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THE GEOGRAPHY OF
TRANSPORT SYSTEMS
THIRD EDITION
Copyright © 1998-2015, Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University, Hempstead, NY, 11549 [email protected] may use the figures within for educational purposes only. No modification or redistribution permitted.For more information: http://people.hofstra.edu/geotrans
Chapter 3 – Transportation Modes
APPLICATIONS
Usage Conditions
• DO NOT COPY, TRANSLATE OR REDISTRIBUTE THIS DOCUMENT.
• The contents of this document can be freely used for personal or classroom use ONLY.
• Although the material contained in this document is freely available, it is not public domain. Its contents, in whole or in part (including graphics and datasets), cannot be copied and published in ANY form (printed or electronic) without consent.
• If you have accessed this document through a third party (such as a content farm), keep in mind that this party is illegally redistributing this content. Please refer to the true source (http://people.hofstra.edu/geotrans) instead of the third party.
• Permission to use any graphic material herein in any form of publication, such as an article, a book or a conference presentation, on any media must be requested prior to use.
• Information cited from this document should be referred as: Rodrigue, J-P et al. (2013) The Geography of Transport Systems, Hofstra University, Department of Global Studies & Geography, http://people.hofstra.edu/geotrans.
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
THE GEOGRAPHY OF
TRANSPORT SYSTEMS
THIRD EDITION
Application 1
High Speed Trains
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
World High Speed Rail Systems, 2012
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Travel Times before and after the Introduction of a High Speed Rail Service (hours)
Firenze - Rome
Hannover - Wurzburg
Berlin - Hannover
Paris - Bruxelles
London - Paris
Madrid - Seville
Paris - Marseille
Tokyo - Osaka
Seoul - Busan
Taipei - Kaohsiung
Wuhan - Guangzhou
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
1.6
2.0
1.5
1.4
3.0
2.2
3.0
2.5
2.6
1.5
3.0
3.0
3.7
3.7
2.5
5.3
6.0
6.6
6.0
5.0
4.5
10.5
BeforeAfter
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Evolution of the French TGV, 1981-2005
NameTGV Paris Sud-Est
TGV Atlantique
AVETGV Reseau
EurostarTGV Duplex
TGV Thalys
TGV NG
Introduction
1981 1989 1991 1993 1994 1996 1996 2005
Operating Speed
168 mph (270 km/h)
186 mph (300 km/h)
186 mph (300 km/h)
186 mph 300km/h
186 mph (300 km/h)
186 mph (300 km/h)
186 mph (300 km/h)
225 mph (360 km/h)
Design Speed
168 mph (270 km/h)
186 mph (300 km/h)
186 mph (300 km/h)
200 mph (320 km/h)
200 mph (320 km/h)
200 mph (320 km/h)
200 mph (320 km/h)
225 mph (360 km/hr)
Speed Record
236 mph (380 km/h)
320 mph (515 km/h)
N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
Maximum speed on normal railways
138 mph (220 km/h)
138 mph (220 km/h)
No running138 mph (220 km/h)
100 mph (160 km/h)
No running unknown156 mph (250 km/h)
CommentsFamous Orange TGV
Rail Speed Record
TGV for Spain
Pressure Sealed
Strictly not a TGV
Double decker
International TGV
Next Generation
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
The Shinkansen High Speed Rail Network
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Modal Share Madrid-Seville before and after the Introduction of High Speed Rail (AVE)
1991
2000
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
67.0
16.4
33.0
83.6
AirTrainAVE
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Modal Share Paris-Brussels before and after the Introduction of High Speed Rail
1994
1998
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
TrainCarBusAir
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
THE GEOGRAPHY OF
TRANSPORT SYSTEMS
THIRD EDITION
Application 2
The Containerization of Commodities
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Growth Factors behind the Containerization of Commodities
Factor Outcome
Growing availability of containers
More containers available on freight markets.Ubiquitous transport product.
Rising demand and commodity prices
More commodities in circulation (usage of containerization to accommodate growth).New producers and consumers (marginal markets penetration).
Fluctuations and rises in bulk shipping rates
Decrease in the ratio cargo value per ton shipping rate for commodities.Volatility (rates) and risk (hedging). Search for options to bulk shipping.
Low container shipping rates
Increase in the ratio cargo value per TEU shipping rate for commodities.Relative rate stability.Containerization more attractive as an option.
Imbalances in container shipping rates
Export subsidy for return cargo.
Empty containers repositioning
Pools of containers available for backhauls.Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Continuous Commodity Index and Baltic Dry Index, 2000-2012 (2000=100)
Jan-
00
Jul-0
0
Jan-
01
Jul-0
1
Jan-
02
Jul-0
2
Jan-
03
Jul-0
3
Jan-
04
Jul-0
4
Jan-
05
Jul-0
5
Jan-
06
Jul-0
6
Jan-
07
Jul-0
7
Jan-
08
Jul-0
8
Jan-
09
Jul-0
9
Jan-
10
Jul-1
0
Jan-
11
Jul-1
1
Jan-
12
Jul-1
20
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
Continuous Commodity Index (CCI) Baltic Dry Index (BDI)Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
IMF All Commodity Index and Baltic Dry Index, 2000-2010 (2000=100)
Jan-
00
Jul-0
0
Jan-
01
Jul-0
1
Jan-
02
Jul-0
2
Jan-
03
Jul-0
3
Jan-
04
Jul-0
4
Jan-
05
Jul-0
5
Jan-
06
Jul-0
6
Jan-
07
Jul-0
7
Jan-
08
Jul-0
8
Jan-
09
Jul-0
9
Jan-
10
Jul-1
0
Jan-
110
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
Baltic Dry Index IMF All Commodity Index
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Continuous Commodity Index and Average Container Shipping Rates, 1994-2012 (1994=100)
Jan-
94
Nov-9
4
Aug-9
5
May
-96
Feb-
97
Nov-9
7
Aug-9
8
May
-99
Feb-
00
Nov-0
0
Aug-0
1
May
-02
Feb-
03
Nov-0
3
Aug-0
4
May
-05
Feb-
06
Nov-0
6
Aug-0
7
May
-08
Feb-
09
Nov-0
9
Aug-1
0
May
-11
Feb-
1250
100
150
200
250
300
Continuous Commodity Index Container Shipping RatesCopyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
IMF All Commodity Index and Average Container Shipping Rates, 2000-2010 (2000=100)
Jan-
00
Jul-0
0
Jan-
01
Jul-0
1
Jan-
02
Jul-0
2
Jan-
03
Jul-0
3
Jan-
04
Jul-0
4
Jan-
05
Jul-0
5
Jan-
06
Jul-0
6
Jan-
07
Jul-0
7
Jan-
08
Jul-0
8
Jan-
09
Jul-0
9
Jan-
10
Jul-1
050
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
IMF All Commodity Index Container Shipping Rates
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Retail Price of Coffee, 1990-2012
Jan-
90
Oct-9
0
Jul-9
1
Apr-9
2
Jan-
93
Oct-9
3
Jul-9
4
Apr-9
5
Jan-
96
Oct-9
6
Jul-9
7
Apr-9
8
Jan-
99
Oct-9
9
Jul-0
0
Apr-0
1
Jan-
02
Oct-0
2
Jul-0
3
Apr-0
4
Jan-
05
Oct-0
5
Jul-0
6
Apr-0
7
Jan-
08
Oct-0
8
Jul-0
9
Apr-1
0
Jan-
11
Oct-1
1
Jul-1
20
50
100
150
200
250
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Retail Price of Coffee, 1977-2005
1977/011979/051981/091984/011986/051988/091991/011993/051995/091998/012000/052002/092005/011.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
5
Pri
ce (
USD
) Per
Pound
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Comparison Between Bulk and Containerized Commodity Transportation
Bulk (Grain, Minerals, Oil)
Containerized
Sectors Primary / Transformation Manufacturing / Retailing
Driving force Cost / Volume Time / Flexibility
Mode of shipment
Large batches Small shipments
Frequency Low High
Flows One way More balanced
Terminals Dedicated by commodity General container
Seasonality From low (energy) to high (agriculture)
Low (retail cycles)
Exchange Markets
Mass (futures / forward) Niche (spot)
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
From Bulk to Containers: Breaking Economies of Scale
Entry Barriers
• Container as an independent load unit.
• Minimal load unit; one TEU container.
Required Volumes
• Limited differences in scale economies for a producer.
• Incremental / linear cost-volume function.
Market Potential
• New producers (smaller).• Product differentiation (more
variety).
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Bulk and Containerized Commodity Chains
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Bulk Commodity Chain
Containerized Commodity Chain
Consolidationcenter
PortSupplier Customer
Intermodalterminal
Containerport
PendulumServices
Point-to-Point
Complementarity
Commodity Group and Containerization Potential
Category (SITC) ExamplesContainerization (Existing or Potential)
Food & Live Animals
Meat, Fish, Wheat, Rice, Corn, Sugar, Coffee, Cocoa, Tea
Low (grains) to high (cold chain products)
Beverages & Tobacco
Wine, Beer, Tobacco High
Raw Materials Rubber, Cotton, Iron ore Commodity specificFuels & Lubricants Coal, Crude oil, Kerosene, Natural gas Very limitedAnimal & Vegetable Oils
Olive oil , Corn oil High
Chemicals Salt, Fertilizers, Plastics Low to averageManufactured Goods
Paper, Textiles, Cement, Iron & Steel, Copper
Commodity specific
Machinery & Transport Equipment
Computer equipment, Televisions, Cars Very high (already containerized)
Miscellaneous Manufactures
Furniture, Clothes, Footwear, Cameras, Books, Toys
Very high (already containerized)
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Containerized Weight for Selected Commodities
Commodity Pounds per cubic foot
Weight in a 20 foot container
Wheat 48 28 tons
Corn 45 26 tons
Dry peas, beans and lentils
37 22 tons
Vegetable oil (e.g. canola)
60 30 tons (35 tons)
Coffee (fresh beans) 35 21 tons
Lumber (2x4s) 45 26 tons
Hay (e.g. alfalfa) 14 8 tons
Potash 80 30 tons (46 tons)
Coal (Anthracite) 70 30 tons (41 tons)
Paper or wood pulp 75 30 tons (44 tons)
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
American Containerized Trade, 2003
Total Imports Exports0
5,000,000
10,000,000
15,000,000
20,000,000
25,000,000
FoodConsumer productsTechnology productsCapital equipmentRaw materials
TE
U
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Share of Main American International Trade Commodities Transported by Containership, 2000
Waste Paper
Manufactured Goods
Paper Products
Metal Products
Animal Feed
Furniture
Beverages
Refregirated Meat/Fish/Dairy
Motor Vehicle Parts
Food
Iron and Steel
Refrigerated Produce
Organic Chemicals
Pulp
Wood
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Shipping Time between Bulk Handling and Containerization (Canadian Wheat)
Bulk Handling System
Days Container System Days
Farm storage Start Farm storage Start
Local delivery 1 Local delivery 1
Primary elevator 40 Intermodal terminal 2
Rail hopper cars 11 Double stack train 2
Export terminal 19 Container port 2
Bulk ship 15 Containership 11
Import terminal 10 Container port 2
Local delivery 1 Local delivery 1
Final customer End Final customer End
Total 97 Total 21
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Challenges for the Containerization of Commodities
Challenge Issues
Container availability Locational and load unit availability.
Weight Limitations to about 30 tons (40 footer).20 footer the preferable load unit (26-28 tons).
Container preparation Pre-use and post-use cleaning (avoid contamination).Dedicated containers?
Container loading, unloading and transloading
Bulks difficult to load horizontally.Vertical loading / unloading (equipment).Transloading issues.Source loading.
Weight distribution Containership load (10-14 tons per TEU).Trade imbalances create mitigation strategies.
Land consumption at port terminals
Space consumption (4 times more than bulk) mitigated by velocity.
Existing distribution channels
Considerable accumulated investments (modes & terminals).Established distribution practices.Modal shift inertia.Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be
published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Monthly Softwood Lumber Shipments to China, 2007-2014
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Jan-
07
Apr-0
7
Jul-0
7
Oct-0
7
Jan-
08
Apr-0
8
Jul-0
8
Oct-0
8
Jan-
09
Apr-0
9
Jul-0
9
Oct-0
9
Jan-
10
Apr-1
0
Jul-1
0
Oct-1
0
Jan-
11
Apr-1
1
Jul-1
1
Oct-1
1
Jan-
12
Apr-1
2
Jul-1
2
Oct-1
2
Jan-
13
Apr-1
30
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
United States Canada
Mill
ions
of
board
feet
THE GEOGRAPHY OF
TRANSPORT SYSTEMS
THIRD EDITION
Application 3
Maersk Shipping Line
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Port Terminal Assets of APMT by Equity-Based Capacity
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
THE GEOGRAPHY OF
TRANSPORT SYSTEMS
THIRD EDITION
Application 4
Transcontinental Bridges
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Types of Landbridges
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
The North American Landbridge
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Intermodal Rail Flows, 2006
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Circum-Hemispheric Rings of Circulation
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
The Eurasian Landbridge
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
The Northern East-West Freight Corridor
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Distance to New York from Eastern China (in km)
Eurasian Landbridge
Panama Suez US Landbridge Black Sea0
5,000
10,000
15,000
20,000
25,000
30,000 Chart Title
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.