PROCEEDINGS OF THE

XIVth INTERNATIONAL NUMISMATIC CONGRESS

GLASGOW 2009

Edited byNicholas Holmes

GLASGOW 2011

All rights reserved by The International Numismatic Council

ISBN 978-1-907427-17-6

Distributed by Spink & Son Ltd, 69 Southampton Row, London WC1B 4ETPrinted and bound in Malta by Gutenberg Press Ltd.

International Numismatic Council

British Academy

PROCEEDINGS OF THE

XIVth INTERNATIONAL NUMISMATIC CONGRESS

GLASGOW 2009

II

PrefaceEditor’s note

Inaugural lecture

‘A foreigner’s view of the coinage of Scotland’, by Nicholas MAYHEW

Antiquity: Greek

I Delfi ni (distribuzione, associazioni, valenza simbolica), by Pasquale APOLITO

Lessons from a (bronze) die study, by Donald T. ARIEL

Le monete incuse a leggenda Pal-Mol: una verifi ca della documentazione disponibile, by Marta BARBATO

Up-to-date survey of the silver coinage of the Nabatean king Aretas IV, by Rachel BARKAY

Remarks on monetary circulation in the chora of Olbia Pontica – the case of Koshary, by Jarosław BODZEK

The ‘colts’ of Corinth revisited: a note on Corinthian drachms from Ravel’s Period V, by Lee L. BRICE

Not only art! The period of the ‘signing masters’ and ‘historical iconography’,by Maria CACCAMO CALTABIANO

Les monnaies préromaines de BB’T-BAB(B)A de Mauretanie, by Laurent CALLEGARIN & Abdelaziz EL KHAYARI

Mode iconografi che e determinazioni delle cronologie nell’occidente ellenistico, by Benedetto CARROCCIO

La phase postarchaïque du monnayage de Massalia, by Jean-Albert CHEVILLON

A new thesis for Siglos and Dareikos, by Nicolas A. CORFÙ

Heroic cults in northern Sicily between numismatics and archaeology, by Antonio CRISÀ

La politica estera tolemaica e l’area del Mar Nero: l’iconografi a numismatica come fonte storica, by Angela D’ARRIGO

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CONTENTS

CONTENTS2

New light on the Larnaca hoard IGCH 1272, by Anne DESTROOPER- GEORGIADES

The coinage of the Scythian kings in the West Pontic area: iconography, by Dimitar DRAGANOV

The ‘royal archer’ and Apollo in the East: Greco-Persian iconography in the Seleukid Empire, by Kyle ERICKSON & Nicholas L. WRIGHT

ὖ ὰ ῖ ῖ . Retour sur les critères qui défi nissent habituellement les ‘imitations’ Athéniennes, by Chr. FLAMENT

On the gold coinage of ancient Chersonese (46-133 AD), by N.A. FROLOVA

Propaganda on coins of Ptolemaic queens, by Agnieszka FULIŃSKA

Osservazioni sui rinvenimenti di monete dagli scavi archeologici dell’antica Caulonia, by Giorgia GARGANO

La circulation monétaire à Argos d’après les monnaies de fouille de l’ÉFA (École française d’Athènes), by Catherine GRANDJEAN

Silver denominations and standards of the Bosporan cities, by Jean HOURMOUZIADIS

Seleucid ‘eagles’ from Tyre and Sidon: preliminary results of a die-study, by Panagiotis P. IOSSIF

Archaic Greek coins east of the Tigris: evidence for circulation?, by J. KAGAN

Parion history from coins, by Vedat KELEŞ

Regional mythology: the meanings of satyrs on Greek coins, by Ann-Marie KNOBLAUCH

The chronology of the Hellenistic coins of Thessaloniki, Pella and Amphipolis, by Theodoros KOUREMPANAS

The coinage of Chios during the Hellenistic and early Roman periods, by Constantine LAGOS

Évidence numismatique de l’existence d’Antioche en Troade, by Dincer Savas LENGER

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189

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259

265

CONTENTS 3

Hallazgo de un conjunto monetal de Gadir en la necrópolis Feno-Púnica de los cuarteles de Varela, Cádiz, España, by Urbano LÓPEZ RUIZ & Ana María RUIZ TINOCO

Gold and silver weight standards in fourth-century Cyprus: a resume, by Evangeline MARKOU

Göttliche Herrscherin – herrschende Göttin? Frauenbildnisse auf hellenistischen Münzen, by Katharina MARTIN

Melkart-Herakles y sus distintas advocaciones en la Bética costera, by Elena MORENO PULIDO

Some remarks concerning the gold coins with the legend ‘ΚΟΣΩΝ’, by Lucian MUNTEANU

‘Une monnaie grecque inédite: un triobole d’Argos en Argolide’, by Eleni PAPAEFTHYMIOU

The coinage of the Paeonian kings Leon and Dropion, by Eftimija PAVLOVSKA

Le trésor des monnaies perses d’or trouvé à Argamum / Orgamé (Jurilovca, dép. de Tulcea, Roumanie), by E. PETAC, G. TALMAŢCHI & V. IONIŢĂ

The imitations of late Thasian tetradrachms: chronology, classifi cation and dating, by Ilya S. PROKOPOV

Moneta e discorso politico: emissioni monetarie in Cirenaica tra il 321 e il 258 a.C., by Daniela Bessa PUCCINI

Tesoros sertorianos en España: problemas y nuevas perspectivas, by Isabel RODRÍGUEZ CASANOVA

‘Ninfa’ eponima grande dea? Caratteri e funzioni delle personifi cazioni cittadine, by Grazia SALAMONE

The coin fi nds from Hellenistic and Roman Berytas (fourth century BC – third century AD, by Ziad SAWAYA

Monetazione incusa magnogreca: destinazione e funzioni, by Rosa SCAVINO

Uso della moneta presso gli indigeni della Sicilia centro-meridionale, by Lavinia SOLE

La moneta di Sibari: struttura e metrologia, by Emanuela SPAGNOLI

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405

CONTENTS4

Le stephanophoroi prima delle stephanophoroi, by Marianna SPINELLI

Weight adjustment al marco in antiquity, and the Athenian decadrachm, by Clive STANNARD

The Magnesian hoard: a preliminary report, by Oğuz TEKIN

Zur Datierung und Deutung der Beizeichen auf Stateren von Górtyn, by Burkhard TRAEGER

Aspetti della circolazione monetaria in area basso adriatica, by Adriana TRAVAGLINI & Valeria Giulia CAMILLERI

La polisemia di Apollo attraverso il documento monetale, by Maria Daniela TRIFIRÒ

Thraco-Macedonian coins: the evidence from the hoards, by Alexandros R.A. TZAMALIS

The pattern of fi ndspots of coins of Damastion: a clue to its location, by Dubravka UJES MORGAN

The civic bronze coins of the Eleans: some preliminary remarks, by Franck WOJAN

The hoard of Cyzicenes from the settlement of Patraeus (Taman peninsula), by E.V. ZAKHAROV

Antiquity: Roman

The coinage of Diva Faustina I, by Martin BECKMANN

Coin fi nds from the Dutch province of North-Holland (Noord-Holland). Chronological and geographical distribution and function of Roman coins from the Dutch part of Barbaricum, by Paul BELIËN

The key to the Varus defeat: the Roman coin fi nds from Kalkriese, by Frank BERGER

Monetary circulation in the Bosporan Kingdom in the Roman period c. fi rst - fourth century AD, by Line BJERG

The Roman coin hoards of the second century AD found on the territory of present-day Serbia: the reasons for their burial, by Bojana BORIĆ-BREŠKOVIĆ

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538

CONTENTS 5

Die Münzprägung des Thessalischen Bundes von Marcus Aurelius bis Gallienus (161-268 n. Chr.), by Friedrich BURRER

The denarius in the fi rst century, by K. BUTCHER & M. PONTING

Coinage and coin circulation in Nicopolis of Epirus: a preliminary report, by Dario CALOMINO

La piazza porticata di Egnazia: la documentazione numismatica, by Raffaella CASSANO, Adriana TRAVAGLINI & Alessandro CRISPINO

Dallo scavo al museo: un ripostiglio monetale di età antonina del IV municipio di Roma (Italia), by Francesca CECI

I rinvenimenti dal Tevere: la monetazione della Diva Faustina, by Alessia CHIAPPINI

Analytical evidence for the organization of the Alexandrian mint during the Tetrarchy (III-IV centuries AD), by J.M.COMPANA, L. LEÓN-REINA, F.J. FORTES, L.M. CABALÍN, J.J. LASERNA, & M.A.G. ARANDA

L’Oriente Ligoriano: fonti, luoghi, mirabilia, by Arianna D’OTTONE

Le emissioni isiache: quale rapporto con il navigium Isidis?, by Sabrina DE PACE

A centre of aes rude production in southern Etruria : La Castellina (Civitavecchia, Roma), by Almudena DOMÍNGUEZ-ARRANZ & Jean GRAN-AYMERICH

Perseus and Andromeda in Alexandria: explaining the popularity of the myth in the culture of the Roman Empire, by Melissa Barden DOWLING

Les fractions du nummus frappées à Rome et à Ostie sous le règne de Maxence (306-312 ap. J.C.), by V. DROST

Monuments on the move: architectural coin types and audience targeting in the Flavian and Trajanic periods, by Nathan T. ELKINS

‘The restoration of memory: Minucius and his monument’ by Jane DeRose EVANS

La circulation monétaire à Lyon de la fondation de la colonie à la mort de Septime Sévère (43 av. – 211 apr. J.C.): premiers résultats, by Jonas FLUCK

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CONTENTS6

Le monnayage en orichalque romain: apport des expérimentations aux études numismatiques, by Arwen GAFFIERO, Arnaud SUSPÈNE, Florian TÉREYGEOL & Bernard GRATUZE

New coins of pre- and denarial system minted outside Italy, by Paz GARCÍA-BELLIDO

Les bronzes d’Octave à la proue et à la tête de bélier (RPC 533) attribués à Toulouse-Tolosa: nouvelles découvertes, by Vincent GENEVIÈVE

Crustumerium, Cisterna Grande (Rome, Italy): textile traces from a Roman coins hoard, by Maria Rita GIULIANI, Ida Anna RAPINESI, Francesco DI GENNARO, Daniela FERRO, Heli ARIMA, Ulla RAJANA & Francesca CECI

Deux médaillons d’Antonin le Pieux du territoire de Pautalia (Thrace), by Valentina GRIGOROVA-GENCHEVA

Mars and Venus on Roman imperial coinage in the time of Marcus Aurelius: iconological considerations with special reference to the emperor’s correspondence with Marcus Cornelius Fronto, by Jürgen HAMER

The silver coins of Aegeae in the light of Hadrian’s eastern silver coinages, by F. HAYMANN

The coin-images of the later soldier-emperors and the creation of a Roman empire of late antiquity, by Ragnar HEDLUND

Coinage and currency in ancient Pompeii, by Richard HOBBS

Imitations in gold, by Helle W. HORSNÆS

Un geste de Caracalla sur une monnaie frappée à Pergame, by Antony HOSTEIN

New data on monetary circulation in northern Illyricum in the fi fth century, by Vujadin IVANIŠEVIĆ & Sonja STAMENKOVIĆ

Die augusteischen Münzmeisterprägungen: IIIviri monetales im Spannungsfeld zwischen Republik und Kaiserzeit, by Alexa KÜTER

Imperial representation during the reign of Valentinian III, by Aládar KUUN

The Nome coins: some remarks on the state of research, by Katarzyna LACH

Le monnayage de Brutus et Cassius après la mort de César, by Raphaëlle LAIGNOUX

668

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742

749

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785

CONTENTS 7

L’ultima emissione di Cesare Ottaviano: alcune considerazioni sulle recenti proposte cronologiche, by Fabiana LANNA

Claudius’s issue of silver drachmas in Alexandria: Serapis Anastole, by Barbara LICHOCKA

La chronologie des émissions monétaires de Claude II: ateliers de Milan et Siscia, by Jérôme MAIRAT

La circulation monétaire à Strasbourg (France) et sur le Rhin supérieur au premier siècle après J.-C., by Stéphane MARTIN

The double solidus of Magnentius, by Alenka MIŠKEC

A hoard of bronze coins of the third century BC found at Pratica di Mare (Rome), by Maria Cristina MOLINARI

Un conjunto de plomos monetiformes de procendencia hispana de la colección antigua del Museo Arqueológico Nacional (Madrid), by Bartolomé MORA SERRANO

Monete e ritualitá funeraria in epoca romana imperiale: il sepolcreto dei Fadieni (Ferrara – Italia), by Anna Lina MORELLI

Il database Monete al femminile, by Anna Lina MORELLI & Erica FILIPPINI

La trouvaille monétaire de Bex-Sous-Vent (VD, Suisse): une nouvelle analyse, by Yves MUHLEMANN

Die Sammlung von Lokalmythen griechischer Städte des Ostens: ein Projekt der Kommission für alte Geschichte und Epigraphik, by Johannes NOLLÉ

Plomos monetiformes con leyenda ibérica Baitolo, hallados en la ciudad romana de Baetulo (Hispania Tarraconensis), by Pepita PADRÓS MARTÍ, Daniel VÁZQUEZ & Francesc ANTEQUERA

I denari serrati della repubblica romana: alcune considerazioni, by Andrea PANCOTTI & Patrizia CALABRIA

Monetary circulation in late antique Rome: a fi fth-century context coming from the N.E. slope of the Palatine Hill. A preliminary report, by Giacomo PARDINI

Securitas e suoi attributi: lo sviluppo di una iconografi a, by Rossella PERA

Could the unoffi cial mint called ‘Atelier II’ be identifi ed with the offi cinae of Châteaubleau (France)?, by Fabien PILON

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CONTENTS8

Coin fi nds from Elaiussa Sebaste (Cilicia Tracheia), by Annalisa POLOSA

El poblamiento romano en el área del Mar Menor (Ager Carthaginensis): una aproximación a partir de los recientes hallazgos numismáticos, by Alfredo PORRÚA MARTÍNEZ & Elvira NAVARRO SANTA-CRUZ

The presence of local deities on Roman Palestinian coins: refl ections on cultural and religious interaction between Romans and local elites, by Vagner Carvalheiro PORTO

The male couple: iconography and semantics, by Mariangela PUGLISI

Countermarks on the Republican and Augustan brass coins in the south-eastern Alps, by Andrej RANT

A stone thesaurus with a votive coin deposit found in the sanctuary of Campo della Fiera, Orvieto (Volsinii), by Samuele RANUCCI

L’image du pouvoir impériale de Trajan et son évolution idéologique: étude des frappes monétaires aux types d’Hercule, Jupiter et Soleil, by Laurent RICCARDI

The infl ow of Roman coins to the east-of-the-Vistula Mazovia (Mazowsze) and Podlachia (Podlasie), by Andrzej ROMANOWSKI

Numismatics and archaeology in Rome: the fi nds from the Basilica Hilariana, by Alessia ROVELLI

Communicating a consecratio: the deifi cation coinage of Faustina I, by Clare ROWAN

An alleged hoard of third-century Alexandrian tetradrachms, by Adriano SAVIO & Alessandro CAVAGNA

Some notes on religious embodiments in the coinage of Roman Syria and Mesopotamia, by Philipp SCHWINGHAMMER

Roman provincial coins in the money circulation of the south-eastern Alpine area and western Pannonia, by Andrej ŠEMROV

Recenti rinvenimenti dal Tevere (1): introduzione, by Patrizia SERAFIN

Recenti rinvenimenti dal Tevere (2): la moneta di Vespasiano tra tradizione ed innovazione, by Alessandra SERRA

A hoard of denarii and early Roman Messene, by Kleanthis SIDIROPOULOS

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CONTENTS 9

La ‘corona radiata’ sui ritratti dei bronzi imperiali alessandrini, by Giovanni Maria STAFFIERI

The iconography of two groups of struck lead from Central Italy and Baetica in the second and fi rst centuries BC, by Clive STANNARD

Monete della zecca di Frentrum, Larinum e Pallanum, by Napoleone STELLUTI

Personalized victory on coins: the Year of the Four Emperors – Greek imperial issues, by Yannis STOYAS

Les monnaies d’or d’Auguste: l’apport des analyses élémentaires et le problème de l’atelier de Nîmes, by Arnaud SUSPÈNE, Maryse BLET-LEMARQUAND & Michel AMANDRY

The popularity of the enthroned type of Asclepius on Peloponnesian coins of imperial times, by Christina TSAGKALIA

Gold and silver fi rst tetrarchic issues from the mint of Alexandria, by D. Scott VANHORN

Note sulla circolazione monetaria in Etruria meridionale nel III secolo a.C., by Daniela WILLIAMS

Roman coins from the western part of West Balt territory, by Anna ZAPOLSKA

Antiquity: Celtic

La moneda ibérica del nordeste de la Hispania Citerior: consideraciones sobre su cronología y función, by Marta CAMPO

Les bronzes à la gueule de loup du Berry: essai de typochronologie, by Philippe CHARNOTET

Les imitations de l’obole de Marseille de LTD1/LTD2A (IIe s. / Ier s. av. J.C.) entre les massifs des Alpes et du Jura, by Anne GEISER

Le monnayage à la légende TOGIRIX: une nouvelle approche, by Anne GEISER & Julia GENECHESI

Trading with silver bullion during the third century BC: the hoard of Armuña de Tajuña, by Manuel GOZALBES, Gonzalo CORES & Pere Pau RIPOLLÈS

Données expérimentales sur la fabrication de quinaires gaulois fourrés, by Katherine GRUEL, Dominique LACOSTE, Carole FRARESSO, Michel PERNOT & François ALLIER

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CONTENTS10

Pre-Roman coins from Sotin, by Mato ILKIĆ

Les monnaies gauloises trouvées à Paris, by Stéphane MARTIN

Die keltischen Münzen vom Oberleiserberg (Niederösterreich), by Jiři MILITKÝ

New coin fi nds from the two late Iron Age settlements of Altenburg (Germany) and Rheinau (Switzerland) – a military coin series on the German-Swiss border?, by Michael NICK

Le dépôt monétaire gaulois de Laniscat (Côtes-d’Armor): 547 monnaies de ba s titre. Étude préliminaire, by Sylvia NIETO-PELLETIER, Bernard GRATUZE & Gérard AUBIN

Antiquity: general

La moneda en el mundo funerario-ritual de Gadir-Gades, by A. ARÉVALO GONZÁLEZ

Neues Licht auf eine alte Frage? Die Verwandschaft von Münzen und Gemmen, by Angela BERTHOLD

Tipi del cane e del lupo sulle monete del Mediterraneo antico, by Alessandra BOTTARI

Not all these things are easy to read, much less to understand: new approaches to reading images on ancient coins, by Geraldine CHIMIRRI-RUSSELL

The collection of ancient coins in the Ossoliński National Institute in Lvov (1828-1944), by Adam DEGLER

Preliminary notes on Phoenician and Punic coins kept in the Pushkin Museum, by S. KOVALENKO & L.I. MANFREDI

Greek coins from the National Historical Museum of Rio de Janeiro: SNG project, by Marici Martins MAGALHÃES

La catalogazione delle emissioni di Commodo nel Codice Ligoriano, by Rosa Maria NICOLAI

The sacred life of coins: cult fees, sacred law and numismatic evidence, by Isabelle A. PAFFORD

Anton Prokesch-Osten and the Greek coins of the coin collection at the Universalmuseum Joanneum in Graz, Austria, by Karl PEITLER

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CONTENTS 11

Monete ed anelli: cronologia, tipologie, fruitori, by Claudia PERASSI

Il volume 21 delle Antichitá Romane di Pirro Ligorio ‘Libri delle Medaglie da Cesare a Marco Aurelio Commodo’, by Patrizia SERAFIN

Greek and Roman coins in the collection of the Çorum Museum, by D. Özlem YALCIN

Mediaeval and modern western (mediaeval)

The exchanges in the city of London, 1344-1358, by Martin ALLEN

Fribourg en Nuithonie: faciès monétaire d’une petite ville au centre de l’Europe, by Anne-Francine AUBERSON

Die Pegauer Brakteatenprägung Abt Siegfrieds von Rekkin (1185-1223): Kriterien zu deren chronologischer Einordnung, by Jan-Erik BECKER

Die recutting in the eleventh-century Polish coinage, by Mateusz BOGUCKI

Le retour à l’or au treizième siècle: le cas de Montpellier (...1244-1246...), by Marc BOMPAIRE & Pierre-Joan BERNARD

Le monete a leggenda ΠAN e le emissioni arabo-bizantine. I dati dello scavo di Antinoupolis / El Sheikh Abada, by Daniele CASTRIZIO

Scavi di Privernum e Fossanova (Latina, Italia): monete tardoantiche, medioevale e moderne, by Francesca CECI & Margherita CANCELLIERI

La aportación de los hallazgos monetarios a ‘la crisis del siglo XIV’ en Cataluña, by Maria CLUA I MERCADAL

Norwegian bracteates during the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, by Linn EIKJE

Donative pennies in Viking-age Scandinavia?, by Frédéric ELFVER

Carolingian capitularies as a source for the monetary history of the Frankish empire, by Hubert EMMERIG

Ulf Candidatus, by G. EMSØY

Münzen des Moskauer Grossfürstentums. Das Geld von Dmitrij Ivanowitsch Donskoj (1359-1389) (über die Veröffentlichung der ersten Ausgabe des ‘Korpus der russischen Münzen des 14-15. Jhs.’), by P. GAIDUKOV & I. GRISHIN

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CONTENTS12

Brakteatenprägungen in Mähren in der zweiten Hälfte des dreizehnten Jahrhunderts, by Dagmar GROSSMANNOVÁ Monetisation in medieval Scandinavia, by Svein H. GULLBEKK

A mancus apparently marked on behalf of King Offa: genuine or fake?, by Wolfgang HAHN

Among farmers and city people: coin use in early medieval Denmark, c. 1000-1250, by Gitte Tarnow INGVARDSON

Was pseudo-Byzantine coinage primarily of municipal origin?, by Charlie KARUKSTIS

Interpreting single fi nds in medieval England – the secondary lives of coins, by Richard KELLEHER

Byzantine coins from the area of Belarus, by Krystyna LAVYSH & Marcin WOŁOSZYN

Die früheste Darstellung des Richters auf einer mittelalterlicher Münze?, by Ivar LEIMUS

Coinage and money in the ‘years of insecurity’: the case of late Byzantine Chalkidiki (thirteenth - fourteenth century), by Vangelis MALADAKIS

Nota sulla circolazione monetaria tardoantica nel Lazio meridionale: i reperti di S. Ilario ad bivium, by Flavia MARANI

The money of the First Crusade: the evidence of a new parcel and its implications, by Michael MATZKE

Überlegungen zum ‘Habsburger Urbar’ als Quelle für Währungsgeschichte, by Samuel NUSSBAUM

Schilling Kennisbergisch slages of Grand Master Louis of Ehrlichshausen, by Borys PASZKIEWICZ

Un diner de Jaime I el conquistador en el Mar Menor: evidencias de presencia aragonesa en el Campo de Cartagena durante la Baja Edad Media, by Alfredo PORRÚA MARTÍNEZ & Alfonso ROBLES FERNÁNDEZ

L’atelier de faux-monnayeur de Rovray (VD, Suisse), by Carine RAEMY TOURNELLE

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CONTENTS 13

La ubicación de las casas de moneda en le Europa medieval. El caso del reino de León, by Antonio ROMA VALDÉS

New perspectives on Norwegian Viking-age hoards c. 1000: the Bore hoard revisited, by Elina SCREEN

The discovery of a hoard of coins dated to the fi fth and sixth centuries in Klapavice in the hinterland of ancient Salona, by Tomislav ŠEPAROVIĆ

A model for the analysis of coins lost in Norwegian churches, by Christian J. SIMENSEN

A clippe from Femern, by Jørgen SØMOD

The convergence of coinages in the late medieval Low Countries, by Peter SPUFFORD

A perplexing hoard of Lusignan coins from Polis, Cyprus, by Alan M. STAHL, Gerald POIRIER & Nan YAO

OTTO / ODDO and ADELHEIDA / ATHALHET - onomatological aspects of German coin types of the tenth and eleventh centuries, by Sebastian STEINBACH

Bulles de plomb et les monnaies en Pologne au XIIe siècle, by Stanislaw SUCHODOLSKI

Palaeologian coin fi ndings of Kusadasi, Kadikalesi/Anaia and their refl ections. by Ceren ÜNAL

The hoard of Tetín (Czech Republic) in the light of currency conditions in thirteenth-century Bohemia, by Roman ZAORAL & Jiři MILITKÝ

The circulation of foreign coins in Poland in the fi fteenth century, by Michal ZAWADZKI

Mediaeval and modern Western (modern)

Die neuzeitliche Münzstätte im Schloss Haldenstein bei Chur Gr, Schweiz, by Rahel C. ACKERMANN

The money box system for savings in Amsterdam, 1907-1935, by G.N. BORST

Four ducats coins of Franz Joseph I (1848-1916) of Austria: their use in jewellery and some hitherto unpublished imitations, by Aleksandar N. BRZIC

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1614

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CONTENTS14

A king as Hercules in the modern Polish coinage, by Witold GARBAZCEWSKI

The monetary areas in Piedmont during the fourteenth to sixteenth centuries: a starting point for new investigations, by Luca GIANAZZA

Coin hoards in the United States, by John M. KLEEBERG

The transfer of minting techniques to Denmark in the nineteenth century, by Michael MÄRCHER

Patrimonio Numismático Iberoamericano: un proyecto del Museo Arqueológico Nacional, by Carmen MARCOS ALONSO & Paloma OTERO MORÁN

Moneda local durante la guerra civil española: billete emitido por el ayuntamiento de San Pedro del Pinatar, Murcia, by Federico MARTÍNEZ PASTOR & Alfredo PORRÚA MARTÍNEZ

Coins and monetary circulation in the Legnica-Brzeg duchy: rudimentary problems, by Robert PIEŃKOWSKI

Representaciones del café en el acervo de numismática del Museu Paulista - USP, by Angela Maria Gianeze RIBEIRO

Freiburg im Üechtland und die Münzreformen der französischen Könige (1689-1726), by Nicole SCHACHER

La aparición de la marca de valor en la moneda valenciana, ¿1618 o 1640? Una nueva hipótesis de trabajo, by Juan Antonio SENDRA IBÁÑEZ

Devotion and coin-relics in early modern Italy, by Lucia TRAVAINI

The political context of the origin and the exportation of thaler-coins from Jáchymov (Joachimsthal) in the fi rst half of the sixteenth century, by Petr VOREL

The late sixteenth-century Russian forged kopecks, which were ascribed to the English Muscovy Company, by Serguei ZVEREV

Oriental and African coinages

The meaning of the character 寳 bao in the legends of Chinese cash coins, by Vladimir A. BELYAEV & Sergey V. SIDOROVICH

Three unpublished Indo-Sasanian coin hoards, Government Museum, Mathura, by Pratipal BHATIA

1704

1713

1719

1725

1734

1744

1748

1752

1758

1765

1774

1778

1783

1789

1796

CONTENTS 15

Oriental coins in the Capitoline Museums (Rome): further researches on Stanzani Collection history, by Arianna D’OTTONE

The king, the princes and the Raj, by Sanjay GARG

The fi rst evidence of a mint at Miknāsa: two unpublished Almoravid coins, a dirham and a dinar, of the year 494H/1100, by Tawfi q IBRAHIM

L’âge d’or de la numismatique en Chine: l’exemple du Catalogue des Monnaies Anciennes de Li Zuoxian, by Lyce JANKOWSKI

Numismatic research in Japan today: coins, paper monies and patterns of usage. Paper money in early modern Japan: economic and folkloristic aspects, by Keiichiro KATO

The gold reform of Ghazan Khan, by Judith KOLBAS

A study of medieval Chinese coins from Karur and Madurai in Tamil Nadu, by KRISHNAMURTHY RAMASUBBAIYER

Latest contributions to the numismatic history of Central Asia (late eighteenth – nineteenth century), by Vladimir NASTICH

Silver fragments of unique Būyid and Ḥamdānid coins and their role in the Kelč hoard (Czech Republic), by Vlastimil NOVÁK

Numismatic evidence for the location of Saray, the capital of the Golden Horde, by A.V. PACHKALOV

Le regard des voyageurs sur les monnaies africaines du XVIe au XIXe siècles, by Josette RIVALLAIN

Les imitations des dirhems carrés almohades: apport des analyses élémentaires, by A. TEBOULBI, M. BOMPAIRE & M. BLET-LEMARQUAND

À propos du monnayage de Kiến Phúc (1883-1884), by François THIERRY

Glass jetons from Sicily: new fi nd evidence from the excavations at Monte Iato, by Christian WEISS

Medals

Joseph Kowarzik (1860-1911): ein Medailleur der Jahrhundertwende, by Kathleen ADLER

1807

1813

1821

1826

1832

1841

1847

1852

1862

1869

1874

1884

1890

1897

1907

CONTENTS16

Numismatic memorials of breeding trotting horses (based on the collection of the numismatic department of the Hermitage), by L.I. DOBROVOLSKAYA

De retrato a arquetipo: anotaciones sobre la difusión de la efi gie de Juan VIII Paleólogo en la peninsula Ibérica, by Albert ESTRADA-RIUS

Titon du Tillet e le medaglie del Parnasse François, by Paola GIOVETTI

Bedrohung und Schutz der Erde: Positionen zur Umweltproblematik in der deutschen Medaillenkunst der Gegenwart, by Rainer GRUND

The rediscovery of the oldest private medal collection of the Netherlands, by Jan PELSDONK

Twentieth-century British campaign medals: a continuation of the nineteenth century?, by Phyllis STODDART and Keith SUGDEN

‘Shines with unblemished honour’: some thoughts on an early nineteenth-century medal, by Tuukka TALVIO

General numismatics

Dall’iconografi a delle monete antiche all’ideologia della nazione future. Proiezioni della numismatica grecista di D’Annunzio sulla nuova monetazione Sabauda, by Giuseppe ALONZO

Didaktisch-methodische Aspekte der Numismatik in der Schule, by Szymon BERESKA

The Count of Caylus (1692-1765) and the study of ancient coins, by François de CALLATAŸ

Le monete di Lorenzo il Magnifi co in un manoscritto di Angelo Poliziano, by Fiorenzo CATALLI

Coinage and mapping, by Thomas FAUCHER

Classicism and coin collections in Brazil, by Maria Beatriz Borba FLORENZANO

A prosopography of the mint offi cials: the Eligivs database and its evolution, by Luca GIANAZZA

Elementary statistical methods in numismatic metrology, by Dagmar GROSSMANNOVÁ & Jan T. STEFAN

1920

1931

1937

1945

1959

1965

1978

1985

1993

1999

2004

2012

2017

2022

2027

CONTENTS 17

Les collections numismatiques du Musée archéologique de Dijon (France), by Jacques MEISSONNIER

Bank of Greece: the numismatic collections, by Eleni PAPAEFTHYMIOU

Foundation of the Hellenic World. A new private collection open to the public, by Eleni PAPAEFTHYMIOU

Re-discovering coins: publication of the numismatic collections in Bulgarian museums – a new project, by Evgeni PAUNOV, Ilya PROKOPOV & Svetoslava FILIPOVA

„Census of Ancient Coins Known in the Renaissance“, by Ulrike PETER

Le sel a servi de moyen d’échange, by J.A. SCHOONHEYT

The international numismatic library situation and the foundation of the International Numismatic Libraries’ Network (INLN), by Ans TER WOERDS

The Golden Fleece in Britain, by R.H. THOMPSON

Das Museum August Kestner in Hannover: Neues aus der Münzsammlung, by Simone VOGT

From the electrum to the Euro: a journey into the history of coins. A multimedia presentation by the Bank of Cyprus Cultural Foundation, by Eleni ZAPITI

Highlights from the Museum of the George and Nefeli Giabra Pierides Collection, donated by Clio and Solon Triantafyllides: coins and artefacts, by Eleni ZAPITI & Evangeline MARKOU

Index of Contributors

2036

2044

2046

2047

2058

2072

2082

2089

2100

2102

2112

2118

THE GOLD REFORM OF GHAZAN KHAN

JUDITH KOLBAS

Ghazan Khan is credited with the most far-reaching and innovative reforms of the Mongols in Iran, not least because the reforms were reported by the court historian, Rashid al-Din. Because of him, the reforms are the only recorded ones in the Middle East for the medieval period, a fact which may well have led to our high opinion of them. Rather, almost all the practices were stead-ily developed under prior khans to reach their apogee under Ghazan Khan. The fi nancial system is an excellent example of this process, in particular the revolutionary development of the rela-tionship between gold and silver coinage. This study focuses on Tabriz as the fi nancial centre and disregards special provinces such as Yazd, Kirman and Shiraz. Moreover, it is a more complete analysis than appeared previously by the author, which has altered the timing and issues of the pivotal transformation in the 690/1290s.

In the time of Chingiz Khan (603-24/1206–27), the Mongols made signifi cant inroads into Iranian territory. Less than two decades later in 637/1240, they established a civilian government in the west of Iran which collected taxes in money minted by the Mongol state.1 However, it was not until Hulagu arrived in 654/1256 with one-fi fth of the entire Mongol army that gold was struck in the west. Nevertheless, the issues were perfunctory, better understood as ransom payments from the newly conquered areas than as part of a regular monetary policy. The main one was struck at the fall of Baghdad in 656/1258. Systematic gold coinage was fi rst minted by Hulagu’s son, Abaqa (663-80/1265–82) in Greater Iran at the capital, Tabriz, in conjunction with a major administrative and fi nancial reform. It was at this point that gold started on its journey to join the fi nancial system.

Originally in 637/1240, Mongol money was monometallic, based on silver, until the reform of Abaqa in 671/1273. The reform introduced a modifi ed tri-metallic system of gold, silver and cop-per common in Islamic lands. Although the reform encountered severe problems at fi rst,2 offi cials learned lessons for the second stage, one of the lessons being the need to centralize fi nancial af-fairs in Tabriz.3 Starting the second stage in 674/1275, offi cials fi rst transformed silver. It used the common Islamic religious inscription on the obverse of 4 but the reverse changed from a cryptic general statement about the khan in Arabic of 5 to a full statement in Mongolian, which used the Uyghur script, of Khaghan/nereder/Abaghain/deledkegu-luk sen / Struck by/Abaqa/in the name/of Khaqan. Then in 676/1277, Tabriz struck the incompa-rable metal of gold. The issue set purity and weight standards for gold coinage that did not change until the mid-690/1290s.

Abaqa’s gold issue was conservative, having the same legend as the earlier silver of 674/1275 but with an added invocation. The inscription read in fi ve lines

6 The margin started at 1 o’clock and contained the classic minting formula of 7 The reverse also followed the silver prototype with

1 Judith Kolbas, The Mongols in Iran (London, 2006), pp. 104-12.2 For a summary, Ibid, p. 208.3 For more detail, Ibid, pp. 211, 228.4 Lā ilah illā/Allāh./Mu ammad/rasūl Allāh. / There is no deity except/

God. Muhammad is/the messenger of God. For further details, Ibid, p. 212. 5 Al-Khaghān al-Ā/’zam al-‘Ādil / the Khaghan, the /Greatest, the Just.6 Al- amdu li-llahi/lā ilah illā Allāh./Mu ammad rasūl Allāh./ alla

Allahu ‘alayhi/wa sallim. / Praise be to God./There is no deity except God./Muhammad is the messenger of God./May God’s blessing be upon him/and be protected from harm. See discussion, Ibid, pp. 214-15.

7 urba hadha al-dinar bi-madina Tabriz sana sitta wa saba‘ in wa sitama’ia / This dinar was struck in the city of Tabriz, year six and seventy and six hundred.

JUDITH KOLBAS1842

the legend in the Mongolian language written in Uyghur script. However, the gold added arighu altan at the bottom to read from the bottom up ‘Pure gold/struck by/Abaqa/in the name/of Khaqan’ (Fig. 1).

Fig. 1. Abaqa Khan, Tabriz, 676 H, 4.34 grams, 21 mm., No. 732, Oriental Coins Database, Zeno.ru.

It was a magnifi cent issue, which clearly defi ned the reformed monetary system and allied it-self with the earlier silver of 674/1275 through the use of the same basic type. However, there was a problem using the new gold within the predominant silver system, namely its weight and purity did not allow it to be exchanged at a practical rate.

The Islamic weight system used in Greater Iran was based on the mithqal, divided into 24 carats. There were four mithqals in use at the time the Mongols arrived, the one used by the Byzantines still prevalent in western Anatolia, the one retained from the Sassanian rulers of Iran, a pre-Mongol one used intermittently by the Caliphate and other Islamic states, and the fairly obscure one that the Mongols adopted from Mardin (Table 1).8 In every case, gold was valued at and therefore generally struck to the full mithqal while silver was struck to three-quarters, seven-tenths or two-thirds of the mithqal; that is, at 18, 17 or 16/24ths. Above all, the exchange value was calculated in whole fractions according to weight.9

TABLE 1. Mithqal Weight Systems

8 Taken from Ibid, p. 21. 9 Ömaer Diler in his catalogue, Ilkhanids, Coinage of the Persian

Mongols (Istanbul, 2006), discusses in his Introduction, p. 20, the weight system of the Mongols. Unfortunately it is confusing, and there are no

sources for his statements. Moreover, he does not give the gram equivalent of carats, so the reader is bereft of a comparison between the putative system and the actual weights of the coins in the catalogue.

THE GOLD REFORM OF GHAZAN KHAN 1843

Abaqa’s gold and that of his immediate successors averaged 4.28 grams for the single coin,10 which does not match any of the above mithqals. However, an analysis of the purity can explain the situation. Gold issues from his reign and the next two khans have not been tested for fi neness, but those from the following khan, Gaykhatu, and his successors have been. In those issues, purity was about seventy-seven to eighty per cent (Table 2).11 Nevertheless, since the weight was the same for issues from Abaqa through Gaykhatu, it is likely that purity also remained constant. The following study is based on this assumption, namely that weight and purity were basically constant.

TABLE 2. Gold purity

If alloy and weight were consistent, a gold coin weighing 4.28 grams at about seventy-eight per cent purity would have had a true value of 3.36 grams of pure gold or 18 carats or three-quar-ters of the 4.48-gram mithqal.12 This value placed it on a recognized accounting basis of whole fractions, making it possible to calculate gold for exchange operations and tax purposes.

Unfortunately, silver was not on the same mithqal. In Abaqa’s fi rst phase in 671/1273, it was struck to the Caliphal mithqal of 4.125 grams, the unit coin being two-thirds of that mithqal or 16 carats at 2.75 grams. Then in 678/1279 during the protracted second stage of the reform, silver was changed to the 4.48-gram mithqal, which matched the one that gold was already on. Gold and sil-

10 The weights of gold coins are as follows taken from the website of Zeno.ru, Oriental Coin Database, Ömer Diler’s catalogue. and the author’s data collection. There are enough of these rare coins to produce a reliable histogram to determine a weight profi le.

Abaqa: 4.34, 4.37 (Zeno.ru); 4.30 (Diler, A 87, p. 264. He cites a published coin as 667 H. This date is from the Spink, June 1990, catalogue, which this author easily read as 676 H. Other published dates Diler lists as 670 and 677 H, which are highly suspect and may have occurred because of an incomplete or worn fl an.); 4.23, 4.28, 4.27 (author from Spink, March 1987, Lot 463; Spink, June 1990, Lot 383).

Tegudar: 4.31 (Diler, Ah 129); 4.29 (author from Spink, March 1987, Lot 464).

Arghun: Plate 2 is not included because the measurement is not detailed enough.

Gaykhatu: Type 1: 4.31 (Diler, GY 231, p. 328. He mentions variations of the obverse without explanation. He cites other published references with dates from Tabriz of 692 and 693 H, unconfi rmed by this author); 4.23 (author from Spink, June 87, Lot 927). Type 2: 4.18, 4.24 (author from Sotheby, May 86, Lot 611; British Museum 1965.1.5.6). Type 3: 4.23, 4.68, 4.20, 4.30, 4.29, 4.24 (author from Sotheby, June 1987, Lot 976; Sotheby, June 1987, Lot 827 +; Sotheby, October 1986, Lot 707; Spink, 7 June 1986).

Baydu: 4.25 (Diler, Ba 248, p 694); 4.63 (Zeno.ru - example in text, no. 47940); 3.24, 4.03, 4.30, 4.38, 4.38, 4.38, 4.31, 4.45, 4.45, 4.46, 4.47 (author from Sotheby, June 1987, Lot 871, 927; Sotheby, October 1986, Lot 908; Spink, June 1986; Antiker Kunst, December 1987, Lot 395).

11 Taken from Kolbas, p. 24.12 Ibid, p. 286.

JUDITH KOLBAS1844

ver might have been exchanged then; however, the unit silver coin was struck to 13 carats or 2.43 grams.13 Later, in 683/1284, silver was put on the 4.24-gram mithqal, the unit coin weighing on average 14 carats or 2.47 grams.14 The numbers 13 and 14 are both not whole fractions in a base-24 system, so the Mongols completely broke away from the normal method for evaluating different metals with each other. These two divisions of the mithqal were unique in the Mongol state and were ultimately abandoned. In this period, not only did the carat levels most certainly prevent any integration of gold and silver into a single monetary system but the different mithqals did as well. However, throughout all of these changes, silver was generally between 90 to 95 per cent pure.15

The reduction to a lower mithqal weight in 683/1284 did not mean that the unit silver coin itself was lowered. Rather, raising it one carat from 13 to 14 made the actual weight of the coin heavier by 0.04 of a gram from 2.43 to 2.47 grams. It seems that a good deal of these changes in silver were partly in conjunction with increased external trading activities.16 Moreover, the reforms worked if there was a strong state to enforce them and no intention to integrate different metals. Therefore, the second stage of Abaqa’s reform abandoned the goal of the initial one. In fact, these changes in the silver system did not affect gold, which stayed at the same average weight with the perceived 18 carats of pure metal at the same mithqal of 4.48 grams. As a result, it was not possible to determine value based on weight between the two metals because they operated on different mithqals. Instead of working within one mithqal in different proportions, as in the Islamic system, this Mongol practice used two mithqals, the heavier one for gold and the lighter one for silver.

Abaqa’s immediate successors continued to back away from integration. Abaqa’s brother, Tegudar (680-83/1282-84), who took the Islamic name of Ahmad, became the next khan. He fol-lowed the same design, only matching it with the silver by placing his name in the reverse fi eld in Uyghur script and adding it in Arabic script at the bottom. However, he set a precedent of issuing gold only to celebrate inaugurations.17 Abaqa’s son, Arghun (683-90/1284–91), also issued gold but just as sparingly on special occasions. The only possible coin known is indicated in Plate 2. The style is that of Tabriz from the fi rst years of his reign, but the area for the mint is too worn to read. It could have been issued at his inauguration, but after that Arghun did not strike gold in Tabriz in spite of his major silver reform in 683/1284, already mentioned (Fig. 2).

Fig. 2. Arghun Khan, 4.2 grams, 25 mm, Tabriz, Date?, No. 64367, Oriental Coin Database, Zeno.ru

On the other hand, Arghun’s successor, Gaykhatu (690-94/1291–95), formulated a new policy. The fi nancial offi cials did not alter silver but now concentrated their efforts on gold. It was produced on an unprecedented scale,18 suggesting that the regime intended gold to become a fully functional part of the monetary system. However, neither the purity nor weight changed from the level of pre-vious khans. In 691/1292, Tabriz produced two types of obverses and two reverses.19 Both obverses

13 Ibid, p. 219.14 Ibid, p. 273. 15 Ibid, Table 1.2, 22. 16 Ibid, p. 204. Increased trade is more readily evident in the reform of

687/1288.17 First, he issued gold in 681/1282 using Abaqa dies, then in his own

name later in the same year.

THE GOLD REFORM OF GHAZAN KHAN 1845

had the minting formula around the margin. The fi rst obverse had the mint also written vertically at the right edge, thereby Tabrīz was listed twice on the obverse. That obverse was combined in Type 1 with a reverse silver die that had the mint in Arabic in the middle of the Uyghur lines follow-ing the Khurasani mint tradition. Therefore, Type 1 listed the mint three times. It was not necessary to employ such an overstatement, but this was a new programme that grabbed whatever dies it could. In Type 2, the same obverse with the mint at the right edge was paired with a different reverse die of Uyghur that did not state the mint, following that standard Tabriz silver type (Fig. 3 – type 2). Type 3 used the same reverse as Type 2 but changed the obverse, which dropped the extra mint at the right edge. The last type identifi ed the mint, Tabriz, only once in the normal minting formula.

Fig. 3. Gaykhatu Khan, Tabriz, 691 H, 4.3 grams, 23mm., No. 67565, Oriental Coins Database, Zeno.ru

Gaykhatu was replaced by Baydu (694/1295), who lasted only six months. During his reign, there was much political turmoil and civil war. Nevertheless, the fi nancial system continued to evolve. He also produced a good deal of gold, and his issues of 694 and 695 closely followed the last type of Gaykhatu (Plate 4). Although the legend was practically indistinguishable from and the fi ne-ness stayed the same as Gaykhatu’s coinage, Baydu increased the weight of the average coin. The normal one weighed 4.36 grams, but at seventy-nine per cent purity, it had 3.44 grams of pure gold or 20 carats on the 4.125-gram mithqal. For the fi rst time, gold moved off the 4.48-gram mithqal and surprisingly fell below the mithqal for silver. Therefore, the coinage was a curious mixture of a lower mithqal but a higher carat level of pure gold. However, 20 did not produce a whole fraction in the base-24 carat system; so this gold stood on its own, again without any conversion possibility.

Fig. 4. Baydu Khan, Tabriz, 694-5 H, 4.63 grams, 22mm, No. 47940, Oriental Coins Database, Zeno.ru

Ghazan became the next khan (694-703/1295–1304) and continued the relentless push to re-fi ne the monetary system. His reform, starting in 696/1297, adopted the standard of the 4.24-gram mithqal from silver. However, the single coin was struck two carats below the previous silver coinage to 12 carats or 2.12 grams. Signifi cantly, this weight applied not only to silver but to gold

18 Contemporaries considered the khan to be thoroughly profl igate. Presumably, all the gold he issued helped to create this view without the sources testifying to the fi nancial reform. Note Wassaf’s diatribe but not a negative word from Rashid al-Din; The Cambridge History of Iran, vol. 5,

The Saljuq and Mongol Periods , ed. J.A. Boyle; J.A. Boyle, Dynastic and Political History of the Il-Khans, pp. 303-421, 374.

19 This analysis changes the types put forward in Kolbas, p. 286.

JUDITH KOLBAS1846

as well, putting the unit coin of both at half a mithqal. Finally, exchange calculations could hardly have been easier. In this reform, both gold and silver alloys were ninety-fi ve to ninety-eight per cent pure. Ghazan also continued the practice of issuing large amounts of gold (Fig. 5). The drastic reform followed Baydu’s lead by abandoning previous practice, but Ghazan’s reform simplifi ed the system to conclude the integration of gold and silver.

Fig. 5. Ghazan Khan, Shiraz, 700 H, 8.65 grams, 27.1 - 27.4 mm, No. 45557, Oriental Coins Da-tabase, Zeno.ru

Uljaytu (703-17/1304–17) maintained his brother’s policy, only slightly changing the obverse design (Fig. 6), and then advancing policies in his own reform of 709/1309. By this point, gold and silver were fi rmly on the same mithqal and struck in the same units according to regional practice. The Islamic concept of different proportions for exchanging the two metals had been completely abandoned. There was no turning back after the fi nal reform of Ghazan Khan.

Fig. 6. Uljaytu Khan, Kashan, 706 H, 4,26 grams, 19.6 mm, No. 52797, Oriental Coins Data-base, Zeno.ru

In conclusion, the Mongols completely transformed the frozen, archaic and awkward Islamic pattern, in which weight and pure metal jostled in various proportions to determine the exchange rate between gold and silver. Rashid al-Din made this clear in the statement that ‘valuation of gold and silver is by the quantity of fi neness….’20 The old pretence had probably rarely worked anyway, but the Mongols grasped reality and made it possible to allow market forces to determine the value of gold to silver, as Rashid al-Din noted: ‘(Ghazan) continuously checks “What is the price of pure gold?” Then he orders that they should mint it with a result that appropriately they set the price (for buying and selling), which is not any different (from the market price).’21 A sim-ple exchange between the two metals was now possible because gold and silver were issued, fi rst, at the same weight and, second, at the highest level of purity. These aspects altered fundamental relationships between metals, standards of account and monetary liquidity. In short, the continu-ous Mongol reforms signifi cantly advanced the theory and practice of money in the Middle East.

20 For the beginning of this activity, Ibid, pp. 219-20; Rashid al-Din for later acknowledging it in Ghazan’s time, Chapter 20, Jami‘ al-Tawarīkh,

various editions; translation in Ibid, pp. 315-16; then discussion on p. 326.21 Rashid al-Din, Ibid., Chapter 20, Translation in Ibid, pp. 315-16.