpectroscopy (in Polish),Medicina Sportiva vol. 2, No 1 (1998) 36;
12.S.B. King, (B. Tomanek) et al.,A Means for Enhancement MR Spectroscopy in vivo,Proc. of the Int. Soc. magn. Reson. Med., Vlth Scientific Meeting, April 1998, Sydney, Australia (1998)2031;
13.A. Krzyzak, (A. Jasinski, W.P. Wejlarz, M. Baj) et al.,Investigation of Injured Spinal Cord of a Rat Using MRI of Water Diffusion Tensor in vitro (in Polish),XXX National Sem. on "Nuclear Magnetic Reson. and its Applications", December 1997, IFJ, Krakow,Poland (1998) 328;
14. A. Krzyzak, (A. Jasinski, M. Baj) et al.,Quantitative Assessment of Injury in the Spinal Cord of a Rat Using MR Microscopy of Water DiffusionTensor,Proc. of the Int. Soc. for Magn. Res. in Medicine, Sixth Scientific Meting and Exhibition, Sydney,Australia, 18-24 April 1998 (1998) 1931;
15. A. Krzyzak, (A. Jasinski, W. W^glarz, J. Pindel) et al.,MR Imaging of Water Diffusion Tensor Changes after Mechanical Injury in Rat Spinal Cord "in vivo"(in Polish),Proc. of the XXXI Polish Seminar on NMR and its Applications, Krak6w, Poland, 1-2 December (1998)(in print);
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16.P. Kulinowski, Z. Sulek, A. Jasinski, J. Zola^dz,Processing of3iP Spectra in vivo -- Quantitative Determination of Relative Metabolites Concentration(in Polish),XXX National Sem. on "Nuclear Magnetic Reson. and its Applications", December 1997, IFJ, Krakow,Poland (1998) 340;
17.P. Kulinowski, (Z. Sulek, A. Jasihski) et al.,Influence of Initial Organism Acidification on Metabolic Processes in Human m. Gastrocnemius --Investigations Using Localised Spectroscopy 3IP MR "in vivo" (in Polish),Proc. of the XXXI Polish Seminar on NMR and its Applications, Krak6w, Poland, 1-2 December (1998)(in print);
18.Z. Lalowicz, Z. Olejniczak, E. Wendowa, P. Ziarko,Tunnelling and Reorientation of Ammonium Ions in (NDJ^TOS (in Polish),XXX National Sem. on "Nuclear Magnetic Reson. and its Applications", December 1997, IFJ, Krak6w,Poland (1998) 88;
19.Z. Olejniczak, L. Stoch, M. Sroda,MAS-NMR Spectra of2CaO*Al2O3 Glasses (in Polish),XXX National Sem. on "Nuclear Magnetic Reson. and its Applications", December 1997, IFJ, Krakow,Poland (1998) 80;
20.G. Pasterna, T. Kupka, J. Blicharski, Z. Lalowicz,1H, 2D and l3C NMR Spectroscopy on Selected IGEPALS (in Polish),XXX National Sem. on "Nuclear Magnetic Reson. and its Applications", December 1997, IFJ, Krakow,Poland (1998) 246;
21.R. Poupko, Z. Luz, D. Reichert, G. Hemple, Z. Olejniczak, P. Tekely,Carbon-13 Spin Exchange in Durene: Distinction Between Spin Diffusionn and Self Diffusion,Proc. of the Joint 29-th Ampere - 13-th ISMAR Conf., Berlin, 2-7 August (1998) 322;
22. T. Skorka, A. Jasinski,Selected Problems of Dedicated Gradient Coil Design and Construction for MRI/MRS (in Polish),XXX National Sem. on "Nuclear Magnetic Reson. and its Applications", December 1997, IFJ, Krak6w,Poland (1998) 314;
23.T. Sk6rka, A. Jasinski,Application of Minimum Inductance Method to Biplanar Gradient Coils Designing (in Polish),Proc. of the XXXI Polish Seminar on NMR and its Applications, Krak6w, Poland, 1-2 December (1998)(in print);
24.G. Stoch et al.,NMR Spectral Analysis ofNdxY2.xCoi7 and NdxY2.x COM B (in Polish),XXX National Sem. on "Nuclear Magnetic Reson. and its Applications", December 1997, IFJ, Krakow,Poland (1998) 76;
25.L. Stoch, Z. Olejniczak, M. Sroda,MAS-NMR of Multicomponent Inorganic Glasses (in Polish),Proc. of the XXXI Polish Seminar on NMR and its Applications, Krak6w, Poland, 1-2 December (1998)(in print);
26.Z. Sutek, A. Jasinski, J. Kibinski, J. Zol^dz, J. Kozub, P. Kulinowski,Application ofilP MRS to Study Fatigue of Human Skeletal Muscles (in Polish),XXX National Sem. on "Nuclear Magnetic Reson. and its Applications", December 1997, IFJ, Krakow,Poland (1998) 336;
27.Z. Sulek, (P. Kulinowski, A. Jasiriski, J. Kibinski) et al.,Influence of Pre-Exercise Acidification on Power Output and PCr Utilisation in Human m.gastrocnemius Determined by 'P MR Spectroscopy in vivo,Proc. of the IV-th Annual Meeting of the British Chapter of the ISMRM, Nottingham, 18-19 December(1998) D9;
28. K. Szybinski, A. Jasinski,A New MRI Method of Internal Structure Determination,Magn. Reson. Mater. Phys. Biol. Med. (MAG*MA), 17-20 September 1998, Geneva, Switzerland,6 Suppl. (1998) 145;
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29. K. Szybinski, (A. Jasinski, J. Kozub) et al.,High Resolution of Human Spinal Cord MR Imaging on SIGNA 1.5 T System (in Polish),Proc. of the XXXI Polish Seminar on NMR and its Applications, Krak6w, Poland, 1-2 December (1998)(in print);
30.M. Weychert, I. Wawer, S. Kwiecinski, A. Jasinski,Microtomography in Herbs Investigations (in Polish),Proc. of the XXXI Polish Seminar on NMR and its Applications, Krak6w, Poland, 1-2 December (1998)(in print);
31.W.P. Wfglarz, A. Jasinski, A. Krzyzak, Z. Sulek,MRI of Water Diffusion Tensor in Biological Systems (in Polish),XXX National Sem. on "Nuclear Magnetic Reson. and its Applications", December 1997, IFJ, Krakow,Poland (1998) 324;
32.W.P. We_glarz, A. Jasinski, A. Krzyzak,Mi? Microscopy of Water Diffusion Tensor in Biological Systems,Proc. of the Joint 29-th AMPERE - 13-th ISMAR Int. Conf. on Magnetic Resonance and RelatedPhenomena, Berlin, Germany, 2-5 August (1998) 249;
33.J. Zoladz, K. Duda, A. Jasiriski, Z. Sutek, P. Kulinowski,Study of Energetics and High Load Ability of Human Skeletal Muscles (in Polish),XXX National Sem. on "Nuclear Magnetic Reson. and its Applications", December 1997, IFJ, Krak6w,Poland (1998) 332;
34.Zohyi£, (A. Jasinski, J. Kibinski, Z. Sulek, P. Kulinowski) et al.,Human Muscle Energetics During Dynamics Exercise - MRS Studies,Medicina Sportiva vol. 2, No 1 (1998) 112.
Other conference materials:
1. A. Birczynski, Z. Lalowicz, Z. Olejniczak, G. Stoch, P. Ziarko, E. Wendowa,2H-NMR Spectra of Partially Deuteurated Ammonium Compounds (in Polish),XI Polish Conf. "Molecular Cristals 98", Gdansk - Jelitkowo, Poland, September (1998) 33;
2. T. Grabias, (Z. Lalowicz) et al.,The Influence Deuteration on the Phase Transition in (NH4) 2TeCU Studied by NMR,Ampere VI NMR School, Zakopane, 31 May - 5 June 1998, Book of Abstracts (1998) 39;
3. J. Janas, (Z. Olejniczak) et al ,Synergetic Effect of Cobalt and Indium in Ferrierite Catalyst for Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR)of Nitric Oxide,14-th European Experimental NMR Conf., Bled, Slovenia, 10-15 May 1998, Book of Abstracts (1998) 97;
4. A. Jasinski,Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Spectroscopy in Investigation of Spinal Cord Injuries and SkeletalMuscles Physiology,Lecture at II Polish Symposium "Problems of Medical Physics", Szczyrk, Poland, 15-18 October (1998)35;
5. A. Jasinski, W.P. We_glarz,Diffusion Tensor Imaging in an Injured Spinal Cord of the Rat in vivo,29-th AMPERE - 13-th ISMAR Satellite Symp. on Spatially Resolved Magnetic Resonance,30 July -1 August 1998, Leipzig, Germany, Book of Abstracts (1998);
6. A. Kaflak, (S. Kwiecinski, A. Jasinski) et al.,Proton NMR Microimaging of Human Trabecular Bone,1-st Krak6w - Winnipeg Workshop in Biomedical Applications of MRI and MRS, 6-8 November 1997,Krakow, Poland (1998) 37;
7. J. Kozub, (A. Jasinski, Z. Sulek, P. Kulinowski, J. Kibinski) et al.,Applications of MR Localised Spectroscopy in Examining Metabolism in Human Skeletal Muscles(in Polish),XXXV Conf. of Polish Radiologists, Katowice, Poland, 10-13 June 1998, Book of Abstracts (1998) A-87;
8. Z. Lalowicz, Z. Olejniczak, A. Birczynski, G. Stoch, P. Ziarko,Deuteron NMR Spectra of Partially Deuterated Ammonium Compounds,14-th European Experimental NMR Conf., Bled, Slovenia, 10-15 May 1998, Book of Abstracts (1998) 85;
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9. G. Pasterna, (Z. Lalowicz) et al.,Experimental and Theoretical NMR Studies on Selected Lyotropic Liquid Crystals,Ampere VI NMR School, Zakopane, 31 May - 5 June 1998, Book of Abstracts (1998) 5;
10.P. Sagnowski, (A. Krzyzak, M. Baj, A. Jasinski) et al.,MR Microscopy of Water Diffusion Tensor in Rat Spinal Cord Injury Model,10-th European Congress od Radiology, 2-7 March 1997, Vienna, Book of Abstracts (1998) 13;
ll.Z. Sulek, (P. Kulinowski, A. Jasinski, K. Szybinski, J. Kibinski) et al.,Human Muscle Energetics as Studied by $A{31$P MR Spectroscopy in vivo,Ampere VI NMR School, Zakopane, 31 May - 5 June 1998, Book of Abstracts (1998) 21;
12.B. Tomanek,Multi - Ring Surface Coils,Workshop on Computational Electromagnetics in Magnetic Resonance, College Station, Texas,30 May -1 June 1998, Book of Abstracts (1998) 32;
13.1. Waclawska, Z. Olejniczak,On the Structure Order in Non-Crystalline Borates,Abstr. of 18-th Int. Congress on Glass, San Francisco, 5-10 July 1998, 368;
14.Zagrodzki, (S. Kwiecinski) et al.,Examination of Tablets Structure with Application of Magnetic Resonance Tomography (in Polish),Conf. Materials "Contemporary Methods of Medicines, Drugs, Poisons and Beverages Analysis", Poznan,Poland, April (1998).
Book:
1. J.W. Hennel, T. Kryst-Widigowska, J. Klinowski,A Primer of Magnetic Resonance Imaging,Imperial College Press, London (1998).
GRANTS:
1. Prof. A. Jasinski - grant No 8 Tl 1 024 09,,,Development of Early Diagnostic Method of the Spinal Cord Injury Based on MRI of Water DiffusionAnizotropy and Localised MRS", 36 months since 01 September 1995;
2. Dr J. Zotqdz (prof. A. Jasinski - principal investigator) - grant No 4 P05D 001 09,,,Study of Influence of Metabolic Changes in Acid - Base Status on the Rate of Oxygen Uptake andCreatine Phosphate Utilization in Working Human Skeletal Muscules Using Localised MRS",36 months, since 01 July 1995;
3. T. Skorka, M.Sc. and prof. A. Jasinski (supervisor) - grant No 8 Tl IE 013 12,,,Magnetic Field Gradient Generation for Fast MRI Methods and Localised MRS", 18 months,since 01 July 1997;
4. DrZ. Olejniczak - grant No 2 P03B 077 13,,,High Resolution NMR Solid State Spectroscopy for Quadrupolar Nuclei with Half- Integer Spins",24 months, since 01 September 1997;
5. A. Krzyzak, M.Sc. and prof. A. Jasinski (supervisor) - grant No 2 P03B 083 14,,,Measurement of Water Diffiusion in Biological Systems Using MRI of Diffiusion Tensor", 18 months,since 01 January 1998;
6. P. Kulinowski, E.E. and prof. A. Jasinski (supervisor) - grant No 8 Tl IE 008 15,„Application of Localised MRS in Studies on Human Skeletal Muscules Physiology",18 months, since 01 July 1998;
7. Assoc. prof. 2. T. Lalowicz - grant No 2 P03B 074 15,,,Studies on Rotational Dynamics of Ammonium Ion Isotopomers by Deuteron NMR Dedicated forCrystalline Structure and Phase Transitions Qualification", 26 months since 01 September 1998;
8. Dr K. Szybinski - grant No8Tl lE01815 ,,,Measurements of Brain Volume and its Structures Using MR Tomography", 18 monthssince 01 September 1998.
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PARTICIPATION IN CONFERENCES AND WORKSHOPS:
INVITED TALKS:
1. Z. Sulek, P. Kulinowski, A. Jasinski, K. Szybinski, J. Kibinski, J. Zolajdz, K. Duda, and J. Majerczak,,,Human Muscle Energetics as Studied by 31P MR Spectroscopy in vivo",Ampere VINMR School, Zakopane, Poland, 31 May - 5 June 1998;
2. A. Jasinski, P. Koziowski, A.T. Krzyzak, D. Adamek, and P. Sagnowski,,,Water Diffusion Tensor Imaging in an Injured Spinal Cord of the Rat in vivo at 9.4 T",Polish Symposium "Application of Magnetic Resonance in Chemistry and Related Areas ",24-26 June 1998, Warsaw, Poland;
3. W.P. W^glarz, A. Jasinski, and A.T. Krzyzak,,,MR Microscopy of Water Diffusion Tensor in Biological Systems",29th Ampere - 13th ISMAR International Conference on Magnetic Resonance and Related Phenomena,2-5 August 1998, Berlin, Germany,
4. A. Jasinski,,,Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Spectroscopy in Investigation of Spinal Cord Injuries and SkeletalMuscles Physiology",Lecture at II Polish Symposium „ Problems of Medical Physics", Szczyrk, Poland, 15-18 October 1998;
5. A. Jasinski,investigation of Spinal Cord Injury Using Water Diffusion Tensor Imaging",Symposium Honoring Prof Dr Hans W. Spiess, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznan, Poland,26-27 October 1998;
6. A. Jasinski,,,Localised NMR Spectroscopy in vivo",International Workshop on Modern Spectroscopic Techniques in Biophysics, Neptune, Romania,1-5 June 1998;
7. A. Jasiriski,,,Solid State NMR, NMR and Sir Peter Mansfield: The Art of Multiple - Pulse Line Narrowing andAmphiphilic Liquid Crystals",The 2nd Nottingham Symposium on Magnetic Resonance, Nottingham, Great Britain,20 December 1998;
8. Z. Sutek, P. Kulinowski, A. Jasinski, K. Szybinski, J. Kibinski, J. Zofcyiz, K. Duda, andJ. Majerczak,,,Human Muscle Energetics as Studied by 31P MR Spectroscopy in vivo",Ampere VI NMR School, Zakopane-Poland, 31 May - 5 June 1998.
ORGANIZED CONFERENCES:
XXXI Polish Seminar on NMR, Institute of Nuclear Physics, Krak6w, Poland, 1 - 2 December 1998.
INTERNAL SEMINARS:
1. J. Hennel,interlaced EPI, part IV";
2. D. Adamek, CMUJ Institute of Neurology, Department of Neuropathology,,,Ubiquityn and GFAP in Model Injury of a Rat Spinal Cord";
3. J. Hennel,,,About Some Factors Affecting Resolution";
4. J. Hennel,,,Apodisation or Windowing";
5. G. Stoch,,,Nonstatistical Aspect of Density Matrix";
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6. Z. Olejniczak,,,Measurement of Homonuclear Coupling Carbon-Carbon in Solids";
7. F. Hennel, FORENAP, France,,,Elimination of Ghosts in Interlaced EPI";
8. G. Stoch,,,Phase Parameters in NMR Spectra.";
9. J. Pindel,,,About Cloning";
10. S. Kwiecinski,,,Fast Imaging Method FLASH and Its Applications in Magnetic Resonance Tomography";
11. J. Hennel,,,Origin of Ghosts in EPI and Method of Their Elimination";
12. A Jasinski,,,Department of Nuclear Radiospectroscopy Research Perspectives";
13. J. Hennel,introduction to Discrete Fourier Transform";
14. A. Jasinski, J. Kibinski, Z. Sutek, K. Szybinski, A. KrzyZak, and P. Kulinowski,,,Report on ESMRMB Conference, Geneva'98";
15. A. Krzyzak,,,Report on ISMRM Conference, Sydney'98";
16. J. Kibinski,,,Project of Console for 8.4 T Microscope".
LECTURES:
1. A. Jasinski,diffusion Tensor Imaging in Excised Spinal Cord of The Rat",Lecture at MR Centre for Molecular Biology,Department of Radiology, Medical School, University of FlorydaGainesville, Floryda, USA;
2. Z. Olejniczak,,,Tunneling and Reorientations of CD3 Group",Laboratoire de Methodologie RMN, University Henri Poincare, Nancy, France,February 1998;
3. J.W. HennelSeries of six lectures on ,,The Theory of Magnetic Resonance Tomography",Institute of Physics, Torun University, 12-16 May 1998.
SHORT TERM VISITORS TO THE DEPARTMENT:
\.DrF, Hennel, FORENAP, Centre Hospitalier, Rouffach, France;2. Dr P. Koziowski, Institute for Biodiagnostics, NRC, Winnipeg, Canada;3. Prof. M. Punkkinen, University of Turku, Turku, Finland;4. Prof. J, Seliger, Jozef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia;5. Doc. dr J. Murin, Department of Physics, Technical University of Kosice, Slovakia;6. Doc. dr D. Oldak, Department of Physics, Technical University of Kosice, Slovakia;7. Doc. ing. J. Uhrin, Department of Physics, Technical University of Kosice, Slovakia;8. Dr P. Sandor, Varian Application Laboratory, Darmstadt, Germany;9. Dr R. Leibundgut, Varian International AG, Switzerland.
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DEPARTMENTOF NUCLEAR PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY
Head of Department: Prof. Zdzislaw SzeglowskiDeputy Head of Department: Barbara Petelem, Ph.D.telephone: (48) (12) 637-02-22 ext. 390, 399, 392, 394e-mail: [email protected]
PERSONNEL:
Laboratory of Chemistry and RadiochemistryHead: Professor Zdzislaw Szeglowski
Research staff:
Barbara Kubica, Ph.D. Maria Tuteja-Krysa M.Sc.
Technical staff:
Roman Fialkowski
Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Separation ProcessesHead: Barbara Petelenz, Ph.D.
Research staff:
Ryszard Misiak, M.Sc. BogdanWas, M.Sc, Ch.E.EwaOchab, Ph.D. Pawei Zagrodzki, M.Sc., Ch.E.
Technical staff:
Miroslaw Bartyzel Mirostaw Szaikowski, M.Sc., Ch.E.
Laboratory of Environmental RadioactivityHead: Miroslawa Jasinska, M.Sc.
Research staff:
Krzysztof Kozak, M.Sc., Nucl.E. Jerzy Wojciech Mietelski, Ph.D.
Technical staff:
Jerzy Oskar Krupa, M.Sc. Pawet Gaca, M.Sc.
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PL9902581
OVERVIEW:
In the Laboratory of Chemistry and Radiochemistry, research on chemistry of the transactinide elements104 (Rf), 105 (Db) and 106 (Sg) in model systems with their homologs (Zr, Hf, Nb, Ta, Mo, and W) wascontinued, and studies on ion-exchange and extraction behaviour of Tc, Re and Os as homologs of Bh(107)and Hs(108) were started. Basing on the law of periodicity, conditions for separation of superheavy elementsRf, Sg,and Bh were adjusted. The cooperations involved the JINR, Dubna, the Institute of Geochemistry andAnalytical Chemistry, Moscow, and the Technical University of Dresden. A particularly importantachievement was participation of our group in the third experiment in the world on aqueous chemistry of Sg,performed in the summer 1998 in GSI Darmstadt.
The Environmental Radioactivity Laboratory, was continuing non-stop records of the ground-levelatmospheric radioactivity. Besides, Pu content was determined in two-years collection of rainwater samples.An air monitoring station was recently equipped with a prototype y-spectrometric scintillation system which,modem-coupled with the central server, will be tested in the Laboratory. For ultra-low-backgroundmeasurements a muonic chamber was designed and made, and new spectrometer's background was recorded invarious shielding configurations.
Research on a-active and y-active environmental contaminants in Antarctic samples, supplied by theInstitute of Botany of the Jagiellonian University, resulted in an M.Sc. thesis defended in June 1998. Othercooperations of the Laboratory in 1998 have been the following:a) determination of ^Sr and 137Cs in wild animals bones (Institute of Nuclear Techniques, Technical
University, Budapest, Hungary and Medical Academy, Bialystok, Poland);b) PIXE determinations of trace elements in ASS-500 air filters (Department II of the Institute) and
mineralogical studies of collected dusts (Institute of Geological Sciences, Jagiellonian University and theInstitute of Geography, Pedagogical University, Krakow);
c) a-spectrometric determination of radium isotopes in river waters and bottom sediments (Institute ofGeography, UJ) and use of Pu and Cs contaminations as tracers to follow-up natural processes in peat bog(University of Agriculture, Krakow);
d) preparation of a-spectrometric sources by electrodeposition (other groups of the Department) anddetermination of 241Pu in a-spectrometric Pu sources (Silesian University, Katowice, Poland);
e) comparative measurements of y-background dose rate, using the PMS station, TL detectors and Gamma-Tracer probe (Health Physics Section of the Institute).In recognition of his expertise in radioecolgy, Dr Mietelski has been admitted as a Regular Member of the
U.I.R. (Union Internationale de Radioecologie). Mrs Jasinska, Mr Kozak and Dr Mietelski received the Prizeof the President of the City of Krakow for "Organising and conducting continuous radiological monitoring ofthe air in Krak6w and for the researches at the radioactive contamination of the environment".
The project on construction of the internal target assembly for isotope production was continued in theLaboratory of Physical Chemistry, in cooperation with the Cyclotron Section and Division of MechanicalConstructions of the Institute, and with the JINR, Dubna. In the meantime, in pilot experiments on the internalbeam of the AIC-144 cyclotron, small activities of n C PET tracer were obtained from proton irradiated B2O3targets.
A joint project with the Silesian Medical Academy, on applications of 32P sources (pure P' emitter) inintravascular brachytherapy (IVBT), was started. Chemical and ionic methods of preparation of 32P sourcesand their TL dosimetry were tested in cooperation with the Laboratory of the Ion Implanter and with theHealth Physics Section of the Institute.
Measurements of the activity of selenoenzymes in the context of human thyroid health or disease werecontinued in cooperation with the Medical College of the Jagiellonian University, and with the RowettResearch Institute, Aberdeen, Scotland.
for Prof. Zdzislaw Szeglowskidr Barbara Petelenz
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REPORTS ON RESEARCH: PL9902582
Sorption of Hf, Zr and Nb on Ion-Exchange Resin from SolutionsMineral Acids
B. Kubica, M. Tuteja-Krysa, and Z. Szeglowski
Sorption coefficients of Hf, Zr and Nb on nickel-potassium hexacyanoferrate (II) (NF), on nickelhexacyanoferrate (II) composite ion exchanger (NCF) and on the ion exchange resins (Dowex-1 andDowex-50) from inorganic acids solutions were determined. Obtained results indicate that hafnium, zirconiumand niobium in sulphuric and hydrochloric acids form hydrolytic anionic and cationic complexes which areadsorbed on the examined ion exchangers.
PL9902583Pu-241 in Samples of Forest Soil from Poland
J.W. Mietelski, J. Dorda', and B. Was1Institute of Physics, Silesian University, Katowice, Poland
The measurements of 241Pu activity in coniferous forest soil samples from Poland were performed in twoways: by alpha spectrometric re-measurements of plutonium sources [1] 3-4 years after their preparation(i.e. by the 241Am ingrowth) and by direct measurements of 241Pu using liquid scintillation (LS) spectrometry.Both methods gave consistent results but in our case the accuracy of direct LS measurements was higher.A high correlation (R2 = 0.878, p < 0.0001) was observed between the activities of 241Pu and B8Pu, whereasalmost no correlation (R2 = 0.214, p = 0.0051) was noticed between 24IPu and 239«240Pu (Fig. 1.).
S1
o.o300 300
Fig. 1: Correlation plot for radioactive concentrations of plutonium isotopes in forest soil samples.(238) (MI .LS) , right: the m'2Mpxx (^m24o) and
u and 239-24Opu activities were determined previously [1].Left: B8Pu (̂ 238) and 241PuThe ^ 23924O
241 r(4241,
This can be easily explained by the common origin of 241Pu and isotopes from Chernobyl fallout(the global fallout components for the most active samples could be neglected), whereas the global falloutcomponent of m 240Pu dominates over the Chernobyl component for the majority of the samples. Enhancedlevels of 241Pu were observed in all samples from the farthest north-eastern Poland. The maximum observedactivity concentration obtained by the 241Am ingrowth was (254 ±43) Bq/kg, whereas direct measurementsgave (284 ± 3 1 ) Bq/kg (the same sample, activities calculated for May 1, 1986). The estimated M1Pumaximum deposition from Chernobyl fallout in this area (sum of depositions for two examined layers of onesite) was (1.03 ± 0.11) kBq/m2. This will result in an additional 24!Am activity of about (30.1 ± 3.2) Bq/m2
i io:0O
292
after 70 years. The average activity ratio for 241Pu to total **• m 240Pu was of the order of 25, and forChernobyl fractions of activities the average for this ratio was 56.
Reference:
1. J.W. Mietelski and B. Was, Applied Radiation and Isotopes 46 (1995) 1203.PL9902584
Radionuclides in Rised Bogs on Example of "Bor za Lasem" in Orawsko-Nowotarska Valley in Tatra Mountains Foothill, Poland
K. Boron1, J.W. Mietelski, P. Gaca, and M. Jasinska1 Department of Soil Reclamation and Peat-Bog Protection, Academy of Agriculture, Krakow, Poland
The Orawsko-Nowotarska Valley is situated west from the Nowy Targ town in the Tatra Mountainsfoothill. The valley contains about 15 bogs, some of them almost undamaged, other in varies stages ofdestruction. The "Bor za Lasem" is a rised bog with the area of about 42 ha, whose northern part wasexploited and drained and the southern part is undisturbed. The stratigraphic-levelling profile of "Bor zaLasem" was traced out. Peat samples were collected from two deep openings (down to 75 cm, one on anundisturbed area, the second one in a disturbed area, seven samples from each site) and from two other shallowopenings on a disturbed area (down to 20 cm, three samples from each site). Two 5 dm3 samples of water werecollected also as well as some plant samples. Peat sample parameters as relative, absolute and volumetricwetness, bulk density and capillary capacity were determined. The measurements of radiocesium (137Cs and134Cs) radioactive concentrations in all samples were performed on a low-background HPGe gamma-spectrometer. Then peat and plant samples were ashed and the ashes were re-measured on this spectrometer inthe aim to determine more accurately the 134Cs/137Cs activity ratio, to find out the proportion between theglobal fallout and the Chernobyl fractions of radiocesium. Then, a standard radiochemical procedure wasapplied for determination of plutonium. Plutonium activity was measured on an alpha spectrometer withsilicon detectors. The obtained results on the activity concentrations of all radionuclides will be compared withthe history of the fallout. The diffusion-migration model will be applied to study the mobility of radiocesiumand plutonium in the rised bog environment. This data will be helpful in future investigations on the bogdestruction processes.
Accumulation of Plutonium, Strontium, Europium, Americium, and CuriumRadioisotopes in Bones of Wild Herbivorous Animals
J.W. Mietelski, Z. Szeglowski, M. Jasinska, P. Gaca, K. Kozak,M. Tomczak1, M. Zalewski1, and N. Vajda2
'Medical University of Biafystok, Biophysics Division, Biafystok, Poland;2Institute of Nuclear Techniques, Technical University of Budapest, Budapest, Hungary
Many investigators reported enhanced levels of long lived non-volatile nuclides in samples from north-eastern Poland. This was considered to be a result of presence of a single "hot particle" in the sample.Investigations conducted in last years in the Environmental Radioactivity Laboratory allowed us to concludethat on this area a non typical isotopic composition of Chernobyl fallout was very common. It seems that thequasi-continuous fallout of huge numbers of small "hot particles" occurred there from the high altituderadioactive-cloud, which moved toward the Scandinavia on 26th of April, 1986. Interesting question is if thoseradionuclides are bioavailable? If so, they should be accumulated (at least partially) in bones of wildphytophagans, since most of those radionuclides (plutonium, strontium, americium, europium) are known asbone seekers. The investigations on this problem started in this year: 38 samples of bone from front leg ofdeers, roe-deers, wild boars and elks were obtained from hunters from Biafystok district. Samples were dried,grounded and then analysed on the HPGe low-background gamma spectrometer for the presence of all gammaemitters. Natural radionuclides belonging to the thorium series, as well as 40K and ^ a (cosmogenic) were
293
found. From artificial radionuclides only Cs was observed with no doubts. After these measurements thesamples were ashed and radiochemical analyses for the presence of 238, 239, 240, 241Pu,24IAm,244AmandI54-155Euwere performed. Initial measurements of ^Sr in two samples were performed on a liquid scintillationspectrometer at Budapest. The project is still in progress and will be conducted till the middle of the year 2000,being supported by a grant No 6P04G09014 from the State Committee for Scientific Research.
Cs-137 in Tree Rings from Opole Region (Silesia, Poland^
P.L. Urban1, P. MazurVandJ.W. Mietelski1 Polish Children's Found, Warszawa, Poland
PL9902586
Two sets of samples of annual of tree rings: six of common pine (Pinus silvestris L. ) and six of Europeanbirch (Betula pendula L.), along with bark samples from the same trees, were separated from the trunks. Thetrees were growing in the Opole region (Silesia). This is the area with relatively high Chernobyl Csdeposition (about 40 kBq/m2). Masses of samples were between 100 g and 200 g. Initial direct measurementsof radiocesium with a low-background HPGe gamma spectrometer have shown that in most cases theradioactive concentrations in bulk samples were close to the detection limit. Further, the samples were ashed in400°C during two days in the oven. The ashes (about 0.5 g of each sample) were transferred to polyethylenecups and soaked with acetone. After evaporation of acetone the ashes formed a thin layer in the bottom of cup,what improved the geometric conditions of measurements. Ashes were again measured witha low-background gamma spectrometer, typical measurement time was two days. The obtained results showedthat the most of radiocesium is present in bark, and the birch's bark was far more active then the pine's one.The tree rings from 1986 (the year of the Chernobyl accident) did not show increased activity, and generallythe activity is increasing from the inside of tree to the bark (see Fig. 1). This suggests the diffusion from barkas the main process, which is reflected in the radiocesium profile within the trunk. The project has beenextended to the analysis of potassium absorption in timber of those species.
Scholarships of the Polish Children's Fund are gratefully acknowledged by two of us(P.L. Urban and P.Mazur).
0.04-1
0.03-
O)
0.02-
0.01-
0.00- • E=l _ I H 1 _ EH (TT3 nil m
Emu birchfHHpine
81-83 84-86 87-89 90-92 93-95 96-98
sample
bark
Fig. 1: Radioactive concentration of Cs in pine and birch timber samples (annual rings and bark).
294PL9902587
Monitoring of Finely Dispersed Components of the Atmospheric Aerosolsin Krakow - Results of Isotopic and Geochemical Studies
K. Kozak, M. Michalik1, and W. WUczynska-Michalik2
institute of Geological Sciences, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland;2 Institute of Geography, Pedagogical University, Krakow, Poland
Radioactive aerosols (particles size >0.3 em) were collected on chlorinated PVC Petrianov filter FPP-15-1.5 using the high volume Aerosols Sampling Station (ASS-500) during the years 1990-1995. The radioactivecontamination was measured by the low-background gamma spectrometry. The observed activities were on the
3 134 22 3
level from few tenths of $Bq/m ( Cs, Na) to several SBq/m . The role of resuspension and the influence of
other parameters on the observed radioactive concentrations were discussed. Cross-correlation analysis of Cs
activities in air (coming from Chernobyl accident) respective to activities of cosmogenic Be in air (which is134 137
the indicator of stratospheric input) was discussed. All Cs and a part of Cs are from the Chernobylaccident fallout and the rest of Cs was from the global fallout after the atmospheric nuclear explosion tests.Both radiocesium isotopes might came from resuspension of fine soil particles as well as from the stratosphere.Interpretation of the observed Cs is difficult. Part of its activity might came from the stratosphere as theremains of the nuclear tests in the sixties, but there can be also some radiocesium from resuspended soil (seeTable 1).Table 1: Values of average 134Cs to 137Cs activity ratios, percentage input of pre-Chernobyl, stratosphericand resuspended fractions contributing to 137Cs radioactive concentration in ground level air in INP-Krak6w.
Year
1990
1991
1"" -~ ~I 1992'r ~"i 1993
! 1994
1995
Average 134Cs/137Cs activityratio for given year
0.14
0.11
0.08
0.06
0.04
0.03
Percentage of pre- Percentage of 137CsChernobyl 137Cs [%] j from stratosphere [%]
19 ; 67 ±14
37 ! 37 ±17
40 ! 54 ± 16
34 1 77 ±12
48 | 65 ±15
52 . 69 + 8
Percentage of 137Cs jfrom resuspension [%] :
35 ±24 |
100 + 21 r
51+22 ;
33 + 14
37 ±18 j
45 ± 11 i
Numerous types of natural and anthropogenic dust particles were determined in aerosols. Dust particleswere of different size (<0.1 5m-20 em), morphology and chemical composition. The composition of finely-dispersed dust varies during a year. The amount of very fine (0.1-1 6m) carbonaceous particles ("soot") werehigh (especially during winter-time and winter-early-spring period). Carbonaceous particles contained sulphur(in elementary form and in sulphates or other components) and chlorine. Spherical particles of fly-ash frompower plants, quartz grains, irregular aluminosilicates, and Fe-oxides were also present. Gypsum and Na-sulphates crystals were present in some samples. In the spring-summer period pollens were very common.Seasonal changes in the composition of dust are related to anthropogenic (industrial activity, "heating period",usage of home coal-fired furnaces) and natural (development of vegetation cover, wind erosion of soils androcks) factors.
PL9902588295
Obtaining of n C from B2O3 Target Bombarded by the Internal Proton Beamin the AIC-144 Cyclotron
E. Bakewicz, M. Bartyzel, H. Doruch, E. Ochab, and B. Petelenz
On December 18, 1998, in two subsequent experiments on the AIC-144 cyclotron, a PET tracer n C wasobtained via the nuclear reaction:
Targets from pre-melted boron oxide B2O3 of natural isotopic abundance were bombarded by the internalproton beam for 10 min each, at the proton energy of 10 MeV (acceleration radius = 41 cm) and intensities of3,3 and 1,7 |jA. Gamma-spectrometric measurements of the irradiated targets exhibited very highradionuclidic purity of the product: only the annihilation peak (511 keV) was detectable in the spectra whichwere recorded immediately after activation as well as after complete decay of n C. The measured half-life ofthe product (22 ± 1 min) agrees rather well with the value of tm = 20.3 min, generally accepted for n C.Thick-target yield of HC was about 220 MBq/uAh in the reported experiments.
4000-1
3000H
8"2000H
1000-
O250 500
E (keV)
750 1000
Fig. 1: Gamma spectrum of the B2O3 target, measured ca. 30 min after EOB.Detection system: 35 cm3 HPGe detector (INP, Krak6w) coupled with SILENA multichannelanalyser.
Preparation and Evaluation of Various 32P Sources for IntravascularBrachytherapy
PL9902589B. Petelenz, P. Bilski, E. Ochab, B. Rajchel, J. Styczen,
P. Walichiewicz1, J. Wodniecki1, and K. Wilczek1
' The Silesian Medical University, 2nd Clinical Hospital of Cardiology, Zabrze, Poland
A relatively high percent of restenoses, being a long-term complication of percutaneous transluminalcoronary angioplasty (PTCA), can be significantly reduced by short-range ionizing radiation applied locally,immediately after PTCA. In search for dosimetrically favourable and easy to handle radiation sources for thispurpose, we tried a pure P" emitter P (ti/2 = 14.3 days). Ways of preparation of P sources were thefollowing: (1) Neutron activation of P layers implanted into metallic surfaces by ionic methods; (2)Conversion coating of metallic surfaces in aqueous solutions containing 32PO43" ions; (3) Direct application ofNa2H32PO4 solutions in the angioplasty balloon. It was shown that: (I) 32P sources obtained by 31P ion
296
implantation followed by neutron activation can be useful, but only if activation of the support material bythermal neutrons is negligible; (2) Phosphate layers on stainless steel surface exhibit rather poor adhesion.Similar layers on titanium require further studies; (3) Liquid 32P sources ensure very good radial dosedistribution but only utmost care in filling the balloon can give a reliable activity-dose dependence. Dosimetryof liquid sources, performed in a PMMA phantom by thermoluminescence method showed that 32P sources ofpradioactive concentration of 200 MBq/cm can deposit therapeutic dose during about 12 min of exposition. TLdetectors manufactured for this purpose in our laboratory show very good spatial resolution and can berecommended for similar studies.
1 2 3 4Distance from the balloon surface, mm
Fig. 2: Measured and fitted dose rates at various distances from the balloon surface.
LIST OF PUBLICATIONS:
Articles:
1. J. Chlopicka, Z. Zawieja, P. Zagrodzki, J. Frydrych, P. Skrta, M. Krosniak,Lead and Cadmium in the Hair and Blood of Children from a Highly Industrial Area in Poland,Biological Trace Element Research 62 (1998) 229;
2. J. Grzybek, M. Jasinska, K. Kozak, J.W. Mietelski,Activity ofCs134 and Cs157 Radionuclides in Fruiting Bodies of Selected Mushrooms SpeciesGrowing in Poland,Acta Poloniae Toxicologica 2 (1998) (in print);
3. J.W. Mietelski,Transuranic Elements and Sr-90 in Samples from Forests of Poland,Nukleonika 43 (4) (1998)449;
4. J.W. Mietelski, K. Kozak, B. Wa_s, M. Jasinska, I.O. Krupa,Plutonium Isotopes Concentration in the Ground Level Air and Rain Samples from Krakow,13-th Radiochemical Conf., Marianskie Laznie-Jachymor, Czech Rep., 19-24 April 1998 andCzechoslovak Journal of Physics 49, Suppl. 1 (1998) (in print);
5. E. Ochab, R. Misiak,Etheral Extraction of Carrier-Free 139 Ce as a Method of Separation of Cesium from LanthanumTarget,Nukleonika 43 (4) (1998) 499;
297
6. B. Petelenz, R. Misiak, E. Ochab, E. Bakewicz,Possibilities for Production of Medial Radioisotopes on the AIC-144 Cyclotron in the Institute ofNuclear Physics,Nukleonika43 (1998)429;
7. J. Pociask-Karteczka, M. Jasińska, J.W. Mietelski,Radionuclide Content in the Upper Vistula River Sediments in a Coal Mining Region in Poland(East Central Europe),Water, Air and Soil Pollution 102 (1998) 355;
8. M. Schädel, W. Brüchle, E. Jäger, B. Schausten, G. Wirth, W. Paulus, R. Gunter, K. Eberhardt,J.V. Kratz, A. Seibert, E. Strub, P. Thörle, N. Trautmann, A. Waldek, S. Zauner, D. Schuman,R. Misiak, Y. Nagame, K.E. Gregorich,Aqueous Chemistry of Seaborgium (Z = 106),Radiochimica Acta 83(1998)163;
9. D. Schumann, M. Andrassy, H. Nitsche, A.F. Novgorodov, R. Misiak, M. Schädel, W. Brüchle,B. Schausten, J.V. Kratz, H. Bruchertseifer,Sorption Behaviour of W, Hf, Lu, U, and Th on Ion Exchangers from HCL/H2O2 Solutions. ModelExperiments for Chemical Studies of Seaborgium (Sg),Radiochimica Acta 80 (1998)1;
10. D. Schumann, H. Nitsche, St. Taut, D.T. Jost, H.W. Gäggeler, A.B. Yakushev, G.V. Buklanov,V.P. Domanov, Din Thi Lien, B. Kubica, R. Misiak, Z. Szeglowski,Sorption Behaviour of Rutherfordium and Thorium from HCl/Hf Containing Aqueous Solution,J. Alloys and Compounds 271-273 (1998) 307;
U . Z . Szeglowski, L.I. Guseva, Dinh Thi Lien, B. Kubica, G.S. Tikhomirova, V.P. Domanov,O. Constantinescu, M. Constantinescu, A.B. Yakushev,On-Line Ion-Exchange Isolation of Short Lived Zr, Hf Mo, Ta and W Isotopes as Homologsof Transactiniae Elements,
Abstr. of the 7-th Int. Conf. SIS'97 and J. Radioanal. Nuci. Chem. 227 (1998) 145;12. T. Wasiutyński, Z. Szeglowski, A.W. Pacyna, M. Bałanda,
A Study of Magnetic Properties ofKCo[Fe(CN)6],PhysicaB253 (1998)305;
13. Z. Zachwieją, J. Chłopicka, M. Krośniak, M. Fołta, P. Zagrodzki,The Lead Content in Blood and Hair of Children from the Region of Exploitation and Processingof Sulfur,
4-th Intern. Symp. on Metal Ions in Biology and Medicine, Barcelona, Catalonia, 19-22 May 1996;in: J. of Geochemical Exploration, Special Issue (1998) (in print);
14. P. Zagrodzki, F. Nicol, M.A. McCoy, J.A. Smyth, D.G. Kennedy, G.J. Beckett, J.R. Arthur,Iodine Deficiency in Cattle: Compensatory Changes in Thyroidal Selenoenzymes,Research in Veterinary Science 64 (1998) 209.
Other publications:
1. W. Chełmicki, M. Klimek, K. Krzemień, M. Jasińska, K. Kozak, J.W. Mietelski,Spatial Differentiation ofCesium-137 Concentration in Wieliczka Foothills near Bochnia(in Polish),Folia Geographica (1998) (in print).
Proceedings:
1. P. Bilski, P. Olko, M. Budzanowski, E. Ochab, M.P.R. Waligórski,Optimisation ofLiF: Mg, Ti Detectors for Dosimetry in Proton Radiotherapy,Proc. of the 12-th Int. Conf. on Solid State Dosimetry, Burgos, 5-10 July (1998) (in print);
2. K. Kozak, M. Michalik, W. Wilczyńska-Michalik,Monitoring of Fine-Dispersed Components of the Atmospheric Aeosols in Krakow; Results oflsotopicand Geochemical Studies,
298
II Int. Scientific Conf. "Air Protection in the Theory and Applications, Szczyrk, Poland, 2-4 czerwiec1998; IPICE, PAN Zabrze (1998) (in print).
Other conference materials:
1. S.A. Karamian, Y.T. Oganessian, J. Adam, A.G. Belov, Ch. Brancon, O. Constantinescu,M. Hussonnois, G.V. Muradian, J. Trochon, Z. Szeglowski,Photon- and Neutron- Induced Reactions with Isomeric Targets,Abstr. Of the VTI-th Int. Conf. SIS'97 Heavy Ion Physics, World Scientific, Singapore, New jersey,London, Hong Kong (1997) 2;
2. B. Kubica, M. Tuteja-Krysa, Z. Szeglowski,Sorption Behaviour ofHf, Zr and Nb onn Ion Exchanges from Inorganic Acid Solutions (in Polish),National Conf. on Radichemistry, Kazimierz Dolny, Poland, 18-21 May (1998) 18;
3. W.M. Kwiatek, E. Dutkiewicz, B. Kubica, J. Lekki, A.W. Potempa, Z. Stachura,Application of Proton Beams at INP's Van de GraaffAccelerator for Quality Accuracy and QualityControl in PIXE Analysis,Fifteenth Int. Conf. on the Application of Accelerators in Research and Industry, Denton, Texas, USA,4-7 November (1998);
4. J.W. Mietelski,Transuranic Elements and Sr-90 in Samples from Forest Ecosystems of Poland (in Polish),National Conf. on Radiochemistry, Kazimierz Dolny, Poland, 18-21 May (1998) 43;
5. J.W. Mietelski, B. Wąs,Determination of Radium Concentration in Environmental Samples (in Polish),National Conf. on Radiochemistry and Nuclear Chemistry, Kazimierz Dolny, Poland, 18-21 May(1998)73;
6. R. Misiak, E. Ochab,The Best Conditions Obtaining Isotopically Pure Y-88 (in Polish),National Conf. of Radiochemistry and Nuclear Chemistry, Kazimierz Dolny, Poland, 18-21 May(1998)84;
7. E. Ochab, R. Misiak,Ether Extraction of 139 Ce in Ethyl Ether - HNO3 System, as a Method of Separation ofSesiumfromLanthanum Target,National Conf. of Radiochemistry and Nuclear Chemistry, Kazimierz Dolny, Poland, 18-21 May(1998)83;
8. M.A. Olech, J.W. Mietelski, P. Gaca,Radioactive Contamination of Lichens and Mosses Collected in Antarctica,Abstr. of 8-th Int. Symp. on Environmental Radiochemical Analyses, Blackpool, 23-25 September(1998)76;
9. B. Petelenz, E. Ochab, R. Misiak,Possibilities for production of Medical Radioisotopes on the AIC-144 Cyclotron in the Institute ofNuclear Physics (in Polish), National Conf. of Radiochemistry and Nuclear Chemistry, KazimierzDolny, Poland, 18-21 May (1998) 27;
10. Z. Szeglowski,Studies on Aqueous Chemistry of the Elements 104, 105, and 106 in Model Systems with TheirHomologs Hf, Ta, and W (in Polish),National Conf. of Radiochemistry and Nuclear Chemistry, Kazimierz, Poland, 18-21 May (1998) 14;
Reports:
1. M. Budzanowski, K. Kozak, M. Jasińska, E. Ryba, I. Guca, J.O. Krupa,Comparison of the Background Gamma Dose Rate Measurements Using PMS Station, TL Detectors,and Probe Gamma-Tracer (in Polish),Monitoring of Environmental Radioactive Contamination with ASS-500 and PMS Stations, CLOR,Warszawa, Poland, 7-8 May 1998, CLOR Report 137 (1998) 68;
299
and Probe Gamma-Tracer (in Polish),Monitoring of Environmental Radioactive Contamination with ASS-500 and PMS Stations, CLOR,Warszawa, Poland, 7-8 May 1998, CLOR Report 137 (1998) 68;
2. K. Kozak, M. Jasinska, W.M. Kwiatek, J.W. Mietelski, E. Dutkiewicz,Non-standard Application of Filtres from ASS-500 Station for Determination of Air Contamination atGround Level (in Polish),Monitoring of Environmental Radioactive Contamination with ASS-500 and PMS Stations, CLOR,Warszawa, Poland, 7-8 May 1998, CLOR Report 137 (1998) 33;
3. W. Paulus, R. Giinter, W. BrUchle, K. Eberhardt, K.E. Gregorich, E. Jager, J.V. Kratz, U. Kirbach,B. Kubica, R. Misiak, Y. Nagame, M. Schadel, B. Schausten, E. Schimpf, A. Seibert, E. Strub,D. Schumann, P. Thorle, N. Trautmann,Aqueous Chemistry ofSeaborgium,GSI Scientific Report (1998);
4. B. Petelenz, J. Halik, E. Ochab, E. Bakewicz, R. Misiak, L. Zrodlowski, J. Ligocki, J. Kotula,Internal Target Assembly for the Activations at the AIC-144, Part II: Mechanical Design of theAssembly - Stage 1 (in Polish),IFJ Report 1813/C (1998);
5. B. Petelenz, E. Bakewicz, M. Bartyzel, E. Ochab, H. Doruch,Obtaining of nC from B2Oi Target Bombarded by the Internal Proton Beam in the AIC-144Cyclotron (in Polish),IFJ Report 1814/C (1998).
GRANTS:
Grants from the State Committee for Scientific Research:
1. Prof. Z, Szeglowski - grant No 3 T09A Oil 15,"Studies on Chemical Properties of Transactinide Elements in Aqueous Media in Model Systems with
their Homologs ( Hf, Ta, W, Tc)";2. DrJ. W. Mietelski - grant No 6P04G09014 ,
"Accumulation of Isotopes of Pu, Sr, Eu, Am and Cm in Bones of Wild Herbivorous Animals";3. Prof. J. Wodniecki (Medical University of Silesia), Leader with dr Petelenz, Principal Investigator - grant
No4P05B132 14,"Studies on Possibilities of Using Pure P Emitters in Intravascular Brachytherapy as a Method ofPrevention of Restenoses after Percutaneous Transluminal Angioplasty".
Investment grants:
1. DrB. Kubica,"Measurement and Control Equipment for a Radiochemical Laboratory" - 2 stages;
2. Dr M. Jasinska,"Anti-Coincidence Shielding for Ultra-Low-Background Measurements of Environmental RadioactiveContaminations";
3. Dr B. Petelenz - grant No 2467/1 A/620/98,"Elements of an Internal Target Assembly for Irradiations in the AIC-144 Cyclotron".
PARTICIPATION IN CONFERENCES AND WORKSHOPS:
1. J.W. Mietelski, K. Kozak, M. Jasinska, J.O.Krupa, and B.Wajs,"Plutonium Isotopes Concentration in the Ground Level Air and Rain Samples from Krak6w" (poster),
13th Radiochemical Conference, Marianskie Laznie, Czech Republic, 19-24 April 1998;
300
Second Polish Seminar on the Monitoring of Environmental Radioactive Contamination with stationsASS-500 andPMS, CLRP, Warsaw, Poland, 7-8 May 1998;
3. J.W. Mietelski and B.Wa_s,"Determination of Radium Concentration in Environmental Samples" (oral presentation),National Conference on Radiochemistry and Nuclear Chemistry, Kazimierz Dolny, Poland,18-21 May 1998;
4. J.W. Mietelski,"Transuranic Elements and Sr-90 in Samples from Forest Ecosystems of Poland" (oral presentation),National Conference on Radiochemistry and Nuclear Chemistry, Kazimierz Dolny, Poland,18-21 May 1998;
5. K. Kozak, M. Michalik, and W. Wilczyriska-Michalik,"Monitoring of Fine-Dispersed Components of the Atmospheric Aerosols in Krakow; Results of Isotopicand Geochemical Studies" (oral presentation),Second International Conference on Scientific Theory and Practical Protection of the Air, Szczyrk,Poland, 2-4 June 1998;
6. J.W. Mietelski, M.A. Olech, and P. Gaca,"Radioactive Contamination of Lichens and Mosses Collected in Antarctica" (poster),8th International Symposium on Environmental Radiochemical Analyses, Blackpool,23-25 September 1998;
7. J.W. Mietelski, J. Pociask-Karteczka, and M. Jasinska,"Radium Isotopes in Upper Vistula River and its Tributaries" (poster),8th International Symposium on Environmental Radiochemical Analyses, Blackpool,23-25 September 1998;
8. P. Zagrodzki,"Safety Selenium Level in Children's Blood in Poland" (poster),XVII Scientific Congress of Polish Pharmaceutical Society, Krakow, Poland, 10-13 September 1998,S.II.P-8;
9. P. Zagrodzki, R. Ratajczak, and Z. Zachwieja,"The Influence of Selenium Deficiency on Iodine Metabolism Parameters in Children with Goiter"(poster),5th International Symposium on Metal Ions in Biology and Medicine, Munich, Germany,8-10 May 1998. Abstract Book. P-72;
10. P. Zagrodzki, M. Krosniak, M. Bartyzel, and Z. Zachwieja,"Selenium Status of Children with Goiter from Tarnobrzeg Region" (poster),Conference: Vitamins and Microelements in Human Feeding - Bioavailability and Nourishment,Warsaw, Poland, 2-3 June 1998, P45;
11. E. Ochab and R. Misiak,"Etheral Extraction of Carrier-Free 139Ce as a Method of Separation of Cerium from Lanthanum Target"(oral presentation),National Conference on Radiochemistry and Nuclear Chemistry, Kazimierz Dolny, Poland,18-21 May 1998;
12. R. Misiak and E.Ochab,"The Best Conditions of Obtaining Isotopically Pure 88Y" (poster),National Conference on Radiochemistry and Nuclear Chemistry, Kazimierz Dolny, Poland,18-21 May 1998;
13. B. Petelenz, E. Ochab, R. Misiak, and E. Bakewicz,"Possibilities for Production of Medical Radioisotopes on the A1C-144 Cyclotron in the Institute ofNuclear Physics" (oral presentation),National Conference on Radiochemistry and Nuclear Chemistry, Kazimierz Dolny, Poland,18-21 May 1998;
14. B. Kubica, R. Misiak, M. Tuteja-Krysa, and Z. Szeglowski,"Sorption Behaviour of Hf, Zr and Nb on Ion Exchangers from Inorganic Acid Solutions" (poster),National Conference on Radiochemistry and Nuclear Chemistry, Kazimierz Dolny, Poland,18-21 May 1998;
301
15. W.M. Kwiatek, E.M. Dutkiewicz, B. Kubica, J. Lekki, W. Potempa, andZ. Stachura,"Application of Proton Beams at INP's Van de Graaff Accelerator for Quality Accuracy and QualityControl in PIXE Analysis",Fifteenth International Conference on the Application of Accelerators in Research and Industry, Denton,Texas, USA, 4-7 November 1998.
LECTURES AND COURSES:
1. J.W. Mietelski,"Radioisotopes in Industry, Mining, Medicine and Science",Collegium Medicum Jagiellonian University, Krakow (Lecture at post-graduate course on labourmedicine, 3 times per 2 hours);
2. J.W. Mietelski,Scientific supervising of the master's thesis of Mr P. Gaca (Department of Chemistry JagiellonianUniversity);
3. B. Petelenz,"Cyclotron Production of Radioisotopes for Medicine",a lecture for the 4th year students of the Faculty of Nuclear Physics and Technology at the Universityof Mining and Metallurgy in Krakow, specialising in Medical Physics and Dosimetry, 5 May 1998.
AWARDS:
1. M. Jasinska, MSc, K. Kozak, MSc Eng., and J.W. Mietelski PhD,The Prize of the President of the City of Krak6w in the Field of Science and Technics (for the years 1996-97) for "Organising and conducting continuous radiological monitoring of the air in Krak6w and for theresearch at the radioactive contamination of the environment", Krakow, 9 June 1998.
SEMINARS:
EXTERNAL:
J.W. Mietelski:
1. "Radioactive Contamination of Mushrooms",Polish Botanic Society, Mycological Division, Poznan, Poland, 29 April 1998;
2. "Necessity of the ^Sr Contamination Monitoring in North-Eastern Poland",Polish Medical Physics Society, Bialystok, Poland, 10 February 1998;
3. "Activities of the Environmental Radioactivity Laboratory at the Henryk Niewodniczanski Institute ofNuclear Physics (Krakow)",Institute of Nuclear Technologies, Technical University of Budapest, Hungary, 8 October 1998.
B. Petelenz:
"Radioactive Isotopes in Medicine - Which and Why?"1. T. Kosciuszko High School, Krak6w, 10 November 1998;2. Seminar of Medical Physics and Dosimetry, Faculty of Nuclear Physics and Technology, University of
Mining and Metallurgy, Krakow, 18 November 1998.
302
INTERNAL:
1. M. Bartyzel,"Procedures of Obtaining 67Ga, 28Mg, "'Tl Applied in V.U.B. Belgium";
2. B.F. Myasoedov (Russian Academy of Sciences, Vernadskij Institute of Geochemistry and AnalyticalChemistry),"Behaviour of Radioactive Elements in the Environment. Problems and Perspectives";
3. J.W. Mietelski,"24!Pu in Forest Litter Samples from Poland";
4. P. Gaca,"Radioactive Contamination of Antarctic";
5. W. Wilczynska-Michalik and M. Michalik,"Monitoring of Fine-Dispersed Components of the Atmospheric Aerosols in Krakow: Results of Isotopicand Geochemical Studies";
6. B. Petelenz,"Radioactive Isotopes in Medicine - Which and Why?", Open House Day, Institute of Nuclear Physics.
SHORT TERM VISITORS:
1. N. Vajda, Institute of Nuclear Techniques Technical University of Budapest, Hungary;2. D. Bodizs, Institute of Nuclear Techniques Technical University of Budapest, Hungary;3. A. Baeza, University of Caceres, Spain;4. L.I. Guseva, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vernadskij Institute of Geochemistry and Analytical
Chemistry, Russia;5. B.F. Myasoedov, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vernadskij Institute of Geochemistry and Analytical
Chemistry, Russia;6. J. Wodniecki, Medical University of Silesia, 2end Clinical Hospital of Cardiology, Zabrze, Poland;7. P. Walichiewicz, Medical University of Silesia, 2end Clinical Hospital of Cardiology, Zabrze, Poland;8. K. Wilczek, Medical University of Silesia, 2end Clinical Hospital of Cardiology, Zabrze, Poland;9. J.R. Arthur, The Rowett Research Institute, Bucksburn, Aberdeen, UK;10. F. Nicol, The Rowett Research Institute, Bucksburn, Aberdeen, UK.
303
DEPARTMENTOF
MATERIALS RESEARCH BY COMPUTERS
Head of Department: Prof. Krzysztof Parlinskitelephone: (48) (12) 637-02-22 ext.: 209e-mail: [email protected]
PERSONNEL:
Research Staff:Pawel Jochym, Ph.D.Jan Lazewski, M.Sc. Krzysztof Parlinski, Prof.Zbigniew Lodziana, Ph.D. Malgorzata Sternik, Ph.D.
OVERVIEW:
The main activity in the Department was related with ab initio calculations of phonon dispersioncurves. There is a new discovery in the world that due to standardization of supercell ab initiocalculations in density functional theory (DFT) approach, and development of the direct method thecalculations of phonons from first-principles become possible. We have made effort to customizesuch calculations. Our source of ab initio information comes from the usage of MSI software, inparticular from CASTEP module. The Hellmann-Feynman forces calculated there, are imported intoour programs, which, in turn, are able to find the force constants and calculate phonon dispersioncurves, and phonon densities of states. Using this method we have derived the ab initio phonondispersion curves for GaAs, GaAl and doped GaAsxAli-x. The calculated dispersion curves agreewithin a few percents with those which have been measured by the inelastic neutron scattering. Othercrystals are under consideration.
Similar phonon dispersion curves calculations for molecular crystals C2H2, OC(ND2)2 andNa^COs have been carried on using empirical potentials with tabulated universal parameters. Theonly available neutron scattering data for OC{ND2)2 agrees very well with our result. We add thatfor crystals with Van der Walls potentials, like majority of molecular crystals, the standard ab initioprograms do not work, thus the empirical approach is the only possible way at the moment. We havemade as well similar phonon calculations of a number of chalcopyrites AgGaS2, AgGaSe2, AgGaTe2,CdGeAs2 and CdGeP2.
Another activity has been related with the Monte Carlo simulation of the pseudospin model forthe order-disorder phase transition in KSCN crystal. For this model a calculated correlation functionwas able to describe, at least qualitatively, an unusual temperature dependence of the width of quasielastic peak measured by neutron scattering.
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Our aim is to relate in future the model calculations, such as for KSCN with complete setof parameters derived from first-principle calculations. Part of the parameters comes from harmonicphonons, another part is related to crystal elasticity and anharmonicity. Effort to find these parametersusing CASTEP has already been made.
Prof. Krzysztof Parliiiski
REPORTS ON RESEARCH:
The Pseudospin Model of RbSCNZ. Lodziana and W. Schranz1
1 Institute of Experimental Physics, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
Elastic processes occurring in the vicinity of phase transition can vitally change the behaviorof materials close to the transition temperature. To obtain more insight into such influence, weinvestigated the microscopic pseudospin model of the order-disorder phase transition in improperferroelastic. The proposed model, has four pseudospins per unit cell and possesses symmetry propertiesof the thiocyanate crystals. The mean field analysis predicts that such system can exhibit first orsecond order phase transition, depending only on a single parameter connected to the coupling of theorder-parameter and elastic strains. In particular the model can describe tricritical behaviour [1].
Performing recently Monte-Carlo simulations, we have gained some insight into microscopic fluc-tuations. 3d- Monte-Carlo simulation showed, that for the certain strength of order-parameter andstrain coupling, which is equivalent to the 4-spin interaction, the system is close to the tricritical point.
The calculated temperature dependence of the order parameter is in very good agreement withthe experimental data of RbSCN - see Fig. 1.
0.4
0,3 •
0,2 -
0.1
0.0
•o
e*
- MC• HrefHnoence .• Neutron scatt.
0,926 0,960 0,976 1,000 1,028
T/r.
Fig. 1: Comparison of the temperature dependence of the order parameterA - neutron data; o - birefringence; o - MC points.
The result also shows, that the growth of the size of precursor clusters is suppressed when ap-proaching Tc from below, whereas the order parameter susceptibility is increasing. This is in a goodagreement with the diffuse neutron scattering data on RbSCN and KSCN, which yields an increase
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of the diffuse intensity with increasing temperature below Tc, whereas its width remains constant inthe whole ordered phase.
These results show, that inhomogeneous elastic effects can stabilize the precursor clusters at order-disorder phase transition below Tc.
References:
1. W. Schranz, H. Warhanek, R. Blinc, and B. Zeks, "Pseudospin Model of KSCN", Phys. Rev. B40 (1989)7141;
2. Z. Lodziana, W. Schranz, and A. Fuith, "Monte Carlo Simulations of the Pseudospin Model of RbSCN",J. Phys.: Condens. Matter (in print).
Phonons in AgGaS2 Chalcopyrite Crystalwithin the Force Field Approach
J. Lazewski and K. Parliriski
The chalcopyrite structure is the ternary analogue of diamond structure and is a superstructure ofzinc-blende. It is described by the space group 1424 (D^)- All of the atoms, just like in diamond andzinc blende structures, are tetrahedrally coordinated to four other atoms. The conventional tetragonalbody-centered unit cell consists of four molecules and contains 16 atoms [1].
The wide family of the ternary semiconductors AIBinX^1 (A = Ag, Cd, Cu; B = Al, Fe, Ga,Ge; X — As, P, S, Se, Te) which crystallizes in chalcopyrite structure have found application in solarcells, solar energy conversion, light emitting diodes (LEDs) and various non-linear devices [2].
One aim of our work was to estimate the phonon dispersion curves and phonon density of states(DOS) of AgGaS2 compound. To obtain structural parameters i.e. lattice constants and atoms po-sitions, and inter-atomic forces the Cerius2 package [3] was used. In the Hamiltonian of the crystalthe van der Waals and Coulomb contributions were taken into account. The Coulomb interactionwas calculated using the Ewald method. To determine potential parameters the Universal Force Field(UFF) [4] was used. This force field consisting of fundamental parameters is based only on the ele-ments, their hybridizations and connectivities. The UFF was generated from a set of hybridizationdependent atomic bond radii, a set of hybridization angles, van der Waals parameters, torsional andinversion barriers, as well as a set of effective nuclear charges. We optimize geometry of crystal min-imizing the energy expression by the conjugate gradient and the truncated Newton methods. First,we optimize cell parameters and atom positions. Then the stability of the crystal was checked inPI symmetry. After each minimization step the effective charges for the Coulomb interaction wererecalculated. The minimization was provided until the neighbouring forces reached negligible values.
The phonon dispersion curves and phonon density of states can be calculated from forces whichare generated within the same inter-atomic potential. For that we used the direct method [5] andcalculated forces Fj(n), which arise when a single atom n is displaced from its equilibrium position.These forces are related to the cummulant force constants $,j(n,m):
where Uj{m) is the j-component of the displacement of atom m. Later, the cummulant force constantswere introduced to the dynamical matrix, which was diagonalized in order to give phonon frequencies.
Usually, a single set of forces is not sufficient to find all independent force constants. In the case ofchalcopyrites seven independent displacements are required. To minimize systematic errors two setsof positive and negative displacements of u,(m) were calculated. We selected displacements of 1% oflattice constants as appropriate values. The calculations of all fourteen lists offerees were performedon 2x2x2 supercell with 128 atoms. Then, the over-determined system of equations for 3>ij(n, m)was solved by an algorithm which simultaneously provides a least-squares solution [6]. According to
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0 .08 .10 .15 .20 .26 .SOwave vector
.40 .46 .SO
Fig. 1: Phonon dispersions for AgGaS2. Fig. 2: Phonon density of states for AgGaS2-
the direct method the 2x2x2 supercell size gives exact phonon frequencies for all five high-symmetrypoints F, X, Z, N, P of the body-centered tetragonal Brillouin zone. Because primitive unit cell forchalcopyrite structure contains 8 atoms complete phonon spectrum consists of 24 dispersion curves:3 acoustic and 21 optical one. The calculated phonon dispersion curves of discussed chalcopyrite isshown in Fig. 1. No softening of phonon branches is observed, what confirms that the simulatedstructure is stable against any perturbation, including these which are incompatible with the supercellsize. The phonon density of states for AgGaS2 is presented in Fig. 2.
We conclude, that Force Field methods with Universal Force Field (UFF) parameters are veryfast way to build up investigated crystals in proper symmetry with stabile structure. But obtainedresults are rather qualitative than quantitative. The lattice constants and the dynamic properties aredescribed within more than 10% errors.
References:
1. G. Burns and A.M. Glazer, "Space Group for Solid State Scientists", 2nd ed. (Academic Press Inc, SanDiego, 1990);
2. J.L. Shay and J.H. Wernick, "Chalcopyrite Semiconductors. Growth. Electronic Properties and Appli-cations" (Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1975);
3. Cerius2 is a system developed by BIOSYM/Molecular Simulations Inc.;4. A.K. Rappe, C.J. Casewit, K.S. Colwell, W.A. Goddard, and W.M. Skiff, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 114 (1992)
10024;5. K. Parlinski, Z. Q. Li, and Y. Kawazoe, Phys. Rev. Lett. 78 (1997) 4063;6. K. Parliriski, program PHONON.
Lattice Dynamics of Gai_xAlxAs from ab initio CalculationsP.T. Jochym, M. Sternik, and K. Parlinski
The vibrational frequencies of pure GaAs and AlAs crystals have been already calculated withbig success using ab initio techniques, however the problem of phonon modes in Gai-sAl^As alloysremains still open. For Ga^Ali-^As alloys, no neutron diffraction data exists, which could asses thedispersive character of normal modes, and only experimental frequencies at F point are known fromRaman and infrared spectroscopy.
In this paper we present an ab initio approach to the vibrational properties calculation inGa^Ali-^As system. We calculate the dispersion curves of pure GaAs and AlAs crystals and orderedGa^Ali-^As system using the direct method of phonon dispersion calculation described in Ref. [1].
Phonons in GaAs and AlAsWe start the calculations from pure GaAs and AlAs crystals. Both crystals have the same symmetry
F43m and only two atoms in primitive fee cell. The calculated lattice constants, 5.60 and 5.63 A,respectively, for GaAs and AlAs crystals, agree very well with experimental ones, 5.653 A [2] and5.637 A [3].
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•us
^ ?
•*—=
300
200
iMOO
II 0§•400
300
200
100
0 > • • 1 1 • • r x
p p pr x r L X W L
Fig. 1 F i §- 2
Phonon dispersions calculated for GaAs and AlAs crystals (left) and for periodically orderedGao.75Alo.25As and Gao.25Alo.25As structures (right).
Fig. 1 shows the phonon dispersion curves calculated along several high-symmetry lines, togetherwith experimental points measured by inelastic neutron scattering [4]. The direct method of phonondispersion calculation applied to l x l x l supercell of GaAs or AlAs allows to find "exact" phononfrequencies at two high symmetry points, F (excluding LO mode) and X. At those two points thecalculated phonon frequencies agree with experimental data within 3%. Moreover, the overall shapeof all phonon dispersion curves is reproduced quite well. The largest discrepancy, appears for GaAscrystal at L point. In the case of AlAs, where the experimental data are rather rare, we can expectthe same accuracy of calculated dispersion curves.
P h o n o n s i n i ^ ^To obtain a superstructure with Al concentration x = 0.25 or 0.75, we replace in the l x l x l
supercell of GaAs one Ga atom by Al or in AlAs one Al atom by Ga, respectively. Then the systemis optimized to get vanishing forces. During system relaxation the As atoms increase slightly theirdistances to Al atoms. The As atoms shift from (0.25, 0.25, 0.25) to (0.25012, 0.25012, 0.25012) and(0.24991, 0.24991, 0.24991) for x = 0.25 and 0.75, respectively. The resulting structure has a P43msymmetry with three non-equivalent atoms. The calculated lattice parameters were 5.61 and 5.62 Afor x = 0.25 and 0.75, respectively.
The symmetry of the unit cell is P43m and it contains 8 atoms. Thus, there are 24 phonon branches,i.e. 4 times more then in fee lattice of GaAs or AlAs. Fig. 2 shows dispersion curves calculated alongTp — Xp — Tp direction in reciprocal space of the primitive cubic cell of the superstructures. Subscriptsp and / indicate high-symmetry points in the Brillouin zones of the primitive P43m and face-centeredF43m lattices, respectively.
References:
1. K. Parliriski, Z.Q. Li, and Y. Kawazoe, Phys. Rev. Lett. 21 (1997) 4063;2. G. Giesecke and H. Pfister, Acta Cryst. 11 (1958) 369;3. G. Natta and L. Passerini, Gazz. Chim. Ital. 58 (1928) 458;4. D. Strauch and B. Dorner, J. Phys. Condens. Matter. 2 (1990) 1457.
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LIST OF PUBLICATIONS:
Articles:
1. O. Blaschko, (Z. Lodziana) et al.,
Strain-Stabilized Precursor Clusters in Potasium Thiocyanate,Phys. Rev. B58(13) (1998) 8362;
2. P.T. Jochym, M. Sternik, K. Parliiiski,TiC Lattice Dynamics from ab Inito Calculations,Eur. Phys. J. B (1998) (in print);
3. K. Parliriski,Principles of Computer Simulation of Phase Transitions and Domain Pattern in Ferroic Crys-tals,J. of Korean Phys. Soc. 32 (1998) S711;
4. K. Parlinski, Y. Kawazoe,Modelling of Phase Transitions by the First-Principle Methods,Phase Transitions 65 (1998) 73;
5. K. Parliriski, Z.Q. Li, Y. Kawazoe,How to Simulate the Structural Phase Transition by the First-Principle Method,Phase Transitions (1998) (in print);
6. R. Sikora, K. Parlinski,Computer Simulation of Switching Behaviour in an Orthorombic Model,Phase Transitions (1998) (in print);
7. M. Sternik, P.T. Jochym, K. Parlinski,Lattice Dynamics of GaAlxAs$1_x Studied by ab initio Calculations,Computational Materials Science (1998) (in print);
8. P. Zieliriski, Z. Lodziana, T. Srokowski,Anharmonic Effects of Phonon Scattering on Crystal Surfaces,Physica B (1998) (in print);
9. P. Zielinski, Z. Lodziana, T. Srokowski,Dynamics of Anharmonic Surfaces in Harmonic Crystals,Progr. Surf. Sci. 59 (1998) 265.
Other publications:
1. E. Rokita, (J. Lazewski) et al.,Thermal Conversion of Sr-Contaminated Brushite into Calcium Pyrophosphate - EXAFS Studiesof Sr Coordination,4-th Nat. Symp. of Synchroton Radiation Users, Krakow-Przegorzaly, Poland, 18-19 June 1997;Folia Physica (1998) 155.
Proceedings:
1. Z. Lodziana,Chaotic Nucleations of Domains in Two Component <f> Model,Adriatico Research Conference, Trieste (1998) (in print);
2. M. Sternik,Modulated Phases in YBa2CuzOts High-Tc Superconductor,Proc. of the Int. Conf. of Aperiodic Crystals, Alpe d'Huez (1998) (in print).
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PARTICIPATION IN CONFERENCES AND WORKSHOPS:
INVITED TALKS:
1. K. Parliriski,"Phonon Dispersion Curves Calculated with a Direct Method",Structures and Properties of Inorganic Crystals from Theory and Experiment, Plon;
2. P.T. Jochym,"Lattice Dynamics of Cubic Crystals by ab initio Calculations",Structures and Properties of Inorganic Crystals from Theory and Experiment, Plon;
3. K. Parliriski,"Calculation of Phonon Dispersion Curves",TMR - Elasticity k Relaxattion, 1998, Vienna, Austria;
4. K. Parliriski,"Calculation of Phonon Dispersion Curves",Neutron and Numerical Methods, 1998, Grenoble, France;
5. Z. Lodziana,"Computational Investigations of Inhomogenous Strain Efects near Phase Transitions",TMR - Elasticity & Relaxattion, 1998, Vienna, Austria;
6. K. Parlinski,"Calculation of Phonon Dispersion Curves from Generic Force Fields of Chalcopirytes",MSI users meeting, Warszawa, Poland;
7. P.T. Jochym,"Lattice Dynamics of Cubic Crystals by ab initio Calculations",MSI users meeting, Warszawa, Poland;
8. K. Parlinski,"Simulation of Crystal Properties",General Polish Scientific Session on the Topic Physics at the Border in Third Millennium,on Occasion of Hundred Anniversary of Birthday of Aleksander Jablotiski, Toruri, Poland.
PRESENTATIONS:
1. Z. Lodziana"Mesoskopische Strukturen und Inhomogene Verzerrungsfelder bei Phasenubergangen",poster presentation on Osterreichische Physikalische Gesellschaft, 1998, Gratz, Austria;
2. K. Parlinski,"Calculations of Phonons from ab initio or Force Field Software",Workshop Electronic Structure Calculations for Industry and Basic Sciences, 1998, Vienna, Aus-tria.
SCHOLARSHIPS:K. Parlinski, Lousanne Scholarship.
SEMINARS:
EXTERNAL:
1. K. Parlinski,"Calculation of Phonon Dispersion Curves of C2H2, OC(ND2)2 and Na2CC>3 from Generic ForceField",Institute de Cristallographie, Universite de Lousanne, Switzerland;
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2. Z. Lodziana,"Molecular Dynamics Simulations in Solid State Physics", Vienna University, Austria;
3. Z. Lodziana,"Monte Carlo Approach to the Order-Disorder Phase Transition in KSCN", Vienna University,Austria.
INTERNAL:
1. M. Haluska,"Introduction to Physics of Fullurens";
2. P.T. Jochym,"Determination of Crystal Ground State from Quantum-Mechanical Calculations", part I, II;
3. P.T. Jochym,"Elements of the HTML Language";
4. P.T. Jochym,"Methods of Pseudopotential Generation";
5. P.T. Jochym,"Dynamics of ZrC Crystal Lattice";
6. P.T. Jochym,"Methods of Determination of Elastic Constants from ab initio Calculations";
7. J. Lazewski,"Utilization of Simple UNIX Tools for Automatization of Calculations";
8. J. Lazewski,"Phonon Dispersion Curves for Some Chalcopyrite Crystals within the Force-Field Approach";
9. J. Lazewski,"First-Principle Calculations of Dynamics Properties of CuInSe2M;
10. J. Lazewski,"Geometry Optimalization of AgGaX2 (X=S,Se,Te) Crystals by ab initio Methods";
11. Z. Lodziana,"Influence of Non-Linear Effects on Surface Dynamics";
12. K. Parlinski,"Selection of the Supercell for Phonon Determination from ab initio Calculations";
13. W. Schranz,"Methods of investigation of elastic properties of materials".
SHORT TERM VISITORS:
1. Miro Haluska, Vienna University, Austria;2. Wilfried Schranz, Vienna University, Austria.
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PL9902590
HEALTH PHYSICS LABORATORY
Head of Department: Dr Pawei OlkoAssoc. Prof. M.P.R.. Waligorski (up to 30.06.98)
Deputy Head: Elzbieta Ryba, E. E.Secretary: Irena Lipenskatelephone: (48) (12) 637-02-22 ext. 411e-mail: [email protected]
PERSONNEL:Research Staff:
Pawel Bilski \ M.Sc, NucLE.Maciej Budzanowski l
t M.Sc, E.E.Barbara Marczewska, Ph.D.
Dariusz Mazur 2, M.Sc., Nucl.E.Pawel Olko3, Ph.D., NucLE.Michal P.R. Walig6rski4, Ph.D., Assoc. Prof.
Research Staff, on Leave of Absence (since 1991):
Maryla Olszewska-Wajsioiek5, Ph.D., NucLE.
Technical Staff:
J6zefDybelIrena Gruca 7
Jerzy Ibkowski'Irena Lipenska 8
Piotr Wasiotek5, Ph.D.
Bronislaw Motyka 6
Anna NowakTomasz Nowak'Elzbieta Ryba 9, E.E.
OVERVffiW:The activities of the Health Physics Laboratory at the Institute of Nuclear Physics in Krakow are
principally research in the general area of radiation physics, and radiation protection of the employees of theInstitute of Nuclear Physics. Theoretical research concerns modelling of radiation effects in radiation detectorsand studies of concepts in radiation protection. Experimental research, in the general area of solid statedosimetry, is primarily concerned with thermoluminescence (TL) dosimetry, and more specifically:development of LiF:Mg, Ti for medical applications in conventional and hadron radiotherapy, and of LiF:Mg,Cu, P for low-level natural external ionising radiation. Environmental radiation measurements (radon indwellings and in soil air) are also performed using track detectors. The Laboratory provides expert advice on
1 Radiation Safety Officer;2 Graduate Student;3 Head of Laboratory (1.07.98 - 31.12.98);4 Head of Laboratory (1.01.98 - 30.06.98);5 to the New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology, Socorro, NM, USA;6 Radiation Protection Officer (till 31 December 1998);7 till 30 June 1998;8 Laboratory Assistant, Secretary,9 Chief Specialist, Chief Radiation Safety Officer.
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radiation protection regulations at national and international levels. Routine work of the Health PhysicsLaboratory involves design and maintenance of an in-house developed TL-based personnel dosimetry systemfor over 200 radiation workers at the INP, monitoring and supervision of radiation safety on INP premises, andadvising other INP laboratories on all matters pertaining to radiation safety. We also provide personal TLDdosimetry for several customers outside the INP, mainly in hospitals and nuclear research institutes in Poland.
The year 1998 was another eventful year for the Health Physics Laboratory. In retrospective, our maineffort in 1998 has been directed towards preparation and participation in the 12th International Conference onSolid State Dosimetry in Burgos, Spain, the main forum for progress and development in TLD, where MikeWaligorski gave an invited lecture, I was a member of the Scientific Committee and where our group of fourpresented a total of 10 papers and posters. We continued our two research projects anda technical project granted from the National Committee for Scientific Research (KBN). One of the KBNresearch projects is aimed at developing novel miniature TLD detectors with improved LET and dosecharacteristics for precise phantom measurements in eye cancer radiotherapy with proton beams. The secondKBN project concerns the application of ultra-sensitive LiF:Mg, Cu, P (MCP-N) TLD detectors inenvironmental monitoring of gamma ionising radiation. The main objective of this last project is to developand to test a system for rapid, short-term monitoring of environmental radiation (RACE - Rapid Assessment ofaccidental Exposures) based on ultra-sensitive MCP-N detectors developed at our laboratory. In 1998 we alsocompleted a technical project concerned with refurbishing our calibration laboratory for radiation protection.A new irradiation assembly with a high-intensity Cs-137 source, an automatic dosimetric bench and a high-class ionisation chamber with electrometer were installed and put in operation. They allow us to preciselycalibrate personal dosimeters and radiation protection monitors. We continued our investigations of theconcentration of radon in houses and in soil using CR-39 plastic detectors, together with the group of Prof.Jerzy Loskiewicz. We successfully took part in the intercomparison of passive radon detectors (3% deviation,9th place out of 70 participants) organised in NRPB, Great Britain.
Several of our research projects involved measurements and detector irradiation in collaboratinglaboratories abroad and visits by foreign experts. We irradiated TLD detectors in the medical proton beam atthe Hahn-Meitner Insitute in Berlin in ISL laboratory. Dr Heese and Prof. Homeyer from HMI visited us inDecember to advise us on the development of our eye-proton radiotherapy stand. The response of MCP-Ndetectors after low-energy X-rays from a synchrotron light source was investigated with our chips exposed atStanford (USA) in collaboration with Dr Nisy Ipe. LiF:Mg, Ti detectors with different concentration of Tiand Mg were prepared for experiments in the medical proton beam at Louvain, Belgium, in collaboration withDr Loncol of Saint Luc Hospital. We hosted Prof. D. Hahn-Mendoza from the University of Caracas, Vene-uela, who, over a period of six months, investigated doses in eye-phantoms using our miniature MTS-N dete-ctors. We took part in a mailed TLD intercomparison of environmental doses with CIEMAT (Madrid, Spain),and hosted Mrs Ana Maria Romero Gutierez and J.M. Gomez-Ros. Maciej Budzanowski visited CIEMAT,Madrid to continue our joint investigations on the use of LiF:Mg, Cu, P detectors in environmental mea-surements of natural radiation. Pawet Bilski visited the Hahn-Meitner Institute in Berlin for TLD irra-diationin proton beams. Mike Walig6rski attended, together with Prof. Jaworowski from the Central Laboratory ofRadiation Protection in Warsaw, the 48th Session of UNSCEAR in Vienna.
Mike Waligorski attended several meetings of two Sub-Committees of the National Board for AtomicEnergy and gave a regular undergraduate course of lectures on Radiation Dosimetry in Oncology to thestudents of the University of Mining and Metallurgy (AGH), while I gave a lecture on introduction to radiationprotection for nuclear medicine students from Collegium Medicum UJ. E. Gruca, an AGH student, completedher M.Sc. degree project in our Laboratory, while another five students are still working on their graduationprojects. Dr Barbara Marczewska continued her study of TL materials based on CaF2".Tm. We plan to useCaF2:Tm detectors in measurements of doses in proton beams. Two members of our research staff, DrOlszewska-Wa^siolek and Dr Wa^siotek, are continuing their leave of absence from the INP to the Los,Alamos, NM, USA for the 6th consecutive year.
In June 1998,1 completed a temporary contract with the IAEA, Vienna, in the Dosimetry and the MedicalRadiation Physics Section. In my absence Mike Waligorski took over the management of the Health PhysicsLaboratory. I would like to thank him for his enormous effort in running the Health Physics Laboratory tillthe end of June 1998.
Dr Pawet Olko
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RAPORTS ON RESEARCH: PL9902591
What Can Solid — State Detectors do for Clinical Dosimetry in ModernRadiotherapy?
M.P.R. Waligorski!
1 also Centre of Oncology, Krak6w, Poland(invited talk at the 12 Solid State Dosimetry Conference, Burgos, Spain, 5-10 July 1998)
The emergence of new modalities in radiation therapy, such as stereotactic radiosurgery, vascularbrachytherapy, Intensity Modulated Radiotherapy (IMRT), proton therapy or boron neutron capture therapy(BNCT), stimulates new clinical applications of solid state detectors: thermoluminescence (TL) detectors,radiochromic dye films or alanine. New dosimetry techniques will have to be developed for dynamicradiotherapy, employing dose-integrating detectors with a high spatial resolution. A brief review of modernradiotherapy techniques, accompanied by up-to-date references to descriptions of some dosimetry approachesis given, followed by comments on the application and optimisation of TL detectors for proton beamdosimetry.
Optimisation of LiF:Mg, Ti Detectors for Dosimetry in Proton Radiotherapy g
P. Bilski, P. Olko, M. Budzanowski, E. Ochab, and M.P.R. Waligorski
= = O(presented at the 12 Solid State Dosimetry Conference, Burgos, Spain, 5-10 July 1998) ^ ^ Oi
Miniature LiF:Mg, Ti (MTS-N) pellets, of diameter 1-2 mm and thickness 0.5 mm, specially designed for == Q_dosimetry in proton radiotherapy, have been produced at the Institute of Nuclear Physics in Krakow, Poland. ^ ^The influence of dopant composition, activation method and cooling rate on the dose/LET response of these TL ^ =detectors was tested. It appears that these dosimetric characteristics are governed mainly by the Mg-dopant - : "supralinearity and efficiency for high-LET radiation are highest for samples with the lowest content ofmagnesium. However, the method of production of LiF:Mg, Ti, and the cooling rate following the 400°C stageof annealing, alone and in combination, also have a considerable effect on the supralinearity and on the relativeefficiency after alpha-particle and proton irradiation. We have shown that some improvement of LiF:Mg, Ticharacteristics over those of standard TLD-100 is possible, for dosimetric applications in proton radiotherapy.The new miniature MTS-N detectors can be applied for in vitro phantom dosimetry in proton beams, e.g. forocular radiotherapy.
Calculation of the Relative Effectiveness of Alanine Detectors to X-Raysand Heavy Charged Particles Using Microdosimetric One-Hit Detector Model
P. OlkoG)
(accepted for publication in Radiation Protection Dosimetry) = crt= i
Systems described by 1-hit Poissonian statistics which show a sublinear response after high-doses ofy-rays and a decreased efficiency for densely ionising radiation are called "one hit detectors". TheMicrodosimetric One-Hit Detector Model has been applied to predict the ESR signal of alanine after X-rays, y-rays and Heavy Charged Particle (HCP) irradiations. The two fitted parameters of the model are d, the targetdiameter, scaled by the density of the target p, and a, the saturation coefficient, which describes theprobability of the effect occurring after an energy deposition event within the target. For alanine the best fittedmodel parameters are d = 6 nm, a = 0.2 10"4 Gy"1. The model derived target size exceeds typical moleculardimension of alanine molecules. For alanine the target size may be related to the effective range of the freeradical recombination in alanine. The model calculation can be applied in the dosimetry of soft X-rays and inproton beam dosimetry.
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4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24
Initial energy [MeV/amu]
Fig. 1: Measured (symbols) and calculated (lines) average relative efficiency of alanine vs initial energy(MeV/amu) of charged particles stopping in the detector. The experimental data were taken fromHansen et all (1987) and Hansen & Olsen (1990), calculation: present work (bold lines) and Waligorskietal. (1989) (dashed lines).
PL9902594Modelling of the Thermoluminescence Response
of LiF:Mg, Cu, P (MCP-N) Detectors after Doses of Low Energy Photons
P. Olko, P. Bilski, M. Budzanowski, M.P.R. Waligorski \ A. Fasso2, and N.E. Ipe2
1 also Centre of Oncology, Krak6w, Poland; 2 Stanford Linear Accelerator Centre Stanford, USA(presented at the 12 Solid State Dosimetry Conference, Burgos, Spain, 5-10 July 1998)
A simple numerical approach has been developed to predict the relative (to Cs-137 y-rays) response ofLiF:Mg, Cu, P (MCP-N) thermoluminescence detectors after doses of photons in the energy range from 4 to1000 keV. The following major factors influencing the TL detector response were taken into account: (i) massenergy absorption coefficients for LiF:Mg, Cu, P and air (ii) attenuation of low-energy X-rays in a thick TLdetector; (iii) self-absorption of thermoluminescence light in a thick detector; and (iv) the relative TL efficiency(intrinsic luminous efficiency), r\, of MCP-N detectors, which strongly depends on the photon energy viaradiation ionisation density. The values of t| were calculated using the Microdosimetric One-Hit Detectormodel and fitted with the function r\ = 0.794 - exp [-(E[keV]-4.663)/9.69] over the range of photon energies,4 keV < E < 40 keV. The results of model calculations agree well with experimental values of T| measured inthe energy range 6 - 1 8 keV at SLAC using monoenergetic synchrotron radiation and with litera-ture data forhigher energies. This approach may be useful in practical applications of MCP-N detectors in X-raydosimetry, such as e.g. TL dosimetry of mammography units.
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1 .0 -
0.9-0 . 8 -
0 . 7 -
0 . 6 -
0 . 5 -
0 .4 -
0 . 3 -
0 . 2 -
0.1 -
0 . 0 -
0
model
model -pure LiFsynchrotron X-rays6 keV Fe-SShard filtered X-rays
10 15 20
Photon Energy, E/keV25 30
Fig.l: Calculated response of MCP-N detectors for low energy photons (full line) and experimental data frommeasurements performed at Stanford and in Riso.
Estimation of the Time Elapsed between Exposure and Readout Using Peak | | §Ratios of LiF:Mg, Cu, P gj
M. Budzanowski, J.C. Saez-Vergara', E. Ryba, P. Bilski, P. Olko, and M.P.R. Waligorski2 WBi
CEEMAT, Radiation Dosimetry, Madrid, Spain; 2 also Centre of Oncology, Krakow, Poland(presented at the 12 Solid State Dosimetry Conference, Burgos, Spain, 5-10 July 1998)
The applicability of peak area ratios (peak2/peak4 and peak3/peak4) in the glow-curves of LiF:Mg, Cu, Pfor the estimation of time between exposure and readout, tER, was studied. MCP-N and GR-200 LiF:Mg, Cu,P detectors were exposed to simulate an "accidental" dose at times before readout ranging from 24 hours tothree months. Two groups of detectors were exposed simultaneously to determine the fading of irradiateddetectors and the sensitivity variations of stored, non-irradiated detectors. Peak areas were evaluated usinga comuterised glow curve analysis code. The peak2/peak4 ratio is well suited for evaluating tER below oneweek, while the peak 3/peak 4 ratio - for tER up to three months. The method can be applied in personal andenvironmental dosimetry to evaluate the date of a high dose-rate, accidental exposure.
ina>LOCMoa
Proton Irradiations of 7LiF:Mg, Ti Thermoluminescence Detectors: Influence ofDopant Concentration on Dose Response and LET Dependence of TL Efficiency
Th. Loncol ' , J.M. Denis \ S. Vynckier \ P. Scalliet1, P. Bilski,M. Budzanowski, M.P.R. Waligorski(2), and P. Olko
1 St. Luc University Hospital, Brussels, Belgium; 2 also Centre of Oncology, Krakow, Poland(presented at the 12 Solid State Dosimetry Conference, Burgos, Spain, 5-10 July 1998)
Variation of Ti and Mg concentration is known to modify substantially the dosimetric characteristics ofthe standard LiF:Mg, Ti detector commonly used in radiotherapy. Preliminary studies conducted by theInstitute of Nuclear Physics at Krak6w showed that the optimisation of Ti concentration could induce lower
is
316
supralinearity and higher TL efficiency in heavy particle beams. These results should lead to furtherinvestigation of new TL detectors appropriate to hadrontherapy. In particular, the influence of both Mg and Tidopant concentrations on TL response in proton beams was studied. 7LiF:Mg,Ti pellets (diameter 4.5 mm,thickness 0.5 mm) doped with 30 different combinations of Ti and Mg (5 Ti contents : 4, 13, 39, 130, 260ppm; 6 Mg contents : 30, 60, 120, 240, 480, 960 ppm) were irradiated at different depths of the Bragg curvein a 65 MeV clinical proton beam. From the analysis of dose response and TL efficiency and its dependenceon LET, recommendations on optimal dopant concentration are drawn for the clinical use of the dosemeter innrotontherapy.
: Development of Optimised Thermoluminescent LiF:Mg, Ti DetectorsI ̂ for Dosimetry in Radiotherapyjir>= CM
[ § P. Bilski, P. OIko, M. Budzanowski, E. Ryba, and M.P.R. Waligorski1
is1 °- 1 also Centre of Oncology, Krakow, Poland| (presented at the 12 Solid State Dosimetry Conference, Burgos, Spain, 5-10 July 1998)
- While thermoluminescent detectors (TLD) are widely used for dosimetry in radiotherapy, their propertiesare optimised for radiation protection rather than for clinical applications. In particular, the dose response ofcommercially available TLDs is not linear in the range of doses applied in radiotherapy. The most commonlyused LiF:Mg, Ti detectors show supralinear dose response above ca. 2 Gy or even at lower doses. In addition,the dose characteristics are not constant for a given detector type but may vary considerably from batch tobatch. The reason for this is that commercial TL manufacturers do not control some details of productionprocedures, as their variation do not affect the main low-dose properties of TLDs , which are their only area ofinterest. In the Institute of Nuclear Physics in Krak6w (INP) thermoluminescent detectors for various fields ofapplication (medicine, radiation protection, environmental measurements, etc.), in various physical forms(powders, pellets, miniature and thin-layer detectors) and made of different thermoluminescent materials(LiF:Mg, Ti, LiF:Mg, Cu, P and CaSO^Dy) have been produced for nearly three decades. Recently,a research program aimed at developing LiF:Mg, Ti detectors optimised for radiotherapy applications havebeen initiated. The performed investigations included testing of wide range of Mg and Ti concentrations anddifferent methods of introducing of dopants into LiF. The main improvement was obtained by increasing ofthe content of Ti, resulting in a linear response up to ca. 10 Gy, rather than the usual 2 Gy. Additionally, theinfluence of other factors (e.g. annealing conditions) on the dose response of detectors was also tested. Thenew improved detectors will soon be commercially available from the INP.
I Thermally - Induced Fading of Individual Glow Peaks in LiF:Mg, Cu, PI at Different Storage TemperaturesI 0 0
1 m J.C. Saez-Vergara \ M. Budzanowski, J.M. Gomez-Ros \ and A.M. Romero '
1°| <£ ' CIEMAT, Avda. Complutense 22, 28040 Madrid, Spain| Q^ (presented at the 12 Solid State Dosimetry Conference, Burgos, Spain, 5-10 July 1998)| The time evolution of individual TL peak intensities in LiF:Mg, Cu; P has been studied for severalI arage temperatures ranging from -20°C to +50°C and for time-periods from 10 minutes to three months .
lhe experiments were carried out using commercially available LiF:Mg, Cu, P phosphors (GR-200 fromChina, MCP-N from Poland). The glow curves obtained were analysed using the FADA deconvolutionprogram developed at CIEMAT. The influence of initial trap filling was studied by comparing two sets ofdetectors irradiated before and after the storage period. The results show no major differences between the twoLiF:Mg, Cu, P varieties. The data show a good stability (1.00 ± 0.06) of the main dosimetric peak (peak 4) atall temperatures and over all time periods. In contrast, peak 2 and peak 3 show an exponential decrease, therate of which strongly depends on storage temperature (peak 3 half-life changes from 300 hours at roomtemperature to 20 hours at +50°C).
317
PL9902599
Comparison of the Light Sensitivity of LiF:Mg, Cu, P, LiF:Mg, Ti, and A12O3:C
L. Duggan1"2, M. Budzanowski, K. Przegietka3, N. Reitsema4, J. Wong4, and T. Kron1'2
'Newcastle Mater Hospital, Waratah, Australia; 2University of Newcastle, Callaghan, Australia; 3Nicholas CopernicusUniversity, ToruA, Poland; 4Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
Characterisation of the effects of light on irradiated thermoluminescence dosimeters may affect accuratedose measurement. The aim of the study was to compare the light sensitivity of three TLD materials - LiF:Mg,Cu, P (MCP-N, Poland), LiF:Mg, Ti (GR-100, China) and A12O3:C (Stillwater Sciences, USA) - and tohighlight the resulting limitations of their use in practical dosimetry. In addition, the effects of light exposureon individual glow peaks and dose response were investigated. Preliminary measurements showed there was(45 ± 5)% reduction in MCP-N thermoluminescence intensity after two weeks of direct sunlight exposure.Using a calibrated spectral lamp, the half life of TL response was found to be one day and five hours for MCP-N and GR-100, respectively, which was attributed to the lesser UV sensitivity of MCP-N. AfeC^C showed animmediate, constant enhancement of (26 ± 4), due to light-induced thermoluminescence.
Fig. 1: The effects of light exposure from an arc lamp on LiF:Mg, Cu, P (MCP-N) glow curves.The curves show the decreasing trend of light induced fading of the TL signal.
Measurements of Radon Concentration in Soil Gas by CR-39 Detectors ^S
D. Mazur, M. Janik, J. Loskiewicz, P. Olko, and J. Swakon ^ g ;
(presented at thel9lh International Conference on Nuclear Tracks In Solids, August 31 - September 41998, ^^Besancon, France)
A miniature diffusion chamber with a 25 x 4 x 0.5 mm CR-39 track etch detector (Pershore MouldingLtd), mounted on the 1.1 m long pole has been developed for radon gas measurements at 1 meter depth in thesoil. For chemically etched CR-39 (7 h, 70° C NaOH) and automatic track analysis the lowest detection limitof the chamber was found to be 0.5 MBq h m'3 and the useful exposure range from 2 to 20 MBq h m"3. Thetypical exposure time in the soil is between 2 to 14 days. The chamber was tested against the active probeAlphaGUARD and yielded consistent results for soils with typical values of permeability and which are notsaturated with water. The pilot measurements of radon gas in soil conducted with the miniature diffusionchambers around 48 buildings in Krakow and Silesia regions yielded an average radon concentration of13 kBq m'3. The chambers are to be applied to measure radon concentration in soil before constructing newhouses at high radon risk areas.
IO• o;co
CMoa>O)
318PL9902601
Measurements of Radon Concentration in Dwellings and Soil at the Instituteof Nuclear Physics in Krakow
D. Mazur, J. Bogacz, M. Janik, J. Loskiewicz, P. Olko, and J. Swakofi
(presented at the IV Symposium of the Croatian Radiation Protection Society, Zagreb, 11-13 November 1998,Zagreb, Croatia)
In early 80-ties thin layer thermoluminescence CaSO4:Dy DA-2 detectors were developed at the Instituteof Nuclear Physics, Krakow, Poland to measure signal from alpha-particles emitted by radon daughters.These TL detectors, installed in some active pumping devices, are still routinely applied for monitoring ofradon daughter concentration in Polish coal mines. At the beginning of 90-ties the Institute participated in thenational survey of radon concentration in dwellings using CR-39 detectors. Nowadays the researchconcentrates on the development of methods for the short and long time measurements of radon concentrationin dwellings, to verify the applicability of the short time measurements to the determination of the annualaverage radon concentration and to develop methods for measurements of radon concentration in soil gas. Inthese measurements Solid State Nuclear Track Detectors (SSNTD), charcoal canisters and ionisation chamberAlphaGUARD are applied.
mm Development of TL Dosimeters Based on MTS-N (LiF:Mg, Ti) Detectors= 1 CM for in vivo Dosimetry in a Co-60 Beam
1 O
Ho E. Bubula1, E. Byrski1, J. Lesiak1, andM.P.R Waligorski1'2U s 0 5
^ = -J 'The Maria Sklodowska-Curie Memorial Centre of Oncology, Krak6w, Poland; 2The Henryk Niewodniczanski= Institute of Nuclear Physics, Krak6w, Poland
^ ^ Thermoluminescent (TL) dosimeters based on solid LiF:Mg, Ti (MTS-N detectors, produced at the' ^lstitute of Nuclear Physics in Krak6w), were developed for in vivo dosimetry in Co-60 radiotherapy beams.
A batch of 100 MTS-N detectors underwent several cycles of irradiation with 1 Gy of Co-60 y-rays andannealing. An Individual Response Factor (IRF) was ascribed to each detector. The accuracy of the detectorswas assessed in each cycle by measuring the distribution of their IRFs after each exposure. The repeatability,or stability, of each detector was assessed by measuring the distribution of its IRF over a given number ofcycles. Linearity was tested over the dose range 50 cGy - 250 cGy, in one readout cycle. After IRFcorrection, the accuracy of the batch of 100 detectors exposed to 1 Gy was about 2% . The repeatability wasfound to be better than 2% for 69 of the 100 detectors tested over six consecutive cycles. The unknown valueof dose can thus be estimated from a single IRF- corrected detector against a detector calibrated with a knowndose of about 1 Gy, to within about 2% or better. The response of the MTS-N detectors after doses in therange 50-250 cGy can be well represented by a linear fit. TL dosimeters consisting of 5 mm-thick cylindricalplexiglass holders containing one or three MTS-N detectors were exposed on a water phantom over beamincidence angles 0° - 60°. The relative difference in the response was found not to exceed 2% of that at 0°, thusconfirming the suitability of our dosimeters for in vivo dosimetry.
j f i Application of Individually Calibrated Solid LiF:Mg, Ti (MTS-N) Detectors1= o in Clinical Dosimetry
111 g M.P.R. Waligorski1-2, J. Lesiak1, E. Bubula1, E. Byrski1, E. Ryba2, P. Olko2, and P. Bilski2
^ = 'Centre of Oncology, Krakow, Poland; 2Institute of Nuclear Physics, Krak6w, Poland~ ^ (presented at the 12 Solid State Dosimetry Conference, Burgos, Spain, 5-10 July 1998)
The applicability of individually calibrated solid LiF:Mg, Ti detectors (MTS-N, Institute of NuclearPhysics, Krakow, Poland) in clinical dosimetry was investigated. By attending to repeatability and stability of
319
annealing and readout parameters, it was possible to select from a group of about 100 MTS detectorscalibrated in external Co-60 or 9 MV photon beams a subgroup of at least 70% of these detectors whoseindividual response factors (IRFs) did not vary by more than 2.5% (SD) from the mean value over six cyclesof annealing-lGy exposure and readout. A 3-step readout of detectors was found to be at least as accurate andmore convenient than linear readout. MTS-N detectors were applied in in vivo dosemeter assemblies and usedfor in vitro measurements of dose distribution around a gynaecological afterloading brachytherapy applicatorwith Cs-137 sources in order to verify therapy planning calculations. These detectors were also applied ininter-calibration measurements of Co-60 beams.(Work partly supported by KBN Research Project No 8T11E02908)
25
20
gUJ 15
ujQLL
o 10UJGO5
N=75MEAN=0.998SD=0.027
n
Co-603 - STEPREADOUT
0,8 0,9 1,0AVIRF
1.1 1,2
Fig. 1: Distribution of Average Individual Response Factors (AVIRF) of 75 MTS-N detectors exposed to sixcalibration series of 1 Gy of Co-60 gamma rays and read out with:
a) linear ramp, b) 3-step readout
Characterization of Low-Energy (6 - 30 keV) Response of Polish TLDs g | ^(MTS-N, MCP-N) with Synchrotron Radiation and Determination p f 8
of Some Fundamental TLD Quantities I ™Oo
N.E. Ipe,1 A. Fasso1, K.R. Kase1, R. Kaur1, P. Bilski, and P. Olko g=
1 Stanford Linear Accelerator Centre, Stanford, USA —(presented at the 12 Solid State Dosimetry Conference, Burgos, Spain, 5-10 July 1998)
The response of Polish TLDs was determined using synchrotron radiation. Relative to 137Cs gamma rays,the response of MTS-N (LiF:Mg, Ti - 0.4 mm thick) increased from 0.4 to 1.4 between 6 and 30 keV and thatof MCP-N (LiF:Mg, Cu, P - 0.4 mm thick), increased from 0.2 to 1.2 between 6 and 26 keV.A theoretical model for TLD response which can be used to determine fundamental quantities such as lightattenuation coefficient (f), energy attenuation coefficient u(k) and overall TLD efficiency t\, was developed.Results of scheduled experiments to determine these fundamental quantities will be reported. Light attenuationwas experimentally determined by irradiating TLDs and reading them with unirradiated TLDs placed on top.Values of f = 15.6 and 17.2 cm"1 were obtained for MTS-N and MCP-N, respectively. Energy attenuationwas determined by irradiating a stack of 6 TLDs and reading out each TLD. Values of |i(k) = 37.2, 30 and14.2 cm'1 were obtained for k = 7, 8 and 10 keV, respectively for MTS-N. For MCP-N, jj.(k) =12.1 cm"1 for
320
k = 10 keV. Results of Monte Carlo calculations to determine energy deposition and hence C at each energywill also be reported.
[ Fast Automatic Glow Curve Deconvolution of LiF:Mg, Cu, P Curves!g and its Applications in Routine Dosimetry;OI g J.M. Gomez-Ros , J.C. Saez-Vergara1, A.M. Romero1, and M. Budzanowskii_i!Q_ .i ' CIEMAT, Madrid, SpainI (presented at the 12 Solid State Dosimetry Conference, Burgos, Spain, 5-10 July 1998)
A fully automatic computer program for the deconvolution of LiF:Mg, Cu, P glow curves is described.This program permits the subtraction of the residual contribution of the high temperature peaks, producing thebest fitted values for the kinetic parameters and the areas of the dosimetric peaks. The very short processingtime required to analyse each curve and the automatic peaks search algorithm make the program suitable forroutine dosimetry.
LIST OF PUBLICATIONS:
Articles:
1. P. Bilski, M. Budzanowski, P. Olko, M.P.R. Waligorski,Influence of Concentration of Magnesium on the Dose Response and LET-Dependence ofTL Efficiencyin LiF:Mg, Cu, P (MCP-N) Detectors,Radiat. Measurements 29 (1998) 355;
2. M. Budzanowski, (E. Ryba) et al.,The Fading of Different Peaks in LiF:Mg, Cu, P (MCP-N and Gr-200A) TL Detectors,Abstr. of the 3-rd Int. Symposium Luminescent Detectors and Transformers of Ionizing Radiation,Lumdetr'97, Ustron, Poland, 6-10 October 1997, p. 18 and Radiat. Measurements 29 (1998) 361;
3. P. Olko,Calcium Fluoride, CaF2'.Tm (TLD-300) as a Thermoluminescence One HIT Detectors,Radiat. Measurements 29 (1998) 383.
Proceedings:
1. P. Bilski, P. Olko, M. Budzanowski, E. Ryba, M.P.R. Waligorski,10 Years of Experience with High-Sensitive LiF:Mg, Cu, P (MCP-N) Thermoluminescent Detectors inRadiation Dosimetry, Proc. of the IRPA Regional Symp. on Radiation Protection in NeighbouringCountries of Central Europe 1997, Prague, Czech Republic, September 1997 (1998) 498;
2. P. Bilski, P. Olko, M. Budzanowski, E. Ochab, M.P.R. Waligorski,Optimisation ofLiF: Mg, Ti Detectors for Dosimetry in Proton Radiotherapy,Proc. of the 12-th Int. Conf. on Solid State Dosimetry, Burgos, 5-10 July 1998 (in print);
3. M. Budzanowski, J.C. Saez-Vergara, P. Bilski, J.M. Gomez-Ros, P. Olko,Rapid Assessment of Accidental Exposures (RACE) with MCP-N (LiF:Mg, Cu, P) Detectors,Proc. of the IRPA Regional Symp. on Radiation Protection in Neighbouring Countries of Central Europe1997, Prague, Czech Republik, September 1997 (1998) 502;
4. M. Budzanowski, J.C. Saez-Vergara, E. Ryba, P. Bilski, P. Olko, M.P.R. Waligorski,Estimation of the Time Elapsed Between Exposure and Readout Using Peak Ratios ofLiF: Mg, Cu, P,Proc. of the 12-th Int. Conf. on Solid State Dosimetry, Burgos, 5-10 July 1998 (in print);
5. J.M. Gomez-Ros, J.C. Saez-Vergara, A.M. Romero, M. Budzanowski,Fast Automatic Glow Curve Deconvolution ofLiF: Mg, Cu, P Curves and its Application in RoutineDosimetry,Proc. of the 12-th Int. Conf. on Solid State Dosimetry, Burgos, 5-10 July 1998 (in print);
321
6. Th. Loncol, (P. Bilski, M. Budzanowski, M.P.R. Waligorski, P. Olko) et al.,Proton Irradiation of$A7$LiF: Mg, Ti Thermoluminescent Detectors: Influence of DopantConcentration on Dose Response and LET Dependence pfTL Efficiency,Proc. of the 12-th Int. Conf. on Solid State Dosimetry, Burgos, 5-10 July 1998 (in print);
7. D. Mazur, J. Bogacz, M. Janik, J. Loskiewicz, P. Olko, J. Swakon,Measurements of Radon Concentration in Dwellings and Soil at the Institute of Nuclear Physics inKrakow,Proc. of the Fourth Symp. of the Croatian Radiation Protection Association, Zagreb, 11-13 November1998, eds B. Obeli6, Z. Frame" (CRPA) (1998) 329;
8. P. Olko, P. Bilski, M. Budzanowski, M.P.R. Walig6rski, N.E. Ipe,Modelling of the Thermoluminescence Response ofLiF: Mg, Cu, P (MCP-N) Detectors after Doses ofLow-Energy Photons,Proc. of the 12-th Int. Conf. on Solid State Dosimetry, Burgos, 5-10 July 1998 (in print);
9. J.C. Saez-Vergara, M. Budzanowski, J.M. G6mez-Ros, A.M. Romero,Thermally-Induced Fading of Individual Glow Peaks in LiF: Mg, Cu, P at Different StorageTemperatures,Proc. of the 12-th Int. Conf. on Solid State Dosimetry, Burgos, 5-10 July 1998 (in print).
Other conference materials:
1. N.E. Ipe, A. Fasso, K.R. Kase, R. Kaur, P. Bilski, P. Olko,Characterization of Low-Energy (6-30 keV) Response of Polish TLDs (MTS-N, MCP-N) withSynchrotron Radiation and Determination of Some Fundamental TLD Quantities,Abstr. of the 12-th Int. Conf. on Solid State Dosimetry, Burgos, 5-10 July (1998) 34;
2. J. Loskiewicz, P. Olko, J. Swakon, J. Bogacz, M. Janik, D. Mazur, J. Mazur,On the Applicability of Short Time Measurements to the Determination of Annual Average of RadonConcentration in Dwelling,IRPA Regional Symposium on Radiation Protection in Neighbouring Countries of Central Europe, Prague,8-12 September 1997 (1998) 142;
3. D. Mazur, M. Janik, J. Loskiewicz, P. Olko, J. Swakon,Measurement of Radon Concentration in Soil Gas,
XIX Int. Conf. on Nuclear Tracks in Solids, Besancon, September 1998;4. M. Tuszynski, R. Baranczak, T. Rozek, D. Mazur,
Measurements of Indoor Radon Concentration and Radon Concentration in Soil Gas in Silesia Regionby Cr-39 Detectors (in Polish),
2nd Polish Symposium "Problems of Medical Physics", Szczyrk, 15-18 November (1998) 147;5. M.P.R. Walig6rski,
What Can Solid State Detectors do for Clinical Dosimetry in Modern Radiotherapy?,Abstr. of the 12-th Int. Conf. on Solid State Dosimetry, Burgos, 5-10 July (1998) 86;
6. M.P.R. Walig6rski, J. Lesiak, E. Bubula, E. Byrski, E. Ryba, P. Olko, P. Bilski,Application of Individually Calibrated Solid LiF: Mg.Ti (MTS-N) Detectors in Clinical Dosimetry,Abstr. of the 12-th Int. Conf. on Solid State Dosimetry, Burgos, 5-10 July (1998) 88.
Reports:
1. J. Bogacz, J. Mazur, J.Loskiewicz, M. Janik, D. Mazur,The Use of Diffusion-Barrier Charcoal Canisters for Radon Concentration Measurements in Buildings,IFJ Report 1789/Ap(1998);
2. O.N. Borisov, (E. Bakewicz, H. Doruch, K. Daniel, T. Kwiecien, R. Taraszkiewicz) et al.,New Beam Extraction System for the AIC-144 Cyclotron,Communication of the JINR E9-98-130 (1998);
3. M. Budzanowski, K. Kozak, M. Jasiriska, E. Ryba, I. Guca, J.O. Krupa,Comparison of the Background Gamma Dose Rate Measurements Using PMS Station,Thermoluminescent Detectors and Probe Gamma- Tracer (in Polish),Monitoring of Environmental Radioactive Contamination with ASS-500 and PMS Stations, CLOR,Warszawa, Poland, 7-8 May 1998, CLOR Report 137 (1998) 68;
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4. M. Janik, J. Loskiewicz, P. Olko, J. Swakon,How Precise is the Determination of the Average Radon Concentration in Buildings fromMeasurements Lasting only a Few Days?,IFJ Report 1792/AP(1998).
GRANTS:
Grants from The State Committee for Scientific Research:
1. DrP. Olko - grant No 8T1 IE 018 13,"New Thermoluminescent LiFrMg, Ti Detectors for Conventional and Proton Radiotherapy of Cancer"(1997-1999);
2. Dr P. Olko - grant No 4P05 D03 013,"Development of the Method for Rapid Assessment of the Doses of Ionising Radiation in NaturalEnvironment Using Ultra Sensitive Thermoluminescent Dosimeters" (1997-1999);
3. Dr P. Olko - Technical grant No 2094/JA/620/97,"Laboratory for Calibration of Dosimeters and Dosimetric Devices" (1997-1998).
CONTRIBUTIONS TO CONFERENCES AND WORKSHOPS:
Oral presentations:
1. 12th Solid State Dosimetry Conference, Burgos, Spain, 5-10 July 1998:- P. Olko:
"The Microdosimetric One-Hit Detector Model for Solid State Dosimetry";- N.E. Ipe, A. Fasso, K.R. Kase, R. Kaur, P. Bilski, and P. Olko,
"Characterization of Low-Energy (6 - 30 keV) Response of Polish TLDs (MTS-N, MCP-N) withSynchrotron Radiation and Determination of Some Fundamental TLD Quantities";
- Th. Loncol, J.M. Denis, S. Vynckier, P. Scalliet, P. Bilski, M. Budzanowski, M.P.R. Waligorski, andP. Olko,"Proton "Irradiations of 7LiF:Mg, Ti Thermoluminescence Detectors: Influence of DopantConcentration on Dose Response and LET Dependence of TL Efficiency".
2. 19th International Conference on Nuclear Tracks in Solids, Besancon, France,31 August -4 September 1998:- D. Mazur, M. Janik, J. Loskiewicz, P. Olko, and J. Swakon,
"Measurements of Radon Concentration in Soil Gas by CR-39 Detectors".3. IV Symposium of the Croatian Radiation Protection Society, Zagreb, 11-13 November 1998:
- D. Mazur, J. Swakon, J. Bogacz, M. Janik, J. Loskiewicz, and P. Olko,"Research on Measurements of Radon Concentration in Dwellings and Soil at the Institute of NuclearPhysics in Krak6w".
Poster presentations:
1. 12th Solid State Dosimetry Conference, Burgos, Spain, 5-10 July 1998:- P. Bilski, P. Olko, M. Budzanowski, E. Ochab, and M.P.R. Waligorski,
"Optimisation of LiF:Mg,Ti Detectors for Dosimetry in Proton Radiotherapy";- P. Olko, P. Bilski, M. Budzanowski, M.P.R. Waligorski, A. Fasso, and N. Ipe,
"Modelling of the Thermoluminescence Response of LiF:Mg, Cu, P (MCP-N) Detectors After Doses ofLow Energy Photons";
- M. Budzanowski, J.C. Saez-Vergara, E. Ryba, P. Bilski, P. Olko, and M.P.R. Waligorski,"Estimation of the Time Elapsed between Exposure and Readout Using Peak Ratiosof LiF:Mg, Cu, P";
- P. Bilski, P. Olko, M. Budzanowski, E. Ryba, and M. Waligorski,"Development of Optimised Thermoluminescent LiF:Mg,Ti Detectors for Dosimetry in Radiotherapy";
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- J.C. Saez-Vergara, M. Budzanowski, J.M. Gomez-Ros , and A.M. Romero,"Thermally - Induced Fading of Individual Glow Peaks in LiF:Mg, Cu, P at Different StorageTemperatures";
- M.P.R. Waligorski, J. Lesiak, E. Bubula, E. Byrski, E. Ryba, P. Olko, and P. Bilski,"Application of Individually Calibrated Solid LiF:Mg, Ti (MTS-N) Detectors in Clinical Dosimetry".
INVITED TALKS:
1. 12th Solid State Dosimetry Conference, Burgos, Spain, 5-10 July 1998:- M. Waligorski,
"What Can Solid -State Detectors do for Clinical Dosimetry in Modern Radiotherapy"?
MEMBERS OF ORGANISING COMMITTEE:
1. P. Olko, 12th Solid State Dosimetry Conference, Burgos, 1998.
CHAIRMAN OF SESSION:
1. P. Olko, 12th Solid State Dosimetry Conference, Burgos, Spain, July 1998;2. P. Bilski, 12th Solid State Dosimetry Conference, Burgos, Spain, July 1998;3. M. Budzanowski, 12th Solid State Dosimetry Conference, Burgos, Spain, July 1998.
SCIENTIFIC DEGREES:1. E. Gruca, M.Sc.
SEMINARS:
INTERNAL:
1. S. Shvidkij,"Program EYPLAN for PC Computers";
2. A. Molokanov,"Detectors for Dosimetry of Therapeutic Proton Beams";
3. B. Marczewska,"Poli - and Monocrystalic CaF2:Tm Thermoluminescent Detectors";
4. M. Budzanowski,"Acreditation of Research Laboratory";
5. G. Hahn-Mendoza,"Applications of Miniature Thermoluminescent Detectors for Dose Estimationin Brachytherapy of Eye Tumours";
6. E. Ryba,"Preparatory Works on Accreditation of the Laboratory of Radiation Dose Measurements with the TLMethod";
7. J.M. Gomes-Ros,"Applications of Glow Curve Analysis (GCA) to the Study of Thermoluminescence Processes andThermoluminescence Dosimetry";
8. J. Heese,"Proton Beam Treatments of Eye Tumours at the Hahn-Meitner Institute Berlin";
9. H. Homayer,"Modern Applications of Fast Ions".
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LECTURES AND COURSES:
1. M.P.R. Walig6rski,"Radiotherapy, Radiobiology and Dosimetry in Oncology", two 1-semester undergraduate courses givento 4* and 3 year students of the Department of Physics and Nuclear Techniques, University of Mining andMetallurgy, Krak6w, Poland;
2. P. Olko,"Introduction to Radiation Protection", lecture to 4th year students of Collegium Medicum.
SHORT TERM VISITORS:
1. Dr L. Duggan, Newcastle Mater Hospital, Newcastle, Australia;2. Dr J.M. Gomes-Ros, Centro de Investigaciones Energeticas Medioambientales y Tecnologicas (CIEMAT),
Madrid, Spain;3. Prof. G. Hahn- Mendoza, Central University Venezuela, Caracas, Venezuela;4. Dr J. Heese, Hahn - Meitner Institut, Berlin, Germany;5. Prof, H. Homeyer, Hahn - Meitner Institut, Berlin, Germany, Germany;6. Dr A. Molokonov, Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Lab. of Nuclear Problems, Dubna, Russia;7. DrA.M. Romero, C.I.E.M.A.T., Madrid, Spain;8. Dr S. Shvidkij, Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Lab. of Nuclear Problems, Dubna, Russia.
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PL9902606
CYCLOTRON SECTION
Head of Section: Edmund Bakewicz, M.Sc, E.E.Telephone: (48) (12) 637-02-22 ext.: 365e-mail: [email protected]
PERSONNEL:
Research Staff:
Henryk Doruch, M.Sc, E.E. Ryszard Taraszkiewicz, Ph.D.Jerzy Starzewski, M.Sc, E.E.
Technical Staff:
Krzysztof Daniel, M.Sc., E.E ^*l J^fTadeusz Francuz Wojciech PyzK>łJerzy Korecki, M.Sc, E.E. Bogusław SalachMieczysław Kubica J a c e k Sulikowski, M.Sc.Bogdan Lipka ^ " T f t M <: vJanusz Łagisz ^arek ™ a c h - M ' S c ' R
Maria Mirek R y s z a r d T a r c z o n
Tadeusz Norys
OVERVIEW:
The main aim of our Department is to put into operation the AIC-144 cyclotron for medical purposes.In 1998 the following works were performed:
1. The new R.F. generator for AIC - 144 cyclotron was put into operation. We carried out many tests infull range of frequency (from 10 MHz up to 27.5 MHz) and power (up to 120 kW). The remote controlof generator from operation room was designed, made and checked. Many efforts were done to improveQ-factor of the resonator. The new electrical contacts between resonator and acceleration chamber weremade; improving of the energetic fitting resonator-feeder was performed. The new moving system of thetrimmers was made and put into operation. We carried out some experiments with a model of theresonator leading to improve-ment of the energetic parameters for 18-27 MHz.
2. To obtain best acceleration and extraction of protons (20-60 MeV) and deuterons (10-30 MeV) the seriesof measurements of the magnetic field were carried out. Then, the proper correction of the magnetic fieldstructure was made. Inside the acceleration chamber the ferromagnetic correcting units were mounted.The fine structure of the field was corrected (decrease of the 1st harmonic's amplitude in the center and inthe extraction region). Then, as a result of the series of measurements and experiments in 1998 for thefirst time we obtained a proton beam with energy about 40 MeV (internal beam). The maximal energiesof deuterons (30 MeV) and a-particles (60 MeV) were reached. For the first time we used inner beam ofprotons to obtain isotope 1 ! C after irradiation of the B2O3 targets.
326
3. In cooperation with the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research in Dubna, calculations and computersimulation of the beam extraction system for protons, deuterons and a-particles were carried out. Allneeded materials and arrangement for building the extraction system were bought. The technicaldocumentation was prepared together with our Division of Mechanical Construction. Some componentsof the extraction system (the magnetic channels) were made in 1998. All system will be finished and putinto operation in 1999.
4. For lack of financial support our efforts on the computer control of the AIC-144 cyclotron were generallystopped. Only the computer stand for control of the powej?' supplies from operation room was developedand put into operation.
Bakewicz
LIST OF PUBLICATIONS:Articles:
1. B. Petelenz, R. Misiak, E. Ochab, E. Bakewicz,Posibilities for Production of Medial Radioisotopes on the AIC-144 Cyclotron in the Institute of NuclearPhysics,Proc. of the National Conf. of Nucl. And Radiochem. „ 100-Th Anniversary of the Discovery of Poloniumand Radium", Kaziniierz Dolny, P{oland, 18-21 May 1998 and Nukleonika 43 (1998) 429.
Reports:
1. O.N. Borisov, (E. Bakewicz, H. Doruch, K. Daniel, T. Kwiecien, R. Taraszkiewicz) et al.,New Beam Extraction System for the AIC-144 Cyclotron,Communication of the JINR E9-98-130 (1998);
2. J. Halik, B. Petelenz, E. Ochab, E. Bakewicz, R. Misiak, L. Zr6dlowski, J. Ligocki, J. Kotula,Internal Target Assembly for Activation of Metallic Targets in the Cyclotron AIC-144, Part 2:Mechanical Design, Stage 1 (in Polish),IFJ Report 1813/C (1998);
3. B. Petelenz, E. Bakewicz, M. Bartyzel, E. Ochab, H. Doruch,Obtaining of uCfrom B2O3 Target Bombarded by the Internal Proton Beam in the AIC-144 Cyclotron(in Polish),IFJ Report 1814/C (1998).
GRANTS:Grants from PAA:
1. E. Bakewicz - grant No A43(l 1/IN/97),Construction of the Extraction System for AIC-144 Cyclotron" (end of the realization - 30.03.1998);
2. E. Bakewicz - grant No A60 (6/IN/98),Construction of the Extraction System of Protons and Deuterons for Cancel Radiotherapy" (end of therealization-30.12.1998).
SEMINARS:
EXTERNAL:
1. E. Bakewicz,,,Present Status and Perspectives of the AIC-144 Cyclotron Exploatation",23.10.1998, PAA, Warszawa, Poland.
327
INTERNAL:
1. E. Bakewicz, H. Doruch,,,The Electrostatic Elements of the Extraction System of the AIC-144 Cyclotron";
2. E. Bakewicz, H. Doruch, R. Taraszkiewicz,„ Analysis of the Experimental Results Leading to Obtaining 60 MeV Protons and 30 MeV Deuterons";
3. E. Bakewicz, R. Taraszkiewicz,,,Main Characteristics of the Special Materials for the Beam Extraction Systems of the Cyclotrons";
4. J. Korecki,,,Data Acquisition and Control System ADAM-Application for High-Current Power Supplies of the AIC-144 Cyclotron";
5. N. Morozow (JINR, Dubna), K. Daniel,,,The AIC-144 Cyclotron Magnetic Field Structure; Measurements and the Next Iterations";
6. N. Morozow (JINR, Dubna),Calculations of the Isochronous Fields for Protons and Deuterons Acceleration";
7. J. Sulikowski, W. Rautian (TIRA, Petersburg),,,Problems of the Optimal Tunings H.F. Generator ,,Krakowiak" and the Resonanse Contour of the AIC-144 Cyclotron";
8. M. Talach,,,Conditions of the Resonance System Modernisation for the Highest Frequencies of the AIC-144Cyclotron";
9. B. Wojniak,,,Modern Vacuum Systems".
SHORT TERM VISITORS:
1. Dr Dora de Castro Rubio Poll, Institute of Energy and Nuclear Research, Sao Paulo, Brazil;2. Dr Wanderley de Lima, Sao Paulo, Brazil;3. Dr Y. Jahanbakhsh, NRC, AEOI, Teheran, Iran;4. Dr E. Petrov, Russian Institute for Power Radiobuilding, St. Petersburg, Russia;5. DrW. Rautian, Russian Institute for Power Radiobuilding, St. Petersburg, Russia;6. E. Goriunow, M.Sc, TIRA, St. Petersburg, Russia;7. S. Maslov, M.Sc., TIRA, St. Petersburg, Russia;8. DrN. Morozov, JINR, Dubna, Russia;9. Dr E. Iller, Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology, Warszawa, Poland;10. Prof. St. Kulinski, JNP, Swierk, Poland;11. Dr M. Pachan, INP, Swierk, Poland;12. Dr E. Plawski, INP, Swierk, Poland;13. Dr J. Sura, INP, Swierk, Poland.
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PL9902607
CYCLIC ACCELERATOR R&DSECTION
Head of Division: Assoc. Prof. Jerzy Schwabetelephone: (48) (12) 637-02-22 ext.: 371, 381e-mail: [email protected]://www.ifj.edu.pl/cyklo.html
PERSONNEL:
Research Staff:Jerzy Schwabe, Assoc. Prof. Helena Godunowa, M.Sc, Chem. Eng.Andrzej Balmas, M.E. Maria Potempa, E.E
OVERVIEW:
During the last year our division has been engaged in research on the following topics:• theoretical investigations on maximal orbit separation in the extraction zone of the AIC-144 S and other isochronous cyclotrons.• designing an optimum extraction system for the AIC-144 S.• Space Charge Effect on acceleration dynamics of p, d high intensity beams in anisochronous cyclotron intended to be a driver in Accelerator Driven System.• H~ beam dynamics simulations for case of the Rez-U 120 M cyclotron performed interms of optimizing the acceleration parameters (in the frame of collaboration agreementwith INP, Rez near Prague, Czech Rep.).
Cooperation with other cyclotron divisions:JINR, Dubna, Russia; INP, Rez near Prague, Czech Rep.; PINP, Gatchina-St. Petersburg,Russia.
Assoc. Professor Jerzy Schwabe
330
REPORTS ON RESEARCH:
PL9902608
Progress in Designing of the Extraction System for the AIC-144J. Schwabe and H. Godunowa
The further investigations were worked out in terms of optimizing beam extraction from the AIC-144. Numerous beam dynamics simulations performed with MAIC codes have shown that parametersthe beam has when entering the separation zone have a great influence on extraction efficiency to bereached. At first, our emphasis was placed on the beam parameters that the beam comes into theseparation zone with. The matter of the study was to answer the question: which ones and to whatextent the beam parameters affect the efficiency of beam extraction. As shown in Fig. 1, the extractionregion was divided into three contractual zones: the beam formation zone, the beam separation zoneand the beam extraction zone.
UOt:KHITH0UT H i n i l t UIMJIM 14M>gr1 tirjdl
or oewi PHnse spncc BY NII C - 144 S 60 M*V tp)
NO USING
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SIMULATION or »E«M PHnse SOACE BY USING NMPSn I c - 144 s ceo nsv p>
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Fig. 1 Fig. 2
Beam formation during acceleration process
The computer simulations of beam dynamics of its run in the formation zone have indicated thatthere exists a possibility to improve the beam parameters by making the proper choice of the negativeacceleration phase and its gradient; in other words creating the "hole" in the negative accelerationphase run allows to form the beam as desired, see Fig. 2. Fig. 1, in turn, shows the case without
RACHI o f 1X>.4 SCAM PHASE SPACE POINTSAT EXTIWCnON AZMUTH 240 6* (AIC-144)
40
S i
sa
54
ElATI
HEROY OF 1,2.3.4 BEAM PH.SP. POMT5JCTRACTtOH AZIMUTH 240 4ag0UC-144)
R>M«. R*\«* ^
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E
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Fig. 3 Fig. 4
preliminary formation of a beam, for more details see also Ref. [1]. Using this way of beam formationone can reduce the radial extent of a beam and its energy spread, see Figs. 3 and 4. Besides this itis possible to shape a beam in a such way that allows to avoid the "phase barrier effect". By the"phase barrier effect" we define the phenomenon of particle deceleration in the extraction zone that
331
occurs when acceleration phase gets over a value of Fa > 7r/2. This effect, if not controlled, causesthe significant beam intensity losses during extraction and therefore is undesirable. Fig. 5 gives anillustration of the "phase barrier effect", that is reported in more details in Refs [1, 2].
COM.SIMU-«TI0N OF THE «CC.PH«ae BURS IEF» EFFECTIN T « SEOIWIT tCN ZONE OT EXTRACTION HEOION
Fig. 5
References:
1. J. Schwabe, H. Godunowa, " Proposal for Efficiency Improvement of Beam Extraction from the AIC-144.Beam Formation During its Acceleration", IFJ Report No 1805;
2. J. Schwabe, Nucl. Instr. and Meth. A 368 (1996) 593.
Beam Separation ProblemsJ. Schwabe and H. Godunowa PL9902609
Beam separation simulations performed for the AIC-144 revealed complexity of the process. Thedifficulties with separation we had experienced during beam extraction trials are mainly due to a highorbit density which features the AIC-144 as well as other IC of the similar type. The high orbit densitycaused by the low energy gain per turn brings increasing the time spent by particles in the resonanceregion. This region is in the separation zone, see Fig. 1 in the previous section. In case of the AIC-144the region ranges within Ar = 1.2 cm, where particles do about 20 turns, see Fig. 1. Passing throughthe resonance region the beam experiences the different kinds of resonance excitations. Due to linearresonance, see Fig. 2, when Qr = 1 ± 0.03, the radial amplitude of oscillations increases after 9 turnsand accounts to about Aa ~ 0.6 cm. Because of non-linear resonance of the 4th order the amplitudeincreases after 1.5 turns up to around Aa ~ 1.5 -4-1.8 cm, see Fig. 3. As a rule, these oscillations areincoherent if beam radial phase spaces are large. However, by decreasing the angle of beam radialphase space slope in the region it is possible to reduce partly this incoherence.
n<!~) I N CXTRflCTION REOXOfM
-••
a
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'1
firT
"—i6S 7« TI M « « « IBS US 116 113 120 125 130
R A D I U S
0,8
RADW. FREE 06OUATI0N AMPUTUMSFOR 4-SPACE PHASE CONTROL POINTSATQT-1.0O223 TO 0.S9B5 (SEPARATION ZONE)
ao(cm)
Fig. 1 Fig. 2
332
It is difficult to eliminate the influence of these resonances up on extraction process because of thelow energy gain per turn. Therefore, it is necessary that the acceleration phase should be 0 in theseparation zone, and the span of the zone minimized.
EXCIRFITION OF BEFW1 (WDIW. Nl RESONnNCCVS INITIf lL RKJWL nMPl_ITUQC «T DUTeRENT VCJ <KV )
INITIWL WMPLirUOE : ma to»1
Fig. 3
The simulations performed indicated that in case of the AIC-144 so-called "resonant"extractionmethod (making use of LR+ NLR) loses its advantages for the reason of the low energy gain perturn (low values of acceleration phase in the separation zone). Besides this, there is a probabilitythat the beam gets uncontrollably into the zone of the fringe magnetic field, see Fig. 4, where itslarger part is likely to be lost but its remainder will be radially deformed. It is noteworthy, that inthe separation zone, where Qr ~ 1, the particles are usually under the influences of actions of threetypes, which affect them in conjunction; these are: linear resonance LR, non-linear resonance NLR
oem anvxT 9CPDwrzaN ©v UBINO NL.a-excxrnnoNWITH LOW CNER6V SPRERO CT 4-CONTfVX. POINTS
«P 4 MMTML M K IftKC K4HH
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Fig. 4 Fig. 5
and the phenomenon of orbit precession. Their using in combination and in a proper way permits thehigh values of extraction coefficient to be reached. After performing numerous computer simulations,the optimum combination of these effects was finally found for the AIC-144. Introducing the firstsubharmonic in the zone where QT < 1.003 is expected to be most favorable. In this case one gets fastexcitation of LR that in turn excites the NLR of the 4th order. The first introduced subharmonic alsobrings orbit precession in the relevant direction Qr < 1, where the magnetic field is perturbed. It isthis combination that provides the beam orbit to be controllably brought into the AIC-144 extractionsystem, see Fig. 5.
The other way, contrary to the first one, consists decreasing influences of LR and NLR as far as itis possible. In this case the first subharmonic has to be introduced into the magnetic field before theseparation zone input, for the AIC-144 in the range of radii 62 -j- 62.25 cm. Doing so, it is possible toobtain the orbit precession with low amplitudes of free oscillations and after about 3 or 4 turns thebeam can be brought out into the fringe magnetic field region where the AIC-144 extraction systemis placed, see Fig. 6.
333
[ORBIT acpmwtioN er us INS PRECUBXON[ PI I C - 1 A 4 I B O H I V t p ?
u1
ins mi
J\11/1
Fig. 6
However, using this method one has to take into ac-count developing the radial orbit asymmetry, whichdepends on the energy of accelerated particles, seeFig. 4. Simulation plots shown in Figs 5 and 6 forthe two outlined methods allow merits and demer-its of them to be compared. Utilizing the secondmethod one can encounter the difficulties (orbit de-formation develops), that arise when operating cy-clotron in the variable-energy mode. Our study onseparation problem for the AIC-144 will be pre-sented in details in the paper which actually is be-ing prepared to be reported.
LIST OF PUBLICATIONS:
Report:
1. J. Schwabe, H. Godunowa, "Proposal for Efficiency Improvement of Beam Extraction from theAIC-144. Beam Formation During its Acceleration", IFJ Report 1805/AP (1998).
SEMINARS:
INTERNAL:
1. J. Schwabe,"A Space Charge EflFect on the Beam Dynamics in Some Isochronous Cyclotrons.Consideration of Some Compensation Methods";
2. J. Schwabe,"Progress in Designing of the Extraction System for the AIC-144. Optimum Conditions forBeam Separation";
3. H. Godunowa,"Formation of a Beam During its Acceleration on IC".
335
PL9902610
COMPUTING AND NETWORKS
Head: dr Zbigniew Jakubowskitelephone: (48) (12) 637-02-22 ext.: 293 (Main Site)
(48) (12) 633-33-66 ext.: 48 (High Energy Physics Lab.)e-mail: [email protected]
PERSONNEL:Head: Zbigniew Jakubowski, Ph.D.
Software Group:Aneta Baran, M.Sc, E.E.Krystyna Batko, M.Sc., E.E.Antoni Cyz, E.E.
Support Group:Pawel MalotaZofia Kawula
Aleksander Potocki, M.Sc., E.E.Piotr Szular, M.Sc.Witold Wajda, M.Sc.
Jacek RospondWladyslaw Piasecki
OVERVIEW:
The responsibility of the Network Group covers:
- providing central services like WWW, DNS (Domain Name Server), mail, etc.;- maintenance and support of the Local Area Networks,;- operation of the Wide Area Networks (LAN);- the support of the central UNIX servers and desktop workstations;- VAX/VMS cluster operation and support.
The two-processor HP-UNIX K-200 and 6-processor SGI Challenge XL servers were deliveringstable services to our users. Both servers were upgraded during the past year. SGI Challenge receivedadditional 256 MB of memory. It was neccessary in order to get all benefits of true 64-bit architectureof the SGI IRIX 6.2. The upgrade of our HP K-200 server were problematic so we deceided to buya new powerfull machine and join the old and new machine via the fast network. Besides thesemain servers we have more than 30 workstations from IBM, DEC, HP, SGI and SUN. We observeda real race in PC technology in the past year. Intel processors deliver currently a performance that iscomparable with HP or SUN workstations at very low costs. These CPU power is aspecially visibleunder Linux that is free Unix-like operating system. The clusters of cheap PC computers should beseriously considered in planning the computing power for the future experiments. The CPU powerwas further decentralized—smaller but powerful computers cover growing computing demands of ourwork-groups creating a small "local computing centers". The stable network and the concept of centralservices plays the essential role in this scenario.
336
Unfortunately the network performance for the international communications is persistently unac-ceptable. We belive that attempts to join the European Quantum project is the only way to achievethe reasonable international network performance. In these plan polish scientific community will gain34 Mbps international link. The growing costs of the "real meetings" give us no alternative to "virtualmeetings" via the network in the international collaboration.
Our LANs realized in the standard coax cable technology have reached their capacity. The totallength of coax cable lines exceeds well 5 km. Thunderstorms in the summer 1997 resulted in majordamages of the backbone network of the main site. In spring 98 we have constructed a new bacbones forboth IFJ sites. We have used fast CISCO switches in both locations. More than 800 m of lightguideswere laid. The base for the new cabling technology was created. It is also impossible to change all thenetwork technology within a year because of the cost reasons. The general concept of these hardwarechange is inspired by the spider web. We tried to achieve an evolutional change from old to newhardware by building the new infrastructure upon the existing one thus minimizing costs and usersdiscomfort. With the change to fibers and structural cabling we are ready for the further technologicalstep i.e. the change to 100 Mbps technology.
VAX/VMS operating system is being slowly out phased in major physics laboratories. Shiftingcentral services from VMS to UNIX and/or making VMS services available to non-VMS users wasone of the central issues of the past year. The VAX/VMS systems have been definitely out phasedduring 1998. The era of VAX computers is finisched.
The growing complication of the financial laws requires the change in the administration of theInstitute. It is no longer possible to have separate personnel, financial etc. systems. With the healthsystem reform it is no longer possible to operate on split systems and add the results "per saldo".Instead every person has it own account and that fact plays essential role in the whole administrationsystem. That requires from the Network Group serious preparation in terms of support, backup andnetwork security.
Being given the limited manpower of our Group we have been trying to deliver the best possiblesupport to our users. Growing discrepancy between science and the "free market" makes it very hardto keep the reasonable service niveau due to staff instability.
Dr Zbigniew Jakubowski
GRANTS:
Grant from the State Committee for Scientific Research:
1. Dr Z. Jakubowski - grants KBN No 1038/IA-LAN/97 and No 1038/IA-LAN/98,"The Extension of the Local Area Network of the Institute of Nuclear Physics".
SCIENTIFIC DEGREES:
1. Krystyna Batko, M.Sc, I.E.2. Piotr Szular, M.Sc.
337
PL9902611
DIVISIONOF MECHANICAL CONSTRUCTION
Head of Division: Jerzy Halik, M.Sc, M.E.Deputy Head of Division: Leszek Żródłowski, M. E.telephone: (48) (12) 637-02-22 ext.: 459e-mail: [email protected]
PERSONNEL:Head: Jerzy Halik, M.Sc, M.E.
Design Section
Head: Leszek Żródłowski, M.E
Engineers:
Zbigniew CiochBogusława HożewskaJerzy KotułaJózef Ligocki
Technicians:
Piotr Mazur
Construction Section
Head: Jerzy Halik, M.Sc., M.E.
Engineers:
Barbara DzieżaTadeusz Śmiałowski
Technicians:
Jarosław AdamekZdzisław BłaszczakMirosław DubielJerzy GrzybekKrzysztof GrzybekJerzy KantorskiJan MajkaJózef Michniak
Andrzej RyśWitold SobalaKrzysztof WiśniewskiWiesława Tałach
Marek Wróbel
Józef RogowskiRoman RomanowAndrzej SewerynMaciej SowińskiWładysław SzwajaHenryk ŚwierkZbigniew TochPiotr Topolski
338
Julian Mizioł Zygfryd TrulkaWacław Nędza Jerzy WcisłoMirosław Papież Ryszard ZającStanisław Pelc Zbigniew ZasadzkiRyszard Pyzioł Bogusław ZiębaMaciej Rachwalik
OVERWIEV:
The Department of Mechanical Construction consists of the Design Group and the MechanicalWorkshop.The activity of the Department includes the following:
• designs of devices and equipment for experiments in physics and their mechanical construction andassembly, particularly vacuum chambers and installations for HV and UHV;
• maintenance and upgrading of the existing installations and equipment in our Institute;• participation of our engineers and technicians in design works, equipment assembly and maintenance
for experiments in foreign laboratories.
The Design Group is equipped with PC-computers and AutoCad graphic software (release 12 and 13)what allows to make drawings and a mechanical documentation which meets world standards. AlsoANSYS (version 5.2) - a software for mechanical, heat and magnetic calculations using finite-elementsmethods is used in our design activity.The Mechanical Workshop can offer a wide range of machining and treatment methods with satisfactorytolerances and surface quality. The Workshop offers the following possibilities:
• turning - cylindrical elements of a length up to 2000 mm and a diameter up to 400 mm, and alsodisc-type elements of a diameter up to 600 mm and a length not exceeding 300 mm;
• milling -elements of length up to 1000 mm and gear wheels of diameter up to 300 mm;• grinding - flat surfaces of dimensions up to 300 mm x 1000 mm and cylindrical elements of
a diameter up to 200 mm and a length up to 800 mm;• drilling - holes of a diameter up to 50 mm;• welding - electrical and gas welding, including TIG vacuum-tight welding;• soft and hard soldering;• mechanical works including precision engineering;• plastics treatment - machining and polishing using diamond milling, modelling, lamination of various
shapes and materials, including plexiglas, scintillators and light-guides;• painting - paint spraying with possibility of using furnace-fired drier of internal dimensions of 800
mm x 800 mm x 800 mm.
Our workshop posses CNC milling machine which can be used for machining of work-pieces up to500 kg. The machine allows the following tool movements in particular axes: X - 1000 mm, Y - 500 mm,Z - 500 mm; it is controlled by HEIDENHAIN 407 Control System, and ensures the accuracy andreproducibility of machining of 0.01 mm in each of the axis.
In 1998 the Department of Mechanical Construction designed, manufactured and assembled anequipment for the following foreign laboratories:
• Deutches Elektronen Synchrotron, Hamburg, FRG;• Jagiellonian University, Krakow;• Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA;• University of Rochester. Rochester, NY, USA;• Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, USA.
339
Besides the large designs and systems described below, some interesting works have been made for thedepartments of our Institute and other institutions:
1. The works for Cyclotron Section:
• The assembly of dipole magnet for extraction the cyclotron beam:- design and manufacturing of technological device for winding magnet coils;- winding of 16 coils;- manufacturing and assembly of magnet collars driving system;- design and manufacturing of vacuum chamber placed inside the magnet;- manufacturing of magnet cooling system;
• assembly of remachined magnet yoke and mentioned above units.Finalizing of design and manufacturing of magnetic channel I;
• Design and manufacturing of magnetic channel II;• Design and manufacturing of a device for magnetic field measurements in the region of magnetic
channel I inside the cyclotron chamber;• Design of a device for measurements magnetic field in the region of magnetic channel II inside the
cyclotron chamber;• Design of deflector II for extraction cyclotron beam outside the cyclotron chamber.
2. Manufacturing of mechanical elements of gradient coils.3. Manufacturing of Anti-coincidence Shielding for Low-Background Measurements of Radioactive
Contaminations of the Environment.4. The upgrade of Luminosity Monitor for ZEUS Experiment at DESY.5. Manufacturing of experimental chamber frames for SHOWER Detector at HADES Experiment at GSI
in Darmstadt.6. Experimental Chamber for Free Electron Laser Project on Tesla Test Facility at DESY.7. Supports for diagnostic equipment of TTF FEL Project at DESY .
REPORTS ON ACTIVITY:
In this report the most important installations and devices designed and manufactured at theDepartment of Mechanical Construction are shown.
Detector Enclosures for PHOBOS ExperimentPreliminary Design
W. Bogucki, J. Godlewski, J. Halik, and J. Kotula PL9902612
A correct performance of silicon detectors and their electronics requires keeping them in air havingconstant and appropriate parameters. Namely air humidity must be kept at a level of 20%±10% and airtemperature at 15°C. Besides , dry air in the detectors environment will exclude condensation process onsurfaces of heat exchangers of detector cooling system and particularly on a surface of a read-outelectronics. The air humidity at the inlet of enclosures should be controlled and monitored. The mainpurpose of using enclosures for PHOBOS silicon detectors is to ensure such conditions.
The range of detector enclosures design includes:• installation for supplying dry air to the silicon detector space (two arms of spectrometer, vertex
detector and multiplicity rings);
340
• system of supporting structure and thin screens (made of mylar foil and thin plastic or metal sheets)forming a sort of closed "tents" for particular components of detector - one common "tent" for twoarms of spectrometer and vertex detector and six separate "tents" for multiplicity rings;
• control and monitoring system of the supplied air parameters and status of particular components ofinstallation.
Air parameters:
• experimental hall:• environment of detectors:
temperature 15 °C, relative humidity < 50 %,temperature 15 °C, relative humidity 20 % ±10 %,
• inside the enclosed space an over-pressure of about 50 Pa should be kept in order to excludea penetration of humid air and contamination from experimental hall space.
It is foreseen to design six separate enclosures for multiplicity rings and one common enclosure for twoarms of spectrometer and vertex detector or five separate enclosures for multiplicity rings and one commonenclosure for two arms of spectrometer, vertex detector and one multiplicity ring closest to the vertexdetector.
To ensure the required air parameters the installation equipped with compressor unit and water coolerhas been proposed. It can be operated at lower air pressure and dries the air to final relative humidity (p =20 % (at t = 15 °C). Applying the system of pressure stabilisation and constant temperature at the inlet, thefacility can ensure the best accuracy of relative humidity stabilisation. Using the cooling water oftemperature about 20 °C one can achieve the required humidity for the pressure 1.5 to 4 bars.
Besides a monitoring system of air parameters inside the enclosures has been proposed. It monitors thefollowing parameters:
• temperature of air and its humidity in each space surrounded by enclosures. For spectrometer armsand vertex detector enclosure two sets of sensors are foreseen. It gives total number of 8 sets oftemperature and humidity sensors;
• pressure in each separate space - 7 sensors of pressure;• pressure and temperature at a source outlet;• temperature and humidity at the inlet and outlet of a system of air temperature stabilisation.
Fig. 1: Detector enclosure of central part of PHOBOS detector.
341PL9902613
Mechanical Structure for Time of Flight Wall for PHOBOSExperiment
F. Wolfs1, R. Pak1, J. Halik, J. Kotula, and X Ligocki
University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
According to the requirements defined by our colleagues from University of Rochester the designmechanical structure for TOF Walls for PHOBOS experiment have been prepared.
Design consists of following units:
1. mounting fixture - a unit used to keep in a position a set of four scintillators and 8 light-guides andtwo photomultipliers placed on both sides of scintillators;
2. a frame used for mounting in array 30 mounting fixture with 120 scintillators defining TOF Wall;3. set of plates and rails for moving and positioning the frames of TOF Wall in a proper position in
relation to the IP with accuracy of 0.5 mm;4. movable support for used for transportation and installation of TOF Wall I inside the magnet yoke
and;5. movable table similar to the mentioned above but equipped with a set of adjustment bolts to keep and
plates to keep TOF Wall II in position outside the magnet.
Besides the complete design which has been almost completed in 1998 the following elements and unitshas been manufactured in the workshop:
• 500 pieces of light-guides has been made using the diamond tools and machining parameters chosenin our workshop;
• 4 devices for gluing scintillators and light guides have been designed and manufactured;• 65 sets of mounting fixture have been machined and assembled.
Fig. 1: PHOBOS detector with TOF Wall.
342pL99026i4
Internal Target Assembly for the Activation at the AIC-144 Cyclotron.Mechanical Design of assembly - stage I
B. Petelenz, E. Ochab, E. Bakewicz, R. Misiak, J. Halik, L. Zrodlowski, J. Ligocki,and J. Kotula
Aiming at production of neutron-deficient isotopes at the AIC-144 cyclotron, a project on constructionof the internal target assembly has been initiated in the Department of Nuclear Physical Chemistry, in theco-operation with the Cyclotron Section and the Division of Mechanical Constructions of this Institute, andwith the Laboratory of Nuclear Reactions of JINR, Dubna. During the 1998, a mechanical design of mainpart of assembly has been proposed and purchased before mechanical parts have been delivered owing tothe investment grant from the State Committee of Scientific Research.In this stage of design 3D drawing files of following units has been made:
• intermediate vacuum chamber (Fig. 1) with two main ports for co-axial with a path of targetmovement, two ports perpendicular to main ones one of them used for assembly and disassembly of atarget, one port equipped with a window used for observation of target assembly and a port forvacuum diagnostic;
• gripping mechanism consisting of two jaws used for clamping the target plate to the target body,guiding element made of stainless steel pipe, cooling system placed inside the guiding element, andtwo rods transferring the clamping force from pneumatic actuator to the jaws, special blockingmechanism which keeps the target in the position in emergency case (a drop of air pressure).
Besides pneumatic system distributing compressed air to particular components as actuator, vacuum valves,cooling system has been prepared.The different ways of transport system from experimental hall to the radio-chemical laboratory has beendiscussed but final decision will be taken after the calculation and simulation of radiation inside the hall.
Fig. 1: Intermediate vacuum chamber of internal target assembly.
343
LIST OF PUBLICATIONS:
Article:
1. H.-G. Ortlepp, (L. Zrodtowski) at al.,"The 4 TV-fragment-spectrometer FOBOS",Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research A 403 (1998) 65.
Other conference material:
1. Z. Stachura, (Z. Cioch) at al.,"Design and First Results of the Nuclear Microprobe in Cracow",ICNMTA-98, 6-th Int. Conf. on Nuclear Microprobe Technique and Applications, Spier Estate, SouthAfrica, 11-16 October 1998.
Reports:
1. W. Bogucki, J. Halik, J. Kotuta, J. Godlewski,"Detector Enclosures for PHOBOS Experiment at BNL. Preliminary Design ",MIT Report 98 - 122;
2. B. Petelnz, (J. Halik, L. Zrodtowski, J. Ligocki, J. Kotuta) at al.,"Internal Target Assembly for the Activations at the AIC-144 Cyclotron. Pt. II.Mechanical Design of the Assembly - Stage I",IFJ Report No 1813/C (1998).
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345
PL9902615
MAGNETIC FIELD WATER TREATMENTSECTION
Head of Section: Marek Kopec, M.Sc.telephone: (48) (12) 637-02-22 exL: 476, 475e-mail: [email protected]
PERSONNEL:
Research Staff:
Marek Koped, M.Sc. Antoni Szkatula, Ph.D. (retired)
OVERVIEW:
In the last year the activity of the team was focused on industrial implementing of methods developed, aswell as on designing and implementing devices for magnetohydrodynamic water treatment and water filtrationin the magnetic field.- Phase I of research for Ostrowiec Stealworks in Ostrowiec Swie_tokrzyski (IFJ N-3454 Research) on thepossibilities of implementation of the methods of magnetohydrodynamic water treatment in water and sewagecircuits, as well as of the method of filtration in the magnetic field were completed. In this part of research,phase analyses of deposits from water and sewage circuits were carried out. In the rolling mill circuit ofOstrowiec Stellworks, a magnetic filter with a capacity of 200 m3/h, designed in the Institute of NuclearPhysics was installed and tested. Implementation of this filter is predicted for the year 1999.
- Research for the Kozienice Power Station in Swierie G6rne (IFJ N-3450 Research) on determination of thephase composition of total suspended solids in water-steam circuits was completed.
- A preliminary evaluation was completed on economic effects of implementation of the prototype magneticfilter FM-500 which has been operational since 1993 in the circuit of turbine condensate cleaning in the 225MW unit in the power station in Potaniec.
Marek Kope6
346
REPORT ON RESEARCH: PL9902616
Determination of the Phase Composition of Total Suspended Solids (TSS)in Water-Steam Circuits in the 200 and 500 MW Power Units
M. Kopec, A.Szkatuta, and J. Kraczka
Considering the planned installation of devices for cleaning turbine condensate in the 200 and 500 MWpower units in the Kozienice Power Plant, the authors conducted phase analyses of total suspended solids(TSS) in water-steam circuits of the plant. The samples were obtained by filtering of the predeterminedvolume of the condensate through membrane filters, and also taken during stoppages of power units directlyfrom the water-drums of boilers and from water supplying tanks.
Products of corrosion, i.e. iron oxides and hydroxides, are main components of TSS in water-steamcircuits of a power plant. The selection of the proper method of condensate cleaning depends on the phasecomposition of these contaminants. If TSS are composed mostly of ferromagnetic corrosion products(magnetite, maghemite, metallic iron), the most technologically and economically viable cleaning system is inthe form of magnetic filters with a ferromagnetic bed suspended in the magnetic field.
For all samples the authors conducted chemical and X-ray powder analyses, as well as photographed themusing a scanning electron microscope (at the Institute of Forensic Investigations in Krakow) at magnificationsof 100-5,000 times. Mossbauer spectroscopic measurements were carried out as the essential method of phasecomposition determinations. An exemplary Mossbauer spectra of the samples, and their Mo'ssbauerparameters are presented below.
V£LOCITY(mm/s) VELOCITY(mm/s)
Fig. 1: Mossbauer spectra of samples K-1, and K-7.
Table 1: Mossbauer parameters of sample K-1 collected during a power start-up, as well as sample K-7 takenduring stoppage of a power unit.
SampleK-1
K-7
aff.m51.849.446.133.3
51.249.145.632.9
Subspectrumsextetsextet Isextet II
sextetdoublet
sextetsextet Isextet IIsextet
Relative area17%68%
8%7 %
12%
84%
4 %
Interpretationa-Fe2C>3
Fe3O4
a-Fenon-magnetic phase withFe3+ oct.a-FeaOsFe3O4
a-Fe
347
Fig. 2: Scanning microscopy image of sample K-5. Fig. 3: Scanning microscopy image of sample K-7.
IFJ AUTHOR INDEX:
349
Adamczak A., 15,16Adamski A., 79Bakewicz E., 295, 342Balewski J.T., 28Bałanda M., 104, 105Banaś E., 161Baron V., 106, 107Bartke J., 213, 215Bartyzel M., 295Bednarczyk P., 58, 59Białas A., 197Białkowski E., 32Bilski P., 295, 313, 314, 315, 316, 318, 319Blocki J., 213, 232, 233Bogacz J., 318Bogucki W., 197, 234, 339Bożek A., 161Bożek P., 118Broda R., 47,48,49, 50,51,52Broniowski W., 119, 120, 126Briickman P., 163Budzanowski A., 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 29, 197Budzanowski M., .. .313, 314, 315, 316, 317, 320Burda K., 75, 76Cebulska-Wasilewska A., 255, 256, 257, 258,259, 260, 261Cerkaski M., 120Chmaj T., 120Cholewa M., 80Cieślik K., 163, 164Cioch Z., 80Coghen T., 232, 234Czech B., 6Czerski P., 121Cyz A., 168, 169Czyż W., 197Dąbrowska A., 192, 193, 194, 195, 196Dąbrowska J., 243Dąbrowski B., 233, 234Despet H., 234Doruch H., 295Drozdowicz K., 243Drożdż S., 8, 9, 10, 17, 18Drwięga M., 79Dryzek E., 71Dryzek J., 70, 71Dutkiewicz E.M., 73Dyga W., 256, 258Florkowski W., 119
Fornal B., 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52Freindl L., 3,4Gaca P., 292Gajewski J., 261Gałuszka K., 163, 197, 234Gąsiorek St., 79Gdański T., 163Gładysz-Dziaduś E., 213, 214Godlewski J., 232, 233, 339Godunowa H., 330, 331Golec-Biernat K., 121, 122Górski A.Z., 19Görlich L., 168Grebosz J., 58, 59Grotowski K., 26Gruszecki M., 32Hajduk L., 168Hajduk R., 79, 80Hajduk Z., 163Halik J., 80, 339, 341, 342Hołyński R., 192, 193, 194, 195, 196, 197Horzela A., 122Hrynkiewicz A., 60, 74Huczkowski J., 261Hubert J. Z., 108Iwański W., 223Jagielski S., 221Jakiel J., 26, 27Janicki M., 29Janik M., 317, 318Jałocha P., 161, 163Jasiński A., 274, 276, 278, 280Jasińska M., 292Jaworski J., 81, 82, 83Jochym P.T., 306Kaczmarska A., 221Kamiński R., 125Kapłon J., 222, 224Kapusta P., 161, 223Kapuścik E., 122Karcz W., 29Kibiński J., 278Kistryn M., 5Kliczewski S., 3, 4, 5Kmiecik M., 53, 54Kmieć R., 66, 67, 68Kopeć M., 346Korcyl K., 163Kościelniak F., 32
350
Kotuła J., 197, 234, 339, 341, 342Kowalski M., 212Kozak K., 292, 294Kozela A., 7, 8Kozik E., 6Kraczka J., 69, 346Krasnowolski S., 256Królas W., 47, 49, 50, 51, 52Kruk R., 66, 67Kudzia D., 196Krzyżak A.T., 276, 280Kubica B., 291Kubis S., 123Kulessa B., 18Kulinowski P., 278Kulińska A., 60, 61, 62Kutschera M., 123, 201Kwapień J., 9, 10Kwiatkowska J., 65Kwiatek W.M., 72, 73Kwieciński J., 121, 124, 125Lach M., 58Lekka M., 74Lekki J., 74, 80Lemler M., 197, 234Lesiak T., 163, 165, 166Leśniak L., 125Leśniewski P., 66, 67, 68Ligocki J., 341, 342Lipińska E., 79Litwiniszyn M., 262Lazarska B., 261Lazarski S., 80Łażewski J., 305Łobodzińska E., 168Lodziana Z., 102, 103, 304Loskiewicz J., 317, 318Maj A., 53, 54, 55, 56, 57Maniawski F., 65Maranda S., 80Marszałek M., 81, 82, 83Martyniak J., 168, 169Mazur D., 317, 318Męczyński W., 58, 59Michałowski J., 163, 197, 232, 234Mietelski J.W., 291, 292, 293Mikocki S., 168Misiak R. 342Mitura M., 79Moszczyński A.S., 224Muryn B., 163Natkaniec Z., 161
Niedźwiedź W., 257, 258, 259, 260Niemiec J., 123Nowak D., 255Nowak G., 168Obłąkowska-Mucha A., 163Obryk E., 33Ochab E., 295, 313, 342Okołowicz J., 12Olkiewicz K., 185Olko P., 261, 313, 314, 315, 316,317, 318,319Olszewski A., . . . 18, 192, 193, 194, 195, 196, 197Olszowska J., 220Ostrowicz W., 161Pacyna A.W., 66, 67Palarczyk M., 13Pałka B., 262Pałka H., 161, 163, 164, 165Parliński K., 305, 306PawłatT., 47, 49, 50, 51, 52PawłykL, 262Petelenz B., 295, 342Pindel J., 276, 280PolokG., 163, 167Potempa A., 80Prokop J., 81, 82, 83Pysz K., 5Rajchel B., 77, 78, 79, 295RękasK., 255Richter-Wąs E., 221RóżańskaM., 161, 162Ryba E., 315, 316, 318Rybicki A., 210, 211Rybicki K., 161, 162, 168Sadzikowski M., 126Sapiński M., 221Sarnecki C , 80Sawicki P., 197Schwabe J., 330, 331Siudak R., 3, 4, 5Siwek A., 6Skórka T., 274Skwirczyńska I., 5, 6Srokowski T., 11, 18, 102, 103Stachniewicz S., 123Stachura Z., 63, 64, 74, 80, 81, 83Staszel P., 26, 30Staśto A., 124, 126Sternik M., 306Stefański P., 213Stodulski M., 197, 232, 234Strączek A., 233, 234
351
Stręk M., 233, 234Styczeń J., 58, 59, 80, 295Sułek Z., 278Swakoń J., 317, 318Szarska M., 192, 193, 194, 195, 196Szczerbińska B., 126Szczurek A., 5, 20, 22, 24Szczygieł R., 222, 224Szeglowski Z., 291, 292Szkatuła A., 346Szklarz Z., 80Szybiński K., 278Ściesłńska E., 108Sciesiński J., 108Tomankiewicz E., 262Trzupek A., 192, 193, 194, 195, 196, 197Turnau J., 168Tuteja-Krysa M., 291Waligórski M., 261, 313, 314, 315, 316, 318Wasiutyński T., 104, 108WąsB., 291
Wierzewska A., 256Wilczyńska B., 192, 193, 194, 195, 196, 201Wilczyński H., 192, 193, 194, 195, 196, 201Witek M., 163, 164Wodniecka B., 60, 62Wodniecki P., 60, 61, 62Wolski R., 31Wolter W., 192,193, 194, 195, 196,201, 221, 222Wosiek B., 192, 193, 194, 195, 196, 197Woźniak J., 192, 193, 194, 195, 196, 197WójcikM., 8, 17, 18Wrzesiński J., 47, 49, 50, 51, 52Zalewska A., 163Zalewski K., 197Ziają B., 125, 126Zieliński P., 102, 103Ziębliński M., 58, 59Żenczykowski P., 127Żychowski P., 197, 213, 232, 233, 234Źródłowski L 80, 342
