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Consolidated Comparative Study on Copyright Laws of ARIPO Member States and their Adherence to International Instruments on Copyright and Related RightsIS
BN
: 978
-1-7
7906
-335
-9 Lesotho
Kingdom of Eswatini
Mozambique
Sudan
Zimbabwe
Zambia
Botswana
Kenya
Rwanda
Uganda
Malawi
Tanzania
Namibia
The Gambia
Liberia
São Tomé and Príncipe
Ghana
Sierra Leone
Consolidated CoMPaRatiVe stUdY oF CoPYRiGHt laWs oF aRiPo MeMBeR states and tHeiR adHeRenCe to
inteRnational instRUMents on CoPYRiGHt and Related
RiGHts
aRiPo Harare, Zimbabwe
2018
Executive Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Acknowledgement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6
Acronyms & Abbreviations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
I. BACKGROUND.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
II. COUNTRY PROFILES. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
(i) Botswana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
(ii) Kingdom of Eswatini . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
(iii) The Gambia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
(iv) Ghana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
(v) Kenya . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
(vi) Lesotho . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
(vii) Liberia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
(viii) Namibia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
(ix) Malawi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
(x) Mozambique . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
(xi) Rwanda . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
(xii) São Tomé and Príncipe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
(xiIi) Sierra Leone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
(xiv) Sudan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .17
(xv) Tanzania . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
(xvi) Uganda . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
(xvii) Zambia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
(xviii) Zimbabwe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
III. BENEFITS OF INTERNATIONAL INSTRUMENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
International instruments on Copyright and Related Rights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Berne Convention . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Rome, Phonograms & Brussels Convention . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Marrakesh Treaty & WIPO Copyright Treaty (WCT) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
WIPO Performances and Phonogram Treaty (WPPT) & Beijing Treaty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
IV. STATUS OF ARIPO MEMBER STATES ON INTERNATIONAL INSTRUMENTS FOR COPYRIGHTS & RELATED RIGHTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
Country Comparisons Treaties, Conventions and Agreement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
Treaties uptake summary of the 17 ARIPO Member States understudy as at March 2018 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
(i) Botswana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
(ii) Kingdom of Eswatini . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
(iii) The Gambia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
(iv) Ghana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
(v) Kenya . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
(vi) Lesotho . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
(vii) Liberia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
(viii) Namibia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
(ix) Malawi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
(x) Mozambique . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
(xi) Rwanda . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
(xii) Sierra Leone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
(xiii) Sudan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
(xiv) Tanzania . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
(xv) Uganda . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
(xvi) Zambia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
(xvii) Zimbabwe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
V. COUNTRY COPYRIGHT & RELATED RIGHTS LAWS COMPARISON . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
Observations & Key Findings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
Recommendations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
TABLE OF
Contents
The Copyright and Related Rights mandate was included in 2002 to the African Regional Intellectual Property Organization (ARIPO). This called for ARIPO to develop and implement strategies through which it can promote and support growth and effectiveness in the administration, management and enforcement of copyright and related rights in the Member States and Africa. As a result this research was undertaken by ARIPO and represents the position on stated variables based on available literature. The report presents a comparative study of eighteen of the ARIPO Member States, whose copyright and related rights laws were reviewed at length as part of the study. These are (Botswana, Kingdom of Eswatini, The Gambia, Ghana, Kenya, Lesotho, Liberia, Namibia, Malawi, Mozambique, Rwanda, São Tomé and Príncipe, Sierra Leone, Sudan, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia and Zimbabwe).
The study further looks at the adherence to international treaties and conventions related to copyright and related rights of the eighteen ARIPO Member States, mentioned above, as well as the benefits of international instruments both at the broad level and on a country-specific level. This is one of the tools that could inform ARIPO, it’s Member States and the general public of the status of compliance to international treaties and conventions and the national laws on copyright and related rights. Such information will contribute towards advising Member States on policy issues, harmonizing the laws and also improving the national legislations for the benefit of all stakeholders nationally and internationally so as to ensure growth and development in the copyright and related rights arena.
Fernando dos SantosDirector General
exeCUtiVe
sUMMaRY
54
This desk research is a result of concerted efforts by the African Regional Intellectual Property Organization (ARIPO) in its quest to bring value and growth transformation within the Member States copyright and related rights legislations through the comparative study of their laws on copyright and related rights. Many thanks go to ARIPO’s Anderson Ray Zikonda Library for the favorable environment availed to conduct this desk research. We thank the Member States who gave their inputs to improve this study and all colleagues who assisted in one way or the other to make this work a success.
aCknoWledGMent
aCRonYMARIPO African Regional Intellectual Property Organization
Act Copyright and Related/Neighbouring Rights Act
Art. Article
CIPA Companies Intellectual Property Authority
COSBOTS Copyright Society of Botswana
CopyGhana The Reproduction Rights Organization of Ghana
COSOTA Copyright Society of Tanzania
COSOMA Copyright Society of Malawi
CMO Collective Management Organisation
GDP Gross Domestic Product
ICT Information Communications Technologies
IP Intellectual Property
KECOBO Kenya Copyright Board
KOPIKEN The Reproduction Rights Society of Kenya
KAMP Kenya Association of Music Producers
KOPIKEN The Reproduction Rights Society of Kenya
MINICOM Ministry of Trade and Industry
NAMRRO Namibian Reproduction rights Organization
NISR Rwanda National Institute of Statistics
PRISK Performers Rights Society of Kenya
PACRA Patents and Companies Registration Agency
ppp Purchasing Power Parity
PPP Public Private Partnership
RDB Rwanda Development Board
RSAU Rwanda Society of Authors
Sq Km Square Kilometre
TPM Technological Protection Measure
URSB Uganda Registration Services Bureau
UFMI Uganda Federation of Movie Industry
UPRS Uganda Performing Rights Society
URRO Uganda Reproduction Rights Organization
USD United States Dollars
SOMAS Associação Moçambicana de Autores
ZAMCOPS Zambian Music Copyright Protection Society
ZARRSO Zambia Reproduction Rights Society
ZIMURA Zimbabwe Music Rights Association
ZIMCOPY Reproduction Rights Organisation of Zimbabwe
ZIPO Zimbabwe Intellectual Property Office
aCRonYMs &
aBBReViations
76
In implementing its mandate on Copyright and Related Rights, ARIPO undertook a comparative study on copyright laws of its Member States and their adherence to international instruments on copyright and related rights with the view to study the legal regimes on copyright and related rights. This includes; identification of provisions and gaps in the copyright laws and their compliance to international instruments on copyright and related rights. The study will contribute towards advising Member States on policy issues, harmonizing the laws and also improving the national legislations for the benefit of all stakeholders nationally and internationally so as to ensure growth and development inthe copyright and related rights arena.
The review reveals that the copyright laws of countries understudy were enacted as follows: Botswana – 2006, Ghana – 2005, Kenya – 2001, Rwanda – 2009, Sierra Leone – 2011, Uganda – 2006, Mozambique - 2001, Sudan - 2013, Lesotho - 2015, Kingdom of Eswatini - 2018, the Gambia - 2004, Liberia - 2016, Zimbabwe - 2005 and Zambia - 2010, Tanzania - 1999, Malawi - 2016, Namibia - 1994, São Tomé and Príncipe - 2017.
In the case of Somalia, it is not possible to obtain reliable responses due to the prevailing political situation. The studies applied desk research on comparative study of the copyright and related rights regime in the eighteen countries.
i. BaCkGRoUnd
(i) BotswanaBotswana is situated in Southern Africa surrounded by Angola, Zambia, Zimbabwe, South Africa and Namibia. The country has a total land size of 581 730 sq. km; a population of 2 155 784 (July 2014 est.); a GDP purchasing power parity of USD 34 Billion and an 85.1% literacy rate. A study on the contribution of the creative industry on the GDP has been undertaken in 2018. In the draft report creative industries surpass other important sectors such as water and electricity (0.3%); agriculture (2%); manufacturing (5.20%). In 2016 the industries contributed 5.46% to GDP and 2.66% to the total labour force. Music, photography and dramatic works are some of the major copyright sectors which contribute to the national economy. The key industries are mining, livestock agriculture and textiles. The currency used is the Botswana Pula.
In Botswana there is an established system for intellectual property. The Companies and Intellectual Property Authority (CIPA) has three Offices within the Authority, namely, the Companies and Business Names Office, the Industrial Property Office and the Copyright Office.
CIPA’s functions include promoting and enabling the full protection of the rights of investors and right-holders obtained under the Companies Act, Registration of Business Names Act, Industrial Property Act and Copyright and Neighbouring Rights Act. The Copyright Office is responsible for all matters affecting copyright in Botswana; supervises the activities as provided for under section 36A of the Copyright and Neighbouring Rights Act; maintains an effective database on copyright matters and on authors and their works; maintains a register of works published in Botswana; issues a licence, prescribed by the Minister, for the operation of the Copyright Society; designs and issues the security device under section 35A of the Copyright and Neighbouring Rights Act; administers the fund established under section 35G (2) of the Copyright and Neighbouring Rights Act; be responsible for such matters related to copyright, as the Minister may direct
for the better carrying out of the purposes and provisions of the Copyright and Neighbouring Act and this Act; and exercises
any other powers conferred on it by the Act or any other Act, or which the Minister may by regulations prescribe.
The Copyright and Neighbouring Rights Act of Botswana provides for technical device levy which is charged on all technical items with potential to copy protected works. The Levy on Technical Devices Fund was established and is used to fund projects whose intended objective is to promote creativity in Botswana. The Technical Devices Fund Committee issues open calls inviting individuals, government departments, associations, nongovernmental organisations and private entities to submit project proposals to be considered for funding.
The Copyright Society of Botswana (COSBOTS) is the Collective Management Organization in Botswana, incorporated in 2008 as a Private Company limited by guarantee. COSBOTS is mandated by the Copyright and Neighbouring Rights Act CAP 68:02 to among others license and collect royalties from users of copyright works and distribute to right holders. By virtue of representing copyright owners or owners of protected works, that is music, photography, film and video, visual arts, literary and dramatic works; through legislation by the Copyright and Neighbouring Rights Act CAP 68:02.
(ii) kingdom of eswatiniEswatini is situated in Southern Africa, bordered by Mozambique and South Africa. The country has a total area size of 17,364 sq. km; a population of 1,419,623 (July 2014 est); GDP (purchasing power parity) of USD 6.259 Billion (2013 est.); and a literacy rate of 87.8% of the total population. The main contributors to the GDP according to 2013 estimates are agriculture (7.6%),
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industry (47.8%) and Services (44.6%). The main industries are coal, wood pulp, sugar, soft drink concentrates, textiles and apparel. The currency used in Eswatini is the emalangeni.
Eswatini was not part of the survey on the status of CMOs in ARIPO Member States undertaken by ARIPO in cooperation with NORCODE published in 2016 as at that time the Copyright Act 1912 had no provision on the establishment of CMO. Currently there is a new law Copyright and Neighbouring Rights Act 2018 which provides for copyright and neighbouring rights Society of Swaziland. Eswatini has not undertaken a creative industries study.
(iii) the Gambia
The Gambia (Gambia) is situated in West Africa, bordered by the Senegal and the North Atlantic Ocean. The country has a total land size of 11,295 sq. km; a population of 1,925,527 (July 2014 est); GDP (purchasing power parity) of USD 3,678 Billion (2013 est.); and a literacy rate of 51.1% of the total population. The main contributors to the GDP according to 2013 estimates are agriculture (19.7%), industry (12.6%) and Services (67.7%). The main industries are processing peanuts, fish and hides, tourism, beverages, agricultural machinery assembly, woodworking, metalworking and clothing. The currency used in the Gambia is the Gambian Dalasis.
The Gambia has a functional industrial property office run by the Attorney Generals Chambers under the Ministry of Justice. Copyright is governed under the Copyright Act of 2004 which includes provisions for Related Rights and for the establishment of the Collecting Society of the Gambia (CSG), a CMO. The Society which was subsequently established in 2014 is responsible for all rights under the Copyright Act
(Broadcasting, Public Performance, Reproduction, Related Rights). CSG is being mentored by the Copyright Society of Malawi (COSOMA) and CopyGhana with the support from the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) and ARIPO. The Minister of Tourism and Culture on 28 March 2018 signed the regulations that seeks to implement the Copyright Act and encourage reward to creativity. This is a milestone to CSG and the rightholders as collection for usage of their works will be realised. The country has also not yet undertaken the creative industries survey. In an article on the Music in Africa website, Hassoum Ceesay notes that the challenges with copyright in the country include a lethargic collective management organisation and a clear lack of capacity in the sector with Gambia’s creative industries still largely in their formative stages. Ceesay further notes that in the book publishing industry there are no book publishers - instead there are editors and printers who print on demand from authors and authors distribute the books themselves, while in the music industry, artists have a limited knowledge of copyright matters and require education on the subject and that the Copyright Office has limited resources, including staff and budget, to undertake its full responsibilities.
(iv) GhanaThe country situated in West Africa, is formerly known as the Gold Coast, and is surrounded by Togo, Cote D’Ivoire and Burkina Faso. Ghana has a total land size of 238 533 sq. km; population of 25 758 108 (2014 est.); a GDP purchasing power parity (ppp) of USD 90.41 Billion and a 71.5 % literacy rate. The main economic activities are estimated at Agriculture (21.5 %), Industry (28.7 %) and Services (49.8%). Ghana is reputed for its cloth designs, a rising film industry and the creative industry in general. The currency used in Ghana is the Ghanaian Cedi.
Ghana has not yet undertaken a study on the creative industry’s contribution to the national economy but a study
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The copyright system in Ghana is governed by the Copyright Act No. 690 of 2005, which established the Copyright Office responsible for administration of copyright. It’s functions include: implementing copyright and copyright related laws and regulations and providing for copyright administration; registering right holders’ works, investigating and redressing cases of infringement of copyright, and settling disputes of copyright where those disputes have not been reserved for settlement by the Copyright Tribunal; be responsible for the administration of external copyright relations; administration of copyrights of which the State is the owner; carrying out other duties in relation to copyright administration. A copyright monitoring team was setup too.
The Copyright Office has Copyright Regulations 2010 L.I. 1962 which has provisions to be followed for any person who wants to establish a Collective Management Organization. They have to get the approval of the Minister in writing if they meet the conditions in the regualtions such as a body corporate registered as a company limited by guarantee under the Companies Act, 1963 (Act 179). If it is a music, audio-visual rights, performers rights or literary rights society, have to provide evidence of having functional presence in the society. If it is a music rights or performers rights society that it has at least twenty members in each of the regions in which it is functional. If it is a literary rights or audio-visuals rights society that it has at least fifty members at the national level, and each member has at least one published work or holds the entire economic rights on one published work. There are three Collective Management Organization in Ghana. These are Ghana Music Rights Organization (GHAMRO), CopyGhana (Reproduction Rights Organization), and Audio-visual Rights Society of Ghana (ARSOG).
GHAMRO are collecting royalties on behalf of the music right-holders and the right holders are fully involved as they
accompany GHAMRO officials to negotiate and collect royalties. Distribution of royalties is also done through the use of mobile phones.
Authentication devices will soon be re-introduced in Ghana to mitigate piracy in the country. Piracy kills creativity, piracy is illegal, piracy is unacceptable it needs concerted efforts from all players the public, users, right holders, police, customs, judiciary, copyright office and the CMOs to curb it.
GHAMRO has come up with a system called AGRIMS (Age, Right holders Monthly Stipend) which intends to financially support the retired members of the society. Some of the right holders as they get old some can no longer produce songs. So AGRIMS supports right holders when need arises. It is very helpful to the retired members surety of having something to sustain themselves.
The Audio-visual Rights Society of Ghana (ARSOG) was established in 2011 to protect the rights of owners of Audio-Visual works in Ghana. These right owners are producers, writers and performers. ARSOG collects royalties on behalf of right holders from users.
CopyGhana is the Reproduction Rights Organization which has mandate from five (5) member associations namely, Ghana Association Writers, Ghana Book Publishers Association, Ghana Journalists Association, Ghana Association of Visual Artists and Ghana Union of Professional Photographers and other individual rights holders. CopyGhana has licensed four tertiary institutions and ten polytechnics, namely Accra Polytechnic, Bolgatanga Polytechnic, Cape Coast Polytechnic, Koforidua Polytechnic, Ho Polytechnic, Takoradi Polytechnic, Kumasi Polytechnic, Sunyani Polytechnic, Wa Polytechnic and Tamale Polytechnic as at April 2016. Eight (8) of the Polytechnics have been upgraded to Technical Universities with effect from September 2016.
(v) kenyaKenya is situated in East Africa and it borders Ethiopia, Somalia, Tanzania, Uganda and Southern Sudan. The country
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has a total area of 580 367 sq. km, a population of 45 010 056, GDP purchasing power parity is at USD 79.9 billion and literacy levels are 87.4 % of the total population. The main economic contributors to GDP are agriculture (29.3%), industry (17.4%) and services (53.3%) (2013 est.). The currency used in Kenya is the Kenyan Shillings. A study on creative industry which was undertaken in 2009 showed that in 2007 copyright industries contributed 5.3 % to GDP and 3.4% to employment.
The Copyright Act Cap 130 governs the copyright system in Kenya. This Act established the Kenya Copyright Board to direct, co-ordinate and oversee the implementation of laws and international treaties and conventions to which Kenya is a party. It also performs all other functions that relate to copyright and other rights recognised by this Act and ensure the observance thereof. Further KECEBO also licenses and supervises the activities of collective management societies as provided for under this Act. KECOBO also devise promotion, introduction and training programs on copyright and related rights, to which end it may co-ordinate its work with national or international organisations concerned with the same subject matter. Apart from this it also organises the legislation on copyright and related rights and propose other arrangements that will ensure its constant improvement and continuing effectiveness. Other functions are to enlighten and inform the public on matters relating to copyright and related rights; maintain an effective data bank on authors and their works; and administer all matters of copyright and related rights in Kenya as provided for under the Act and to deal with ancillary matters connected with its functions.
KECOBO grants certificates of registration for a period of twelve months from date of issue to associations who have satisfied the criteria to carry on the collective administration of copyright that include: the body is a company limited by guarantee and incorporated under the Companies Act (Cap.
486); it is a non-profit making entity; its rules and regulations contain such other provisions as are prescribed, being provisions necessary to ensure that the interests of members of the collecting society are adequately protected; its principal objectives are the collection and distribution of royalties; and its accounts are regularly audited by independent external auditors elected by the society.
KECOBO shall not approve another collecting society in respect of the same class of rights and category of works if there exists another collecting society that has been licensed and functions to the satisfaction of its members. Furthermore, by notice in the Gazette, KECOBO may de-register a collecting society if it is satisfied that the collecting society is not functioning adequately as a collecting society; is not acting in accordance with its Memorandum and Articles of Association or in the best interests of its members; has altered its rules so that it no longer complies with subsection 4 of section 46; and it has refused or failed to comply with any of the provisions of the Act.
The collecting societies in Kenya, are: Kenya Association of Music Producers (KAMP), Reproduction Rights Society of Kenya (KOPIKEN), Music Copyright Society of Kenya (MCSK) and Performers Rights Society of Kenya (PRISK) and Music Publishers Association of Kenya (MPAKE).
The Music Copyright Society of Kenya (MCSK) is a collective management organization registered in 1983 as a Company limited by guarantee under the Companies Act (Cap 486 of the law of Kenya) and licensed by KECOBO as a collecting society. It aims at building, mobilizing, institutionalizing, and supporting the music fraternity within Kenya. Integrating, sustaining and enhancing earning for their works for authors, composers, arrangers and publishers.
The Performers Rights Society of Kenya (PRISK) is a collective management organisation licensed by the Kenya Copyright Board to represent performers in sound recording and audio-visual works.
PRISK is a non-profit company limited by guarantee, and not having a share capital. PRISK negotiates, sets tariffs
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The Kenya Association of Music Producers (KAMP) is a collective management organization registered as a non-profit making private company, with no share capital limited by guarantee in 2003 under the Companies Act, Chapter 486 of the Laws of Kenya and licensed by the Kenya Copyright Board to operate as a collective management organisation in May 2008. KAMP represents the rights and interests of producers of sound recordings, it negotiates with users, collects license fees and distribute royalties for communication to the public and broadcasting in accordance with the Copyright Act of 2001 of the Laws of Kenya.
KOPIKEN is a CMO established in 2005 under the Copyright Act as a company limited by guarantee. KOPIKEN licenses reproduction of printed literary, artistic and musical works used by way of photocopying, scanning, printing and similar means such as digital reproduction against payment of fees where it is not practical for individual right holders to do so. KOPIKEN represents authors (non-fiction, fiction and oral literature), publishers, photographers illustrators and designers through their respective associations which include, Kenya Non Fiction Authors Association (KENFAA). This is an association of non-fiction writers and translators who have published at least 100 pages works comprising of books, periodicals and professional and scientific journals. Writers Association of Kenya (WAK), which is an association of writers in Kenya, who have published creative literary works such as poems, short stories, novels, plays, biographies, autobiographies and memoirs, literary criticism and other kinds of literary scholarship. Kenya Oral Literature Association (KOLA). Which is a professional association of researchers, scholars in Kenyan Universities and oral artists. Kenya Union of Journalists (KUJ), which is an association of persons engaged in journalistic works in Kenya and the Kenya Association of Photographers Illustrators and Designers
(KAPIDE) which is an association for artists, visual creators, photojournalists, illustrators and designers are represented too by KOPIKEN. Song lyricists and writers of sheet music are also represented by KOPIKEN and the Kenya Publishers Association (KPA) which is an association bringing together all companies, organizations or individuals engaged in book publishing in Kenya. MPAKE is a non-profit organization representing authors, composers and music publishers in Kenya.
(vi) lesothoLesotho is situated in Southern Africa, surrounded by South Africa. The country has a total land size
of 30,355 sq. km; a population of 1,942,008
(July 2014 est.); a GDP purchasing power parity of USD 4.265 billion (2013
est.) and a literacy rate of 89.6% of the total population. The key economic drivers are the textile and Garment industry, Agriculture, Customs Duties and Other remittances and Diamond mining.
In Lesotho, there is an established intellectual property system. Industrial Property was initiated in Lesotho in 1989 and it operates under Industrial Property Order No. 5 of May 1989, covering the Patents, Trade Marks, Industrial Designs and Utility Model and is administered by the Registrar General in the Ministry of Law and Constitutional Affairs. The country has not undertaken a Creative Industry study. On 5th September 2018 Board Directors of the Society of Authors and Artists was gazetted. This is a milestone to Lesotho to have a CMO. Copyright is administered under the Copyright Order No. 13 of May 1989 by the office of the Registrar General of the Ministry of Law and Constitutional Affairs for the Industrial Property. The role of the Registrar is to monitor operations of the Society of Authors and Artists, collect and distribute
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royalties and other remuneration accruing from expressions of folklore and implementation of the Copyright Order. Enforcement and dispute resolution is the responsibility of the High Court of Lesotho. The Act provides for the creation of a non-profit making Society of Authors and Artists whose role is to promote and protect the interests of authors, artists and performers who are its members through collection and distribution of royalties or other remuneration accruing to its members in respect of their rights and maintenance of a register of works, productions and associations of authors, artists and performers.
(vii) liberiaLiberia is situated in West Africa, bordered by Sierra Leone, Guinea, Cote D’Ivoire and the North Atlantic Ocean. The country has a total land size of 111,369 sq. km; a population of 4,092,310 (July 2014 est); GDP (purchasing power parity) of USD 4 Billion (2015 est.); and a literacy rate of 60.8% of the total population. The main contributors to the GDP according to 2002 estimates are agriculture (76.9%), industry (5.4%) and Services (17.7%). The main industries are mining, rubber processing, palm oil processing, timber and diamonds. The currency used in Liberia is the Liberian Dollar.
In the survey on the status of CMOs in ARIPO Member States undertaken by ARIPO in cooperation with NORCODE revealed that the Copyright Society of Liberia (COSLIB), though established, had not yet commenced the management of rights. Liberia has not yet undertaken a study on the contribution of creative industries. The Intellectual Property Act 2016 governs the management of copyright and has provisions for the registration of works. There is also an established intellectual property system.
(viii) namibiaNamibia officially the Republic of Namibia is a country in southern Africa whose western border is the Atlantic Ocean. It shares land borders with Zambia and Angola to the north, Botswana to the east and South Africa to the south and east. Although it does not border Zimbabwe, less than 200 metres of the Zambezi River (essentially a small bulge in Botswana to achieve a Botswana/Zambia micro-border) separates the two countries. Namibia gained independence from South Africa on 21 March 1990, following the Namibian War of Independence. Its capital and largest city is Windhoek, and it is a member state of the United Nations (UN), the Southern African Development Community (SADC), the African Union (AU), and the Commonwealth of Nations.
The dry lands of Namibia were inhabited since early times by the San, Damara, and Nama peoples. From 1948, with the National Party elected to power, South Africa applied apartheid also to what was then known as South West Africa.Namibia obtained full independence from South Africa in 1990. However, Walvis Bay and the Penguin Islands remained under South African control until 1994.Namibia has a population of 2.6 million people and a stable multi-party parliamentary democracy. Agriculture, herding, tourism and the mining industry – including mining for gem diamonds, uranium, gold, silver, and base metals – form the basis of its economy. The large, arid Namibia Desert has resulted in Namibia being overall one of the least densely populated countries in the world.
(ix) MalawiMalawi officially the Republic of Malawi, is a landlocked country in southeast Africa that was formerly known as Nyasaland. It is bordered by Zambia to the northwest,
Tanzania to the northeast, and Mozambique on the east, south and west. Malawi is over 118,000 km2 (45,560 sq mi) with an estimated population of 18,091,575 (July 2016 est.). Its capital is Lilongwe, which is also Malawi’s largest city. The country is also nicknamed “The Warm Heart of Africa”. Lake Malawi takes up about a third of Malawi’s area.
Malawi’s foreign policy is pro-Western and includes positive diplomatic relations with most countries and participation in several international organizations, including the United Nations, the Commonwealth of Nations, the Southern African Development Community (SADC), the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA), and the African Union (AU).
Malawi is among the world’s least-developed countries. The economy is heavily based in agriculture, with a largely rural population. The Malawian government depends heavily on outside aid to meet development needs, although this need (and the aid offered) has decreased since 2000. The Malawian government faces challenges in building and expanding the economy, improving education, healthcare, environmental protection, and becoming financially independent amidst widespread overpopulation and unemployment. Since 2005, Malawi has developed several programs that focus on these issues, and the country’s outlook appears to be improving, with a rise in the economy, education and healthcare seen in 2007 and 2008. Although there was periodic regional conflict fueled in part by ethnic divisions in the past, by 2008 it had diminished considerably and the concept of a Malawian nationality had re-emerged.
(x) MozambiqueMozambique is situated in Southern Africa, bordered by Zimbabwe, Zambia, Malawi, Tanzania, Eswatini, South Africa and the Indian Ocean. The country has a total land size
of 799,380 sq. km; a population of 24,692,144 (July 2014 est); GDP (purchasing power parity) of USD 28.15 Billion (2013 est.); and a literacy rate of 56.1% of the total population.
The main contributors to the GDP according to 2013 estimates are agriculture (28.7%), industry (24.9%) and Services (46.4%). The main industries are aluminium, petroleum products, chemicals (fertilizer, soap, paints), textiles, cement, glass, asbestos, tobacco, food and beverages. The currency used in Mozambique is the metical.
Mozambique has created an industrial property office run by the industrial property institute under the current Ministry of Industry and Commerce. It is responsible for Patents, Trade and Service marks, Industrial designs, Utility Model, Geographical Indications, Commercial Names and Denominations of origin and logo. The Copyright and Related Rights are under the Ministry of Culture Youth and Sports and Administered by the National Institute of Books and Records. The current copyright law was enacted in 2001 and the first CMO Associação Moçambicana de Autores- (SOMAS) was established in 2000. SOMAS manages Public Performance, Broadcasting and Audio-visual Rights and is composed of authors of literary works, composers, visual artists and photographers. The country has undertaken a creative industries study with the help of the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD).
(xi) RwandaRwanda is a landlocked country situated in East Africa, bordered to the North by Uganda, to the East by Tanzania, to the South by Burundi and to the West by the Democratic
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of 7,092,113, GDP purchasing power parity of USD 9.156 Billion and literacy rates of 43.3 %. Agriculture and mining are the major contributors to the economy though there are other activities such as tourism and industrial processing. The currency used is the United States Dollars.
Sierra Leone has not undertaken the study on the contribution of creative industries to the national economy. The law governing copyright matters is the Copyright Act 2011 which provides for the establishment of a collecting society of Sierra Leone. It is a corporate body with perpetual succession and a common seal and is specifically tasked and charged with that responsibility of administering and enforcing provisions of the Act in consultation with the national enforcement agencies.
(xiv) sudanSudan is situated in North-Eastern Africa, bordered by the Red Sea, Egypt and Eritrea. The country has a total land size of 1,861,484 sq. km; a population of 35,482,233 (July 2014 est); GDP (purchasing power parity) of USD 89.97 Billion (2013 est.); and a literacy rate of 56.1% of the total population. The main contributors to the GDP according to 2013 estimates are agriculture (27.4%), industry (33.6%) and Services (39%). The main industries are oil, cotton ginning, textiles, cement, edible oils, sugar, soap distilling’s, shoes, petroleum refining, pharmaceuticals, armaments and automobile/light truck assembly. The currency used in Sudan is the Sudanese Pound.
Sudan has created an industrial property office run by the Registrar General of Intellectual Property under the Ministry of Justice. Copyright is governed by the Copyright and neighbouring rights (protection) and literal and artistic works Act of 2013. The country has not undertaken a creative industries study and was not part of the survey on the status of CMOs in ARIPO Member States undertaken by ARIPO
in cooperation with NORCODE published in 2016. An IPRs survey published in 2013 concluded that findings “indicate the recognition of the importance of strengthening IPRs for achieving economic development objectives in Sudan and show that the important types of IPRs protection implemented in Sudan are industrial designs, trademarks, related rights to copyright, copyright, patents and invention and protection against unfair competition respectively.” The copyright act does not have provisions for CMOs.
(xv) tanzaniaTanzania officially the United Republic of Tanzania is a state in eastern Africa within the African Great Lakes region. It borders Kenya and Uganda to the north; Rwanda, Burundi, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the west; Zambia, Malawi, and Mozambique to the south; and the Indian Ocean to the east. Mount Kilimanjaro, Africa’s highest mountain, is in north-eastern Tanzania.
The United Nations estimated Tanzania’s 2016 population at 55.57 million. The population is composed of several ethnic, linguistic, and religious groups. Tanzania is a presidential constitutional republic and since 1996 its official capital city has been Dodoma. Dar es Salaam, the former capital, retains most government offices and is the country’s largest city, principal port, and leading commercial centre. The Menai Bay Conservation Area is Zanzibar’s largest marine protected area. Over 100 different languages are spoken in Tanzania, making it the most linguistically diverse country in East Africa.
(xvi) UgandaUganda is located in East Africa, to the northwest of Lake Victoria surrounded by South Sudan, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Rwanda, Kenya and Tanzania. The country has a total area of 241 038 sq km, a population of 35 918 915, a GDP
Republic of the Congo. Considered to be among the smallest countries on the continent, Rwanda’s total area is estimated to be 26 334 sq km. According to Rwanda’s National Institute of Statistics (NSIR), in 2015, the population density in Rwanda was estimated to be 445 people per square kilometre and the total population is approximately 11,262,564. Rwanda’s economy is increasingly experiencing the predominance of the service sector. The country experienced a GDP per capita of US$ 1,536 Billion for the 2016 first quarter according to the NISR and 71.1 % literacy rate. The currency used is the Rwandan Franc.
Rwanda through the Ministry of Sports and Culture in 2014 undertook mapping on creative industry and in 2016, started its first cultural and creative industries survey. The objective of the survey is to identify institutions, organizations and individuals working in the sector. The survey will also collect information on employment, revenue, expenditure and marketing strategies from institutions, and build a database of the creative and cultural industries as well as a management system for the exploitation of the data to establish their contribution to the economic growth of the region.
The law governing copyright matters is the Law on Intellectual Property, Law N° 31/2009 of 26/10/2009. The Ministry of Trade and Industry (MINICOM) is responsible for: the policy framework, preparing policy related to the promotion of intellectual property, preparing orders related to the application of the law and to supervise the organ in charge of intellectual property.
The Ministry of Sport and Culture is responsible for protecting the moral rights of creators of copyrighted works, promote artists and performers, promote and protect Rwanda’s national culture and heritage and to prepare orders related to copyright. The Office of the Registrar General is in charge of daily registration of intellectual property, to establish measures allowing for just remuneration of copyright owners and equitable distribution of remunerations available under the copyright and related rights, to monitor activities of private institutions that manage jointly copyright and related rights and to arbitrate all disputes arising from intellectual property.In Rwanda there is one multi-purpose collective management
organization called Rwanda Society of Authors (RSAU). The RSAU was established and registered with the Rwanda Development Board (RDB) in May 2010. RSAU is the first collective management organization comprising of the Association of Musicians (INGOMA Music Association), the Association of Cinema Artists (IRIZA CARD), the Association of Writers (LA PLUME D’OR) and ISOKO Arts Rwanda. RSAU has started licensing process in May 2016 the distribution is expected to be in 2017.
(xii) são tomé and PríncipeSão Tomé and Príncipe is located in the Central Africa Islands in the Gulf of Guinea, just north of the Equator, west of Gabon. The part of the volcano chain featuring striking rock and coral formations rain forests and beaches. On the Larger Island Sao Tome is the Lagoa Azul Lagoon, Obo Natural Park, a biodiverse jungle preserve covers much of São Tomé and Príncipe and distinguished by Pico Cao Grande a sky scrapper like volcanic rock. The country has a total area of 964 sq km, Sao Tome the capital city has a quarter of the nations population. The northern areas of both islands have the highest population densities. Agriculture, tourism, fishing are among economic activities. GDP purchasing power parity $676 million. The currency used is the dobra (db). São Tomé and Príncipe has not undertaken the creative Industries study.
(xiii) sierra leoneSierra Leone is in West Africa. It is surrounded by Liberia, Guinea and the Atlantic Ocean. The country has a total area of 71 740 sq. km, a population
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purchasing power parity of USD 54.37 Billion and the literacy levels of 73.2 % of the total population. Agriculture is the mainstay of the economy. The currency used is the Ugandan Shillings. Uganda has a relatively vibrant information sector, including a small but fast-growing publishing industry. Furthermore, Uganda has a liberalized telecommunications industry which has contributed tremendously to growth of the country’s ICT sector. Given this infrastructure, education and research institutions are making increasing use of digital technology for both instruction and research .The country however has a growing film and music industry, rich cultural heritage and other diverse copyright and related rights activities. A creative industries study to establish potential contribution of copyright to the national economy has not yet been undertaken.
The law governing copyright matters is the Copyright and Neighboring Rights Act 2006. Section 2 of the Copyright Act provides the scope for copyright protection and defines the different types of works. Section 5 of the Act outlines the specific types of works that are eligible for protection under copyright. Besides economic rights including publication, distribution, broadcasting and communication to the public, which are outlined in detail in Section 9, the law also recognizes and protects moral rights under Section 10. The types of works that will receive protection, include literary, scientific and artistic works (including computer programmes, illustrations and traditional folklore and knowledge), as well as derivative works such as translations, transformations and collections. However, Section 6 makes it clear that ideas are not protected by copyright and Section 7 excludes from copyright protection ‘public benefit works’ such as laws and government reports. The 2006 Copyright and Neighbouring Rights Act affords copyright protection for 50 years after the lifetime of the author in most cases, but otherwise the term of protection varies depending on the type of work. With reference to audiovisual work, sound recordings and broadcasts, the economic rights of the author are protected until the expiration of 50 years from the date of making the work or from the date the work is made available to
the public with the consent of the author. In general, the duration of copyright term in Uganda keeps to the minimum requirements laid out in Article 12 of TRIPs.
The Uganda Registration Services Bureau (URSB) is the National Copyright Information Center. Section 41 of the Act, provides for a Registrar of Copyright and other officers. The Registrar of Copyright shall: process applications for licenses; register works and productions to be registered under this Act; register collecting societies; give guidance to and discipline collecting societies; register assignments, licences and transfers of copyrights; register copyright contracts relating to exploitation of rights; provide copyright and neighbouring rights information service to the public and users of copyright works; in collaboration with the collecting societies, advise Government, on matters relating to copyright and neighbouring rights; perform any other duty or function relating to copyrights, neighbouring rights and collecting societies as may be necessary for the better functioning of the Act or as the Minister may by regulation prescribe. As at August 2016, URSB has registered and licensed three collecting management organizations’ namely: Uganda Federation for Movie Industry, Uganda Performing Right Society and Uganda Reproduction Rights Organisation.
The Uganda Federation for Movie Industry (UFMI) was formed in 2006 as a company limited by guarantee having no share capital. On 24 July 2009 UFMI was licensed as a collective management organisation. The CMO manages members’ rights in audiovisual works.
Uganda Performing Rights Society (UPRS) was formed in 1985 by authors (mainly musicians) to advance the cause of copyright administration in Uganda. It is registered with the Registrar of Companies as a company limited by guarantee having no share capital. UPRS administers performing rights of members in musical works and sound recording both foreign and local works falling within their repertoire.
Uganda Reproduction Rights Organisation (URRO) was approved as a collective management organization for reproduction rights in 2011. URRO represents the Uganda Publishers Associations, Uganda Visual Artists and Designers Association, Uganda Children Writers and Illustrator’s Association, Uganda Female
ii. CoUntRY
PRoFilesii. CoUntRY
PRoFilesWriters Association, Uganda Textbook, Academic and Non-fiction Authors Association, and Uganda Journalists Association. URRO administers reproduction/reprographic rights in literary works.
(xvii) ZambiaZambia is situated in Southern Africa, bordered by Zimbabwe, Botswana, Namibia, Angola, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Malawi, Tanzania and Mozambique. The country has a total land size of 752,618 sq. km; a population of 15,066,266 (2015 est.); GDP (purchasing power parity) of USD 62.71 Billion (2015 est.); and a literacy rate of 63.4% of the total population. The main contributors to the GDP according to 2015 estimates are agriculture (8.6%), industry (31.3%) and services (60%). The main industries are copper mining and processing, construction, foodstuffs, beverages, chemicals, textiles, fertilizer and horticulture. The country’s currency is the Zambian Kwacha.
The country has a functional intellectual property system.Industrial Property is managed by the Patents and Companies Registration Agency (PACRA). Copyright is governed under the Copyright and Performances Rights (Act No. 44 of 1994) which is read together with Copyright and Performance Rights (Amendment) Act, 2010, (Act 25 of 2010), which includes provisions for Related Rights and for the establishment and monitoring of the collecting societies. Two collecting societies, Zambian Music Copyright Protection Society (ZAMCOPS) established in 1996 and Zambia Reproduction Rights Society (ZARRSO) established in 2010 are in operation. The country has also not yet undertaken the creative industries study.
(xviii) ZimbabweZimbabwe is situated in Southern Africa, bordered by South Africa, Mozambique, Botswana and Zambia. The country has a total land size of 390,757 sq. km; a population of 14,229,541 (July 2015est); GDP (purchasing power parity) of USD 28.1 Billion (2015 est.); and a literacy rate of 86.5 % of the total population. The main contributors to the GDP according to 2015 estimates are agriculture (20%), industry (26%) and Services (53.3%). The main industries are mining, steel, wood products, cement, chemicals, fertilizer, clothing and footwear, foodstuffs, beverages.
Zimbabwe uses a basket of currencies that include Zimbabwean Bond notes denominated at par with the US Dollar, US dollars, South African Rand and other key foreign currencies such as the Botswana Pula and Chinese renminbi.
The country has an intellectual property system. Industrial Property is managed by the Zimbabwe Intellectual Property Office (ZIPO). Copyright is governed under the Copyright and Neighbouring Rights Act (Chapter 26:05) which includes provisions for Related Rights and for the registration of collecting societies. Two collecting societies, the Zimbabwe Music Rights Association (ZIMURA) established in 1982 and the Reproduction Rights Organisation of Zimbabwe (ZIMCOPY) established in 1985, are operational.
The Act also provides for the establishment of Copyright and Neighbouring Rights Collecting Society of Zimbabwe, which has however not been established. The country has also not yet undertaken the copyright industries survey and little data exists on the contribution of these industries to the economy.
1918
International treaties and conventions set the international norms that the international regime has to work within and abide to. The international instruments clearly show the commitment made by the signatories and they are expected to set systems within their jurisdictions to observe the international commitments.
There are various benefits that arise from being party to international instruments and these include:
a. Creation of common rules and regulations essential to achieving a robust intellectual property protection that spurs global economic expansion;
b. Broadening protection for local creators;
c. Enabling cooperation in fighting infringement and promoting commercialization;
d. Coordinating the efforts to track use of works to ensure creators benefit, in light of digitization and technological changes;
e. Creating grounds for dispute settlement;
f. Enabling works of country’s authors to be automatically protected in all countries party to the convention e.g. Berne, with the result that these authors may derive financial benefits from the expansion of markets for their works;
g. Enabling a signatory country to make use of the limitations provided for in that treaty to further the goals of its own citizens’ development;
International instruments on Copyright & Related RightsBerne ConventionThe Berne Convention is the first multilateral treaty on copyright and related rights. The need for a uniform system led to the formulation and adoption on September 9, 1886, of the Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works.
The aim of the Berne Convention, as indicated in its preamble, is “to protect, in as effective and uniform manner as possible, the rights of authors in their literary and artistic works.”
The Berne Convention sets the minimum standard on what copyright and related rights legislation should incorporate in the different jurisdictions. Most of the ARIPO member states are party to the Berne convention and have included most of the Berne provisions in their nationallegislations on copyright and related rights. Some of the principles incorporated in the Berne Convention are the “national treatment principle” whereby a country is to treat the works of non-national authors in the same way as they treat the works of national authors. Therefore, there will be no discrimination as each country is required to treat works from other countries in the same way as they treat the works of their own nationals. Similarly, on the ‘national treatment principle’, non-national right holders cannot demand to have their works treated differently to that of national right holders in the different jurisdictions provided they abide to the national legislation requirements. Automatic protection by virtue of creation not subject to the formality of registration, deposit or the like though in some ARIPO Member States they provide for the voluntary registration and notification systems and territoriality aspect.
There is also the “Appendix to the Berne Convention” which is very instrumental for developing countries concerning translation for the purpose of teaching, scholarship or research and reproduction of works of foreign origin1 to use the opportunity to implement non-voluntary licenses for translation and reproduction of works in certain cases, in connection with educational activities. In these cases, the described use is allowed without the authorization of the right holder, subject to the payment of remuneration to be fixed by the law and after compliance with certain procedural steps,by the competent authority of the developing country concerned.
1 Articles2bis,9(2),10(2),10bisandthe ten-yearrule (Article 30(2) (b)
Rome ConventionThe Rome Convention secures protection in performances for performers, in phonograms for producers of phonograms and in broadcasts for broadcasting organisations. The Rome Convention is based on the “national treatment” principle minimum protection guaranteed by the Convention to performers is provided by “the possibility of preventing certain acts”. The restricted acts comprise: broadcasting or communication to the public of a “live” performance; recording an unfixed performance; reproducing a fixation of the performance, provided that the original fixation was made without the consent of the performer or the reproduction is made for purposes not permitted by the Convention or the performer 2.
Producers of phonograms have the right to authorize or prohibit the direct or indirect reproduction of their phonograms 3. The Rome Convention does not provide for any right to authorize performances of the phonogram and does not explicitly prohibit distribution or importation of unauthorized duplicates of phonograms.
Broadcasting organizations have the right to authorize or prohibit: the simultaneous rebroadcasting of their broadcasts, the fixation of their broadcasts, the reproduction of unauthorized fixations of their broadcasts or reproduction of lawful fixations for illicit purposes and the communication to the public of their television broadcasts by means of receivers in places accessible to the public against payment. The later right does not extend to communication to the public of merely sound broadcasts, and that it is a matter for domestic legislation to determine the conditions under which such a right may be exercised. The Rome Convention does not protect against distribution by cable of broadcasts. The Convention allows for limitations and exceptions to the protection and gives country discretion to interpret certain provisions according to its needs.
This treaty is of particular importance to African countries where there are various performers making a living out of both modern and traditional artistic performances and where fixation may be done involuntarily by tourists or other people who come into contact with such performers and their acts.
The Treaty is also very crucial in the modern era where involuntary recording of one’s performances and the subsequent sharing of such works on several media platforms such as social media is rampant and in an era where media is becoming big business and content is king, African performers, producers and broadcasters have to be adequately covered to enable them to compete effectively and benefit economically out of their works. Of the ARIPO member states, only Lesotho has acceded to the Rome Convention.
Phonograms ConventionThe convention provides that contracting States shall protect producers of phonograms who are nationals of other Contracting States against the making of duplicates without the consent of the producer and against the importation of such duplicates, provided that any such making or importation is for the purpose of distribution to the public, and against the distribution of such duplicates to the public4. However, no compulsory licenses may be permitted unless all of the following conditions are met: the duplication is for use solely for the purpose of teaching or scientific research; the license shall be valid for duplication only within the territory of the Contracting State whose competent authority has granted the license and shall not extend to the export of duplicates; the duplication made under the license gives rise to an equitable remuneration fixed by the said authority taking into account, inter-alia, the number of duplicates which will be made5. Only Kenya, among the ARIPO member states, is a party to the convention.
Brussels ConventionThis convention provides for the obligation of each Contracting State to take adequate measures to prevent the unauthorized distribution on or from its territory of any programme-carrying signal transmitted by satellite. This convention is very relevant because of the importance of satellite communications in the modern era.
2 Article 7 3 Article 10 4 Article 25 Article 6
iii. BeneFits oF inteRnational
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instRUMents
2120
The Convention shall not apply where the signals emitted by or on behalf of the originating organization are intended for direct reception from the satellite by the general public6. Safeguard clauses are provided for in this Convention that the Convention shall in no way be interpreted to limit or prejudice the protection secured to authors, performers, producers of phonograms, or broadcasting organizations, under any domestic law or international agreement7, and in no way will the Convention be interpreted as limiting the right of any Contracting State to apply its domestic law in order to prevent abuses of monopoly8.
Marrakesh TreatyThe World Health Organization in 2010 estimated that the total number of people with blindness in Africa was 5.888 million; low vision was 20.407 million and 26.295 million with visual impairments. This represents a significant figure of people needing access to enhanced materials for both their educational and informational needs. Botswana and Liberia acceded to the Marrakesh Treaty in October of 2016. Recently Kenya acceded to the treaty on the 2nd of June 2017 and Malawi on the 14th of July 2017.
Some of key benefits that can be derived from ratification or accession to the Treaty are that:
(i) The Treaty addresses access to published works in compliance with the United Nations Human Rights Declaration on the Rights of Disabled Persons, which clearly links copyright and human rights;
(ii) It provides the minimum flexibilities in copyright laws needed to ensure full and equal access to information by persons who are blind, visually impaired and print disabled;
(iii) The Treaty offers an opportunity for works to be converted into accessible formats without need for authorization by the author or copyright owner of a published work. The elimination of the need for authorization gives an opportunity for works to be made available in accessible format copies as quickly as possible;
(iv) The Treaty, through its cross-border exchange provision, provides opportunities for cost saving. Authorized entities may pool resources together and convert published works into accessible formats and exchange Such works for access by beneficiary persons;
(v) Entities such as libraries may be able to borrow from each other for purposes of serving beneficiary persons.
The Treaty leaves contracting parties enough room to implement its provisions taking into account its own legal systems and practices including determination of fair practices, dealings or uses provided they comply with the three step test obligations under the treaty. By ratifying the treaty, African states will ensure access of knowledge to this group of their citizens. While a number of African countries have signed this treaty, only Botswana, Burkina Faso, Kenya, Liberia, Malawi, Mali and Tunisia have ratified or acceded to the treaty.
WIPO Copyright Treaty (WCT) This Treaty is a special agreement within the meaning of Article 20 of the Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works, as regards Contracting Parties that are countries of the Union established by that Convention. This Treaty shall not have any connection with treaties other than the Berne Convention, nor shall it prejudice any rights and obligations under any other treaties. Nothing in this Treaty shall derogate from existing obligations that Contracting Parties have to each other under the Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works9. Article 20 of the Berne Convention provides: “The Governments of the countries of the Union reserve the right to enter into special agreements among themselves, in so far as such agreements grant to authors more extensive rights than those granted by the Convention, or contain other provisions not contrary to this Convention.”
The Treaty clearly provides for limitations and exceptions in observance of the three step test. “Contracting Parties may, in their national legislation, provide for limitations or exceptions to the rights granted to authors of literary and artistic works under this Treaty in certain special cases that do not conflict with a normalexploitation oftheworkanddonotunreasonably prejudice the legitimate interests of the author.
6 Article 37 Article 68 Article 79 Article 1 also known as safe guard clause
iii. BeneFits oF inteRnational
instRUMentsContracting Parties shall,when applying the Berne Convention, confine any limitations of or exceptions to rights provided for therein to certain special cases that do not conflict with a normal exploitation of the work and do not unreasonably prejudice the legitimate interests of the author10.”
WCT mentions two subject matters to be protected by copyright that is computer programs, whatever the mode or form of their expression; and compilations of data or other material (“databases”), in any form, which, by reason of the selection or arrangement of their contents, constitute intellectual creations. Where a database does not constitute such a creation, it is outside the scope of protection under the Treaty. The treaty also extends to owners of works the rights to distribution, rental and communication to the public.
WIPO Performances and Phonogram Treaty (WPPT) This is an important Treaty for the performers and producers of phonogram. It provides for a safeguard provision —“Nothing in this Treaty shall derogate from existing obligations that Contracting Parties have to each other under the International Convention for the Protection of Performers, Producers of Phonograms and Broadcasting Organizations done in Rome, October 26, 1961 (herein after the “Rome Convention”). ProtectiongrantedunderthisTreatyshallleaveintactandshall in no way affect the protection of copyright in literary and artistic works. Consequently, no provision of this Treaty may be interpreted as prejudicing such protection. This Treaty shall not have any connection with, nor shall it prejudice any rights and obligations under, any other treaties”11.
The Treaty is of special importance in the digitalenvironment where making economic gains is increased due to the growth of the world into a connected digital market, but where normally creators do not benefit because of increased incidents of infringement through illegal copying and downloads. The Treaty grants performers and producers moral rights and economic rights in their performances fixed in phonograms, sound recording: the right of reproduction; the right of distribution; the right of rental; the right of making available;therightofbroadcasting(exceptinthecaseofrebroadcasting);
the right of communication to the public (except where the performance is a broadcast performance); and the right of fixation. The Treaty also addresses technological protection measures (TPM) that “adequate legal protection and effective legal remedies against the circumvention of effective technological measures that are used by performers or producers of phonograms in connection with the exercise of their rights under this Treaty and that restrict acts, in respect of their performances or phonograms, which are not authorized by the performers or the producers of phonograms concerned or permitted by law against circumvention of TPMs, which is rampant in the digital sphere12.
Beijing TreatyThe Beijing Treaty is an instrument for the Protection of Audio- visual Performances, granting performers moral rights and four kinds of economic rights for their performances fixed in audio-visual fixations, such as motion pictures: the right of reproduction; the right of distribution; the right of rental; and the right of making available. As for unfixed (live) performances, the Treaty grants performers three kinds of economic rights: the right of broadcasting (except in the case of rebroadcasting); the right of communication to the public (except where the performance is a broadcast performance); and the right of fixation.
Limitations and exceptions with regard to the protection of performers can be provided in national legislation, in connection with the protection of copyright in literary and artistic works observing the three step test: to certain special cases which do not conflict with a normal exploitation of the performance and do not unreasonably prejudice the legitimate interests of the performer13.
10 Article 1011 Article 112 Article 1813 Article 13
iii. BeneFits oF inteRnational
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Country Comparisons Treaties, Conventions and Agreement14
iV. statUs oF aRiPo MeMBeR states UndeRstUdY on inteRnationalinstRUMents FoR CoPYRiGHt & Related RiGHts
lesotho liberia eswatini Mozambique sudan the Gambia Zambia Zimbabwe
Last updated on 21/03/2018 21/03/2018 21/03/2018 21/03/2018 21/03/2018 21/03/2018 21/03/2018 21/03/2018
Treaty’s international status
Beijing Treaty Not a party/ member to the Treaty
Not a party/ member to the Treaty
Not a party/ member to the Treaty
Not a party/ member to the Treaty
Signed: June 26, 2012
Not a party/ member to the Treaty
Signed June 26, 2012
Signed December 11, 2012
Not ratified Not ratified Not ratified
Berne Convention(176 Parties)
Accession: June 27 1989
Accession: December 8, 1988
Accession: September 14, 1998
Accession: August 22, 2013
Accession: September 28, 2000
Accession: December 7, 1992
Accession September 13, 1991
Declaration notification of Succession September 18, 1981
In Force: September 28, 1989
In Force: March 8, 1989
In Force: December 14, 1998
In Force: November 22, 2013
In Force: December 28, 2000
In Force: March 7, 1993
In Force January 2, 1992
In Force April 18, 1980
Brussels Convention(38 Parties)
Not a party/ member to the Treaty
Not a party/ member to the Treaty
Not a party/ member to the Treaty
Not a party/ member to the Treaty
Not a party/ member to the Treaty
Not a party/ member to the Treaty
Not a party/ member to the Treaty
Not a party/ member to the Treaty
Phonograms Convention (79 Parties)
Not a party/ member to the Treaty
Accession: September 16, 2005
Not a party/ member to the Treaty
Not a party/ member to the Treaty
Not a party/ member to the Treaty
Not a party/ member to the Treaty
Not a party/ member to the Treaty
Not a party/ member to the Treaty
In force December 16, 2005
Rome Convention(93 Parties)
Accession: October 26, 1989
Accession: September 16, 2005
Not a party/ member to the Treaty
Not a party/ member to the Treaty
Not a party/ member to the Treaty
Not a party/ member to the Treaty
Not a party/ member to the Treaty
Not a party/ member to the Treaty
In Force: June 26, 1990
In Force: December 16, 2005
Marrakesh Treaty (45 Parties)
Acceded April 30, 2018
In Force July 30,, 2018
Acceded 6 October 2016,
Not a party/ member to the Treaty
Signed August 22, 2013
Signed June 28, 2013
Not a party/ member to the Treaty
Not a party/ member to the Treaty
Signed October 2, 2013
In force 6 January 2017
Not yet ratified Not yet ratified
Not yet ratified
WIPO Copyright Treaty (97 Parties)
Not a party/ member to the Treaty
Not a party/ member to the Treaty
Not a party/ member to the Treaty
Not a party/ member to the Treaty
Not a party/ member to the Treaty
Not a party/ member to the Treaty
Not a party/ member to the Treaty
Not a party/ member to the Treaty
WPPT (97 Parties)
Not a party/ member to the Treaty
Not a party/ member to the Treaty
Not a party/ member to the Treaty
Not a party/ member to the Treaty
Not a party/ member to the Treaty
Not a party/ member to the Treaty
Not a party/ member to the Treaty
Not a party/ member to the Treaty
TRIPS (164 Parties)
In Force May 31, 1995
In force 14 July 2016
In force: January 1, 1995
In Force August 26, 1995
Not a party/ member to the Agreement
In Force: October 23, 1996
In Force: January 1, 1995
In Force: March 5, 1995
Country Comparisons Treaties, Conventions and Agreement14
14 Source: WIPO website
iV. statUs oF aRiPo MeMBeR states UndeRstUdY on inteRnationalinstRUMents FoR CoPYRiGHt & Related RiGHts
2524
2(Signed or ratified/ in force)
1(Signed only, not in force or ratified)
0(Not a party or member to the treaty)
Beijing 1 7 6
Berne 12 2
Brussels 2 12
Phonograms Treaty 3 11
Rome Convention 2 12
Marrakesh Treaty 1 7 6
WCT 2 1 11
WPPT 2 1 11
TRIPS 13 1
Table 1: Status of ARIPO Member States under study to International Instruments on Copyright & Related Rights
Figure 1: Graphical Representation of Treaty Uptake by Reviewed Countries
TREATIES UPTAKE SUMMARY OF THE 17 ARIPO MEMBER STATES UNDERSTUDY AS AT MARCH 2018The countries reviewed have a very low uptake of international treaties, with some treaties such as WPPT, WCT, Beijing, Rome and Brussels Convention having zero up-take. The Berne Convention has majority of the countries excluding Uganda and Sierra Leone who are not parties to it, signifying its universality to the copyright sector globally.
In 2010, an estimated 26,295,000 Africans have visual impairments (including blindness and low vision) with an
estimated 300,000 of these being children. This makes it crucial for African Governments to consider how they can enable access to reading materials for these children and other Visually Impaired Persons. Ratification of the Marrakesh Treaty represents one such step towards enabling such access. With a growing ICT sector and online presence, African governments need to consider their membership to treaties such as the WCT.
Stat
us o
f ARI
PO M
embe
r Sta
tes
Country Comparisons Treaties, Conventions and Agreement14
iV. statUs oF aRiPo MeMBeR states UndeRstUdY on inteRnationalinstRUMents FoR CoPYRiGHt & Related RiGHts
The same applies for other treaties that are of importance to various industries that are the mainstay of African economies including performances and phonograms in the online spheres such as the WPPT and the Phonograms Convention.
BotsWanaWCT Benefits: the state has an improving ICT sector. By ratifying to the WCT, Botswana stands a chance to expand coverage in light of works protection even beyond borders. With increased data compilations the country could now ensure protection of database creators within and out of State.
WPPT Benefits: with increased online presence through digitization more works are now availed online. Through this ratification performers and producers of phonograms will be secured with regards to economic benefits derived from their works in this digital era.
Beijing Treaty Benefits: audio-visual performances platforms now require intense protection due to their increased growth. Creative standard performances are being liked and subscribed to even globally. Therefore ratification to this treaty will offer right holders further protection and ensure recognition locally and abroad
kinGdoM oF esWatiniThe country has ratified or acceded to only 2 international treaties, the Berne Convention and TRIPS Agreement. While the most prevalent form of disability in Eswatini is seeing disabilities followed by people with other disabilities where out of the 171347 people with disabilities in Eswatini, 78 083 (46 per cent) have seeing disabilities followed by a group classified as other forms of disabilities at 47 691 (28 per cent), the country is not a party to the Marrakesh Treaty. The country is not also taking advantage of the benefits to be derived from the other international treaties.
tHe GaMBiaThe country has ratified or acceded to only 2 treaties, The
Berne Convention and TRIPS Agreement. There remains room for the country to take advantage of international treaties.
GHanaPhonograms Convention Benefits: The country has a growing film industry and its producers need protection in foreign countries.
Marrakesh Treaty Benefits: The country has an estimated 200 000 blind and 600 000 visually impaired persons (Ghana Eye Foundation .org), representing a combined 3.11 percent of the total population. Ghana has a fairly large enough population of people who need access to reading materials provided for under the Marrakesh Treaty.
The country can also import materials for VIPs under certain conditions as provided in the treaty, as well as export to other contracting countries.
kenYaMarrakesh Treaty Benefits: The country has an estimated 328 000 blind and 750 000 visually impaired persons (The Fred Hollows Foundation), representing a combined 2.40 percent of the total population. This percentage represents a large enough proportion of people in need of educational materials enhanced for their conditions.
ensuring access to this section of the country’s population. The country can also import materials for VIPs under certain conditions as provided in the treaty, as well as export to other contracting countries.
WCT Benefits: The country has a growing ICT sector with various innovative solutions in software coming out of the country. There is also a lot of FDI flowing into the ICT sector. While the country’s Copyright Laws provide for the protection of computer programs, by becoming a contracting party to the WCT, the country will broaden the protection of the works and securing of rights of its creators beyond its own borders. Data is currently big business and compilations of data or other material (databases) are increasingly important, meaning that
Country Comparisons Treaties, Conventions and Agreement14
iV. statUs oF aRiPo MeMBeR states UndeRstUdY on inteRnationalinstRUMents FoR CoPYRiGHt & Related RiGHts
2726
Kenya must consider how to protect the creators of databases in Kenya beyond the borders.
WPPT Benefits: The country has a growing online population, which will result in more local works being available online. By acceding to and ratifying this treaty, the country will join other countries collaborating to ensure that performers and producers of phonograms are secured and make economic benefits out of their works in an increasingly digital world.
Beijing Treaty Benefits: The country has growing audio- visual performances platform which needs to be nourished and protected. The performers are improving day in day out to come up with creative performances which are liked in and out of the country. This calls for the country to ratify or accede to the treaty so as to offer the right holders more protection and
recognition nationally and internationally.
lesotHoThe country has ratified or acceded to only 4 international treaties, the Berne Convention, Rome Convention, Marrakesh Treaty and TRIPS Agreement. The country is not also taking advantage of the benefits to be derived from the other international treaties.
liBeRiaThe country has ratified or acceded to 5 international treaties, the Berne Convention, Rome Convention, Marrakesh Treaty, Phonograms Convention and TRIPS Agreement. With the prevalence of blindness in Liberia estimated at a total of 35 000 blind people and 10 500 people who suffer from visual impairment (WHO 2002 figures), the country has acceded to the Marrakesh Treaty. The country is yet to take advantage of the benefits to be derived from the other international treaties.
naMiBiaNamibia signed the WIPO Performances and Phonograms Treaty (WPPT). This treaty deals with the rights of two kinds of beneficiaries, especially in the digital environment that is, (i)
performers (actors, singers, musicians, etc.); and (ii) producers of phonograms (persons or legal entities that take the initiative and have the responsibility for the fixation of sounds).
MalaWi Malawi is a party to the Berne Convention, Marrakesh Treaty and TRIPS. Implementing the Marrakesh treaty was a way of ensuring access of information to people who are deaf and blind in the country. There was a need to have vital information in braille writing as a way of ensuring that people who are deaf and blind have access even to have newspapers and books in braille writing for people who are visually impaired. Acceding to the treaty gave access to vital information, to a lot of issues happening that the blind and deaf usually miss, such as adverts in newspapers, HIV/Aids information. The treaty allows for copyright exceptions to facilitate the creation of accessible versions of books and other copyrighted works for visually impaired persons. The treaty also sets a norm for countries ratifying the treaty to have a domestic copyright exception covering these activities, and allowing for the import and export of such material.
MoZaMBiqUeThe country has ratified or acceded to only 2 international treaties, the Berne Convention and TRIPS agreement. It is positive to note that the country has signed the Marrakesh Treaty, though it has not yet ratified it. The Treaty will go a long way in ensuring access to reading materials to the estimated 44 567 people who had a visual impairment according to the 2007 Census. The country is not also taking advantage of the benefits to be derived from the other international treaties.
RWandaThe country has an estimated 11 384 blind people (Fred Hollows Foundation) and an unquantified number of visually impaired persons. This represents not less than 0.09 percent of the total population and this represents a large proportion of people in need of educational and informational materials enhanced for their conditions.
Country Comparisons Treaties, Conventions and Agreement14
iV. statUs oF aRiPo MeMBeR states UndeRstUdY on inteRnationalinstRUMents FoR CoPYRiGHt & Related RiGHts
Country Comparisons Treaties, Conventions and Agreement14
iV. statUs oF aRiPo MeMBeR states UndeRstUdY on inteRnationalinstRUMents FoR CoPYRiGHt & Related RiGHts
The Rwanda copyright law has provisions on visually impaired persons. By ratifying the Treaty, the country will move a step towards ensuring access to this critical section of the country’s population. The country can also import materials for VIPs under certain conditions as provided in the treaty, as well as export to other contracting countries.
The country is a member to TRIPS, Brussels Convention and Berne Convention. This means that it cannot take advantage of the significant international benefits that come with the international collaborations. In an increasingly global village, this presents challenges for its citizens as well as reducing potential contribution of copyright related industries to exports on the GDP as most countries are not obliged to protect works of countries which are not members of specific treaties and agreements.
sieRRa leoneThe country is a member of TRIPS. As for Marrakesh and Beijing treaties, Sierra Leone has signed yet to ratify the treaties. Sierra Leone is not a party to the Berne Convention.This means that it cannot take advantage of the significant international benefits that come with the international collaborations.
In an increasingly global village, this presents challenges for its citizens as well as reducing potential contribution of copyright related industries to exports on the GDP as most countries are not obliged to protect works of countries which are not members of specific treaties and agreements.
sUdanThe country has acceded to only 1 international treaty, the Berne Convention. It has also signed, but not yet ratified the Marrakesh Treaty and the Beijing Treaty. Ratification of these treaties will be an important step towards ensuring full access to the benefits afforded by these two treaties. The country is not a party to the TRIPS Agreement which is crucial in today’s world trade. The country is not also taking advantage of the benefits to be derived from the other international treaties.
tanZania The country is a member of TRIPS. Tanzania has not ratified the Marrakesh and Beijing treaties. Therefore this state cannot take advantage of the international benefits that come with the international collaborations. In an increasingly digital era, this presents challenges for its citizens as well as reducing potential contribution of copyright related industries to exports on the GDP as most countries are not obliged to protect works of countries which are not members of specific treaties and agreements.
UGandaThe country is not party to Berne Convention though it has some provisions in its legislation that reflect the Berne Convention and its Appendix. Uganda has not ratified the Beijing Treaty. Uganda is party to TRIPS and has ratified the Marrakesh Treaty. This means that it can take advantage of the significant international benefits that come with the international collaborations.
ZaMBiaThe country is a member to only two treaties, The Berne Convention and TRIPS Agreement. Zambia has signed the Beijing Treaty, though it has not yet ratified it. There remains room to benefit from the other international treaties.
ZiMBaBWeThe country has signed international treaties but has not yet acceded to or ratified the Marrakesh Treaty and Beijing Treaty. The treaties in force are Berne Convention and TRIPS Agreement. There is room to take advantage of the treaties thecountry is not a member to.
2928
Countries Berne Convention
Brussels Convention
Rome Convention
Phonogram Convention
WIPO Copyright
Treaty
WIPOPerfor-mances & Pho-
nogram Treaty
Beijing Treaty
Marrakesh Treaty TRIPS
Botswana 2 0 0 0 2 2 2 2 2
Ghana 2 0 0 2 2 2 1 2 2
Kenya 2 2 0 2 1 1 1 2 2
Rwanda 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 2
Sierra Leone 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 2
Uganda 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 2
Tanzania 2 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 2
Malawi 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2
Namibia 2 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 2
São Tomé and Príncipe
2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2
Table 1: Status of ARIPO Member States to International Instruments on Copyright & Related Rights
Figure 1: Status of ARIPO Member States to International Instruments on Copyright & Related Rights
Key: 2=Ratified or Acceded; 1=Signed; 0=Not signed/ratified/acceded
Stat
us o
f ARI
PO M
embe
r Sta
tes
iV. statUs oF aRiPo MeMBeR states UndeRstUdY on inteRnationalinstRUMents FoR CoPYRiGHt & Related RiGHts
Country Beijing Treaty
BerneConvention Brussels Phonograms
ConventionRome
ConventionMarrakesh
Treaty WCT WPPT TRIPS
TotalTreaties
By Country
Lesotho 0 A 0 0 A A 0 0 A 3
Liberia 0 A 0 A A A 0 0 A 5
Eswatini 0 A 0 0 0 0 0 0 A 2
Mozambique 0 A 0 0 0 B 0 0 A 3
Sudan B A 0 0 0 B 0 0 0 3
The Gambia 0 A 0 0 0 0 0 0 A 2
Zambia B A 0 0 0 0 0 0 A 3
Zimbabwe B A 0 0 0 B 0 0 A 4
Table 2: Summary of treaties status by country
Figure 2: Treaties taken by country
(Key: A - Ratified or acceded; B - Signed only; 0 = Not signed/ Ratified/ Acceded)
iV. statUs oF aRiPo MeMBeR states UndeRstUdY on inteRnationalinstRUMents FoR CoPYRiGHt & Related RiGHts
Stat
us o
f ARI
PO M
embe
r Sta
tes
Eswatini Sudan The Gambia Zambia ZimbabweMozambiqueLiberiaLesotho
3130
V. CoUntRY CoPYRiGHt & Related RiGHtslaWs CoMPaRison
Coun
trie
s/Pa
ram
eter
Ghan
aKe
nya
Bots
wan
aUg
anda
Sier
ra
Leon
neRw
anda
Tanz
ania
Mal
awi
Nam
ibia
São
Tom
é an
d Pr
ínci
pe
Prot
ecte
d W
orks
(...c
ontin
ued)
Lite
rary
wor
k,
Mus
ical
wor
k,
Soun
d re
cord
ing,
Au
dio-
visu
al w
ork,
Ch
oreo
grap
hic
wor
k, D
eriv
ativ
e w
ork,
Com
pute
r so
ftwar
e or
pr
ogra
mm
es.
(S. 1
)
Lite
rary
wor
ks,
Mus
ical
wor
ks,
Artis
tic w
orks
, Au
dio-
visu
al
wor
ks, S
ound
re
cord
ings
, Br
oadc
asts
.(S
. 22)
Lite
rary
and
Ar
tistic
wor
ks
(All
elig
ible
w
orks
fall
unde
r th
is b
road
ca
tego
ry)
Deriv
ativ
e w
orks
incl
udin
g da
taba
ses,
co
llect
ions
of
wor
ks,
tran
slat
ions
.(S
. 3)
Lite
rary
, sc
ient
ific
and
artis
tic w
orks
an
d De
rivat
ive
wor
ks.
(S. 5
)
Lite
rary
, Ar
tistic
, Mus
ical
w
ork,
Sou
nd
reco
rdin
gs,
Audi
-vis
ual w
ork,
Ch
oreo
grap
hic
wor
k, D
eriv
ativ
e w
ork,
Pr
ogra
mm
e Ca
rryi
ng S
igna
ls
and
Com
pute
r so
ftwar
e an
d pr
ogra
mm
es.
Deriv
ativ
e w
orks
al
so p
rote
cted
(S. 4
-9)
Wor
ks e
xpre
ssed
by
writ
ing,
m
usic
al w
orks
au
dio-
visu
al
wor
ks, w
orks
of
arc
hite
ctur
e,
phot
ogra
phic
w
orks
, wor
ks
of a
pplie
d ar
t, w
orks
der
ivin
g fro
m R
wan
da
natio
nal f
olkl
ore,
dr
amat
ic a
nd
dram
atic
o-m
usic
al w
orks
, ot
her w
orks
De
rivat
ive
wor
ks
prov
ided
for.
(Art
. 195
- 196
)
Wor
ks
expr
esse
d by
writ
ing,
m
usic
al w
orks
au
dio-
visu
al
wor
ks, w
orks
of a
rchi
tect
ure,
ph
otog
raph
ic
wor
ks, w
orks
of
app
lied
art,
wor
ks d
eriv
ing
from
Tan
zani
a na
tiona
l fo
lklo
re,
dram
atic
and
ph
onog
ram
m
usic
al w
orks
, ot
her w
orks
De
rivat
ive
wor
ks p
rovi
ded
for.
(S.3
)
Wor
ks e
xpre
ssed
by
writ
ing,
m
usic
al w
orks
au
dio-
visu
al
wor
ks, w
orks
of a
rchi
tect
ure,
ph
otog
raph
ic
wor
ks, w
orks
of
app
lied
art,
wor
ks d
eriv
ing
from
Mal
awi
natio
nal f
olkl
ore,
dr
amat
ic a
nd
phon
ogra
m
mus
ical
wor
ks,
othe
r wor
ks
Deriv
ativ
e w
orks
pr
ovid
ed fo
r. (S
.3)
Wor
ks
expr
esse
d by
writ
ing,
m
usic
al w
orks
au
dio-
visu
al
wor
ks, w
orks
of a
rchi
tect
ure,
ph
otog
raph
ic
wor
ks, w
orks
of
app
lied
art,
wor
ks d
eriv
ing
from
Nam
ibia
na
tiona
l fo
lklo
re,
dram
atic
and
ph
onog
ram
m
usic
al w
orks
, ot
her w
orks
De
rivat
ive
wor
ks p
rovi
ded
for.
(S.5
&6)
Lite
rary
, Ar
tistic
, Mus
ical
w
ork,
Sou
nd
reco
rdin
gs,
Chor
eogr
aphi
c w
ork,
Pr
ogra
mm
e Ca
rryi
ng
Sign
als &
pr
ogra
mm
es.
Deriv
ativ
e w
orks
als
o pr
otec
ted
(art
. 2)
Folk
lore
is
prot
ecte
dFo
lklo
re is
re
cogn
ised
as
falli
ng u
nder
ei
ther
Lite
rary
, m
usic
al o
r ar
tistic
wor
ks.
(S. 2
)
Folk
lore
is
reco
gnis
ed a
nd
prot
ecte
d as
a
deriv
ativ
e w
ork.
(S
. 4)
Trad
ition
al
Folk
lore
and
kn
owle
dge
men
tione
d un
der a
ny
othe
r wor
k (S
. 5)
Expr
essi
ons
of fo
lklo
re
reco
gnis
ed a
nd
prot
ecte
d (S
. 9)
Expr
essi
ons
of fo
lklo
re
reco
gnis
ed a
nd
prot
ecte
d(A
rt. 1
95)
Expr
essi
ons o
ffo
lklo
re
reco
gniz
ed a
nd
prot
ecte
d(s
.3)
Expr
essi
ons o
ffo
lklo
re
reco
gniz
ed a
nd
prot
ecte
d(s
.3(2
))
Expr
essi
ons o
ffo
lklo
re
reco
gniz
ed a
nd
prot
ecte
dS
24-3
0
Folk
lore
not
m
entio
ned
with
hM
entio
ned
with
in th
e co
de
Com
pute
r pr
ogra
mm
es
and
char
ts
tabl
es a
re
incl
uded
und
er
liter
ary
wor
ks.
(S. 2
)
Com
pute
r pr
ogra
mm
es
incl
uded
am
ong
cate
gory
fo
r boo
ks,
pam
phle
ts a
nd
othe
r writ
ings
(S
. 3)
Com
pute
r pr
ogra
mm
es
incl
uded
in
cate
gory
with
el
ectr
onic
dat
a ba
nks (
S. 5
)
Com
pute
r pr
ogra
mm
es
incl
uded
und
er
prot
ecte
d w
orks
.(S
. 1)
Com
pute
r pr
ogra
ms
incl
uded
und
er
wor
ks e
xpre
ssed
by
writ
ing.
(A
rt. 1
95)
Com
pute
r pr
ogra
mm
es
incl
uded
am
ong
cate
gory
fo
r boo
ks,
pam
phle
ts a
nd
othe
r writ
ings
(S
. 5)
Com
pute
r pr
ogra
mm
es
incl
uded
und
er
prot
ecte
d w
orks
(S. 5
2)
Com
pute
r pr
ogra
mm
es
incl
uded
und
er
prot
ecte
d w
orks
(s 5
)
Com
pute
r pr
ogra
mm
es
not i
nclu
ded
unde
r pr
otec
ted
wor
ks
Coun
trie
s/Pa
ram
eter
Ghan
aKe
nya
Bots
wan
aUg
anda
Sier
ra
Leon
neRw
anda
Tanz
ania
Mal
awi
Nam
ibia
São
Tom
é an
d Pr
ínci
pe
Title
Copy
right
Act
, 20
05(A
ct 6
90)
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Copy
right
Ac
t, 20
01.
(Cha
pter
130)
The
Co
pyrig
ht
Regu
latio
ns
2014
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right
and
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ighb
ourin
g Ri
ghts
, Cha
pter
68.0
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Oct
ober
20
06)
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right
and
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ighb
ourin
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ghts
Act
, 20
06
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right
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t, 20
11La
w n
o. 3
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09
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n Th
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of In
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l Pr
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ty -P
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rote
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n of
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pyrig
hts a
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ted
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ts
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and
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ighb
ourin
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ghts
Act
, 19
99
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right
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26
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late
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ghts
Co
de D
ecre
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w n
o.02
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7
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inis
trat
ion
Copy
right
Offi
ce
(S. 6
5)
Ghan
a Fo
lklo
re
Boar
d- F
olkl
ore
(S. 5
9)
Keny
a Co
pyrig
ht
Boar
d (S
. 3)
Copy
right
Offi
ce(S
. 22)
Natio
nal
Copy
right
In
form
atio
n Ce
ntre
- Uga
nda
Regi
stra
tion
Serv
ices
Bu
reau
(S. 4
2)
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right
Offi
ceM
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try i
n Ch
arge
of
Cop
yrig
ht a
nd
Cultu
ral m
atte
rsIn
telle
ctua
l Pr
oper
ty o
rgan
(A
rt. 1
0; 1
2; 1
3)
Copy
right
O
ffice
Copy
right
Offi
ceCo
pyrig
ht
Offi
ceM
inis
try
of
Cultu
re, s
hall
be re
spon
sibl
e to
pro
tect
the
auth
entic
ity
and
inte
grity
of
wor
ks in
the
publ
ic d
omai
n.Pr
otec
t Co
pyrig
ht
mat
ters
Mat
ters
(art
.57)
Prot
ecte
d W
orks
Gene
ral:
The
act g
oes i
nto
deta
il on
the
wor
ks in
clud
ed
unde
r eac
h ca
tego
ry o
f wor
ks
prot
ecte
d un
der
inte
rpre
tatio
n.
(S. 7
6)
Gene
ral:
The
Act c
lear
ly
outli
nes t
he
wor
ks in
clud
ed
unde
r eac
h ca
tego
ry
of w
orks
pr
otec
ted
as w
ell a
s de
finiti
ons o
f sp
ecifi
c ite
ms.
(S. 2
)
Gene
ral:
The
Act
clea
rly o
utlin
es
the
wor
ks
incl
uded
und
er
each
cate
gory
as
wel
l as w
ell
as d
efin
ition
s of
spec
ific
item
s.(S
. 2)
Gene
ral:
The
Act c
lear
ly
outli
nes t
he
wor
ks u
nder
ea
ch ca
tego
ry
as w
ell a
s the
de
finiti
ons o
f sp
ecifi
c te
rms.
(S. 2
)
Gene
ral:
The
act
clea
rly o
utlin
es
the
wor
ks
incl
uded
und
er
each
cate
gory
of
wor
ks a
s wel
l as
the
spec
ific
defin
ition
s of
term
s as t
hey
appl
y to
the
act.
(S.1
)
Gene
ral:
Lite
rary
an
d ar
tistic
wor
ks
that
are
orig
inal
in
telle
ctua
l cr
eatio
ns in
th
e lit
erar
y an
d ar
tistic
dom
ain.
(Art
. 195
)
Gene
ral:
The
Act
clea
rly o
utlin
es
the
wor
ks
incl
uded
unde
r eac
hca
tego
ry o
f w
orks
prot
ecte
d as
wel
l as
defin
ition
s of
spec
ific
item
s.
(S. 2
)
Gene
ral:
The
Act
clea
rly o
utlin
es
the
wor
ks
incl
uded
unde
r eac
hca
tego
ry o
f w
orks
pro
tect
ed
as w
ell a
s de
finiti
ons o
f sp
ecifi
c ite
ms.
(S
. 2)
Gene
ral:
The
Act
clea
rly o
utlin
es
the
wor
ks
incl
uded
unde
r eac
hca
tego
ry o
f w
orks
prot
ecte
d as
w
ell
as d
efin
ition
s of
spec
ific
item
s. (S
. 2)
Gene
ral:
The
Act
clea
rly o
utlin
es
the
wor
ks
incl
uded
unde
r eac
hca
tego
ry o
f w
orks
prot
ecte
d as
w
ell
as d
efin
ition
s of
spec
ific
item
s. (A
rt. 2
))
V. CoUntRY CoPYRiGHt & Related RiGHtslaWs CoMPaRison
3332
Coun
trie
s/Pa
ram
eter
Ghan
aKe
nya
Bots
wan
aUg
anda
Sier
ra
Leon
neRw
anda
Tanz
ania
Mal
awi
Nam
ibia
São
Tom
é an
d Pr
ínci
pe
Firs
t Ow
ners
hip
Copy
right
ves
ts
in a
utho
r exc
ept
in ca
ses o
f: co
mm
issi
oned
w
ork,
wor
ks
prod
uced
in th
e co
urse
of o
ne’s
empl
oym
ent,
or
crea
ted
unde
r co
mm
issi
on b
y th
e Go
vern
men
t or
an
inte
rnat
iona
l bo
dy.
(S.5
- 8)
Copy
right
ve
sts i
n au
thor
exc
ept
in ca
ses o
f: co
mm
issi
oned
w
ork,
wor
ks
prod
uced
in
the
cour
se
of o
ne’s
empl
oym
ent,
or c
reat
ed
unde
r co
mm
issi
on
by th
e Go
vern
men
t or
an
inte
rnat
iona
l bo
dy.
(S. 3
1)
Subj
ect t
o ot
her
prov
isio
ns in
the
Act,
the
orig
inal
ow
ner o
f ec
onom
ic ri
ghts
is
the
auth
or
who
has
cre
ated
th
e w
ork.
(S
. 9)
Copy
right
ve
sts i
n au
thor
ex
cept
in ca
ses
of e
mpl
oyed
au
thor
s (in
ab
senc
e of
co
ntra
ct st
atin
g ot
herw
ise)
an
d w
orks
for
Gove
rnm
ent o
r in
tern
atio
nal
bodi
es.
(Impl
ied
in S
. 4-
12)
The
orig
inal
ow
ner o
f the
ec
onom
ic ri
ghts
is
the
auth
or w
ho
crea
ted
wor
k.(S
. 15)
The
orig
inal
ow
ner o
f the
m
oral
and
ec
onom
ic ri
ghts
is
the
auth
or w
ho
crea
ted
wor
k.(A
rt. 2
22)
The
orig
inal
ow
ner o
f the
ec
onom
ic
right
s is t
he
auth
or w
ho
crea
ted
wor
k.
(S. 1
5)
The
orig
inal
ow
ner o
f the
ec
onom
ic ri
ghts
is
the
auth
or w
ho
crea
ted
wor
k(s
.33)
The
orig
inal
ow
ner o
f the
ec
onom
ic
right
s is t
he
auth
or w
ho
crea
ted
wor
k(s
.15)
Copy
right
be
long
s to
the
inte
llect
ual
crea
tor o
f the
w
ork,
unl
ess
othe
rwis
e sp
ecifi
ed.
(Art
.11)
Dura
tion
of
Copy
right
Mor
al ri
ghts
Mor
al ri
ghts
cont
inue
to v
est
in a
utho
r eve
n aft
er tr
ansf
er o
f ec
onom
ic ri
ghts
(S
.9) a
nd th
ey
exis
t in
perp
etui
ty
(S.1
8)
Mor
al ri
ghts
cont
inue
to
vest
in a
utho
r an
d su
cces
sors
(b
ased
on
test
amen
tary
di
spos
ition
) ev
en a
fter
tran
sfer
of
econ
omic
rig
hts
(S. 3
2)
Life
of a
utho
r an
d fift
y ye
ars
after
his
dea
th(S
. 10)
Mor
al ri
ghts
re
mai
n w
ith a
utho
r re
gard
less
of
stat
us o
f ec
onom
ic
right
s. T
hey
exis
t in
perp
etui
ty e
ven
after
dea
th o
f or
igin
al o
wne
r(S
. 13:
8)
Mor
al ri
ght o
f an
aut
hor e
xist
in
per
petu
ity
rega
rdle
ss o
f st
atus
of t
he
econ
omic
righ
ts.
The
right
s are
en
forc
eabl
e du
ring
the
lifet
ime
of th
e au
thor
and
afte
r th
e au
thor
’s de
ath,
by
the
succ
esso
rs. (
S.
21)
Mor
al ri
ghts
hav
e no
lim
itatio
n in
tim
e.
(Art
. 216
)
Mor
al ri
ghts
lim
itatio
n(s
.11)
Mor
al ri
ghts
sh
all e
xist
in
perp
etui
ty a
nd
they
are
not
tr
ansf
erab
le(s
. 30)
Mor
al ri
ghts
sh
all e
xist
in
perp
etui
ty a
nd
they
are
not
tr
ansf
erab
le*
(s 1
4)
Mor
al ri
ghts
ha
ve n
o lim
itatio
n in
tim
e.
Coun
trie
s/Pa
ram
eter
Ghan
aKe
nya
Bots
wan
aUg
anda
Sier
ra
Leon
neRw
anda
Tanz
ania
Mal
awi
Nam
ibia
São
Tom
é an
d Pr
ínci
pe
Prot
ecte
d W
orks
(...c
ontin
ued)
Act d
efin
es
“art
istic
wor
ks”
(S.7
6)
The
act c
lear
ly
defin
es w
hat i
s in
clud
ed u
nder
ar
tistic
wor
ks(S
. 2)
Act p
rovi
des f
or
prot
ectio
n of
ne
ighb
ourin
g rig
hts f
or w
orks
w
hich
do
not
ordi
naril
y qu
alify
for
copy
right
(S. 2
3-28
)
Act p
rovi
des f
or
prot
ectio
n of
ne
ighb
ourin
g rig
hts f
or w
orks
w
hich
do
not
ordi
naril
y qu
alify
for
copy
right
(S. 2
1-34
)
Act d
oes n
ot
men
tion
neig
hbou
ring
right
s
Act p
rovi
des
for w
orks
not
pr
otec
ted
incl
udin
g an
y off
icia
l tex
ts
of a
judi
cial
or
adm
inis
trat
ive
natu
re, p
ublis
hed
daily
new
s; a
ny
idea
, pro
cedu
re,
syst
em, m
etho
ds
of o
pera
tion,
pr
inci
ples
, di
scov
ery,
or
mer
e da
ta e
ven
if ex
pres
sed,
de
scrib
ed,
expl
aine
d,
illus
trat
ed o
r em
bodi
ed in
a
wor
k. (A
rt. 1
98)
Act p
rovi
des f
or
prot
ectio
n of
ne
ighb
ourin
g rig
hts f
or w
orks
w
hich
do
not
ordi
naril
y qu
alify
for
copy
right
(s. 4
4)
Act d
oes n
ot
men
tion
neig
hbou
ring
right
s
Act p
rovi
des f
or
prot
ectio
n of
ne
ighb
ourin
g rig
hts f
or w
orks
w
hich
do
not
ordi
naril
y qu
alify
for
copy
right
(s. 4
4 - 4
6)
The
code
cl
early
def
ines
w
hat i
s in
clud
ed u
nder
ar
tistic
wor
ks
(Cha
pter
3)
Form
ality
re
quire
men
tsW
hile
pro
vidi
ng
for r
egis
trat
ion,
Ac
t cite
s tha
t pr
otec
tion
shal
l no
t be
depe
nden
t on
the
regi
stra
tion
of th
e w
ork.
(S.3
9)
Act p
rovi
des
mai
ntai
n an
eff
ectiv
e da
ta
bank
S.5
(f)
Act p
rovi
des
in S
.22B
(g)
(h) m
aint
ain
effec
tive
data
base
&
regi
ster
of w
orks
S.
6
Volu
ntar
y fo
r bot
h co
pyrig
ht a
nd
neig
hbou
ring
right
s.(S
. 43)
Prov
ides
for
regi
stra
tion
of
wor
ks(S
. 49)
Opt
iona
l Re
gist
ratio
n, b
ut
prot
ectio
n ex
ists
w
ithou
t nee
d fo
r le
gal f
orm
aliti
es(A
rt. 1
97)
The
Act
prov
ides
to
mai
ntai
n re
gist
ers
S.47
(b)
The
Act p
rovi
des
for m
aint
aini
ng
regi
ster
s S.5
(i)(b
)
Does
not
ex
pres
sly
prov
ide
for
Regi
stra
tion
but t
he
copy
right
offi
ce
does
regi
ster
Copy
right
is
reco
gniz
ed
rega
rdle
ss o
f re
gist
ratio
n,
filin
g or
any
ot
her f
orm
ality
(A
rt 1
2)
Righ
ts A
fford
edEc
onom
ic R
ight
s (S
.5)
Mor
al R
ight
s(S
.6)
Econ
omic
Ri
ghts
(S
. 26)
Mor
al R
ight
s (S
. 32)
Econ
omic
Rig
hts
(S. 7
)M
oral
Rig
hts
(S. 8
)
Econ
omic
Ri
ghts
.(S
. 9)
Mor
al R
ight
s(S
. 10)
Econ
omic
Rig
hts.
(S. 1
0)M
oral
Rig
hts
(S. 1
1)
Econ
omic
Rig
hts
(Art
. 200
-202
)M
oral
Rig
hts
(Art
. 199
)
Econ
omic
rig
hts
(s.9
)M
oral
righ
ts
(s.1
1)
Econ
omic
righ
ts
(s. 2
9)M
oral
righ
ts
(s.3
0)
Econ
omic
rig
hts
(S. 9
)M
oral
righ
ts
(S 1
1)
Econ
omic
Ri
ghts
(Art
9.3
)M
oral
Rig
hts
(art
. 9.1
)
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trie
s/Pa
ram
eter
Ghan
aKe
nya
Bots
wan
aUg
anda
Sier
ra
Leon
neRw
anda
Tanz
ania
Mal
awi
Nam
ibia
São
Tom
é an
d Pr
ínci
pe
Dura
tion
of
Copy
right
(...c
ontin
ued)
Anon
ymou
s w
orks
Seve
nty
year
s fro
m d
ate
on
whi
ch w
ork
was
ei
ther
mad
e,
publ
ishe
d or
m
ade
avai
labl
e to
the
publ
ic,
whi
chev
er is
la
ter.
If id
entit
y of
aut
hor i
s lat
er
know
n or
reve
aled
be
yond
dou
bt, t
he
dura
tion
reve
rts
to e
nd o
f yea
r of
deat
h of
aut
hor
and
seve
nty
year
s th
erea
fter.
(S. 1
4)
Anon
ymou
s W
orks
Fifty
yea
rs fr
om
date
on
whi
ch
wor
k w
as
eith
er m
ade,
pu
blis
hed
or
mad
e av
aila
ble
to th
e pu
blic
, w
hich
ever
is
late
r. If
iden
tity
of a
utho
r is
late
r kno
wn
or re
veal
ed
beyo
nd d
oubt
, th
e du
ratio
n re
vert
s to
end
of y
ear o
f dea
th
of a
utho
r and
fift
y ye
ars
ther
eafte
r. (S
. 23:
3)
Anon
ymou
s/
pseu
dony
mou
s w
orks
Mor
al a
nd
econ
omic
righ
ts
prot
ecte
d fo
r fift
y ye
ars f
rom
da
te o
n w
hich
w
ork
was
mad
e,
mad
e av
aila
ble
to th
e pu
blic
or
pub
lishe
d,
whi
chev
er d
ate
is th
e la
test
. If
auth
or’s
iden
tity
is re
veal
ed o
r no
-long
er in
do
ubt b
efor
e ex
pira
tion,
then
pr
ovis
ions
for
auth
ors a
pply
.(S
. 10)
Anon
ymou
s W
orks
Fifty
yea
rs fr
om
date
of f
irst
publ
icat
ion.
If
iden
tity
of a
utho
r is
reve
aled
bef
ore
expi
ratio
n of
fift
y ye
ars,
then
pr
ovis
ions
av
aila
ble
for
know
n au
thor
s ap
ply.
(S. 1
3)
Anon
ymou
s/
Pseu
dony
mou
s W
orks
Fifty
yea
rs fr
om
the
date
on
whi
ch th
e w
ork
was
mad
e, fi
rst
avai
labl
e to
th
e pu
blic
or
first
pub
lishe
d,
whi
chev
er d
ate
is
the
late
st.
Whe
re th
e au
thor
’s id
entit
y is
reve
aled
or
is n
o lo
nger
in
doub
t bef
ore
the
expi
ratio
n of
th
at p
erio
d, th
e te
rms f
or k
now
n au
thor
s sha
ll ap
ply.
(S. 2
1)
Anon
ymou
s/
Pseu
dony
mou
s W
orks
Fifty
yea
rs fr
om
date
of l
awfu
l pu
blic
atio
n, d
ate
on w
hich
wor
k w
as m
ade,
or
late
st d
ate
of
mak
ing
avai
labl
e to
the
publ
ic.
If au
thor
’s id
entit
y is
re
veal
ed o
r is
no lo
nger
in
doub
t bef
ore
expi
ratio
n of
the
said
per
iod,
the
prov
isio
ns fo
r st
anda
rd m
oral
an
d ec
onom
ic
right
s app
ly.
(Art
. 219
)
wor
k pu
blis
hed
anon
ymou
sly
or u
nder
a
pseu
dony
m,
the
econ
omic
an
d m
oral
rig
hts s
hall
be
prot
ecte
d fo
r fift
y ye
ars f
rom
th
e da
te o
n w
hich
the
wor
k w
as e
ither
m
ade,
firs
t m
ade
avai
labl
e to
the
publ
ic o
r fir
st p
ublis
hed
(s.1
4)
Anon
ymou
s or
pseu
dony
mou
s w
orks
, for
a
perio
d of
fifty
ye
ars f
rom
the
date
on
whi
ch
such
wor
k w
as
first
pub
lishe
d or
oth
erw
ise
law
fully
mad
e av
aila
ble
to
the
publ
ic,
whi
chev
er d
ate
is th
e la
test
, or i
f th
e w
ork
has n
ot
thus
bee
n m
ade
avai
labl
e to
the
publ
ic w
ithin
fifty
ye
ars o
f it h
avin
g be
en c
reat
ed, f
or
a pe
riod
of fi
fty
year
s fro
m th
e da
te o
n w
hich
th
e w
ork
was
cr
eate
d(S
.34)
wor
k pu
blis
hed
anon
ymou
sly,
th
e ec
onom
ic
and
mor
al
right
s sha
ll be
pr
otec
ted
for
fifty
year
s fro
m
the
date
on
whi
ch th
e w
ork
was
eith
er
mad
e, fi
rst
mad
e av
aila
ble
to th
e pu
blic
or
first
pub
lishe
d(s
.14)
Anon
ymou
s w
orks
or
Wor
ks la
wfu
lly
disc
lose
d or
pu
blis
hed
with
out t
he
iden
tity
of th
e au
thor
shal
l b
e 70
yea
rs
follo
win
g di
sclo
sure
or
publ
icat
ion.
(Art
.33)
Audi
o-vi
sual
w
orks
Seve
nty
year
s fro
m d
ate
of
(with
cons
ent
from
the
auth
or)
publ
icat
ion
or
mak
ing
avai
labl
e to
the
publ
ic,
whi
chev
er d
ate
is
late
st.
(S. 1
5)
Audi
o-vi
sual
w
orks
Fifty
yea
rs fr
om
the
end
of th
e ye
ar in
whi
ch
the
wor
k w
as
eith
er m
ade,
fir
st m
ade
to
the
publ
ic o
r pu
blis
hed,
w
hich
ever
dat
e is
the
late
st.
(S. 2
3:2)
Audi
o-vi
sual
w
orks
Fifty
yea
rs
from
dat
e of
fix
atio
n, m
akin
g av
aila
ble
to
the
publ
ic o
r pu
blic
atio
n,
whi
chev
er d
ate
is la
test
(S. 1
0)
Audi
-vis
ual/
Soun
d re
cord
ings
/ Br
oadc
asts
/ Co
mpu
ter
prog
ram
s /
Phot
ogra
phic
w
ork.
Fifty
yea
rs fr
om
date
of m
akin
g or
mak
ing
avai
labl
e to
th
e pu
blic
with
co
nsen
t of t
he
auth
or.
(S. 1
3)
Audi
o-vi
sual
w
orks
Fifty
yea
rs fr
om
the
date
of t
he
mak
ing
of th
e w
ork,
or w
here
th
e w
ork
is m
ade
avai
labl
e to
the
publ
ic d
urin
g th
at p
erio
d w
ith
the
cons
ent o
f th
e au
thor
unt
il ex
pira
tion
of
fifty
year
s fro
m
the
date
of i
ts
com
mun
icat
ion
to th
e pu
blic
.(S
. 21)
Colle
ctiv
e w
ork/
Au
dio-
visu
al
wor
k an
d w
orks
pu
blis
hed
after
de
ath
of a
utho
r.Fo
r a p
erio
d of
fifty
yea
rs
from
dat
e of
fir
st m
akin
g av
aila
ble
to th
e pu
blic
, dat
e on
whi
ch w
ork
was
firs
t mad
e,
or fi
rst l
awfu
l pu
blic
atio
n.(A
rt. 2
20)
Audi
ovis
ual
wor
k, th
e ec
onom
ic
and
mor
al
right
s sha
ll be
pro
tect
ed
for f
ifty
year
s fro
m th
e da
te
on w
hich
the
wor
k w
as
eith
er m
ade,
fir
st m
ade
avai
labl
e to
th
e pu
blic
, or
first
pub
lishe
d,
whi
chev
er d
ate
is th
e la
test
(S.1
4)
Audi
ovis
ual
wor
k, th
e ec
onom
ic a
nd
mor
al ri
ghts
shal
l be
pro
tect
ed
for f
ifty
year
s fro
m th
e da
te
on w
hich
the
wor
k w
as e
ither
m
ade,
firs
t mad
e av
aila
ble
to
the
publ
ic, o
r fir
st p
ublis
hed,
w
hich
ever
dat
e is
the
late
st(s
.35)
Audi
ovis
uals
w
ork,
the
econ
omic
an
d m
oral
rig
hts s
hall
be p
rote
cted
fo
r fift
y ye
ars
from
the
date
on
whi
ch th
e w
ork
was
ei
ther
mad
e,
first
mad
e av
aila
ble
to
the
publ
ic, o
r fir
st p
ublis
hed,
w
hich
ever
dat
e is
the
late
st.
(s.1
4)
No e
xpre
ss
men
tion
Of A
udio
-vis
ual
wor
ks
Coun
trie
s/Pa
ram
eter
Ghan
aKe
nya
Bots
wan
aUg
anda
Sier
ra
Leon
neRw
anda
Tanz
ania
Mal
awi
Nam
ibia
São
Tom
é an
d Pr
ínci
pe
Dura
tion
of
Copy
right
(...c
ontin
ued)
Econ
omic
righ
ts
Lite
rary
wor
ksLi
fe o
f the
aut
hor
and
seve
nty
(70)
yea
rs a
fter
the
deat
h of
the
auth
or o
r Life
of
last
surv
ivin
g au
thor
and
se
vent
y ye
ars
after
dea
th o
f tha
t au
thor
in w
orks
of
join
t aut
hors
hip.
(S. 1
2)
Lite
rary
wor
ksLi
fe o
f aut
hor
and
fifty
year
s aft
er e
nd o
f ye
ar in
whi
ch
auth
or d
ies o
r au
thor
who
di
es la
st in
w
orks
of j
oint
au
thor
ship
(S. 2
3:2)
Lite
rary
and
ar
tistic
wor
ks
Life
of a
utho
r an
d fo
r fift
y ye
ars a
fter h
is
deat
h. O
r for
au
thor
who
die
s la
st in
wor
ks o
f jo
int a
utho
rshi
p.(S
. 10)
Lite
rary
, sc
ient
ific a
nd
Artis
tic w
orks
Life
of a
utho
r pl
us fi
fty y
ears
aft
er th
e de
ath
of th
e au
thor
.(S
. 13)
Lite
rary
, Li
fe o
f the
aut
hor
plus
fifty
yea
rs.
In w
orks
of j
oint
au
thor
ship
life
of
last
surv
ivin
g au
thor
and
fift
y ye
ars.
In
colle
ctiv
e w
orks
, ot
her t
han
wor
ks o
f app
lied
arts
, fift
y ye
ars
from
the
date
on
whi
ch th
e w
ork
was
firs
t m
ade
avai
labl
e to
the
publ
ic o
r fir
st p
ublis
hed
whi
chev
er d
ate
is
the
late
st.
(S. 2
1-26
)
All E
cono
mic
Ri
ghts
Dura
tion
of
prot
ectio
n of
ec
onom
ic ri
ghts
sh
all b
e du
ring
the
life
of th
e au
thor
and
for
fifty
year
s (50
) aft
er h
is/h
er
deat
h. D
urat
ion
runs
up
to
the
end
of th
e ca
lend
ar y
ear i
n w
hich
it w
ould
ot
herw
ise
expi
re.
In w
orks
of j
oint
au
thor
ship
, du
ring
life
of la
st
surv
ivin
g au
thor
an
d 50
yea
rs a
fter
his o
r her
dea
th(A
rt. 2
17-2
21)
Econ
omic
and
m
oral
righ
ts
shal
l be
prot
ecte
d du
ring
the
life
of th
e au
thor
right
and
for f
ifty
year
s afte
r his
de
ath.
S. 1
4
Econ
omic
and
m
oral
righ
ts
shal
l be
prot
ecte
d du
ring
the
life
of th
e au
thor
right
and
for f
ifty
year
s aft
er h
is d
eath
. (s
.35)
Econ
omic
and
m
oral
righ
ts
shal
l be
prot
ecte
d du
ring
the
life
of th
e au
thor
right
and
for f
ifty
year
s afte
r his
de
ath.
S. 1
4
Econ
omic
and
m
oral
righ
ts
shal
l be
prot
ecte
d du
ring
the
life
of th
e au
thor
and
for
70 y
ears
afte
r hi
s dea
th. (
s.31
)
Bodi
es co
rpor
ate
Seve
nty
(70)
ye
ars f
rom
dat
e of
pub
licat
ion
or m
akin
g,
whi
chev
er d
ate
is
late
r.(S
.13)
Bodi
es
corp
orat
eFi
fty (5
0) y
ears
fro
m th
e en
d of
the
year
in
whi
ch it
was
pu
blis
hed
(S. 2
3)
Colle
ctiv
e w
orks
For c
erta
in
colle
ctiv
e w
orks
, ec
onom
ic
and
mor
al
right
s exi
st
for f
ifty
year
s fro
m d
ate
of
fixat
ion,
mak
ing
avai
labl
e to
th
e pu
blic
or
publ
icat
ion,
w
hich
ever
dat
e is
late
st.
(S. 1
0)
Bodi
es
Corp
orat
eFi
fty y
ears
from
da
te o
f firs
t pu
blic
atio
n of
th
e w
ork.
(S. 1
3)
Bodi
es
Corp
orat
eFi
fty y
ears
from
th
e da
te o
n w
hich
the
wor
k w
as fi
rst m
ade
publ
ic.
(S. 2
2)
No e
xpre
ss
men
tion
of
dura
tion
of
copy
right
for
wor
ks c
reat
ed b
y bo
dies
corp
orat
e.
Bodi
es
corp
orat
e Fi
fty
(50)
yea
rs fr
om
the
end
of th
e ye
ar in
whi
ch it
w
as p
ublis
hed*
No e
xpre
ss
men
tion
of
dura
tion
of
copy
right
for
wor
ks c
reat
ed b
y bo
dies
corp
orat
e
Bodi
es
corp
orat
e Fi
fty (5
0) y
ears
fro
m th
e en
d of
the
year
in
whi
ch it
was
pu
blic
shed
*
s. 1
5
No e
xpre
ss m
entio
n of
dur
atio
n of
co
pyrig
ht fo
r w
orks
cre
ated
by
bod
ies
corp
orat
e
V. CoUntRY CoPYRiGHt & Related RiGHtslaWs CoMPaRison
V. CoUntRY CoPYRiGHt & Related RiGHtslaWs CoMPaRison
3736
Coun
trie
s/Pa
ram
eter
Ghan
aKe
nya
Bots
wan
aUg
anda
Sier
ra
Leon
neRw
anda
Tanz
ania
Mal
awi
Nam
ibia
São
Tom
é an
d Pr
ínci
peCo
pyrig
htAl
l cop
yrig
ht w
orks
The
repr
oduc
tion
of th
e w
ork
in a
ny
man
ner o
r fro
m;
the
trans
latio
n,
adap
tatio
n,
arra
ngem
ent
or a
ny o
ther
tra
nsfo
rmat
ion
of th
e w
ork;
the
publ
ic p
erfo
rman
ce,
broa
dcas
ting
and
com
mun
icat
ion
of th
e w
ork
to
the
publ
ic; t
he
dist
ribut
ion
to th
e pu
blic
of o
rigin
als o
r co
pies
of t
he w
ork
by w
ay o
f firs
t sal
es
or o
ther
firs
t tra
nsfe
r of
ow
ners
hip;
and
th
e co
mm
erci
al
rent
al to
the
publ
ic
of o
rigin
als o
r cop
ies
of th
e w
ork.
(S
. 5)
Lite
rary
, M
usic
al o
r ar
tistic
wor
k or
aud
io-v
isua
l w
ork
Repr
oduc
tion
in a
ny m
ater
ial
form
of t
he
orig
inal
wor
k or
its
tran
slatio
n or
ada
ptat
ion;
th
e di
strib
utio
n to
the
publ
ic o
f th
e w
ork
by w
ay
of sa
le, r
enta
l, le
ase,
hire
, loan
, im
porta
tion,
or
sim
ilar
arra
ngem
ent;
and
the
com
mun
icat
ion
to th
e pu
blic
and
th
e br
oadc
astin
g of
the
who
le o
r a
subs
tant
ial p
art
ther
eof, e
ither
in
its o
rigin
al fo
rm
or in
any
form
re
cogn
isabl
y de
rived
from
the
orig
inal
.(S
. 26:
1)
Sele
cted
co
pyrig
ht w
orks
Auth
or/O
wne
r of
copy
right
shal
l ha
ve ex
clus
ive
right
to re
prod
uce,
tra
nsla
te, a
dapt
, ar
rang
e or
oth
er
trans
form
atio
n,
first
pub
lic
dist
ribut
ion,
re
ntal
, pub
lic
perfo
rman
ce,
impo
rtatio
n,
broa
dcas
ting
or o
ther
co
mm
unic
atio
n to
the
publ
ic o
f th
e w
ork.
Rig
hts
to re
ntal
and
le
ndin
g do
not
ap
ply t
o co
mpu
ter
prog
ram
s whe
re
the
prog
ram
itse
lf is
not t
he e
ssen
tial
obje
ct o
f the
re
ntal
or l
endi
ng.
(S. 7
) Sp
ecifi
c co
nditi
ons f
or
rela
ted
right
s m
entio
ned
(S. 2
3-28
)
All C
opyr
ight
W
orks
.Th
e ow
ner o
f a
prot
ecte
d w
ork
shal
l hav
e in
rela
tion
to
that
wor
k th
e ex
clus
ive
right
to
do o
r aut
horis
e ot
her p
erso
ns
to d
o va
rious
ac
tions
as
outli
ned
in th
e Ac
t. (S
. 9)
Spec
ific
cond
ition
s for
re
late
d rig
hts
men
tione
d.(S
. 21-
40)
All c
opyr
ight
w
orks
The
repr
oduc
tion;
tra
nsla
tion,
ad
apta
tion,
ar
rang
emen
t or
any
oth
er
trans
form
atio
n of
the
wor
k; th
e co
mm
unic
atio
n to
the
publ
ic b
y pe
rform
ance
or
broa
dcas
t, or
any
ot
her m
eans
; the
di
strib
utio
n to
the
publ
ic, b
y way
of
sale
, ren
tal,
publ
ic le
ndin
g of
the
orig
inal
or
copy
that
has
not
be
en su
bjec
t to
sale
or t
rans
fer
as a
utho
rised
by
the
owne
r of
copy
right
; ren
tal
or p
ublic
lend
ing
of th
e or
igin
al
or co
py o
f an
audi
o-vi
sual
wor
k,
soun
d-re
cord
ing,
co
mpu
ter
prog
ram
me,
da
taba
se o
r m
usic
al w
ork;
im
porta
tion;
pub
lic
disp
lay;
pub
lic
perfo
rman
ce;
broa
dcas
ting
and
any o
ther
co
mm
unic
atio
n to
th
e pu
blic
. (S
. 9; 3
8-46
)
Mor
al ri
ghts
and
ec
onom
ic ri
ghts
.Ec
onom
ic ri
ghts
in
clud
e ha
ving
ex
clus
ive
right
to
repr
oduc
tion,
tra
nsla
tion,
ad
apta
tion,
ar
rang
emen
t, re
ntal
, co
mm
unic
atio
n to
th
e pu
blic
, pub
lic
perfo
rman
ce
dist
ribut
ion.
M
oral
righ
ts to
cl
aim
aut
hors
hip,
to
obj
ect t
o us
e th
at p
reju
dice
s his
or
her
repu
tatio
n an
d no
t hav
e hi
s or
her n
ame
indi
cate
d or
the
right
to u
se a
ps
eudo
nym
. (A
rt. 1
99-2
02)
All c
opyr
ight
w
orks
The
repr
oduc
tion
of
the
wor
k in
any
m
anne
r or f
rom
;th
e tra
nsla
tion,
adap
tatio
n,ar
rang
emen
t or
any
oth
er
trans
form
atio
nof
the
wor
k; th
epu
blic
pe
rform
ance
,br
oadc
astin
g an
dCo
mm
unic
atio
nof
the
wor
k to
the
publ
ic; t
hedi
strib
utio
n to
the
publ
ic
of o
rigin
als o
r co
pies
of t
he
wor
k by
way
of
firs
t sal
es
or o
ther
firs
t tra
nsfe
r of
owne
rshi
p; a
nd
the
com
mer
cial
re
ntal
to th
e pu
blic
of
orig
inal
s or
copi
es o
f the
w
ork.*
All c
opyr
ight
wor
ksTh
e re
prod
uctio
n of
the
wor
k in
any
m
anne
r or f
rom
;th
e tra
nsla
tion,
adap
tatio
n,ar
rang
emen
t or
any
oth
er
trans
form
atio
nof
the
wor
k; th
epu
blic
pe
rform
ance
,br
oadc
astin
g an
dCo
mm
unic
atio
nof
the
wor
k to
the
publ
ic; t
hedi
strib
utio
n to
the
publ
ic o
f orig
inal
s or
copi
es o
f the
w
ork
by w
ay o
f fir
st sa
les o
r oth
er
first
tran
sfer
of
owne
rshi
p; a
nd
the
com
mer
cial
re
ntal
to th
e pu
blic
of o
rigin
als
or co
pies
of t
he
wor
k.*
All c
opyr
ight
w
orks
The
repr
oduc
tion
of
the
wor
k in
any
m
anne
r or f
rom
;th
e tra
nsla
tion,
adap
tatio
n,ar
rang
emen
t or
any
oth
er
trans
form
atio
nof
the
wor
k; th
epu
blic
pe
rform
ance
,br
oadc
astin
g an
dCo
mm
unic
atio
nof
the
wor
k to
the
publ
ic; t
hedi
strib
utio
n to
the
publ
ic
of o
rigin
als o
r co
pies
of t
he
wor
k by
way
of f
irst
sale
s or
othe
r firs
t tra
nsfe
r of
owne
rshi
p; a
nd
the
com
mer
cial
re
ntal
to th
e pu
blic
of
orig
inal
s or
copi
es o
f the
w
ork.*
Mor
al ri
ghts
an
d ec
onom
ic
right
s.
Econ
omic
righ
ts
incl
ude
havi
ngex
clus
ive
right
to re
prod
uctio
n,tra
nsla
tion,
adap
tatio
n,ar
rang
emen
t,
rent
al,
com
mun
icat
ion
to the
publ
ic, p
ublic
perfo
rman
cedi
strib
utio
n.M
oral
righ
ts to
cl
aim
auth
orsh
ip, t
o ob
ject
to u
se
that
pre
judi
ces
his o
r her
re
puta
tion
and
not h
ave
his o
rhe
r nam
e in
dica
ted
or th
e rig
ht to
us
e a
pseu
dony
m.
Coun
trie
s/Pa
ram
eter
Ghan
aKe
nya
Bots
wan
aUg
anda
Sier
ra
Leon
neRw
anda
Tanz
ania
Mal
awi
Nam
ibia
São
Tom
é an
d Pr
ínci
peDu
ratio
n of
Co
pyrig
ht(..
.con
tinue
d)
Wor
k of
App
lied
Art
Both
mor
al a
nd
econ
omic
righ
ts
exis
t for
twen
ty
five
year
s fro
m
the
mak
ing
of
the
wor
k.
(S. 1
0)
Wor
k of
App
lied
Art
Prot
ecte
d fo
r 25
year
s fro
m th
e m
akin
g of
the
wor
k.(S
. 21d
)
Wor
k of
App
lied
Art
Wor
k sh
all b
e pr
otec
ted
for a
pe
riod
of 2
5 ye
ars
from
end
of t
he
year
in w
hich
the
wor
k w
as fi
rst
mad
e.(A
rt. 2
21)
wor
k of
ap
plie
d ar
t, th
e ec
onom
ic
and
mor
al
right
s sha
ll be
pr
otec
ted
for
twen
ty fi
ve
year
s fro
m th
e m
akin
g of
the
wor
k(s
. 14)
wor
k of
ap
plie
d ar
t, th
e ec
onom
ic a
nd
mor
al ri
ghts
shal
l be
pro
tect
ed fo
r tw
enty
five
yea
rs
from
the
mak
ing
of th
e w
ork
(s. 3
5)
wor
k of
ap
plie
d ar
t, th
e ec
onom
ic
and
mor
al
right
s sha
ll be
pr
otec
ted
for
twen
ty fi
ve
year
s fro
m th
e m
akin
g of
the
wor
k.(s
. 14)
Rela
ted
Righ
ts
shal
l exp
ire
after
a p
erio
d of
50
year
s(A
rt.1
83)
Folk
lore
Righ
ts v
est i
n pr
esid
ent o
n be
half
of c
itize
ns
and
exis
t in
perp
etui
ty.
(S. 1
7)
Folk
lore
No m
entio
n of
dur
atio
n of
pr
otec
tion
of
folk
lore
.
Folk
lore
No
men
tion
on d
urat
ion
of
prot
ectio
n of
fo
lklo
re.
Folk
lore
No m
entio
n of
dur
atio
n of
pr
otec
tion
of
folk
lore
.
Folk
lore
Righ
ts v
est i
n pr
esid
ent o
n be
half
of a
nd
in tr
ust f
or th
e pe
ople
of S
ierr
a Le
one
and
exis
t in
per
petu
ity(S
. 26)
Folk
lore
No m
entio
n of
dur
atio
n of
pr
otec
tion
of
folk
lore
Folk
lore
No m
entio
n of
dur
atio
n of
pr
otec
tion
of
folk
lore
Folk
lore
No m
entio
n of
dur
atio
n of
pr
otec
tion
of
folk
lore
Folk
lore
No m
entio
n of
dur
atio
n of
pr
otec
tion
of
folk
lore
Folk
lore
No m
entio
n of
du
ratio
n of
pro
tect
ion
of fo
lklo
re
Soun
d re
cord
ings
Seve
nty
year
s aft
er th
e ye
ar
publ
icat
ion
or if
no
t pub
lishe
d,
seve
nty
year
s aft
er th
e ye
ar o
f fix
atio
n.(S
. 16)
Soun
d re
cord
ings
Fifty
yea
rs a
fter
the
end
of th
e ye
ar in
whi
ch
reco
rdin
g w
as
first
mad
e(S
. 23:
2)
Soun
d re
cord
ings
Until
the
end
of th
e fift
ieth
ca
lend
ar y
ear
follo
win
g th
e ye
ar o
f pu
blic
atio
n or
if
not p
ublis
hed,
fro
m fi
xatio
n un
til e
nd o
f fift
ieth
yea
r fo
llow
ing
the
fixat
ion.
(S
. 25:
2)
Soun
d re
cord
ings
Fifty
yea
rs fr
om
date
of m
akin
g or
mak
ing
avai
labl
e to
th
e pu
blic
with
co
nsen
t of t
he
auth
or.
(S. 1
3)
Prog
ram
me
carr
ying
sign
als
Fifty
yea
rs fr
om
mak
ing
the
date
of
mak
ing
the
sign
al.
(S. 2
4)
Perf
orm
ance
s an
d Ph
onog
ram
sFi
fty y
ears
from
en
d of
yea
r in
whi
ch th
e pe
rform
ance
or
pho
nogr
am
was
fixe
d, m
ade
avai
labl
e to
th
e pu
blic
or
publ
ishe
d.(A
rt. 2
50-2
51)
Perf
orm
ance
s an
d Ph
onog
ram
sFi
fty y
ears
from
en
d of
yea
r in
whi
chth
e pe
rform
ance
or
pho
nogr
am
was
fixe
d,
mad
e av
aila
ble
to the
publ
ic
Perf
orm
ance
s an
d Ph
onog
ram
sFi
fty y
ears
from
en
d of
yea
r in
whi
chth
e pe
rform
ance
or
pho
nogr
am
was
fixe
d, m
ade
avai
labl
e to
the
publ
ic*
Perf
orm
ance
s an
d Ph
onog
ram
sFi
fty y
ears
from
en
d of
yea
r in
whi
chth
e pe
rform
ance
or
pho
nogr
am
was
fixe
d,
mad
e av
aila
ble
to the
publ
ic*
Rela
ted
Righ
ts
shal
l exp
ire
after
a p
erio
d of
50
year
s(A
rt.1
83)
Broa
dcas
tsTh
e rig
hts o
f br
oadc
astin
g or
gani
satio
ns a
re
prot
ecte
d un
til
expi
ratio
n of
fort
y ye
ars f
rom
dat
e of
m
akin
g br
oadc
ast
or si
gnal
.(S
. 36)
Broa
dcas
tsFi
fty y
ears
afte
r th
e en
d of
the
year
in w
hich
th
e br
oadc
ast
took
pla
ce.
(S. 2
3:2)
Broa
dcas
tsFr
om m
omen
t of
bro
adca
stin
g un
til th
e en
d of
fift
ieth
cale
ndar
ye
ar fo
llow
ing
the
year
in w
hich
th
e br
oadc
ast
take
s pla
ce.
(S. 2
7:2)
Broa
dcas
tsFi
fty y
ears
from
da
te o
f mak
ing
or m
akin
g av
aila
ble
to
the
publ
ic w
ith
cons
ent o
f the
au
thor
.(S
. 13)
Phot
ogra
phic
W
ork.
Fi
fty y
ears
from
th
e da
te o
f m
akin
g th
e w
ork.
(S
. 25)
Broa
dcas
tsTw
enty
five
(25)
ye
ars f
rom
the
first
mon
th o
f the
ye
ar th
at fo
llow
s th
e ye
ar in
whi
ch
broa
dcas
t too
k pl
ace.
(A
rt. 2
52)
Broa
dcas
ts
Twen
ty fi
ve (2
5)
*yea
rs fr
om th
e fir
st m
onth
of
the
year
that
fo
llow
s the
ye
ar in
whi
ch
broa
dcas
t too
k pl
ace.
No m
entio
n of
bro
adca
st
dura
tion
Rela
ted
Righ
ts
shal
l exp
ire
after
a p
erio
d of
50
year
s(A
rt.1
83)
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3938
Coun
trie
s/Pa
ram
eter
Ghan
aKe
nya
Bots
wan
aUg
anda
Sier
ra
Leon
neRw
anda
Tanz
ania
Mal
awi
Nam
ibia
São
Tom
é an
d Pr
ínci
pePu
blic
dom
ain
Wor
ks w
ith
expi
red
term
s of
prot
ectio
n; w
orks
by
aut
hors
who
ha
ve re
noun
ced
thei
r rig
ht; f
orei
gn
wor
ks th
at d
o no
t en
joy
prot
ectio
n in
the
repu
blic
(S. 3
8)
Wor
ks w
hose
te
rm o
f pr
otec
tion
has
expi
red;
Wor
ks
in re
spec
t of
whi
ch
auth
ors h
ave
reno
unce
d th
eir r
ight
s;
Fore
ign
wor
ks
whi
ch d
o no
t enj
oy
prot
ectio
n in
Ke
nya
(S. 4
5)
No e
xpre
ss
men
tion
of
publ
ic d
omai
n w
orks
.
No e
xpre
ss
men
tion
of
trea
tmen
t of
wor
ks in
the
publ
ic d
omai
n
Wor
ks w
ith
expi
red
term
s of
pro
tect
ion,
by
aut
hors
who
ha
ve re
noun
ced
thei
r rig
hts;
and
fo
reig
n w
orks
th
at d
o no
t enj
oy
prot
ectio
n in
Si
erra
Leo
ne
belo
ng to
the
publ
ic d
omai
n.
(S. 4
8)
All w
orks
in th
e pu
blic
dom
ain
are
trea
ted
as R
wan
da’s
herit
age
and
cultu
re.
(Art
. 202
)
No e
xpre
ss
men
tion
of
publ
ic d
omai
n w
orks
.
Wor
ks a
nd
rela
ted
subj
ect
mat
ter i
n th
e pu
blic
dom
ain
Cove
red
(S.8
4)
No e
xpre
ss
men
tion
of
publ
ic d
omai
n w
orks
.
Expr
ess
men
tion
of u
se o
f wor
ks
in th
e pu
blic
do
mai
n(a
rt 3
8)
Use
of w
orks
in p
ublic
dom
ain
Subj
ect t
o pa
ymen
t of s
uch
fees
as m
ay b
e de
term
ined
by
min
iste
r in
rela
tion
ther
eto,
a
wor
k w
hich
has
fa
llen
into
the
publ
ic d
omai
n m
ay b
e us
ed
with
out r
estr
ictio
n(S
. 38(
3))
Subj
ect t
o pa
ymen
t of
such
fees
as
may
be
dete
rmin
ed
by m
inis
ter
in re
latio
n th
eret
o, a
w
ork
whi
ch
has f
alle
n in
to
the
publ
ic
dom
ain
may
be
used
with
out
rest
rictio
n(S
. 45(
3))
No m
entio
n of
us
e of
wor
ks
in th
e pu
blic
do
mai
n
No e
xpre
ss
men
tion
of u
se
of w
orks
in th
e pu
blic
dom
ain
Subj
ect t
o pa
ymen
t of a
fe
e to
be
pre-
scrib
ed b
y the
Re
gist
rar a
wor
k th
at h
as fa
llen
into
the
publ
ic
dom
ain
may
be
used
with
out
rest
rictio
n.
The
fees
will
be
use
d fo
r the
pr
omot
ion
of
inst
itutio
ns w
hich
op
erat
e fo
r the
ad
vanc
emen
t of
aut
hors
, pe
rform
ers,
pr
oduc
ers o
f so
und
reco
rdin
g,
trans
lato
rs a
nd
arts
in g
ener
al(S
.48)
Any
use
for
com
mer
cial
pu
rpos
es is
m
ade
in re
turn
fo
r pay
men
t of
roya
lties
in
the
cond
ition
s de
term
ined
by
the
empo
wer
ed
auth
ority
. (A
rt. 2
02)
No e
xpre
ss
men
tion
of u
se
of w
orks
in th
e pu
blic
dom
ain
Whe
n a
wor
k is
in th
e pu
blic
do
mai
n th
e pr
ovis
ions
of t
he
Copy
right
Act
sh
all n
ot p
reve
nt
or li
mit
its u
se.
(s.8
4)
No e
xpre
ss
men
tion
of u
se
of w
orks
in th
e pu
blic
dom
ain
Expr
ess
men
tion
of u
se o
f wor
ks
in th
e pu
blic
do
mai
n(a
rt 3
8)
Coun
trie
s/Pa
ram
eter
Ghan
aKe
nya
Bots
wan
aUg
anda
Sier
ra
Leon
neRw
anda
Tanz
ania
Mal
awi
Nam
ibia
São
Tom
é an
d Pr
ínci
pePe
rmitt
ed U
ses
of C
opyr
ight
sVa
rious
exce
ptio
ns
perm
itted
to th
e co
pyrig
htSp
ecifi
c exc
eptio
ns
for C
ompu
ter
Prog
ram
s hi
ghlig
hted
.(S
. 19)
Vario
us
exce
ptio
ns
perm
itted
to th
e co
pyrig
ht
Spec
ific
exce
ptio
ns
for C
ompu
ter
prog
ram
s hi
ghlig
hted
.(S
. 26(
1))
Vario
us ex
cept
ions
pe
rmitt
ed to
the
copy
right
with
sp
ecifi
c exc
eptio
ns
appl
ying
to
Com
pute
r pr
ogra
ms.
(S. 1
2-21
)
Fair
use
of
copy
right
ed
wor
ks is
pe
rmitt
ed. T
he
Act c
ites w
hat
is co
nsid
ered
as
fair
use.
(S. 1
5)
Vario
us ex
cept
ions
pe
rmitt
ed to
the
use
of co
pyrig
ht
incl
udin
g pr
ivat
e re
prod
uctio
n fo
r pe
rson
al p
urpo
ses,
te
mpo
rary
re
prod
uctio
n,
repr
oduc
tion
in th
e fo
rm o
f quo
tatio
n,
repr
oduc
tion
for t
each
ing,
re
prog
raph
ic
repr
oduc
tion
by lib
rarie
s and
ar
chiv
es.
(S. 2
7-36
; 42)
Vario
us lim
itatio
ns
to e
cono
mic
rig
hts p
rovi
ded
for
incl
udin
g pr
ivat
e re
prod
uctio
n fo
r pr
ivat
e pu
rpos
es,
tem
pora
ry
repr
oduc
tion,
fre
e re
prod
uctio
n fo
r tea
chin
g, fo
r ar
chiv
es a
nd
libra
ries,
etc.
(Art
. 203
-215
; 24
7-24
9)Va
rious
limita
tions
to
eco
nom
ic
right
s pro
vide
d fo
r in
clud
ing
priv
ate
repr
oduc
tion
for
priv
ate
purp
oses
, te
mpo
rary
re
prod
uctio
n,
free
repr
oduc
tion
for t
each
ing,
for
arch
ives
and
lib
rarie
s, et
c.(A
rt. 2
03-2
15;
247-
249)
Vario
us
exce
ptio
ns
perm
itted
to th
e co
pyrig
htSp
ecifi
c ex
cept
ions
for C
ompu
ter
Prog
ram
shi
ghlig
hted
. (S.
9)
Vario
us ex
cept
ions
pe
rmitt
ed to
the
copy
right
Spec
ific e
xcep
tions
for C
ompu
ter
Prog
ram
shi
ghlig
hted
. (S.
86)
Vario
us
exce
ptio
ns
perm
itted
to th
e co
pyrig
htSp
ecifi
c ex
cept
ions
for C
ompu
ter
Prog
ram
shi
ghlig
hted
. (S
. 12)
Vario
us
exce
ptio
ns
perm
itted
to th
e co
pyrig
ht w
ithsp
ecifi
c ex
cept
ions
as w
ell
(art
. 222
)
Nota
ble
lacu
nas a
nd in
clus
ions
on
perm
itted
use
s
No e
xpre
ss
exce
ptio
ns fo
r w
orks
targ
etin
g th
e Bl
ind
and
othe
r Vis
ually
Im
paire
d Pe
rson
s.
No e
xpre
ss
exce
ptio
ns fo
r w
orks
targ
etin
g th
e Bl
ind
and
othe
r Vis
ually
Im
paire
d Pe
rson
s
No e
xpre
ss
exce
ptio
ns fo
r w
orks
targ
etin
g th
e bl
ind
and
othe
r VIP
s.
Fair
use
incl
udes
tr
ansc
ribin
g w
ork
into
br
aille
or s
ign
lang
uage
for
educ
atio
nal
purp
oses
of
pers
ons w
ith
disa
bilit
ies
(S. 1
5(1)
(k))
No m
entio
n of
ex
cept
ions
to
use
for w
orks
w
ith p
urpo
se
of ta
rget
ing
the
blin
d an
d ot
her
VIPs
Prov
ides
for f
ree
use
of w
ork
for
visu
ally
impa
ired
pers
ons.
No
need
fo
r aut
horis
atio
n of
the
auth
or
to re
prod
uce
and
dist
ribut
e w
ork
for v
isua
lly
impa
ired
pers
ons
(Art
. 215
)
No m
entio
n of
ex
cept
ions
to
use
for w
orks
w
ith p
urpo
se o
fta
rget
ing
the
blin
d an
d ot
her v
isua
lly
impa
ired
peop
le
Repr
oduc
tion
of
a w
ork
for p
eopl
e w
ith d
isab
ilitie
s(s
.49)
No m
entio
n of
ex
cept
ions
to
use
for w
orks
w
ith p
urpo
se o
fta
rget
ing
the
blin
d an
d ot
her v
isua
lly
impa
ired
peop
le
Repr
oduc
tion
of a
wor
k fo
r pe
ople
with
di
sabi
litie
s(a
rt 8
0)
V. CoUntRY CoPYRiGHt & Related RiGHtslaWs CoMPaRison
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4140
Coun
trie
s/Pa
ram
eter
Ghan
aKe
nya
Bots
wan
aUg
anda
Sier
ra
Leon
neRw
anda
Tanz
ania
Mal
awi
Nam
ibia
São
Tom
é an
d Pr
ínci
pePe
nalti
es(..
.con
tinue
d)Se
cond
or
subs
eque
nt
offen
ders
sh
all b
e fin
ed
a m
inim
um o
f P3
0,00
0 an
d M
axim
um o
f P5
,000
,000
or
impr
ison
ed
for a
term
not
ex
ceed
ing
10
year
s or b
oth.
(S. 2
9-33
)
no m
ore
than
im
pris
onm
ent
term
of t
hree
ye
ars o
r to
both
th
e fin
e an
d im
pris
onm
ent.
The
cour
t sha
llal
so fi
x the
am
ount
of
prof
its, t
akin
gin
to a
ccou
nt th
ede
fend
ant’s
pr
ofits
at
trib
utab
le
to th
e in
fring
emen
t.In
repe
at
offen
ders
with
in 5
yea
rsof
a p
revi
ous
conv
ictio
n,
uppe
rlim
its o
f the
pena
lties
may
be do
uble
d. In
off
ence
sre
late
d to
fo
lklo
re,
indi
vidu
als a
relia
ble
on
conv
ictio
nto
pay
men
t of a
fine
not
exce
edin
gLe
20,0
00,0
00 o
rim
pris
onm
ent
for a
term
not
ex
ceed
ing
twel
ve m
onth
sor
bot
h fin
e an
dim
pris
onm
ent;
and
Corp
orat
ebo
dies
to a
fine
of
Le6
0,00
0,00
0(S
. 71-
77)
Coun
trie
s/Pa
ram
eter
Ghan
aKe
nya
Bots
wan
aUg
anda
Sier
ra
Leon
neRw
anda
Tanz
ania
Mal
awi
Nam
ibia
São
Tom
é an
d Pr
ínci
peIn
frin
gem
ent
Any
doin
g of
th
e ac
t res
erve
d fo
r the
aut
hor,
perfo
rmer
, and
br
oadc
astin
g or
gani
satio
ns
with
out t
he
licen
se o
f the
ow
ner.
(S.4
1)
Any
doin
g of
the
act
rese
rved
for
the
auth
or,
perfo
rmer
, and
br
oadc
astin
g or
gani
satio
ns
with
out t
he
licen
se o
f the
ow
ner.
(S. 3
8)
Any
act
cont
rave
ning
th
e pr
ovis
ions
of
the
Act s
hall
be g
uilty
of a
n off
ence
.(S
. 31)
Deal
ing
with
an
y w
ork
or
perfo
rman
ce
with
out a
va
lid tr
ansf
er,
licen
ce,
assi
gnm
ent
or o
ther
au
thor
isat
ion
an a
ct co
ntra
ry
to p
erm
itted
fre
e us
e an
d in
man
ner
prej
udic
ial t
o th
e ho
nour
or
repu
tatio
n of
au
thor
.(S
. 46-
49)
Doin
g of
any
act
s th
at a
re co
ntra
ry
to th
e pr
ovis
ions
of
the
Act.
(S. 7
1- 7
9)
Any
infri
ngem
ent
of co
pyrig
ht o
r re
late
d rig
hts
prot
ecte
d un
der t
he la
w,
com
mitt
ed
wilf
ully
or b
y gr
oss n
eglig
ence
, by
any
third
pe
rson
for p
rofit
-m
akin
g pu
rpos
es
and
with
out
owne
r’s co
nsen
t sh
all c
onst
itute
an
act
of f
orge
ry.
(Art
. 261
)
Any
pers
onw
ho in
fring
es
a co
pyrig
ht o
r an
y ot
her
right
pro
tect
ed
by th
is A
ct, t
he
inju
red
par
ty m
ay
brin
g an
act
ion
in co
urt f
or in
junc
tive
relie
f req
uirin
g th
e w
rong
doer
to
ceas
e an
d de
sist
if th
ere
isa
dang
er o
f re
petit
ion
of
the
acts
of
infri
ngem
ent
was
inte
ntio
nal
or th
e re
sult
of
negl
igen
ce(S
.37)
Infri
ngem
ent o
f co
pyrig
ht sh
all
be a
ctio
nabl
e by
th
e ow
ner o
f the
co
pyrig
ht.
(s.1
14)
Infri
ngem
ent
and
Prot
ectio
n of
Cop
yrig
ht
and
Rela
ted
Righ
ts (T
itle
IV)
Anto
n Pi
llar
Ord
ers
No e
xpre
ss
men
tion
of A
nton
Pi
llar O
rder
s but
si
mila
r pro
visi
ons
exis
t(S
. 47(
2))
Prov
ides
for
Anto
n Pi
llar
Ord
ers
(S. 3
7)
No e
xpre
ss
men
tion
of
Anto
n Pi
llar
Ord
ers
No e
xpre
ss
men
tion
of
Anto
n Pi
llar
but s
imila
r pr
ovis
ions
ex
ists
in th
e Ac
t.(S
. 53-
54)
No m
entio
n of
Ant
on P
illar
O
rder
sO
r sim
ilar
prov
isio
ns
No m
entio
n of
Ant
on P
illar
or
ders
but
sim
ilar
prov
isio
ns e
xist
No m
entio
nof
Ant
on
Pilla
r ord
ers
but s
imila
r pr
ovis
ions
exi
st
No m
entio
nof
Ant
on
Pilla
r ord
ers
but s
imila
r pr
ovis
ions
exi
st
No m
entio
nof
Ant
on
Pilla
r ord
ers
but s
imila
r pr
ovis
ions
exi
st
No m
entio
nof
Ant
on
Pilla
r ord
ers
but s
imila
r pr
ovis
ions
exi
st
Pena
lties
Paym
ent o
f fin
e no
t exc
eedi
ng o
r un
der s
tipul
ated
un
its o
r a te
rm o
f im
pris
onm
ent o
r bo
th. U
nder
the
act,
max
imum
im
pris
onm
ent
term
is n
ot m
ore
than
thre
e ye
ars.
(S
. 43)
Paym
ent
of fi
ne n
ot
exce
edin
g sp
ecifi
c am
ount
set
in sh
illin
gs o
r se
t num
ber
of y
ears
of
impr
ison
men
t or
bot
h.
Unde
r the
act
, m
axim
um
impr
ison
men
t te
rm is
ten
year
s.(S
. 38)
Firs
t tim
e off
ende
rs
liabl
e to
a fi
ne
of P
20,0
00 o
r pr
ison
term
of
max
imum
10
year
s or b
oth.
For i
nfrin
ging
rig
hts o
f pr
oduc
ers,
so
und
reco
rdin
gs,
etc,
fine
not
ex
ceed
ing
25 c
urre
ncy
poin
ts o
r im
pris
onm
ent
not e
xcee
ding
on
e ye
ar o
r bo
th.
(S. 4
7- 5
0)
A pe
rson
who
in
fring
es a
righ
t un
der t
he A
ct
wilf
ully
, or b
y gr
oss n
eglig
ence
an
d fo
r pro
fit-
mak
ing
purp
oses
co
mm
its a
n off
ence
and
is
liab
le o
n co
nvic
tion
to a
fine
not
ex
ceed
ing
le60
,000
,000
or
Act p
rovi
des
a de
taile
d lis
t of
crim
inal
pe
nalti
es fo
r ea
ch sp
ecifi
c off
ence
rela
ted
to co
pyrig
ht a
nd
rela
ted
right
s.(A
rt. 2
64)
Act p
rovi
des a
de
taile
d lis
t of
crim
inal
pe
nalti
esfo
r eac
h sp
ecifi
coff
ence
re
late
dto
copy
right
an
dre
late
d rig
hts.
(Act
41)
Act p
rovi
des a
de
taile
d lis
t of
crim
inal
pe
nalti
esfo
r eac
h sp
ecifi
coff
ence
rela
ted
to co
pyrig
ht
(S.1
11-1
14)
Act p
rovi
des a
de
taile
d lis
t of
crim
inal
pe
nalti
esfo
r eac
h sp
ecifi
coff
ence
re
late
dto
copy
right
an
dNe
ighb
ourin
g rig
hts
(S. 4
2)
term
of
impr
ison
men
tm
axim
um
thre
e ye
ra=\
of th
ree
year
s an
d a
fine
of
150
to 2
50
days
Of t
hree
ye
ars P
enal
ty
of a
Fin
e 15
0 to
250
day
s(S
197
)
V. CoUntRY CoPYRiGHt & Related RiGHtslaWs CoMPaRison
V. CoUntRY CoPYRiGHt & Related RiGHtslaWs CoMPaRison
4342
Coun
trie
s/Pa
ram
eter
Ghan
aKe
nya
Bots
wan
aUg
anda
Sier
ra
Leon
neRw
anda
Tanz
ania
Mal
awi
Nam
ibia
São
Tom
é an
d Pr
ínci
peRe
stitu
tion
and
forf
eitu
re(..
.con
tinue
d)
The
impl
emen
t or
dev
ice
used
in
infri
ngem
ent
and
the
copi
es
ther
eof b
e fo
rfeite
d an
d di
spos
ed o
f as
the
cour
t may
di
rect
, hav
ing
rega
rd o
f to
the
circ
umst
ance
s re
latin
g to
the
infri
ngem
ent.
((S. 4
6(b)
)
Any
artic
le
whi
ch is
an
infri
ngin
g co
py o
r an
artic
le u
sed
or
inte
nded
for
use
in m
akin
g in
fring
emen
t co
pies
in th
e po
sses
sion
of
the
char
ged
pers
on to
be
dest
roye
d,
deliv
ered
up
to th
e ow
ner o
f the
co
pyrig
ht in
qu
estio
n or
ot
herw
ise
deal
t with
as
the
cour
t may
th
ink
fit.
(S. 3
8:8)
In a
dditi
on to
ci
vil r
emed
ies,
th
e co
urt s
hall
have
aut
horit
y to
ord
er th
e de
stru
ctio
n or
the
othe
r re
ason
able
di
spos
ition
of
infri
ngin
g co
pies
and
th
eir p
acka
ging
ou
tsid
e th
e ch
anne
ls o
f co
mm
erce
. W
here
ther
e is
su
spic
ion
that
im
plem
ents
m
ay b
e us
ed
for f
urth
er
offen
ces,
the
cour
t sha
ll or
der t
heir
dest
ruct
ion
or d
ispo
sitio
n ou
tsid
e th
e ch
anne
ls o
f co
mm
erce
. (S
. 30)
All
repr
oduc
tions
, du
plic
atio
n,
tran
slat
ion,
ex
trac
ts,
imita
tions
an
d al
l oth
er
mat
eria
ls
invo
lved
in th
e in
fring
emen
t to
be
forfe
ited
and
disp
osed
of
as t
he co
urt
may
see
fit.
(S. 5
0)
That
the
repr
oduc
tions
, du
plic
atio
ns,
extr
acts
, im
itatio
ns a
nd
othe
r mat
eria
ls
invo
lved
in th
e in
fring
emen
t, an
d im
plem
ents
or
dev
ices
us
ed in
the
infri
ngem
ent
be fo
rfeite
d an
d di
spos
ed o
f as
the
cour
t may
di
rect
hav
ing
rega
rd to
the
circ
umst
ance
s re
latin
g to
in
fring
emen
t.(S
. 77)
Upon
requ
est
of o
wne
r, co
mpe
tent
tr
ibun
al m
ay
orde
r the
de
tent
ion,
im
poun
dmen
t an
d de
stru
ctio
n of
copi
es o
f in
fring
ing
wor
ks.
(Art
. 259
)
The
inju
red
part
y m
ayre
quire
the
dest
ruct
ion
of co
pies
that
ha
ve
been
un
law
fully
m
anuf
actu
red
or
unla
wfu
lly
dist
ribut
ed o
r w
hich
are
inte
nded
fo
r un
law
ful
dist
ribut
ion
(S.3
7)
All
repr
oduc
tions
,du
plic
atio
n,tr
ansl
atio
n,ex
trac
ts,
imita
tions
and
all o
ther
mat
eria
ls
invo
lved
in th
e in
fring
emen
tto
be
forfe
ited
and
disp
osed
of a
s th
e co
urt m
ay
see
fit.
see
fit (s
.94)
The
inju
red
part
y m
ay
requ
ire th
e de
stru
ctio
nof
copi
es th
at
have
bee
n un
law
fully
m
anuf
actu
red
or
unla
wfu
lly
dist
ribut
ed
or w
hich
are
in
tend
ed fo
r un
law
ful
dist
ribut
ion
(S.3
7)
The
inju
red
part
y m
ayre
quire
the
dest
ruct
ion
of co
pies
that
ha
ve b
een
unla
wfu
lly
man
ufac
ture
d or
unl
awfu
lly
dist
ribut
ed
or w
hich
are
in
tend
ed fo
r un
law
ful
dist
ribut
ion
(Art
49)
Spec
ial
Enfo
rcem
ent
Copy
right
M
onito
ring
Team
co
mpo
sed
of
Polic
e O
ffice
rs,
Repr
esen
tativ
es
of co
pyrig
ht
owne
rs, a
nd
offic
ers o
f the
Co
pyrig
ht O
ffice
(S. 5
0)
Insp
ecto
rs
appo
inte
d by
th
e Bo
ard
for
enfo
rcin
g ac
t.(S
. 39)
No m
entio
n of
a
spec
ial t
eam
fo
r cop
yrig
ht
enfo
rcem
ent
outs
ide
the
norm
al la
w
enfo
rcem
ent
proc
edur
es
Copy
right
in
spec
tors
in
the
URSB
. O
r any
au
thor
ised
st
aff o
f a
colle
ctin
g so
ciet
y.(S
. 52)
No m
entio
n of
a
spec
ial t
eam
for
enfo
rcem
ent o
f rig
hts a
fford
ed
by A
ct.
Ther
e is
men
tion
thro
ugho
ut
the
Act o
f a
com
pete
nt
trib
unal
No m
entio
n of
asp
ecia
l te
am fo
r en
forc
emen
t of rig
hts a
fford
ed
by A
ct.
No m
entio
n of
asp
ecia
l tea
m fo
r en
forc
emen
t of
right
s affo
rded
by
Act
.
No m
entio
n of
asp
ecia
l te
am fo
r en
forc
emen
t of rig
hts a
fford
ed
by A
ct.
No m
entio
n of
a sp
ecia
l te
am fo
r en
forc
emen
t of
righ
ts
affor
ded
by
Act.
Coun
trie
s/Pa
ram
eter
Ghan
aKe
nya
Bots
wan
aUg
anda
Sier
ra
Leon
neRw
anda
Tanz
ania
Mal
awi
Nam
ibia
São
Tom
é an
d Pr
ínci
peCi
vil R
emed
ies
Rega
rdle
ss
of o
utco
me
of c
rimin
al
proc
eedi
ngs,
rig
hts o
wne
r m
ay in
itiat
e ci
vil
proc
eedi
ngs w
ith
the
Hig
h Co
urt
(S. 4
7)
Ther
e is
no
exp
ress
m
entio
n of
ci
vil r
emed
ies
in th
e Ac
t ex
cept
in
one
sect
ion
whe
re th
e ac
t men
tions
th
at in
fring
ing
artic
les m
ay
be d
estr
oyed
or
surr
ende
red
to o
wne
r of
copy
right
. (S
. 38.
8)
The
Act
prov
ides
for
the
gran
ting
of
civi
l rem
edie
s in
clud
ing
dest
ruct
ion
or o
ther
re
ason
able
di
spos
al o
f in
fring
ing
copi
es. T
here
is
a fin
e of
a fi
xed
amou
nt o
r jai
l te
rm fo
r fai
lure
to
adh
ere
to
cour
t ord
ers
rega
rdin
g ci
vil
rem
edie
s.(S
. 30)
The
Act
prov
ides
for
civi
l rem
edie
s in
clud
ing
dest
ruct
ion
or re
ason
able
di
spos
al o
f in
fring
ing
copi
es a
nd
equi
pmen
t.(S
. 50)
The
Act
prov
ides
for
civi
l rem
edie
s.
Ow
ner o
f in
fring
ed ri
ghts
is
ent
itled
to
pay
men
t fo
r dam
ages
su
ffere
d an
d ex
pens
es
caus
ed b
y in
fring
emen
t in
clud
ing
lega
l co
sts.
(S. 7
2, 7
7)
Com
pete
nt
auth
ority
may
: Pr
ovid
e fo
r Ce
ase
and
Desi
st
orde
rs; a
nd
gran
t dam
ages
an
d an
y ot
her
com
pens
atio
n to
an
alle
ged
infri
ngem
ent
prov
ided
for b
y Rw
anda
n ci
vil
and
com
mer
cial
le
gisl
atio
n.(A
rt. 2
65)
The
inju
red
part
y m
ay
brin
gan
act
ion
in co
urt f
or
inju
nctiv
e re
lief
requ
iring
the
wro
ngdo
er to
ce
ase
and
dan
d de
sist
if
ther
e is
a
dang
er o
f re
petit
ion
of a
cts o
f in
fring
emen
tw
as
inte
ntio
nal o
r th
e re
sult
of
negl
igen
ce(S
.37)
The
Act d
oesn
’t pr
ovid
e fo
r re
med
ies
civi
l rem
edy
Dest
ruct
ion
or re
ason
able
disp
osal
of
infri
ngin
g co
pies
and
equi
pmen
t
The
inju
red
part
y m
ay
requ
ire th
e de
stru
ctio
n of
co
pies
that
may
requ
ire
the
dest
ruct
ion
ofco
pies
that
ha
ve
been
un
law
fully
m
anuf
actu
red
s.38
-(1)
Civi
l lia
bilit
y ar
isin
g fro
m th
e in
fring
emen
tof
the
right
s in
this
Cod
eis
in
depe
nden
t of
any
crim
inal
Pr
ocee
ding
sfro
m
infri
ngem
ent
Rest
itutio
n an
d fo
rfei
ture
Cour
t may
ord
er
paym
ent o
f sum
ar
isin
g ou
t of t
he
offen
ce to
the
pers
on e
ntitl
ed
unde
r the
act
to
thos
e su
ms
(S. 4
6(a)
)
Ther
e is
no
men
tion
of
finan
cial
re
stitu
tion
to
the
pers
on
entit
led
unde
r th
e ac
t
Cour
t May
or
der p
aym
ent
of a
ny d
amag
es
suffe
red,
in
clud
ing
any
prof
its
enjo
yed
by
the
infri
ngin
g pa
rty,
that
are
at
trib
utab
le
to th
e in
fring
emen
t.(S
. 30)
In a
dditi
on to
pu
nish
men
t im
pose
d by
th
e co
urt,
the
offen
der m
ay
be o
rder
ed
to p
ay to
th
e pe
rson
en
title
d al
l sum
s of
mon
ey a
risin
g ou
t of t
he
offen
ce a
nd
rece
ived
by
the
offen
der.
(S. 5
0)
In a
dditi
on to
pu
nish
men
t by
the
cour
t, th
e co
urt m
ay o
rder
th
at th
e su
ms o
f m
oney
aris
ing
out o
f the
off
ence
be
paid
to
the
pers
on
entit
led
to th
e su
ms u
nder
the
act;
(S. 7
7)
Upon
requ
est
of o
wne
r, co
mpe
tent
tr
ibun
al m
ay
orde
r dis
posa
l of
the
Impl
emen
ts,
inst
rum
ents
or
mat
eria
ls
outs
ide
the
chan
nel o
f co
mm
erce
th
at a
re u
sed
to co
mm
it or
co
ntin
ue to
co
mm
it ac
ts o
f in
fring
emen
t, to
th
e rig
ht o
wne
r (A
rt. 2
59)
In li
eu o
f da
mag
es
the
inju
red
part
y m
ay
reco
ver t
he
prof
itsby
the
infri
nger
from
the
acts
of
infri
ngem
ent
toge
ther
w
ith a
de
taile
d ac
coun
ting
Infri
ngem
ent o
f co
pyrig
ht
Copy
right
shal
l be
act
iona
ble
by th
eow
ner o
f the
Co
pyrig
ht
Prof
it aw
arde
d to
pla
ntiff
(s.1
14)
Infri
ngem
ent
of co
pyrig
ht
Copy
right
sh
all b
e ac
tiona
ble
by
the
owne
r of t
he
Copy
right
Pr
ofit
awar
ded
to p
lant
iffs.
36
Inco
me
mad
e fro
m p
rofit
of
Infri
nger
can
be C
laim
ed
from
the
Proc
eeds
(art
49
)
V. CoUntRY CoPYRiGHt & Related RiGHtslaWs CoMPaRison
V. CoUntRY CoPYRiGHt & Related RiGHtslaWs CoMPaRison
4544
Coun
trie
s/Pa
ram
eter
Leso
tho
Libe
riaKi
ngdo
m o
f Es
wat
ini
Moz
ambi
que
Suda
nGa
mbi
aZa
mbi
aZi
mba
bwe
Title
Copy
right
Ord
er,
1989
(Ord
er N
o. 1
3 of
1989
)Co
pyrig
htRe
gula
tions
, 201
5
Inte
llect
ual
Prop
erty
Act
201
6Co
pyrig
ht a
nd
Nei
ghbo
ring
Righ
ts
Act
201
8
Law
No.
4/ 2
001
Copy
right
Copy
right
and
Nei
ghbo
urin
gRi
ghts
(Pro
tect
ion)
and
Lite
ral a
ndA
rtisti
c w
orks
Act
of 2
013.
Copy
right
Act
, 20
04Th
e C
opyr
ight
and
Perfo
rman
ces
Rig
hts
(Act
No.
44
of19
94)
Rea
d to
geth
erw
ith C
opyr
ight
and
Perfo
rman
ceR
ight
s(A
men
dmen
t)A
ct, 2
010.
(Act
25 o
f 201
0)
Cop
yrig
ht a
ndN
eigh
bour
ing
Rig
hts A
ct(C
hapt
er 2
6:05
)
Adm
inist
ratio
nRe
gistr
ar
(S. 3
4;35
)Li
beria
n In
telle
ctua
l Pr
oper
ty O
ffice
(S
.4.1
)
Copy
right
Offi
ce
S.73
-74
Copy
right
Offi
ceCo
unci
l of
Min
ister
s is
com
pete
nt to
regu
late
the
impl
emen
tatio
nof
the
subj
ect
mat
ter p
rovi
ded
for i
n th
e la
w.(A
rt. 7
7)
The
Nat
iona
lCo
unci
l for
Copy
right
and
Nei
ghbo
urin
grig
hts a
nd th
eLi
tera
l and
Arti
stic
wor
ks“T
he C
ounc
il”(S
. 50)
The
Nat
iona
lCe
ntre
for A
rtsan
d C
ultu
re, “
The
Cent
re”
(S. 5
6)
Reg
istra
r of
Cop
yrig
ht
(S. 5
4)
Reg
istra
r of
Cop
yrig
ht,
Cop
yrig
ht O
ffice
(S. 8
7- 9
0)
Prot
ecte
d w
orks
Gen
eral
The A
ct c
lear
lyou
tline
s the
wor
ksin
clud
ed u
nder
each
cat
egor
yas
wel
l as w
ell
as d
efini
tions
of
spec
ific
item
s(S
. 2)
Gen
eral
The A
ct c
lear
lyou
tline
s the
wor
ks u
nder
eac
hca
tego
ry a
s wel
las
the
defin
ition
sof
spec
ific
term
s.(S
. 9.1
)
Gen
eral
The A
ct c
lear
lyou
tline
s the
wor
ks u
nder
eac
hca
tego
ry a
s wel
las
the
defin
ition
sof
spec
ific
term
s.(S
. 2)
Gen
eral
The
act p
rovi
des
a de
taile
d lis
t of
wor
ks p
rote
cted
,in
clud
ing
defin
ition
s of
spec
ific
term
s(A
rt. 3
; Ann
ex)
Gen
eral
The A
ct p
rovi
des
a lis
t of w
orks
prot
ecte
d,an
d th
ose
not
prot
ecte
d,in
clud
ing
defin
ition
s of
spec
ific
term
s(S
. 5- 6
)
Gen
eral
The A
ct c
lear
lyou
tline
s the
wor
ks u
nder
eac
hca
tego
ry a
s wel
las
the
defin
ition
sof
spec
ific
term
s.(S
. 2)
Gen
eral
The A
ct c
lear
lyou
tline
s the
wor
ks u
nder
each
cat
egor
yin
clud
ing
defin
ition
s of
spec
ific
term
s.(S
2-4,
7-9
)
Gen
eral
The A
ct c
lear
lyou
tline
s the
wor
ks u
nder
each
cat
egor
yin
clud
ing
defin
ition
s of
spec
ific
term
s.(S
. 2- 1
3)
Coun
trie
s/Pa
ram
eter
Ghan
aKe
nya
Bots
wan
aUg
anda
Sier
ra
Leon
neRw
anda
Tanz
ania
Mal
awi
Nam
ibia
São
Tom
é an
d Pr
ínci
peDi
sput
e Se
ttle
men
tPr
ovid
es
for d
ispu
te
sett
lem
ent
thro
ugh
Copy
right
Ad
min
istr
ator
or
Cou
rt o
f co
mpe
tent
ju
risdi
ctio
n (S
. 48)
Appo
intm
ent
of co
mpe
tent
au
thor
ity
by M
inis
ter
to h
andl
e di
sput
es.
(S. 4
9)
Appo
intm
ent
by M
inis
ter
of C
opyr
ight
Ar
bitr
atio
n Pa
nel f
or th
e se
ttle
men
t of
disp
utes
und
er
the
Act.
(S. 3
3A)
Sett
lem
ent
of D
ispu
tes
refe
rred
to
an a
rbitr
ator
or
arb
itrat
ors
unde
r the
Ar
bitr
atio
n an
d Co
ncili
atio
n Ac
t.(S
. 79)
Thre
e st
ep
disp
ute
sett
lem
ent
proc
edur
e w
hich
beg
ins
with
neg
otia
tion
betw
een
part
ies
follo
wed
by
med
iatio
n th
roug
h Re
gist
rar a
nd
then
judi
cial
se
ttle
men
t. M
atte
r may
be
reso
lved
at a
ny
one
of th
e th
ree
stag
es, b
ut
follo
ws t
hrou
gh
step
s.(S
. 78)
Any
appe
als
agai
nst t
he
com
pete
nt
trib
unal
shal
l be
subj
ect t
o an
app
eal i
n ac
cord
ance
w
ith R
wan
dan
legi
slat
ion
(Art
. 272
)
The
min
iste
r m
ay in
Cons
ulta
tion
with
the
rele
vant
M
inis
try,
De
part
men
t or
Inst
itutio
n ap
poin
t fro
m a
mon
g ci
tizen
s of
Tanz
ania
ape
rson
qu
alifi
ed
and
in m
atte
rs
rela
ted
to C
opyr
ight
an
d Ne
ighb
orin
g Ri
ghts
tobe
mem
bers
of
the
Boar
d of
so
ciet
ies
Any
disp
ute
aris
ing
in th
e ex
erci
se o
f the
part
ies o
f the
rig
hts u
nder
the
Copy
right
ac
t sha
ll be
re
solv
ed b
y w
ay
of a
rbitr
atio
n co
nduc
ted
acco
rdin
g to
the
arbi
trat
ion
Act
(s.5
8)
Sett
lem
ent o
fDi
sput
es
refe
rred
to
an a
rbitr
ator
or
arb
itrat
ors
unde
r the
Ar
bitr
atio
n an
dCo
ncili
atio
n Ac
t. (S
. 47)
Sett
lem
ent o
fDi
sput
es
refe
rred
to a
n ar
bitr
ator
or
In g
ood
faith
(art
18)
Colle
ctiv
e Ad
min
istr
atio
nCo
pyrig
ht
owne
rs m
ay
form
Col
lect
ive
Adm
inis
trat
ive
soci
etie
s and
the
min
iste
r may
by
Leg
isla
tive
inst
rum
ent m
ake
regu
latio
ns fo
r th
e fo
rmat
ion,
op
erat
ion
and
adm
inis
trat
ion
of
soci
etie
s.(S
. 49)
Boar
d ap
prov
es
orga
nisa
tions
se
ekin
g to
op
erat
e as
Co
llect
ing
Soci
etie
s upo
n ap
plic
atio
n an
d m
eetin
g co
nditi
ons.
(S. 4
6)
Ther
e sh
all b
e es
tabl
ishe
d,
for t
he va
rious
ca
tego
ries
of w
orks
pr
otec
ted
unde
r the
Act
, a
colle
ctiv
e ad
min
istr
atio
n bo
dy to
be
know
n as
Co
pyrig
ht
Soci
ety
of
Bots
wan
a.(S
. 36A
)
The
Regi
stra
r of
com
pani
es
regi
ster
s Co
llect
ing
Soci
etie
s w
hich
hav
e ap
plie
d fo
r re
gist
ratio
n,
mee
t re
quire
men
ts
and
do n
ot
dupl
icat
e th
e w
ork
of
an e
xist
ing
soci
ety.
(S
. 57-
78)
The
Act
esta
blis
hes
the
Colle
ctin
g So
ciet
y of
Sie
rra
Leon
e w
hich
w
ill e
xist
into
pe
rpet
uity
and
ac
ts o
n be
half
of a
ll ca
tego
ries
of w
orks
co
vere
d by
th
e co
pyrig
ht.
The
Act a
lso
esta
blis
hes a
bo
ard
for t
he
soci
ety.
(S. 5
4-70
)
Use
and
man
agem
ent
to b
e en
trus
ted
to o
ne o
r mor
e in
depe
nden
t co
mpa
nies
of
colle
ctiv
e m
anag
emen
t of
copy
right
s and
re
late
d rig
hts.
(Art
. 253
)
Colle
ctiv
eAd
min
istra
tion
of co
pyrig
htNi
eigh
bour
ing
Righ
ts S
tate
d in
(S
46)
Colle
ctiv
eAd
min
istr
atio
n of
copy
right
Righ
ts S
tate
d in
*
Colle
ctiv
eAd
min
istra
tion
of co
pyrig
htNi
eigh
bour
ing
Righ
ts S
tate
d in
s.
47
Colle
ctiv
e w
ork
of co
pyrig
htRe
late
dRi
ghts
St
ated
in
A. 1
9
V. CoUntRY CoPYRiGHt & Related RiGHtslaWs CoMPaRison
V. CoUntRY CoPYRiGHt & Related RiGHtslaWs CoMPaRison
4746
Coun
trie
s/Pa
ram
eter
Leso
tho
Libe
riaKi
ngdo
m o
f Es
wat
ini
Moz
ambi
que
Suda
nGa
mbi
aZa
mbi
aZi
mba
bwe
Prot
ecte
d w
orks
(...c
ontin
ued)
Lite
rary
, arti
stic
and
scie
ntifi
cw
orks
, reg
ardl
ess
of th
eir f
orm
of e
xpre
ssio
nan
d pu
rpos
e of
crea
tion
and
Der
ivat
ive
wor
ks.
(S. 3
; 4)
Act
cite
s wor
ksno
t pro
tect
ed.
(S. 5
)
A lit
erar
y an
d ar
tistic
wor
k th
at is
or
igin
al in
telle
ctua
l cr
eatio
n is
pr
otec
ted
S.9.
1(a)
(b)
Act
cite
s wor
ksno
t pro
tect
edin
clud
ing
any
idea
, pr
oced
ure
syste
ms,
polit
ical
spee
ches
, ne
ws o
f th
e da
y (S
.9.4
)
Lite
rary
,dr
amat
ic, m
usic
alan
d ar
tistic
wor
ks.
(S. 3
)
Writ
ten
wor
ks,
incl
udin
gco
mpu
ter
prog
ram
s,m
usic
al w
orks
,ph
otog
raph
icw
orks
, wor
ksof
arc
hite
ctur
e,A
udio
-visu
al w
ork,
Chor
eogr
aphi
cw
ork,
Der
ivat
ive
wor
k, C
ompu
ter
softw
are
orpr
ogra
mm
es.
(Art.
4)
Writ
ten
wor
ks,
wor
ks o
f fine
arts,
dra
mat
ic a
nddr
amat
ic-m
usic
alw
orks
, aud
io-
visu
al w
orks
,ph
otog
raph
icw
orks
, wor
ksof
arc
hite
ctur
e,co
mpu
ter
prog
ram
s,el
ectro
nic
data
bank
s, al
lki
nds o
f map
s,ot
her w
orks
know
n or
unkn
own.
Der
ivat
ive
wor
ksal
so p
rote
cted
(S. 5
)
Lite
rary
, Arti
stic,
Mus
ical
wor
k,So
und
reco
rdin
gs,
Aud
io-v
isual
wor
k,Ch
oreo
grap
hic
wor
k, D
eriv
ativ
ew
orks
,Pr
ogra
mm
eCa
rryin
g Si
gnal
s.(S
. 4)
Lite
rary
, Arti
stic
and
Mus
ical
wor
ks, C
ompu
ter
prog
ram
s.C
ompi
latio
ns,
Aud
io-v
isual
wor
ks, s
ound
-re
cord
ings
,br
oadc
asts,
cabl
e pr
ogra
ms,
typo
grap
hica
lar
rang
emen
ts of
publ
ished
edi
tions
of li
tera
ry w
orks
.(S
. 8)
Lite
rary
,m
usic
al, a
rtisti
c,au
dio
visu
alw
orks
,soun
dre
cord
ings
,br
oadc
asts,
prog
ram
me-
carry
ing
signa
ls,pu
blish
eded
ition
s.(S
. 10)
Det
ails
wor
ks th
atar
e no
t elig
ible
for c
opyr
ight
.
NB:
Use
of
expr
essio
nsof
folk
lore
ispr
ovid
ed fo
r and
the A
ct o
utlin
esw
orks
that
fall
unde
r fol
klor
e(S
. 19;
21-
23)
Incl
udes
exce
ptio
ns to
use
of fo
lklo
re(S
. 20;
23)
Prov
ides
prot
ectio
n o
f Tr
aditi
onal
Cu
ltura
l Ex
pres
sions
(S
.9.3
4)
Prov
ides
for
Prot
ectio
n of
Ex
pres
sions
of
folk
lore
(s 6
5)
NB:
Exp
ress
ions
of F
olkl
ore
are
prot
ecte
d(A
rt. 4
)
Prot
ectio
nof
folk
lore
expr
essio
ns(C
hapt
er V
I )
NB:
Exp
ress
ions
of fo
lklo
rere
cogn
ised
and
prot
ecte
d(S
. 8)
NB
: No
men
tion
of e
xpre
ssio
n of
folk
lore
in th
eA
ct.
NB
: Pro
vide
s for
wor
ks o
f fol
klor
ein
clud
ing
how
such
wor
ks a
reha
ndle
d.(S
. 80-
86)
NB:
No
men
tion
of c
ompu
ter
prog
ram
s in
the
Act
Com
pute
rpr
ogra
ms
(S. 9
.1(b
)x)
Prov
ides
for C
ompu
ter
prog
ram
mes
inth
e Act
(S.2
9)
NB:
Com
pute
rpr
ogra
ms
incl
uded
und
erw
ritte
n w
orks
(Art.
4)
NB:
Com
pute
rpr
ogra
mm
esan
d el
ectro
nic
data
ban
ks a
repr
otec
ted
(S. 5
)
Com
pute
rpr
ogra
mm
esin
clud
ed u
nder
liter
ary
wor
ks(S
. 2)
Com
pute
rpr
ogra
ms
prot
ecte
d bu
tha
ve to
be
reco
rded
inw
ritin
g or
inso
me
othe
r for
m.
(S. 8
)
Com
pute
rpr
ogra
ms
prot
ecte
d bu
tha
ve to
be
redu
ced
tow
ritin
g, re
cord
edor
ano
ther
form
(S. 1
0)
Coun
trie
s/Pa
ram
eter
Leso
tho
Libe
riaKi
ngdo
m o
f Es
wat
ini
Moz
ambi
que
Suda
nGa
mbi
aZa
mbi
aZi
mba
bwe
Prot
ecte
d w
orks
(..
.con
tinue
d)A
ct p
rovi
des
for p
rote
ctio
nof
nei
ghbo
urin
grig
hts.
(S. 2
4)
Act
pro
vide
sfo
r pro
tect
ion
ofar
tistic
wor
ks.
(S. 9
.1 (a
))
Act
pro
vide
s for
ne
ighb
ourin
g rig
hts P
art V
III
The A
ctpr
ovid
es fo
rpr
otec
tion
ofar
tistic
wor
ks.
(Art.
1)
Act
pro
vide
sfo
r wor
ksno
t pro
tect
edin
clud
ing
new
sof
the
day,
sim
ple
fact
s and
dat
a,id
eas,
proc
esse
s,op
erat
iona
lm
etho
ds o
rm
athe
mat
ical
conc
epts,
offi
cial
text
s.(A
rt. 5
)
Act
pro
vide
sfo
r wor
ksno
t pro
tect
edin
clud
ing
Publ
ic d
omai
nw
orks
, offi
cial
docu
men
ts, d
aily
new
s, id
eas,
met
hods
, sta
teem
blem
s (S.
6)
Act
pro
vide
sfo
r pro
tect
ion
of p
erfo
rmer
s,br
oadc
astin
gor
gani
satio
ns,
soun
d re
cord
ings
prod
ucer
s and
audi
o-vi
sual
prod
ucer
s.(S
. 38-
46)
The A
ct p
rovi
des
for p
rote
ctio
n of
perfo
rmer
s rig
hts.
(S. 4
4-53
)
The A
ct p
rovi
des
for p
rote
ctio
n of
rela
ted
right
s(S
. 68-
79)
Form
ality
re
quir
emen
tsPr
otec
tion
exist
sby
the
sole
fact
of
crea
tion
of w
orks
.(S
. 3)
No
men
tion
of re
gistr
atio
nre
quire
men
ts
Prov
ides
for
regi
strat
ion
ofw
orks
.(S
. 9.2
4,9.
25)
Prov
ides
for
mai
ntai
ning
da
taba
se o
n co
pyrig
ht m
atte
rs
and
auth
ors
and
thei
r wor
ks
and
mai
ntai
n a
regi
ster o
f wor
ks,
prod
uctio
ns a
nd
asso
ciat
ions
of
aut
hors
and
pe
rform
ers S
.76
(1)(h
)(i)
Prov
ides
for
regi
strat
ion
ofco
pyrig
ht th
ough
right
s exi
st up
oncr
eatio
n of
wor
ks.
(Art.
55;
56)
Prov
ides
for
volu
ntar
yre
gistr
atio
nof
wor
ksw
hich
serv
esas
con
clus
ive
evid
ence
inca
ses o
f leg
alpr
ocee
ding
sth
ough
pro
tect
ion
appl
ies w
ithou
tfu
lfilm
ent o
f any
form
ality
.(S
. 38
(1) )
Prov
ides
for
regi
strat
ion
ofw
orks
(S. 4
9)
Prov
ides
for
volu
ntar
yre
gistr
atio
nan
d tra
nsfe
rs o
fco
pyrig
ht.
(S. 3
9- 4
3)
The A
ctes
tabl
ishes
a C
opyr
ight
Offi
ce fo
r the
regi
strat
ion
ofco
pyrig
ht a
ndot
her m
atte
rs in
term
s of t
he A
ct(S
. 87-
90)
Rig
hts A
fford
edEc
onom
ic a
nd
Mor
al R
ight
s(S
. 6; 7
; 8)
Econ
omic
Rig
hts
and
Mor
al R
ight
s(S
. 9.2
0)
Econ
omic
Rig
hts
Part
III m
oral
rig
hts P
art V
II
Econ
omic
Rig
hts
and
Non
-Eco
nom
ic
Righ
ts. (A
rt. 6
- 8)
Econ
omic
Rig
hts
and
Mor
al R
ight
s(S
. 8; S
.7
resp
ectiv
ely)
Econ
omic
Rig
hts
(S. 9
)M
oral
Rig
hts
(S. 1
0)
Econ
omic
Rig
hts
(No
expr
ess
men
tion
of
econ
omic
righ
ts)M
oral
Rig
hts
(S. 2
4)
Econ
omic
Rig
hts
(Sta
ted
as
Cop
yrig
ht
S. 9
-23,
68-
79)
Mor
al R
ight
s(S
. 61-
67)
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4948
Coun
trie
s/Pa
ram
eter
Leso
tho
Libe
riaKi
ngdo
m o
f Es
wat
ini
Moz
ambi
que
Suda
nGa
mbi
aZa
mbi
aZi
mba
bwe
Firs
t ow
ners
hip
Copy
right
ves
ts in
fir
st in
stanc
e in
the
auth
oror
aut
hors
who
cr
eate
d th
e w
ork,
th
e au
thor
s in
a jo
int w
ork
shal
l be
co-
owne
rs, a
nd
in th
e ab
senc
e of
a
cont
ract
stat
ing
othe
rwise
, wor
ks
crea
ted
for o
ther
pe
ople
or b
ody
corp
orat
e in
the
cour
se o
f dut
ies
shal
l be
deem
ed
assig
ned
to th
e em
ploy
er o
f the
au
thor
.(S
. 14)
Copy
right
in a
w
ork
prot
ecte
d un
der t
he A
ct v
ests
in
itial
ly in
the
auth
or o
r aut
hors
of
the
wor
k. C
ites a
lso
owne
rshi
p in
w
orks
mad
e fo
r hi
re, c
olle
ctiv
e w
orks
and
join
tly
auth
ored
wor
ks.
(S. 9
.21)
The A
utho
r of a
w
ork
shal
l be
the
first
owne
r of t
he
copy
right
ther
ein.
Ex
cept
ions
cite
d.
(S. 7
)
The
auth
or o
f the
w
ork
is th
epr
imar
y ow
ner o
f th
e ec
onom
ic a
nd
non-
econ
omic
rig
hts i
n th
e w
ork.
Sp
ecifi
c co
nditi
ons
to o
wne
rshi
p ap
ply
to W
orks
of
Join
t Aut
hors
hip,
Co
llect
ive W
orks
, W
orks
of F
olkl
ore,
W
orks
cre
ated
un
der c
ontra
ct o
f em
ploy
men
tan
d A
udio
-visu
al
wor
ks.
(Art.
28-
33)
Copy
right
ves
ts, in
th
e fir
st in
stanc
e, in
th
e ph
ysic
al p
erso
n or
per
sons
who
crea
ted
the
wor
k.
(S. 1
1)
The
orig
inal
ow
ner
of th
e ec
onom
ic
right
s is t
he a
utho
r w
ho c
reat
ed w
ork.
Exce
ptio
ns c
ited
in c
ases
of j
oint
- au
thor
ship
, wor
ks
crea
ted
unde
r em
ploy
men
t, au
dio-
visu
al w
orks
an
d co
llect
ive
wor
ks (S
. 15)
The
auth
or o
f a
wor
k sh
all b
e th
e fir
st ow
ner o
f the
co
pyrig
ht w
hich
su
bsist
s und
er th
e A
ct.
Exce
ptio
ns c
ited
in w
orks
cre
ated
un
der e
mpl
oym
ent
and
unde
r co
mm
issio
n. (S
. 10
)H
as p
rovi
sions
fo
r ass
ignm
ent o
f C
opyr
ight
whi
ch
is ex
pect
ed to
aris
e in
the
futu
re (S
. 11
(3))
Ow
ners
hip
of
copy
right
ves
ts
in th
e au
thor
of
the
wor
k or
the
co-a
utho
rs o
f the
w
ork
in w
orks
of
join
t aut
hors
hip.
A
lso d
etai
ls
othe
r ins
tanc
es o
f ow
ners
hip
in v
ario
us o
ther
ty
pes o
f wor
k (S
. 5,
14)
Dur
atio
n of
C
opyr
ight
Prot
ecte
d du
ring
the
life
of th
e au
thor
and
fifty
ye
ars a
fter h
is
deat
h.(S
. 13)
Prot
ecte
d du
ring
the
life
of a
utho
r an
d fif
ty y
ears
afte
r hi
s dea
th.
(S. 9
.20)
Prot
ectio
n of
non
- ec
onom
ic ri
ghts
is
not l
imite
d in
tim
e an
d is
not
trans
fera
ble
inte
r vi
vos,
but m
aybe
tran
sfer
red
by
succ
essio
n.(A
rt. 2
2; 3
3)
The
prot
ectio
n of
m
oral
righ
ts sh
all
be fo
reve
r.(S
. 10(
1))
Prot
ecte
d du
ring
the
life
of a
utho
r an
d fif
ty y
ears
afte
r hi
s dea
th.
(S. 2
1)
Prot
ectio
n of
M
oral
righ
ts sh
all
expi
re o
n th
e de
ath
of th
e au
thor
or
dire
ctor
.(S
. 24)
Mor
al ri
ghts
su
bsist
in a
wor
k as
lo
ng a
s cop
yrig
ht
subs
ists i
n it.
(S. 6
1- 6
6)
Coun
trie
s/Pa
ram
eter
Leso
tho
Libe
riaKi
ngdo
m o
f Es
wat
ini
Moz
ambi
que
Suda
nGa
mbi
aZa
mbi
aZi
mba
bwe
Dur
atio
n of
C
opyr
ight
(...c
ontin
ued)
Econ
omic
Rig
hts
Eco
nom
ic R
ight
sLi
fe o
f aut
hor a
nd
for fi
fty (5
0) y
ears
af
ter h
is d
eath
.(S
. 13)
Dur
atio
n of
ne
ighb
ourin
g rig
hts i
nclu
ding
pr
oduc
ers o
f ph
onog
ram
s, br
oadc
asts
and
pe
rfor
man
ces
shal
l las
t 20
year
s com
pute
d fr
om e
nd o
f ye
ar in
whi
ch
perf
orm
ance
, br
oadc
ast o
r ph
onog
ram
mas
m
ade.
(S. 2
4(5)
; 26(
2;29
(2))
All
Eco
nom
ic
Rig
hts
Econ
omic
and
m
oral
righ
ts in
lit
erar
y, m
usic
al
and
artis
tic
wor
ks, o
ther
than
ph
otog
raph
ic
wor
k, sh
all b
e pr
otec
ted
durin
g th
e lif
e of
the
auth
or a
nd fo
r fifty
ye
ars a
fter t
he y
ear
in w
hich
the
auth
or
dies
. (S.
9.20
(a))
Eco
nom
ic R
ight
sTe
rm o
fco
pyrig
ht sh
all b
e,
unle
ss o
ther
wise
sta
ted,
be
the
life
of the
auth
or a
nd a
pe
riod
of fi
fty(5
0) y
ears
afte
r his
de
ath.
(S. 9
)
Eco
nom
ic R
ight
sTh
e ec
onom
ic
right
s sha
ll ex
pire
70
Yea
rs a
fter t
he
deat
h of
the
auth
or,
even
in th
e ca
se o
f a
wor
k di
sclo
sed
or p
ublis
hed
posth
umou
sly.
(Art.
22)
Econ
omic
Rig
hts
Life
of a
utho
r and
50
yea
rs af
ter h
is de
ath.
(S. 1
0(1)
(b))
Dur
atio
n of
ne
ighb
ourin
g rig
hts
incl
udin
g pr
oduc
ers
of so
und
and
audi
o-
visu
al re
cord
ings
, br
oadc
astin
g or
gani
satio
ns an
d pe
rform
ance
s sh
all l
ast 5
0 ye
ars
com
pute
d fro
m
the d
ate o
f the
be
ginn
ing
of th
e G
orgo
rian
year
su
bseq
uent
to th
e pu
blish
dat
e of t
he
reco
rdin
g/da
te o
f th
e sou
nd fi
xtur
e of
the p
erfo
rman
ce
(S.2
4)
Eco
nom
ic R
ight
sTh
e ec
onom
ic
right
s sha
ll be
pr
otec
ted
durin
g th
e lif
e of
the
auth
or a
nd fo
r fifty
(5
0) y
ears
afte
r his
de
ath.
(S. 2
1)
Cop
yrig
ht in
lit
erar
y, a
rtisti
c or
m
usic
al w
ork
or
com
pila
tion
expi
re
at th
e en
d of
the
perio
d of
fifty
(50)
ye
ars f
rom
the
end
of th
e ca
lend
ar
year
in w
hich
the
auth
or d
ies.
(S. 1
2(1)
)
Cop
yrig
ht in
lit
erar
y, a
rtisti
c or
mus
ical
wor
ks
shal
l be
for 5
0 ye
ars f
rom
the
end
of th
e ye
ar in
w
hich
the
wor
k w
as fi
rst
publ
ished
. (S.
15
) Dur
atio
n of
pro
tect
ion
of
perfo
rman
ces a
nd
reco
rdin
g rig
hts
such
subs
istin
rela
tion
to a
pe
rform
ance
until
the
end
of
fifty
yea
rs fr
om th
e en
d of
the
cale
ndar
ye
ar in
whi
ch th
epe
rform
ance
took
pl
ace.
(S. 7
5)
Join
t Wor
ksIn
wor
ks o
f joi
nt
auth
orsh
ip, t
he
right
s sha
ll be
pr
otec
ted
durin
g th
e lif
e of
the
last
surv
ivin
g au
thor
an
d fo
r 50
year
s af
ter h
is de
ath.
(S.
13(2
))
Join
t wor
ksEc
onom
ic a
nd
mor
al ri
ghts
pr
otec
ted
durin
g th
e lif
e of
the
last
surv
ivin
g au
thor
an
d fo
r fifty
yea
rs
afte
r his
deat
h.(S
. 9.2
0(b)
)
Join
t Wor
ksCo
pyrig
ht sh
all
subs
ist d
urin
g th
e lif
e of
the
auth
or
who
die
s firs
t and
fo
r a te
rm o
f 50
year
s afte
r his
de
ath,
or d
urin
g th
e lif
e of
the
auth
or
who
die
s las
t, w
hich
ever
per
iod
is th
e lo
nger
.
Join
t Wor
ksTh
e ec
onom
ic
right
s of a
wor
k of
jo
int a
utho
rshi
p ar
epr
otec
ted
durin
g lif
etim
e of
the
last
surv
ivin
g au
thor
an
d fo
r a fu
rther
70
year
s fol
low
ing
his
deat
h.
Join
t Wor
ksJo
int w
ork
perio
d sh
all s
tart
to ru
n fro
m th
e de
ath
of
the
last
surv
ivin
g au
thor
. (S.
10(2
)
Join
t wor
ksRi
ghts
prot
ecte
d du
ring
the
life
of
the
last
surv
ivin
g au
thor
and
for
fifty
yea
rs a
fter h
is
or h
er d
eath
. (S.
21
(2a)
)
Join
t Wor
ksIn
join
t wor
ks,
refe
renc
e to
the
deat
h of
the
auth
or in
gen
eral
pr
ovisi
on is
read
as
refe
renc
e to
the
deat
h of
the
last
to
die
of th
e au
thor
s w
hose
iden
tity
is
know
n. (S
. 12(
4))
Join
t Wor
ksR
ight
s pro
tect
ed
durin
g th
e lif
e of
th
e la
st su
rviv
ing
auth
or a
nd fo
r fif
ty y
ears
afte
r his
or
her
dea
th. (
S.
15(4
))
V. CoUntRY CoPYRiGHt & Related RiGHtslaWs CoMPaRison
V. CoUntRY CoPYRiGHt & Related RiGHtslaWs CoMPaRison
5150
Coun
trie
s/Pa
ram
eter
Leso
tho
Libe
riaKi
ngdo
m o
f Es
wat
ini
Moz
ambi
que
Suda
nGa
mbi
aZa
mbi
aZi
mba
bwe
Dur
atio
n of
C
opyr
ight
(...c
ontin
ued)
Bod
ies
Cor
pora
teIn
the
abse
nce
oof
cont
ract
,pr
esum
ptio
nis
that
firs
tow
ners
hip
is w
ith b
ody
corp
orat
e or
empl
oyer
.N
o m
entio
n to
dura
tion
of su
chrig
hts.
(S. 1
4(4)
)
Gov
ernm
ent
Wor
ks.
Copy
right
is
conf
erre
d by
this
se
ctio
n on
any
w
ork
elig
ible
for
copy
right
whi
ch is
cr
eate
d pu
rsua
nt
to a
com
miss
ion
from
the
Gov
ernm
ent o
r su
ch in
tern
atio
nal
body
or n
on-
gove
rnm
enta
l bo
dy a
s pr
escr
ibed
by
LIPO
(S. 9
.5)
Gov
ernm
ent
Copy
right
to
wor
ks p
rodu
ced
unde
r dire
ctio
nof
Gov
ernm
ent
or G
over
nmen
tD
epar
tmen
tsh
all,
subj
ect t
oan
y ag
reem
ent
with
the
auth
or,
belo
ng to
the
Gov
ernm
ent a
ndpr
otec
ted
for
a pe
riod
of 5
0ye
ars f
rom
dat
eof
pub
licat
ion
(S. 7
6)
Bod
ies c
orpo
rate
Law
not
exp
licit
on c
opyr
ight
on
copy
right
dura
tion
for B
odie
sCo
rpor
ate
asfir
st as
sum
ptio
nis
that
Aut
hor
is pe
rson
who
crea
ted
the
wor
kin
the
abse
nce
ofa
cont
ract
stat
ing
anyt
hing
to th
eco
ntra
ry.
(Art.
32)
Bod
ies
Cor
pora
teEc
onom
ic ri
ght
of th
eco
llect
ive
wor
kssh
all r
est i
nto
the
natu
ral o
rco
rpor
ate
pers
onw
ho ta
kes t
hein
itiat
ive
and
the
finan
cial
resp
onsi
bilit
yfo
r the
cre
atio
nof
the
colle
ctiv
ew
ork.
Bod
ies
Cor
pora
te/
Gov
ernm
ent
Cop
yrig
ht in
wor
ks in
whi
chgo
vern
men
tor
ano
ther
conv
entio
nbo
dy h
as fi
rst
owne
rshi
p sh
all
expi
re a
t the
end
of th
e pe
riod
offif
ty (5
0) y
ears
from
the
end
of th
e ca
lend
arye
ar in
whi
chth
e w
ork
ism
ade.
Gov
ernm
ent
Wor
ksC
opyr
ight
in
wor
ks in
whi
chgo
vern
men
tor
ano
ther
conv
entio
nbo
dy h
as fi
rst
owne
rshi
p sh
all
expi
re a
t the
end
of th
e pe
riod
offif
ty (5
0) y
ears
from
the
end
of th
e ca
lend
arye
ar in
whi
chth
e w
ork
ism
ade.
(S. 1
2(2)
)
Gov
ernm
ent
Wor
ksC
opyr
ight
co
nfer
red
onSt
ate
or a
nin
tern
atio
nal
body
has
dura
tion
rese
rved
for s
peci
ficw
orks
acc
ordi
ngto
set p
rovi
sions
in S
. 15(
1) a
ndfif
ty y
ears
from
end
the
end
ofth
e ye
ar in
whi
chth
e w
ork
was
first
publ
ished
with
resp
ect
liter
ary,
mus
ical
or a
rtisti
c.(S
. 15(
2))
Ano
nym
ous/
ps
eudo
nym
ous
Wor
ksR
ight
s pro
tect
edun
til e
xpira
tion
of fi
fty y
ears
from
dat
e on
whi
ch w
ork
was
first
law
fully
publ
ishe
d. If
auth
or’s
iden
tity
is re
veal
ed o
rno
-long
er in
doub
t bef
ore
expi
ratio
n, th
enpr
ovis
ions
for
auth
ors a
nd jo
int
auth
ors a
pply
(S. 1
3(3)
)
Ano
nym
ous/
Ps
eudo
nym
ous
Wor
ksEc
onom
ic a
nd
mor
al ri
ghts
shal
l be
pro
tect
ed fo
r fif
ty y
ears
from
th
e en
d of
the
cale
ndar
yea
r in
whi
ch th
e w
ork
was
mad
e or
firs
t m
ade
avai
labl
e to
the
publ
ic
by a
utho
rised
Pu
blic
atio
n. If
au
thor
s ide
ntity
is
reve
aled
or
nolo
nger
in d
oubt
pr
ovis
ions
of
subs
ectio
n (a
), (b
) sh
all a
pply
.(S
. 9.2
0(e)
)
Ano
nym
ous
Wor
ksN
o m
entio
n of
wor
ks p
rodu
ced
anon
ymou
sly
orps
eudo
nym
ousl
y
Ano
nym
ous
wor
ks70
Yea
rs fr
omth
e da
te o
nw
hich
the
wor
k is
lega
llypu
blis
hed,
mad
eac
cess
ible
or
com
plet
ed, o
ren
d of
yea
r of
com
plet
ion.
If id
entit
yof
aut
hor i
sre
veal
ed b
eyon
ddo
ubt b
efor
eex
pira
tion
ofth
e pe
riods
refe
rred
to,
the
prov
isio
nsre
latin
g ge
nera
lec
onom
ic ri
ghts
for k
now
nau
thor
s sha
llap
ply.
(Art.
24)
Ano
nym
ous
Wor
ksTh
e te
rm sh
all
last
for fi
ftyye
ars a
fter
putti
ng th
eth
e w
ork
atth
e di
spos
alof
the
publ
icin
a le
gitim
ate
way
, whe
re th
eps
eudo
nym
nam
e th
e au
thor
used
leav
es n
oro
om to
dou
btin
spec
ifyin
ghi
s cha
ract
er th
edu
ratio
n sh
all b
eas
pro
vide
d fo
rin
S. 1
0(1)
(b) i
.e.
auth
or’s
life
and
fifty
yea
rs a
fter
deat
h.(S
.10(
1)(d
))
Ano
nym
ous/
Ps
eudo
nym
ous
Wor
ksFi
fty y
ears
from
the
date
on w
hich
the
wor
k w
as m
ade,
first
ava
ilabl
eto
the
publ
ic o
rfir
st p
ublis
hed,
whi
chev
er d
ate
is th
e la
test
.W
here
the
auth
or’s
iden
tity
is re
veal
ed o
ris
nol
onge
r in
doub
t bef
ore
the
expi
ratio
n of
that
per
iod,
the
term
s for
kno
wn
auth
ors s
hall
appl
y.(S
. 21(
2c))
Ano
nym
ous
Wor
ksTh
e co
pyrig
ht in
the
wor
k sh
all
expi
re a
t the
end
of th
e pe
riod
of fi
fty y
ears
from
the
end
of th
e ca
lend
arye
ar in
whi
chth
e w
ork
is fi
rst
publ
ishe
d un
less
the
iden
tity
ofth
e au
thor
of t
hew
ork
beco
mes
know
n be
fore
that
dat
e.(S
. 12(
3))
Ano
nym
ous
Wor
ksSh
all s
ubsis
t for
50 y
ears
from
the
end
of th
eye
ar in
whi
chth
e w
ork
ism
ade
avai
labl
eto
the
publ
icw
ith c
onse
nt o
fth
e co
pyrig
hter
or fr
om e
nd o
fye
ar in
whi
chit
is re
ason
able
to p
resu
me
that
the
auth
or d
ied
whi
chev
er p
erio
dis
shor
ter.
Ifid
entit
y of
aut
hor
is re
veal
edbe
fore
exp
iryth
e sta
ndar
dpr
ovisi
ons a
pply
(S. 1
5(3)
)
Coun
trie
s/Pa
ram
eter
Leso
tho
Libe
riaKi
ngdo
m o
f Es
wat
ini
Moz
ambi
que
Suda
nGa
mbi
aZa
mbi
aZi
mba
bwe
Dur
atio
n of
C
opyr
ight
(...c
ontin
ued)
Aud
io-v
isua
l w
orks
Prot
ecte
d un
til
expi
ratio
n of
fifty
ye
ars f
rom
dat
e of
mak
ing
the
wor
k or
mak
ing
avai
labl
e to
the
publ
ic.
(S. 1
3(4)
)
Aud
io-v
isua
l w
orks
and
Sou
nd
Rec
ordi
ngs
Econ
omic
and
m
oral
righ
ts sh
all
be p
rote
cted
for
fifty
yea
rs fr
om
the
end
of th
e ca
lend
ar y
ear i
n w
hich
the
wor
k w
as m
ade
or fi
rst
mad
e av
aila
ble
to th
e pu
blic
by
aut
horis
ed
publ
icat
ion
or
by a
ny o
ther
m
eans
whi
chev
er
date
is th
e la
test
. (S
.9.2
0(c)
)
Aud
io-v
isua
l w
orks
S.
8(1)
(a)
Fifty
yea
rs fr
om
end
of th
e ye
ar
in w
hich
wor
k is
m
ade
avai
labl
e to
the
publ
ic w
ith
the
cons
ent o
f th
e ow
ner o
r fifty
ye
ars f
rom
end
of
year
in w
hich
the
wor
k w
as m
ade.
Col
lect
ive
or
Aud
io-v
isua
l w
orks
Prot
ecte
d 70
Yea
rs
afte
r the
wor
k is
la
wfu
lly m
ade
publ
ic o
r afte
r its
co
mpl
etio
n.(A
rt. 2
5)
Aud
io-v
isua
l w
orks
Prot
ectio
n sh
all
last
for 5
0 ye
ars
afte
r the
aud
io-
visu
al w
orks
put
at th
e di
spos
al o
fth
e pu
blic
with
the
cons
ent o
fth
e au
thor
, whe
reup
on th
e ex
piry
of th
e 50
yea
rsan
d th
e w
ork
has n
ot p
ut a
tth
e di
spos
al o
fth
e pu
blic
the
prot
ectio
n sh
all
com
e to
an
end.
(S.1
0(1)
(c))
Aud
io-v
isual
wor
ks/ S
ound
Reco
rdin
gsPr
otec
ted
for
fifty
yea
rs fr
omth
e da
te o
f the
mak
ing
of th
ew
ork,
or w
here
the
wor
k is
mad
eav
aila
ble
to th
epu
blic
dur
ing
that
per
iod
with
the
cons
ent o
fth
e au
thor
unt
ilex
pira
tion
of fi
ftyye
ars.
(S. 2
3)
Aud
io-v
isua
l w
orks
/ Sou
nd
Rec
ordi
ngs
Cop
yrig
htex
pire
s at t
heen
d of
fifty
yea
rsfro
m th
e en
d of
the
cale
ndar
yea
rin
whi
ch it
ism
ade
or in
whi
chit
is pu
blish
ed.
(S. 1
3)
Aud
io-v
isua
l w
orks
/ Col
lect
ive
Wor
ks/
Com
pute
r Pr
ogra
ms
Fifty
yea
rs fr
om
end
of y
ear i
n w
hich
wor
k is
m
ade
avai
labl
e to
th
e pu
blic
or e
nd
of y
ear i
n w
hich
w
ork
is m
ade
(S. 1
5(1)
)
Wor
k of
App
lied
Art
Bot
h m
oral
and
ec
onom
ic ri
ghts
ex
ist f
or tw
enty
fiv
e ye
ars f
rom
th
e m
akin
g of
the
wor
k.
(S. 1
3(5)
)
Phot
ogra
phic
W
orks
Econ
omic
and
m
oral
righ
ts
prot
ecte
d un
til
expi
ratio
n of
fifty
ye
ars f
rom
end
of
the
cale
ndar
yea
r in
whi
ch th
e w
ork
was
mad
e or
firs
t m
ade
avai
labl
e to
the
publ
ic
by p
ublic
atio
n w
hich
ever
is
late
st.
(S. 9
.20(
g))
Phot
ogra
phic
W
orks
Prov
ided
und
er(S
.8(1
)(a))
Wor
ks o
f App
lied
Art
Prot
ecte
d fo
r 70
year
s fro
m it
sco
mpl
etio
n(A
rt. 2
6)
Phot
ogra
phic
w
ork
Prot
ectio
n sh
all
last
25 y
ears
afte
rth
e ac
hiev
emen
tof
the
wor
k(S
.10(
1)(e
))
Phot
ogra
phic
W
orks
Prot
ecte
d fo
r fifty
year
s fro
m th
em
akin
g of
the
wor
k.(S
. 25)
Phot
ogra
phic
W
orks
Incl
uded
und
er
artis
tic w
orks
.
Phot
ogra
phic
W
orks
Fifty
yea
rs fr
om
end
of y
ear i
n w
hich
wor
k is
m
ade
avai
labl
e to
th
e pu
blic
or e
nd
of y
ear i
n w
hich
w
ork
is m
ade
(S. 1
5(1)
)
Folk
lore
N
o m
entio
n on
dur
atio
n of
pr
otec
tion
of
copy
right
Folk
lore
Prot
ectio
n of
tra
ditio
nal c
ultu
ral
expr
essio
ns
(S.9
.34)
Folk
lore
men
tion
offo
lklo
re in
the A
ct(s
.65)
Folk
lore
The
prot
ectio
n of
folk
lore
is n
ot
limite
d in
tim
e.(A
rt. 5
0)
Folk
lore
Prot
ecte
d un
der
Chap
ter V
I of t
he
Act
Folk
lore
Righ
ts ve
st in
Se
cret
ary
of S
tate
on
beh
alf o
f and
in
trust
for t
he p
eopl
e of
Gam
bia
and
exist
in p
erpe
tuity
(S. 2
6)
Folk
lore
N
o m
entio
n of
fo
lklo
re
Folk
lore
No
men
tion
of d
urat
ion
of
prot
ectio
n of
fo
lklo
re
V. CoUntRY CoPYRiGHt & Related RiGHtslaWs CoMPaRison
V. CoUntRY CoPYRiGHt & Related RiGHtslaWs CoMPaRison
5352
Coun
trie
s/Pa
ram
eter
Leso
tho
Libe
riaKi
ngdo
m o
f Es
wat
ini
Moz
ambi
que
Suda
nGa
mbi
aZa
mbi
aZi
mba
bwe
Dur
atio
n of
C
opyr
ight
(...c
ontin
ued)
Cin
emat
ogra
phic
w
orks
Prot
ecte
d un
til
expi
ratio
n of
fifty
ye
ars f
rom
dat
e of
m
akin
g th
e w
ork
or m
akin
g av
ail-
able
to th
e pu
blic
.(S
. 13(
4))
Cin
emat
ogra
phic
w
orks
Prot
ecte
d un
til
expi
ratio
n of
fifty
ye
ars f
rom
dat
e of
pub
lishi
ng o
f th
e w
ork,
or i
f the
w
ork
has n
ot b
een
publ
ishe
d be
fore
fif
ty y
ears
from
its
mak
ing.
(S. 2
(20)
)
Perf
orm
ance
s /
Cin
emat
ogra
phic
w
orks
Fifty
yea
rs fr
om
date
of m
akin
g or
m
akin
g av
aila
ble
to th
e pu
blic
with
co
nsen
t of t
he
auth
or(S
.8(1
)(a)
)
Perf
orm
ance
sPr
otec
tion
to b
e gr
ante
d is
50
year
s th
e en
d of
yea
r of
the
reco
rdin
g fo
r per
form
ance
s re
cord
ed o
n a
phon
ogra
m o
r end
of
yea
r in
whi
ch
perf
orm
ance
ta
kes p
lace
for
perf
orm
ance
s not
re
cord
ed o
n a
phon
ogra
m(A
rt. 5
1)
Cin
emat
ogra
phic
Fi
lms
Econ
omic
righ
tsof
an
audi
o-vi
sual
wor
ks sh
all l
ast
for fi
fty y
ears
afte
r the
aud
io-v
i-su
al w
orks
put
at
the
disp
osal
of t
hepu
blic
unt
il th
eco
nsen
t of t
heau
thor
, whe
reup
on th
e ex
piry
of th
e fif
ty y
ears
and
the
wor
kw
as n
ot p
ut a
tth
e di
spos
al o
fth
e pu
blic
the
prot
ectio
n sh
all
com
e to
an
end
(S. 1
0(1)
(c)
Prog
ram
me
carr
ying
sign
als
Fifty
yea
rs fr
om
mak
ing
the
date
of
mak
ing
the
signa
l.(S
. 24)
Cab
le P
rogr
ams/
Pe
rfor
mna
ces
Cop
yrig
ht sh
all
expi
re a
t the
end
of
fifty
yea
rs fr
om th
e en
d of
the
cale
ndar
ye
ar in
whi
ch th
e ca
ble
was
mad
e.(S
. 14)
Dur
atio
n of
pe
rform
er’s
right
sh
all s
ubsis
t for
fif
ty y
ears
from
th
e en
d of
cal
enda
r ye
ar in
whi
ch th
e pe
rform
ance
take
s pl
ace.
(S
. 47)
Prog
ram
C
arry
ing
sign
als
Fifty
yea
rs fr
om
the
end
of th
e ye
ar
in w
hich
the
signa
l is
first
emitt
ed to
a
sate
llite
.(S
. 15(
1))
Bro
adca
sts
Prot
ectio
n su
bsis
ts
for t
wen
ty y
ears
co
mpu
ted
from
en
d of
yea
r in
whi
ch th
e br
oadc
ast t
ook
plac
e.(S
. 29(
2))
Bro
adca
sts
Econ
omic
and
m
oral
righ
ts sh
all
be p
rote
ctee
d fo
r fifty
yea
rs
from
the
end
of th
e ca
lend
ar
year
in w
hich
the
broa
dcas
t too
k pl
ace.
(S.9
.20(
d))
Bro
adca
sts
Prot
ectio
n su
bsist
s fif
ty y
ears
from
th
e en
d of
the
year
in w
hich
the
broa
dcas
t firs
t ta
kes p
lace
S.8
(1)
(c)
Bro
adca
sts
The
term
of
prot
ectio
n of
a
broa
dcas
t pr
ogra
mm
e is
25
yea
rs fr
om
the
end
of th
e ye
ar in
whi
ch th
e br
oadc
ast t
ook
plac
e.
Bro
adca
sts
Con
tinue
s for
20
yea
rs a
s fro
m
the
first
of t
he
Gor
goria
n ye
ar
subs
eque
nt to
th
e ye
ar o
f the
tra
nsm
issi
on. (
S.
24(3
))
Bro
adca
sts
Prot
ecte
d un
til
expi
ratio
n of
fifty
ye
ars f
rom
the
date
of m
akin
g th
e w
ork,
mak
ing
avai
labl
e to
the
publ
ic.
(S. 2
2)
Bro
adca
sts
Cop
yrig
ht sh
all
expi
re a
t the
end
of
fifty
yea
rs
from
the
end
of th
e ca
lend
ar
year
in w
hich
the
broa
dcas
t was
m
ade.
(S. 1
4)
Bro
adca
sts
Fifty
yea
rs fr
om
the
end
of th
e ye
ar in
whi
ch th
e br
oadc
ast fi
rst
take
s pla
ce.
(S. 1
5(1)
)
Coun
trie
s/Pa
ram
eter
Leso
tho
Libe
riaKi
ngdo
m o
f Es
wat
ini
Moz
ambi
que
Suda
nGa
mbi
aZa
mbi
aZi
mba
bwe
Cop
yrig
htSe
lect
ed
copy
righ
t wor
ksSu
bjec
t to
Gov
ernm
ent
right
s, au
thor
has r
ight
s to
repr
oduc
e w
ork,
com
mun
icat
eto
the
publ
ican
d m
ake
anad
apta
tion,
trans
latio
nar
rang
emen
tor
oth
ertra
nsfo
rmat
ion
ofth
e w
ork.
(S. 7
)A
lso
has m
oral
right
s cla
imau
thor
ship
of h
isw
ork
and
obje
ctto
cer
tain
use
s of
wor
k in
clud
ing
mut
ilatio
n,di
stor
tion
or o
ther
mod
ifica
tion
ofw
ork.
(S. 8
)
Cop
yrig
htTh
e so
le ri
ght
to p
rodu
ce o
rre
prod
uce
the
wor
k or
any
subs
tant
ial p
art
ther
eof i
n an
ym
ater
ial f
orm
wha
tsoev
er,
perfo
rm, d
eliv
eror
pub
lish
the
wor
k.(S
. 3)
All
copy
righ
t w
orks
The
auth
or h
asth
e ex
clus
ive
right
to a
utho
rise
the
follo
win
g w
orks
:re
prod
uctio
n;tra
nsla
tion;
prep
arat
ion
of a
dapt
atio
n,ar
rang
emen
tsan
d ot
her
trans
form
atio
ns;
mak
ing
copi
esav
aila
ble
for s
ale
to th
e pu
blic
or
any
othe
r tra
nsfe
rof
ow
ners
hip,
for r
enta
l and
for
publ
ic le
ndin
g;pr
esen
tatio
n or
perf
orm
ance
of
his w
ork
in p
ublic
;im
port
or e
xpor
tof
his
wor
ks;
com
mun
icat
ion
of h
is w
ork
to th
epu
blic
. Exc
eptio
nsex
ist f
or c
ompu
ter
prog
ram
s.(A
rt. 6
; 7)
Non
-eco
nom
icrig
hts t
o cl
aim
auth
orsh
ip,
to re
mai
nan
onym
ous o
rus
e a
pseu
dony
man
d to
obj
ect t
oan
y di
stor
tion,
mut
ilatio
n or
oth
erm
odifi
catio
n of
his
wor
k.(A
rt. 6
; 8)
All
copy
righ
t w
orks
M
oral
and
Econ
omic
righ
tsto
und
erta
kesp
ecifi
c ac
tions
rela
ted
to th
eir
right
s, in
clud
ing
disc
losi
ngw
ork
to p
ublic
,cl
aim
ing
auth
orsh
ip,
to p
ublis
h or
mak
e av
aila
ble
his w
ork
and
to a
utho
rize
publ
icat
ion,
repr
oduc
tion,
broa
dcas
ting,
trans
latio
n,ex
hibi
tion,
adap
tatio
n, p
ublic
perf
orm
ance
of
the
wor
k(S
. 7 a
nd S
.8)
Spec
ific
right
sre
latin
g to
Prot
ectio
n of
Nei
ghbo
urin
gR
ight
s of
perf
orm
ers
are
outli
ned
inC
hapt
er II
I of t
heA
ct.
All
copy
righ
t w
orks
The
auth
or h
asth
e ex
clus
ive
econ
omic
righ
tto
do
or a
utho
rise
a nu
mbe
r of
actio
ns in
clud
ing,
repr
oduc
tion,
trans
latio
n,re
ntal
,im
porta
tion,
broa
dcas
ting,
publ
icpe
rform
ance
and
any
othe
rco
mm
unic
atio
nto
the
publ
ic(S
. 9)
Also
gra
nts m
oral
right
s to
clai
mau
thor
ship
of h
isw
ork
and
obje
ctto
cer
tain
use
s of
wor
k in
clud
ing
mut
ilatio
n,di
storti
onor
oth
erm
odifi
catio
n of
wor
k.(S
. 10)
All
copy
righ
t w
orks
The
owne
rof
cop
yrig
htsh
all h
ave
inac
cord
ance
with
the
act
the
excl
usiv
erig
ht to
do
or to
auth
orise
oth
ers
to d
o, in
Zam
bia
or o
n an
y sh
ip o
rai
rcra
ft re
giste
red
in Z
ambi
a th
eco
ntro
lled
acts
spec
ified
in th
eA
ct.
(S. 1
7)A
utho
r has
mor
alrig
hts a
s spe
cifie
dun
der s
ectio
n 24
,to
be
iden
tified
as
auth
or o
r dire
ctor
of th
e w
orks
;an
d to
obj
ect t
oan
y di
storti
on,
mut
ilatio
nor
oth
erm
odifi
catio
n or
dero
gato
ry a
ctio
nin
rela
tion
to th
ew
ork
that
wou
ldbe
pre
judi
cial
to h
is ho
nour
or
repu
tatio
n.(S
. 24)
All
copy
righ
t w
orks
Cop
yrig
ht is
are
al ri
ght w
hich
subs
ists i
n a
wor
kby
virt
ue o
f the
Act
and
whi
chen
title
s its
owne
rex
clus
ivel
y to
do in
Zim
babw
ean
d to
aut
horis
eot
hers
to d
o in
Zim
babw
e th
eth
ings
whi
ch th
eA
ct d
esig
nate
sin
rela
tion
to th
ew
ork.
(S. 9
; 17-
23)
Also
gra
nts
mor
al ri
ghts
tobe
or t
o re
fuse
tobe
iden
tified
as
auth
or o
r dire
ctor
of w
ork
and
othe
rm
oral
righ
ts(S
. 61-
67)
Det
ails
spec
ific
right
s rel
ated
tope
rform
ance
s(S
. 68-
72)
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trie
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ram
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riaKi
ngdo
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f Es
wat
ini
Moz
ambi
que
Suda
nGa
mbi
aZa
mbi
aZi
mba
bwe
Perm
itted
Use
s of
Cop
yrig
hts
Vario
us fr
ee u
seop
tions
allo
wed
.(S
. 9)
Spec
ific
limita
tions
cite
dto
aut
hor’s
righ
tsw
ith re
gard
stra
nsla
tion,
repr
oduc
tion
and
right
of r
ecor
ding
mus
ical
wor
ks.
(S. 1
0; 1
1; 1
2).
Det
aile
dsc
hedu
les t
osu
ppor
t the
abo
vear
e ad
ded
asan
nexe
s.Ex
cept
ions
rela
ting
toR
elat
ed R
ight
sou
tline
d in
Sect
ion
30.
Vario
uslim
itatio
ns to
econ
omic
righ
tspr
ovid
ed fo
rin
clud
ing
fair
use,
for a
rchi
ves
and
libra
ries a
nd
visu
al im
paire
d pe
rson
s etc
.(S
. 9.8
, 9.9
, 9.1
0,
9.11
, 9.1
2, 9
.13,
9.
14, 9
.15)
The A
ct p
rovi
des
for v
isua
lly
impa
ired
pers
ons
(S.9
.16)
Act
pro
vide
sfo
r var
ious
exce
ptio
ns to
infri
ngem
ent
incl
udin
g fa
irde
alin
g(S
.16
& 2
1)
Vario
us li
mita
tions
to e
cono
mic
righ
tspr
ovid
ed fo
r,(A
rt. 9
- 21)
.Sp
ecifi
c pe
rmitt
edus
es re
latin
g to
rela
ted
right
spr
ovid
ed fo
r und
erA
rticl
e 47
.
Excl
usio
ns a
ndre
stric
tions
on
copy
right
s and
neig
hbou
ring
right
s pro
vide
din
cha
pter
IV (S
.25
-37)
Vario
usex
cept
ions
perm
itted
to th
eus
e of
cop
yrig
ht.
Lim
itatio
ns to
the
exce
ptio
nsal
so p
rovi
ded
for w
orks
of
Arc
hite
ctur
e,Co
mpu
ter
prog
ram
s,da
taba
ses.
(S. 2
7- 3
7)
Vario
usex
cept
ions
perm
itted
to th
eus
e of
cop
yrig
htin
clud
ing
fair-
deal
ing.
(S. 2
1)Ex
cept
ions
on
perfo
rmer
s rig
hts
incl
uded
(S. 5
0)
Vario
usex
cept
ions
perm
itted
to th
eus
e of
cop
yrig
htin
clud
ing
fair-
deal
ing.
(S. 2
4-44
)Ex
cept
ions
on
perfo
rmer
s rig
hts
incl
uded
(S. 7
3)
Not
able
lacu
nas a
nd in
clus
ions
No
expr
ess
exce
ptio
ns fo
r w
orks
targ
etin
g th
e bl
ind
and
othe
r vis
ually
im
paire
d pe
rson
s.
The A
ct in
clud
es
levy
on
copy
right
m
ater
ial (
S.9.
35)
and
roya
lties
(S
.9.3
6).
Com
puls
ory
licen
ce fo
r tra
nsla
tion
and
repr
oduc
tion
of
certa
in w
orks
is
incl
uded
sc
hedu
le o
ne.
No
expr
ess
exce
ptio
ns fo
rw
orks
targ
etin
gth
e Bl
ind
and
othe
r Visu
ally
Impa
ired
Pers
ons.
No
expr
ess
exce
ptio
ns fo
r w
orks
targ
etin
g th
e B
lind
and
othe
r Vis
ually
Im
paire
d Pe
rson
s.
No
expr
ess
exce
ptio
ns fo
r w
orks
targ
etin
g th
e Bl
ind
and
othe
r Visu
ally
Im
paire
d Pe
rson
sH
as p
rovi
sion
s fo
r wor
ks
prod
uced
po
sthu
mou
sly
(S.9
(1)
No
men
tion
of
exce
ptio
ns to
us
e of
wor
ks
for t
he p
urpo
se
of ta
rget
ing
the
blin
d an
d ot
her
VIP
s
No
men
tion
of
exce
ptio
ns to
us
e of
wor
ks fo
r ta
rget
ing
the
blin
d an
d ot
her V
IPs.
Prov
ides
for
copy
right
for
typo
grap
hica
l ar
rang
emen
ts a
nd
the
expi
ratio
n of
su
ch is
25
year
s fr
om th
e en
d of
the
cale
ndar
ye
ar in
whi
ch th
e ed
ition
was
firs
t pu
blis
hed
(S. 8
(g) a
nd S
. 16
)
No
men
tion
of
exce
ptio
ns to
us
e of
wor
ks
for t
arge
ting
the
blin
d an
d ot
her
VIP
s
Coun
trie
s/Pa
ram
eter
Leso
tho
Libe
riaKi
ngdo
m o
f Es
wat
ini
Moz
ambi
que
Suda
nGa
mbi
aZa
mbi
aZi
mba
bwe
Publ
ic d
omai
nW
orks
tha
t ar
e in
the
publ
ic
dom
ain
are
thos
e w
hose
term
of
prot
ectio
n ha
s ex
pire
d, w
hose
au
thor
s hav
eno
succ
esso
rs
in ti
tle, a
nd
who
se o
wne
rs
have
reno
unce
d co
pyrig
ht
prot
ectio
n.(S
. 18(
2))
No
men
tion
of
wor
ks in
the
publ
ic d
omai
n
Expr
ess m
entio
n of
wor
ks in
the
publ
ic d
omai
n(s
62)
No
expr
ess
men
tion
of p
ublic
do
mai
n w
orks
.
Cond
ition
s for
w
orks
to fa
ll in
to th
e pu
blic
do
mai
n in
clud
e ex
piry
of t
erm
of
prot
ectio
n, w
here
au
thor
die
s and
le
aves
no
heir,
an
d fa
ilure
by
heirs
of a
utho
r an
d ot
her p
erso
ns
to e
xerc
ise th
e rig
hts v
estin
g in
th
em.
Chap
ter I
I
Wor
ks w
ith
expi
red
term
s of
pro
tect
ion,
by
aut
hors
who
ha
ve re
noun
ced
thei
r rig
hts;
and
fore
ign
wor
ksth
at d
o no
t enj
oy
prot
ectio
n in
The
G
ambi
a be
long
to
the
publ
ic
dom
ain.
(S. 4
8)
Ther
e is
no
clea
r defi
nitio
n of
wor
ks in
the
publ
ic d
omai
n th
ough
cer
tain
se
ctio
ns c
an b
e re
ad to
infe
r tha
t w
orks
who
se
auth
ors h
ave
died
fifty
or m
ore
year
s prio
r and
w
hose
cop
yrig
ht
has e
xpire
d ar
e in
the
publ
ic
dom
ain.
Ther
e is
no
clea
r defi
nitio
n of
wor
ks in
the
publ
ic d
omai
n th
ough
cer
tain
se
ctio
ns c
an b
e re
ad to
infe
r tha
t w
orks
who
se
auth
ors h
ave
died
fifty
or m
ore
year
s prio
r and
w
hose
cop
yrig
ht
has e
xpire
d ar
e in
the
publ
ic
dom
ain.
Use
of w
orks
in p
ublic
dom
ain
Onl
y th
e re
gist
rar
or a
per
son
duly
au
thor
ised
by
him
has
the
right
to
aut
horis
e us
e of
wor
ks in
the
publ
ic d
omai
n(S
. 18(
1))
No
men
tion
of
use
of w
orks
in
the
publ
ic
dom
ain
Expr
ess
men
tion
of u
seof
wor
ks in
the
publ
ic d
omai
n(s
. 62)
No
men
tion
of
use
of w
orks
in
the
publ
ic d
omai
n
The
wor
ks in
the
publ
ic d
omai
n m
ay b
e fre
ely
used
. Cha
pter
II
Subj
ect t
o pa
ymen
t of a
fee
spec
ified
by
the
Cen
tre a
wor
k th
at h
as fa
llen
into
the
publ
ic
dom
ain
may
be
used
with
out
rest
rictio
n.(S
. 48(
4))
The
use
of
wor
ks th
at h
ave
unkn
own
auth
ors
and
who
se
copy
right
has
ex
pire
d or
who
se
auth
ors d
ied
mor
e th
an fi
fty
year
s prio
r to
the
date
of s
uch
use
is n
ot c
onsi
dere
d an
infr
inge
men
t.(S
. 21(
3))
No
men
tion
of
use
of w
orks
in
the
publ
ic
dom
ain
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ambi
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nGa
mbi
aZa
mbi
aZi
mba
bwe
Infr
inge
men
tA
ny a
ct
cont
rave
ning
the
prov
isio
ns o
f the
A
ct c
onst
itute
s th
e co
mm
itmen
t of
an
offe
nce.
(S
. 37)
A c
opyr
ight
and
re
late
d rig
hts
is p
rimar
ily
to p
reve
nt a
n in
frin
gem
ent
from
occ
urrin
g an
d pr
eser
ve
rele
vant
ev
iden
ce in
re
gard
to a
llege
d in
frin
gem
ent
incl
udin
g cu
ltura
l or
trad
ition
al
expr
essi
ons
(S.1
5.1)
Cop
yrig
ht sh
all
be d
eem
ed to
be in
frin
ged
by a
ny p
erso
nw
ho, w
ithou
tth
e co
nsen
t of
the
owne
r of t
heco
pyrig
ht, d
oes
anyt
hing
the
sole
righ
t to
dow
hich
is b
y th
eA
ct c
onfe
rred
on
the
owne
r of t
heco
pyrig
ht.
(S. 4
0(1)
(2))
and
(S
.45)
Infr
inge
men
t is
com
mitt
ed b
ya
pers
on w
hofr
audu
lent
lyus
es a
s bei
nghi
s ow
n cr
eatio
nor
per
form
ance
a w
ork,
perf
orm
ance
,ph
onog
ram
or b
road
cast
prog
ram
me
that
is a
tota
lor
par
tial
repr
oduc
tion
ofan
othe
r’s w
ork
or p
erfo
rman
ce,
whe
ther
disc
lose
d or
not
,or
so si
mila
rto
it a
s to
have
no d
istin
ctiv
ech
arac
ter o
f its
own.
(Art.
62-
64)
Any
doi
ng,
know
ingl
yan
d w
ithou
tpe
rmis
sion
of
the
auth
or, o
fac
ts re
serv
edfo
r aut
hor a
ndex
tract
ing,
imita
ting,
selli
ng, h
iring
,di
strib
utio
n,im
porta
tion
orex
porta
tion
for
com
mer
cial
purp
oses
. (S.
62)
(S. 6
4)
Doi
ng o
f any
act
sth
at a
re c
ontra
ryto
the
prov
ision
sof
the A
ct.
Also
cite
s the
expl
oita
tion
of a
wor
k in
a m
anne
rpr
ejud
icia
l to
the
hono
ur o
rre
puta
tion
ofth
e au
thor
as a
nin
fring
emen
t to
the
right
s of t
heau
thor
.(S
. 50)
Doi
ng o
f act
sco
ntro
lled
by th
eac
t, im
porti
ngin
fring
ing
copi
es,
and
mak
ing
ortra
ding
in a
rticl
esfo
r mak
ing
infri
ngin
g co
pies
or tr
ansm
issio
nfo
r the
pur
pose
of m
akin
gin
fring
ing
copi
esco
nstit
utes
infri
ngem
ent.
(S. 1
8-20
)Sp
ecifi
c ac
tsre
late
d to
infri
ngem
ent
of p
erfo
rmer
’srig
hts a
ndre
cord
ing
right
sci
ted.
(S. 4
8- 4
9)
Cop
yrig
ht is
infri
nged
by
any
pers
on w
ho is
not t
he o
wne
rof
the
copy
right
and
who
, with
out
auth
ority
, doe
s or
caus
es a
ny o
ther
pers
on to
do
anac
t in
Zim
babw
ew
hich
the
owne
rha
s the
exc
lusiv
erig
ht to
do
or to
auth
orise
.(S
. 51)
Ant
on P
illar
O
rder
sN
o ex
pres
s m
entio
n of
Ant
on
Pilla
r Ord
ers
No
men
tion
of
Ant
on P
illar
or
ders
Expr
ess
men
tion
of A
nton
Pilla
r ord
ers
(s.4
4)
No
men
tion
of
Ant
on P
illar
O
rder
s
No
men
tion
of
Ant
on P
illar
O
rder
s but
pr
ovid
es fo
r sim
ilar c
ondi
tions
(S.6
5)
No
men
tion
of
Ant
on P
illar
O
rder
s
No
men
tion
of
Ant
on P
illar
bu
t sim
ilar
prov
isio
ns e
xist
(S
. 33)
Prov
ides
for
Ant
on P
iller
O
rder
s (S
. 57)
Coun
trie
s/Pa
ram
eter
Leso
tho
Libe
riaKi
ngdo
m o
f Es
wat
ini
Moz
ambi
que
Suda
nGa
mbi
aZa
mbi
aZi
mba
bwe
Pena
lties
With
out
prej
udic
e to
civi
l rem
edie
san
d sa
nctio
ns,
a pe
rson
who
com
mits
an
offe
nce
is li
able
on c
onvi
ctio
nto
pay
men
t of
a de
term
ined
fine
or to
impr
ison
men
tor
to b
oth.
Max
imum
jail
term
is 5
yea
rs.
(S. 3
7)
The A
ct d
etai
lsou
t crim
inal
pena
lties
incl
udin
g fin
eS.
19(a
)(b)
(c)(
d)(e
)(f)
(h(i)
)
Paym
ent o
f fine
up to
a m
axim
umof
E25
000
and
in c
ases
of su
bseq
uent
offe
nces
eith
ersu
ch fi
ne o
r to
impr
isonm
ent
for a
term
not
exce
edin
g 5
year
s.(S
. 64)
, (S.
45(5
))
The
crim
es o
fus
urpa
tion
and
infri
ngem
ent
refe
rred
to in
the A
ct a
rem
isdem
eano
urs
and
puni
shab
lein
law
by
impr
isonm
ent
and
corre
spon
ding
fine.
(Art
65)
Prov
ides
for
pena
lties
for
auth
ors w
hoha
ving
who
lly o
rpa
rtly
disp
osed
of th
eir r
elev
ant
right
s or h
avin
gau
thor
ised
the
use
of h
is w
ork,
uses
or e
xplo
itsth
e sa
id w
ork
dire
ctly
and
in a
man
ner
prej
udic
ial t
oth
ird p
arty
righ
ts.(A
rt 65
.4)
All
crim
es o
fin
fring
emen
tsh
all b
e pu
nish
edw
ith a
fine
as
dete
rmin
ed b
yth
e co
urt o
rim
priso
nmen
t or
both
.(S
. 64,
S. 6
5)
Paym
ent o
f fine
of n
ot m
ore
than
500,
000
Dal
asis
or n
o m
ore
than
impr
isonm
ent
term
of t
hree
year
s or t
o bo
thth
e fin
e an
dim
priso
nmen
t.Th
e co
urt
shal
l also
fix
the
amou
nt o
fpr
ofits,
taki
ngin
to a
ccou
ntth
e de
fend
ant’s
profi
ts.In
repe
atof
fend
ers,
pena
lties
may
be
doub
led.
Cour
t may
app
lyci
vil r
emed
ies
in c
rimin
alpr
ocee
ding
s if n
ode
cisio
n ha
s bee
nta
ken
in c
ivil
proc
eedi
ngs.
(S. 5
1; 5
3)
On
first
conv
ictio
n,of
fend
ers a
relia
ble
to p
aym
ent
of a
pen
alty
of
fifty
thou
sand
pena
lty u
nits
or te
n un
its fo
rea
ch in
fring
ing
copy
, whi
chev
eris
grea
ter,
or to
impr
isonm
ent
for a
term
not
exce
edin
g fiv
eye
ars o
r to
both
.O
n su
bseq
uent
conv
ictio
n,pa
ymen
t of o
nehu
ndre
d th
ousa
ndpe
nalty
uni
ts or
twen
ty p
enal
tyun
its fo
r eac
hin
fring
ing
copy
,w
hich
ever
isgr
eate
r, or
toim
priso
nmen
tfo
r a te
rm n
otex
ceed
ing
ten
year
s or b
oth.
(S. 2
8)Pe
nalti
es re
late
dto
per
form
ance
right
s are
det
aile
dou
t in
Sect
ions
52 a
nd 5
3.
A p
erso
n gu
ilty
of a
n of
fenc
esh
all b
e lia
ble
to a
fine
not
exce
edin
gle
vel t
en o
r to
impr
isonm
ent
for a
per
iod
not e
xcee
ding
two
year
s or
to b
oth
such
fine
and
such
impr
isonm
ent i
nre
spec
t of e
ach
artic
le to
whi
chth
e of
fenc
ere
late
s.(S
. 59)
V. CoUntRY CoPYRiGHt & Related RiGHtslaWs CoMPaRison
V. CoUntRY CoPYRiGHt & Related RiGHtslaWs CoMPaRison
5958
Coun
trie
s/Pa
ram
eter
Leso
tho
Libe
riaKi
ngdo
m o
f Es
wat
ini
Moz
ambi
que
Suda
nGa
mbi
aZa
mbi
aZi
mba
bwe
Civ
il R
emed
ies
The A
ct p
rovi
des
for t
he g
rant
ing
of c
ivil
rem
edie
sin
clud
ing
inte
rdic
t,pa
ymen
t of
dam
ages
incl
udin
g pr
ofits
attri
buta
ble
toin
frin
gem
ent.
(S. 3
6)
The A
ct d
etai
lsda
mag
es, r
ight
ho
lder
s exp
ense
s in
clud
ing
atto
rney
s fee
s, in
junc
tions
, eq
uita
ble
proc
edur
es.
(S.1
6.1,
16.
3,
16.4
). Th
e Act
pr
ovid
es fo
r pr
ovis
iona
l m
easu
res (
S.17
(a
)(b)
(c)(
d)(e
)(f
)(g)
)
The A
ctpr
ovid
es fo
rci
vil r
emed
ies b
yw
ay o
f int
erdi
ct,
dam
ages
,ac
coun
ts an
dot
herw
ise a
s may
be c
onfe
rred
by la
w fo
r the
infri
ngem
ent.
(S. 4
0-46
)
Infr
inge
men
t is
puni
shab
le u
nder
ci
vil l
aw.
(Art.
60)
The
copy
right
owne
r sha
ll be
entit
led
to re
ques
tin
a c
laim
all
the
right
s rel
atin
gto
fina
ncia
lco
mpe
nsat
ion
and
such
com
pens
atio
nsh
all i
nclu
de lo
ssof
ear
ning
s and
prej
udic
e to
the
repu
tatio
n of
the
copy
right
ow
ner.
(S.6
5)
The A
ct p
rovi
des
for c
ivil
rem
edie
sto
the
owne
rin
clud
ing
paym
ent f
orda
mag
es su
ffere
dan
d ex
pens
esca
used
any
infri
ngem
ent
incl
udin
g le
gal
costs
.(S
. 51;
52)
The A
ct p
rovi
des
for a
vaila
bilit
y of
all s
uch
relie
f by
way
of d
amag
es,
inju
ctio
ns,
acco
unts,
or
othe
rwise
topl
aint
iff a
s is
avai
labl
e in
all
othe
r pro
perty
right
s. Su
chin
junc
tion
excl
udes
destr
uctio
n of
build
ings
(S. 2
5- 2
6)
The A
ct p
rovi
des
for a
vaila
bilit
yto
pla
intif
f of a
llsu
ch re
med
ies b
yw
ay o
f int
erdi
ct,
atta
chm
ent,
the
rend
erin
gof
acc
ount
,th
e de
liver
y of
infri
ngin
g co
pies
or a
rticl
es u
sed
or in
tend
ed to
be
used
for m
akin
gin
fring
ing
copi
es(S
. 52-
56)
Res
titut
ion
and
forf
eitu
reTh
e ob
ject
whi
chw
as m
ade
invi
olat
ion
of th
eA
ct a
nd a
nyre
ceip
ts o
f the
pers
on v
iola
ting
it an
d re
sulti
ngfr
om su
chvi
olat
ions
shal
lbe
forf
eite
d by
the
stat
e an
ddi
spos
ed a
s it
sees
fit.
Cou
rt M
ayor
der p
aym
ent
of e
xem
plar
yda
mag
es.
(S. 3
6)
Cou
rt sh
all
whe
neve
r thi
s is
ade
quat
e to
cre
ate
an
effe
ctiv
e de
terr
ent
to fu
rther
in
frin
gem
ent
orde
r sei
zure
, fo
rfei
ture
or
disp
osal
of
the
infr
ingi
ng
good
s and
any
m
ater
ials
use
d in
com
mis
sion
of
the
offe
nce
(S.1
6.9)
All
infri
ngin
gco
pies
of a
nyw
ork
in w
hich
copy
right
subs
ists a
nd a
llpl
ates
use
d or
inte
nded
for u
sein
infri
ngem
ent
shal
l be
deem
edpr
oper
ty o
fth
e ow
ner o
fco
pyrig
ht.
(s. 4
0 - 4
6)
Cour
t may
ado
ptpr
ecau
tiona
rym
easu
res t
opu
t an
end
toin
fring
emen
t.Th
e co
pies
of
wor
k co
nfisc
ated
shal
l rem
ain
the
prop
erty
of t
hepa
rty a
pply
ing
for c
onfis
catio
n.Pr
ovid
esfo
r fina
ncia
lre
stitu
tion.
(Art.
69-
71)
Cour
t may
also
orde
r the
del
iver
yof
such
mat
eria
lsto
the
owne
r of
copy
right
.(S
. 65
Whe
re in
fring
ing
copi
es e
xist,
cour
t may
ord
erde
struc
tion
orot
her r
easo
nabl
edi
spos
al o
fth
ose
copi
es a
ndth
eir p
acka
ging
outsi
de c
hann
els
of d
istrib
utio
nan
d in
a m
anne
rth
at a
void
s har
mto
the
right
sow
ner.
(S. 5
2)
Whe
re a
per
son
is ch
arge
d w
ithan
offe
nce,
and
whe
ther
conv
icte
d or
not,
the
cour
tm
ay o
rder
that
any
artic
le in
his p
osse
ssio
nw
hich
app
ears
tobe
an
infri
ngin
gco
py, o
r int
ende
dfo
r mak
ing
infri
ngin
g co
pies
be d
estro
yed
or d
eliv
ered
to o
wne
r of
copy
right
or d
ealt
with
as c
ourt
may
see
fit.
(S. 2
5.4)
The
owne
r of
copy
right
shal
lbe
ent
itled
to a
llre
med
ies a
ndrig
hts i
n re
spec
tof
infri
ngin
gco
pies
and
any
artic
le d
esig
ned
for m
akin
gin
fring
ing
copi
es(S
. 58)
Coun
trie
s/Pa
ram
eter
Leso
tho
Libe
riaKi
ngdo
m o
f Es
wat
ini
Moz
ambi
que
Suda
nGa
mbi
aZa
mbi
aZi
mba
bwe
Res
titut
ion
and
forf
eitu
re(..
.con
tinue
d)
Whe
ther
alle
ged
offe
nder
isco
nvic
ted
or n
ot,
cour
t will
ord
eral
l inf
ringi
ngco
pies
or p
late
sto
be
destr
oyed
or d
eliv
ered
up
to th
e ow
ner
of c
opyr
ight
or
disp
osed
of a
s the
cour
t may
see
fit.
(S. 4
0-46
)
The
equi
pmen
tan
d in
strum
ents
used
inin
fring
emen
tsh
all r
ever
t to
the
Stat
e.(A
rt. 7
0.3)
Des
truct
ion
ofin
fring
ing
copi
esis
perm
issib
leon
ly if
cer
tain
cond
ition
s are
met
.(A
rt. 6
8)
Cour
t may
ord
erth
e co
nfisc
atio
nan
d de
struc
tion
of a
ll in
fring
ing
copi
es, a
nd o
fm
ater
ials
devi
sed
or u
sed
in th
eco
mm
issio
n of
such
offe
nse.
(S.6
5)
The
Cou
rtm
ay a
lso o
rder
destr
uctio
n of
impl
emen
tsw
here
ther
e is
a da
nger
that
they
may
be
used
to c
omm
itor
con
tinue
toco
mm
it an
act
of
infri
ngem
ent.
(S. 5
2; 5
4)
The
Cou
rtm
ay a
lso o
rder
destr
uctio
n of
impl
emen
tsw
here
ther
e is
a da
nger
that
they
may
be
used
to c
omm
itor
con
tinue
toco
mm
it an
act
of
infri
ngem
ent.
(S.2
8(4)
)D
estru
ctio
n no
tav
aila
ble
for
build
ings
.
Inte
rdic
t is n
otav
aila
ble
inre
spec
t of t
heco
nstru
ctio
n of
abu
ildin
g.(S
. 56)
Spec
ial
Enfo
rcem
ent
Ther
e is
no
men
tion
of
a sp
ecia
l en
forc
emen
t te
am
Ther
e is
no
men
tion
of
a sp
ecia
l en
forc
emen
t te
am
Ther
e is
no
men
tion
of
a sp
ecia
l en
forc
emen
t te
am
Ther
e is
no
men
tion
of
a sp
ecia
l en
forc
emen
t
Men
tion
of
copy
right
in
spec
tors
for t
he
Cent
re(S
. 58)
Ther
e is
no
men
tion
of
a sp
ecia
l en
forc
emen
t te
am.
Prov
ides
for
appo
intm
ent o
f in
spec
tors
(S
. 110
B)
Disp
ute
Settl
emen
tTh
ere
is n
o m
entio
n of
dis
pute
se
ttlem
ent
guid
elin
es
Ther
e is
no
men
tion
of d
ispu
te
settl
emen
t gu
idel
ines
.
The A
ct p
rovi
des
for p
roce
edin
gs
befo
re re
gist
erin
g of
ficer
and
pow
er
of tr
ibun
al to
re
ctify
regi
ster
(S
.90-
93)
Settl
emen
t of
disp
utes
that
does
not
affe
ctin
alie
nabl
e rig
hts
may
be
subm
itted
for a
rbitr
atio
n,m
edia
tion
and
conc
iliat
ion,
as p
rovi
ded
by o
rdin
ary
legi
slat
ion.
(Art.
75)
Ther
e sh
all
be e
stab
lishe
d a
cour
t of
arbi
tratio
n an
d se
ttlem
ent o
f di
sput
es.
(S.7
0)
Thre
e st
ep
disp
ute
settl
emen
t pr
oced
ure
whi
ch
begi
ns w
ith
nego
tiatio
n.(S
. 88)
Disp
ute
settl
emen
tpr
oced
ures
prov
ided
for o
ndi
sput
es b
etw
een
Col
lect
ing
Soci
etie
s and
peop
le re
quiri
nglic
ense
s.(S
. 23)
No
proc
edur
esfo
r disp
utes
betw
een
copy
right
ow
ners
and
the
auth
ority
man
agin
gco
pyrig
ht.
Act
pro
vide
s fo
r app
eals
to
a T
ribun
al
esta
blis
hed
unde
r th
e Act
.(S
. 117
- 119
)
V. CoUntRY CoPYRiGHt & Related RiGHtslaWs CoMPaRison
V. CoUntRY CoPYRiGHt & Related RiGHtslaWs CoMPaRison
6160
Coun
trie
s/Pa
ram
eter
Leso
tho
Libe
riaKi
ngdo
m o
f Es
wat
ini
Moz
ambi
que
Suda
nGa
mbi
aZa
mbi
aZi
mba
bwe
Col
lect
ive
Adm
inist
ratio
nA
ct p
rovi
des f
ores
tabl
ishm
ent
of a
non
-pro
fitSo
ciet
y of
Aut
hors
and
Arti
sts a
ndou
tline
s its
role
in c
olle
ctiv
em
anag
emen
t(S
. 31)
Act
men
tions
Nat
iona
lC
olle
ctiv
eSo
ciet
y in
(S.
2(46
)) th
ough
ther
e ar
e no
prov
isio
nson
col
lect
ive
adm
inis
tratio
nm
entio
ned.
Act
esta
blish
es
Copy
right
and
N
eigh
bour
ing
Righ
ts So
ciet
y of
Sw
azila
nd (S
.78)
Copy
right
and
rela
ted
right
sow
ners
may
crea
te n
on-p
rofit
-m
akin
g so
ciet
ies
for c
olle
ctiv
em
anag
emen
t,pr
omot
ion
and
defe
nce
ofm
embe
r int
eres
tsan
d pr
omot
ion
ofcu
ltura
l goo
ds.
(Art.
74)
Ther
e sh
all
be e
stabl
shed
an e
ntity
for
the
colle
ctiv
em
anag
emen
t of
copy
right
and
neig
hbou
ring
right
s.(S
.42)
The A
ctes
tabl
ishes
the
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ctin
gSo
ciet
y of
the
Gam
bia,
incl
udin
g ho
w it
will
ope
rate
.(S
. 66-
86)
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ovid
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r the
esta
blish
men
tan
d re
gistr
atio
nof
col
lect
ing
soci
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s.(S
. 22-
23)
The A
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ovid
es fo
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men
tan
d re
gistr
atio
nof
col
lect
ing
soci
etie
s(S
. 91-
95)
Act
esta
blish
es th
eC
opyr
ight
and
Nei
ghbo
urin
gR
ight
s Col
lect
ing
Soci
ety
ofZi
mba
bwe,
thou
gh n
otop
erat
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l(S
. 96-
110
B)
Oth
erA
ct d
etai
ls o
ut
proc
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s for
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cord
ance
of
trans
fers
and
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her d
ocum
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s for
Ri
ght o
f App
eal
to T
ribun
al
agai
nst d
ecisi
ons
of re
giste
ring
offic
er. (
S.98
-10
0)
Ratifi
edin
tern
atio
nal l
aws
take
pre
cede
nce
over
the
law
prov
ided
the
inte
rnat
iona
lla
w is
dee
med
to p
rovi
de b
ette
rtre
atm
ent f
orco
pyrig
ht o
wne
rs.
(Art.
76)
Act
pro
vide
sfo
r pro
tect
ion
of in
tern
atio
nal
wor
ks.
(S. 5
)
The A
ctA
men
dmen
tpr
ovid
es fo
raf
fixin
g of
Tech
nolo
gica
lPr
otec
tion
Mea
sure
s,in
clud
ing
holo
gram
s. A
lsopr
ovid
es fo
rac
cred
itatio
n of
impo
rters
and
prod
ucer
s and
esta
blish
men
tof
a T
echn
ical
Impl
emen
tatio
nC
omm
ittee
.(S
. 38
Am
endm
ent)
The A
ct is
read
with
oth
eram
endm
ents.
Act
22/
2001
(S. 4
)an
d A
ct 3
2/20
04
oBseRVations and keY FindinGsFrom the comparative study it goes without saying that the International Regime has recognized the importance of copyright and related rights hence coming up with the conventions, treaties and agreements to set an international system for the implementation of copyright and related rights. Through the World Intellectual Property Organization economic studies on the contribution of creative industries to the national economy have been undertaken in Kenya, Tanzania and Malawi among the ARIPO member states as at May 2016.
However, only Ghana did a study on the contribution of music to its national economy with the support of the Government of Ghana and the World Bank. The fourteenmemberstates have recognized the importance of copyright and related rights and have put in place copyright laws to regulate the system in their respective countries.
Some of the observations made include:1. Uganda and Sierra Leone are not party to the Berne
Convention. Ghana has ratified the internet treaties (WCT & WPPT) while Botswana has acceded, Kenya has signed WCT & WPPT while the rest of the countries are not party to the treaties.
2. Rwanda and Liberia have provisions in its national law for visually impaired persons on free reproduction of the work for visually impaired persons though they did not sign, ratify or accede to the treaty. Uganda has a provision in its copyright law on fair use that includes the transcribing work into braille or sign language for educational purposes for persons with disabilities.
3. Beijing Treaty has been signed by Ghana, Kenya, Namibia, Uganda and Sierra Leone and ratified by Botswana. Rwanda is not a party to the treaty.
4. All the 17 countries except for Sudan are party to TRIPs.5. Sierra Leone has an anomaly on duration of moral and
economic rights in its law. In S.21(2) it is stated that subject to subsection (2) moral and economic rights of an author shall exist for 50 years after his death. Subsection (2) states that, moral rights shall last in perpetuity. There may be a need to undertake an in-depth review of Sierra Leone‘s copyright law to assess possible contradictions
in provisions for duration of moral right and economic rights.
6. Ghana’s duration of protection is life of the author plus seventy (70) years after the author’s death the rest of the countries is life of the author plus fifty (50) years after the author’s death.
7. Registration procedures of copyrighted works are provided in all the countries.
8. Exceptions and limitations provisions are provided in the national laws but they need to be improved to accommodate new developments for example the exception of anti-circumventing Technological Protection Measure (TPM) for digital use in the case of Beijing Treaty for the protection of audio-visual performances and the Marrakesh Treaty.
9. Kenya, Kingdom of Eswatini and Zimbabwe has Anton pillar order while Ghana, Uganda and Rwanda have provisions that direct towards the Anton pillar order the rest of the countries need to include such a provision in their laws.
10. Civil and criminal remedies are provided in all the laws. Ghana, Kenya and Uganda penalty provisions use the words “not exceeding” a certain amount. This may be detrimental with time due to the economic situation in each country.
11. Liberia and Lesotho don’t have a dispute settlement mechanism.
12. All countries have provision on the collective administration of copyright.
13. Uganda has resale rights provision while the rest do not have. The resale right is important to be included in the laws so as to benefit the visual artist in a subsequent sale of their products.
14. Public lending rights needs to be incorporated to benefit authors and publishers.
15. Private copying levy (Blank tape levy) is provided in Ghana copyright legislations, Botswana has technical device levy and Malawi has levy on storage devices.
16. All the laws recognize the protection of folklore. Sierra Leone and Ghana provide that the rights vest in the President on behalf of the citizens and exist in perpetuity.
17. There is little data on the economic contribution of creative industries. Only Malawi, Kenya, Tanzania undertook the study incorporation with WIPO while Mozambique, (with the help of the United Nations
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Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD)) have undertaken a creative industries survey. The following provides a brief view on the findings of the Mozambique survey:• Results of the meetings with stakeholders and with
relevant government ministries. The need for institution building and capacity building
• The need to reinforce policy procedures and implement the policies through regulations and strategies.
• Results ofthesectorswithhighpotential for growth among the creative industries. A differentiation can be made among sectors that have a high development potential nationally or in terms of exports. Examples of these sectors are, but not limited to, the Visual arts, Design, Music etc.
• A Plan of Action proposed as a tool for the formulation of a comprehensive policy towards the enhancement of the creative economy in a long-term perspective. Budgetary constraints limited the Plan of Action but a strategy was laid out for: Reinforced institutional mechanisms and policy formulation for an enabling environment for creative. Industries; Developed publicity and visibility for programmein thecountry; Policy review on creativeindustries:identifiedkeyissues and policy recommendations; Strengthened capacities on trade and investment-related issues for policymakers and institutional stakeholders; and developed capacity of institutions and skilled artists in business management.
18. Uptake of international treaties is generally low in all countries under review though all have copyright and related rights laws.
19. The Zambian Act Amendment has provisions targeting infringements for computer programs and other emerging issues.
20. Little disparity was found in the provisions of the laws between member countries.
21. The countries reviewed have registration provisions though copyright exist upon creation.
ReCoMMendations The following recommendations are therefore made:1. Member States to ratify or accede and domesticate the
international instruments on copyright and related rights in their domestic laws for better and effective way of operation in the nation and the international arena.
2. Member States to be proactive by incorporating relevant provisions in the national legislations for the benefit of the right holders in observance of the international principles and norms on copyright and related rights.
3. Member States to review their laws to be in-line with the new developments on copyright and related rights.
4. Need to undertake an in-depth review of the reasons for the low uptake of international treaties by African countries.
ConClUsion This report presented findings of a desk research on member country copyright and related rights laws and International Instruments on copyright and related rights status. 18 countries of ARIPO Member States were reviewed excluding Somalia.
Member States are encouraged to ratify or accede to international treaties and conventions on copyright and related rights and domesticate in their national laws. Economic contribution of creative industries to be constantly undertaken and to explore the potential of value transference of copyrighted works for the benefit of the right holders by having good laws, administration, management, transparency, good governance and knowledgeable enforcement agencies on IP matters who are effective. Collaboration among all stakeholders will shape the IP landscape in Africa.
ReFeRenCes: Copyright and Neighboring/ Related Rights Laws of specific countries
Copyright and Related Rights International Instruments
Comparative Study on Copyright Laws of ARIPO Member States and their adherence to International Instruments on copyright and related rights Vol 1 and 2. (2016 and 2017)
CIA The World Fact book https://www.cia.gov/library/
publications/the-world-factbook/
Dr. Samia Satti Osman Mohamed Nour “The Economic Importance and Impacts of Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs) in Sudan” (January 30, 2013), UNU-MERIT Working Papers
Hassoum Ceesay, Copyrights and music royalty collection in The Gambia, http://musicinafrica.net/copyrights-and-music- royalty-collection-gambia (Sep 09, 2015 Accessed 7 July 2016)
Lewallen and Courtright. Blindness in Africa: present situation and future needs. Br J Ophthalmol. 2001 Aug; 85(8):897-903 http://www.wipo.int/copyright/en/ performance/#size
Survey on the Status of Collective Management Organizations in ARIPO Member States, Vol. 1
World Health Organization
http://www.aho.afro.who.int/profiles_information/index. php/Liberia:Analytical_summary_-_Non-communicable_ diseases_and_conditions
WIPO Intellectual Property Handbook: Policy, Law and Use WIPO 2004
Second Edition
WIPO website
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