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The Future of Refrigerants
Steve KujakASHRAE Distinguished Service Member
Director - Next Generation Refrigerant Research
Oct 8, 2019
My HVACR Background
27+ Years Working on Refrigerants From CFC to HFCs and Now into the Future
Publications & Patentso 40+ publication on next generation refrigerants
o 17 patents
ASHRAE Experienceso ASHRAE National
− Standard 34 – Toxicity Chair (10 years), Vice Chair - Main Committee
− ASHRAE Research Administration Committee (RAC)
− Technical Committee 3.1 Refrigerants and Coolants – Past Chair
− Technical Committees 3.2, 3.3 and 3.4
− MTG Low GWP Committee
− Distinguish Member
− Crosby Field Award “Highest Rated Technical Paper Presentation”
− 2 Time George Briley “ASHRAE Journal Best Refrigeration Article” award winner
o ASHRAE Regional & Local− Region VI Refrigeration Chair
− La Crosse Chapter Refrigeration and Sustainability Chair
Industry Experienceso AHRI Standard 700 – Specifications for Refrigerants
o AHRI Flammability Research Committee
o Various ISO Standards (817, 5149)
Background Materials To Supplement Todays Discussion
ASHRAE Journal
May 2017ASHRAE Journal
May 2018
Refrigerant Options, Flammability & HFO Stability
• Message from Our Sponsor
• Impact of Refrigerants in our Daily Lives
• Global HFC Regulations – Why are we doing this?
• History of Refrigerants & Refrigerant Selection Challenges
• Refrigerant Safety Standards and Nomenclature
• Summary of 4th Gen Refrigerants
• Refrigerant Future
Refrigerant Discussion Agenda
R1234yf
A2L GWP <1 R1233zd(E)
A1 GWP 1
Ultra Low GWP (<10 GWP) Refrigerants in the HVACR Market Place Today
R514A
B1 GWP<2
Azeotropic
HFO
HCO
HFOHCFO
First, A Message From Our
Sponsor
Putting the “R” Back in ASHRAE
Goal: Creating More Emphasis on Pirates in ASHRAE “RRRRRR”
• Members had expressed a lack of focus on refrigeration and refrigerants.
• Board initiated a study to identify the gaps and issues in 2018-2019
- Trent Hunt led investigation and recommendations.
• Results
- new “Refrigeration Portal” on the ASHRAE website:
https://www.ashrae.org/technical-resources/refrigeration
- Specific PAOE points for refrigeration topics/items at the chapter level
Include forming a refrigeration committee
Refrigeration and refrigerant speakers/topics at chapter events
Offsite visits to refrigeration facilities
Societal Impact of Refrigerant
1930’s-CFC’s Introduced Today
• Food preservation & Security
• Grown & distributed locally and used quickly
• Limited long term storage, distribution and
freshness of foods done, mainly industrial scale
• Spoilage high
• Restricted ability to move without spoilage
• Productivity- Night work during hot periods
• Health - Deaths from heat waves and food spoilage
• Populations – Restricted in movement or expansion
to hot climates
• Food preservation & Security
• Global movement of fresh foods
• Long term storage and freshness preserved
through deep frozen conditions Spoilage
significantly reduced
• Productivity- unrestricted and optimized
• Health – Limited deaths from heat waves and from
food spoilage
• Populations – Large movements of population to
warmer climates, population expansions
Arcadia, WI
1942
My Dad
This is
Rover ~70 yrs
Refrigerant Innovations Have Enabled A Societal Transformation
This is Mikey
Cowboy
Cody
His
Grandson
The Cold/Cool/Heating/Insulation/Energy Storage-Generation Chain
Refrigerants Development Critical to Increased Societal Standard of Living
Innovation Continues: Key Drivers Continued Heating Electrification & GHGs
Super Frozen <-60ºFMedical, Biological Sushi Grade
Tuna, Blast FreezingR23, R508, Ethane
Deep Frozen -20 to -15ºFLong Term Food Preservation
& ProcessingR404A, R507A, R717
Deep Frozen -5 to 15ºFFood Preservation/Process
R404A, R507A, R717, R134a
Fresh 35 to 38ºFFood Preservation/Process
R404A, R134a, R717, RV’s R717/R718 Absorption
Insulation
R245fa, R134a,
Hydrocarbons,
R718
Banana’s 54-58ºF
A/C & Heating 60-75ºFR410A, R1234yf, R134a, R513A, R123, R514A,
R12333zd(E) Heat Pumps
Energy Storage
Making Ice
R134a, R513A
Higher Temp HPs or OCR R245fa
HFC Phasedown Regulations
Why are we Doing This?
Long Atmospheric Lives of Fluorocarbon Gases Magnify GWP Contributions
F-Gases Unregulated Would Contribute 0.5ºC Temperature Increase
1 lb of R134a Released Equal to 1300 lb of CO2 Emissions
o Refrigerants (HFCs and HCFCs) currently contribute 2%
o Left unchecked – will grown to 6% to 10%
o Not all gases have equal global warming potential with GWP based on CO2 = 1
o For example;
o Methane has GWP of 21 or 1 molecule of methane released can do the
global warming of 21 CO2 molecules
F-Gases Global Warming Impacts & How Are They Measured
2016 Montreal Protocol HFC Amendment Agreement Kigali Amendment - Global Transitions Based on GWP
20442040 204220322028 203020262022 202420202016 2018 20382034 2036 20482046
90%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
80%
93
63
45
31
2421
90
60
30
20
15
90
70
50
20
European Union
A2 Countries (Dev eloped)
A5 Countries (Group 2)Established Baseline Quantity
A5 Countries (Group 1)
90
80
70
15
2
1
Final Baseline Quantity = ~300 GWP Average
More Complex Than ODP Phase Out (Banned Chemicals)
This is a Phase Down (All Refrigerants Available for Use)
Expectations is <300 GWP Needed by Many Countries to Meet Goal
Today
Refrigerant History &
Selection Challenge
Balancing Key Factors for;
Direct Refrigerant GWP
Efficiency (Indirect GWP)
Safety
Transition Costs
Intellectual Property
Product Sustainability
Refrigerant Replacement Challenge
Minimal
Environmental
Impacts
(TFA)
Low
Emissions
(leaks)
Lowest
Indirect GWP
(efficiency)
De Minimis
ODP
Lowest
Direct GWP
Safety
Economic
Environmental
Social
Demands
Challenge: Selecting Refrigerants with Balance
Flammability Greatest Challenge for this Transition – Not in All Cases
History of HVAC&R Refrigerants
1st Generation“What Ever Worked”
3rd Generation“Ozone Protection”
Ozone Depletion
4th Generation“Global Warming”
GlobalWarming
1830’s – 1930’s 1930’s – 1990’s 1990’s – 2010’s 2010 - ??
• Limited applications
mainly industrial
• “Poor safety & cost”
• Innovation enabled
exponential societal
improvements
Preserved 2nd gen.
innovations, safety,
stability and efficiency
• Fewer choices
• Safety and design
challenges
• NH3
• CO2
• Various
Hydrocarbons
• H2O
• Sulfur Dioxide
• Methyl Chloride
(R40)
• NH3
• CFCs and HCFCs
o R11
o R12
o R22
o R502
• NH3
• HCFCs & HFCs
o R22
o R123
o R134a
o R410A
o R404A
o Many Blends
• NH3
• Low GWP HFCs & HFOs
o R1233zd(E)
o R1234yf & R1234ze(E)
o HFC/HFO blends
• Renewed “Natural”
interest
o CO2
o Hydrocarbons
2nd Generation“Safety and Stability”
Thomas Midgley
Societal Demands Continue to Drive Refrigerant Innovations
1st Generation HVAC&R Refrigerants – Whatever Works Making ICE
1st Generation“What Ever Worked”
1830s-1930s
• Limited applications
mainly industrial
• “Poor safety & cost”
• NH3
• CO2
• Various
Hydrocarbons
• H2O
• Sulfur Dioxide
• Methyl Chloride
(R40)
Gases from Developing Industrial Processes
Flammable, Toxic or Extreme High Pressure
Ferdinand Carre’s Ice Making Device
Fully Natural
Ice Harvesting
Frederic Tudor1806
Vapor Compression
1856
James Harrison
Ether, Ammonia
Later SO2, R40, HCs,
CO2 Whatever Could be Found
2nd Generation HVAC&R Refrigerants – 1 Carbon
• Innovation enabled
exponential societal
improvements
• NH3
• CFCs and HCFCs
o R11
o R12
o R22
o R502
2nd Generation“Safety and Stability”
1930’s-1990’s
Thomas Midgley
Nonflammable & Low Toxicity – Enabled Exponential Societal Opportunities
CFCs
HCFCs
R-12
2nd Generation HVAC&R Refrigerants – 2 Carbons
• Innovation enabled
exponential societal
improvements
• NH3
• CFCs and HCFCs
o R11
o R12
o R22
o R502
2nd Generation“Safety and Stability”
1930’s-1990’s
Thomas Midgley
Nonflammable & Low Toxicity – Enabled Exponential Societal Opportunities
CFCs
HCFCs
R-123
Many Azeotropes
R502, R508
o Numbering - Right to Lefto (E) or (Z) stereoisomerism differences (opposite side, E, same side, Z)
o Letter (lower case)molecular balance designation or carbon substitution or stereo isomeric diferences
o number of fluorine's
o one more than number of hydrogen
o one less than number of carbons
o number of double bonds
o Calculate remaining bonds available – these indicate the number chlorines or others
o R-400 series zeotropic refrigerant blends
o R-500 series azeotropic refrigerant blendso 400 & 500 series use capital letters to designate different blends using same refrigerants, i.e. R407A,
R407C
o R-600 series miscellaneous hydrocarbons – R600a Isobutane
o R-700 series inorganics, based on molecular weight, like CO2 is R744
Refrigerant Nomenclature Quick Overview
Nomenclature Developed As An Is Easier Way To Communicate
R-134 R-134a
R-32 (50%) R-125 (50%) R-410A
R-1233zd (E)
3rd Generation HVAC&R Refrigerants – Ozone Depletion – Fluorine Only
3rd Generation“Ozone
Protection”1990s-2030s
Ozone Depletion
Preserved 2nd gen.
innovations, safety,
stability and
efficiency
• NH3
• HCFCs & HFCs
o R22
o R123
o R134a
o R410A
o R404A
o Many Blends
Societal Environmental Protection Demanded Changes – Safety Preserved
R-134a
Solution Becoming More
Complex
Limited Azeotropes
Zeotropes Used for First Time
R404A, R410A, R407C
Need to Expand the Chemistry
to 3 Carbon Molecules
3rd Generation HVAC&R Refrigerants – 3 Carbon – Fluorine Only
3rd Generation“Ozone
Protection”1990s-2030s
Ozone Depletion
Preserved 2nd gen.
innovations, safety,
stability and
efficiency
• NH3
• HCFCs & HFCs
o R22
o R123
o R134a
o R410A
o R404A
o Many Blends
Societal Environmental Protection Demanded Changes – Safety Preserved
R-245fa
Longer Carbon Chains
Reduces Candidates for
Higher Pressure
Refrigerants
3rd Generation HVAC&R Refrigerants – 4 Carbon – Fluorine Only
3rd Generation“Ozone
Protection”1990s-2030s
Ozone Depletion
Preserved 2nd gen.
innovations, safety,
stability and
efficiency
• NH3
• HCFCs & HFCs
o R22
o R123
o R134a
o R410A
o R404A
o Many Blends
1 Refrigerant in Production – Foam Blowing Agent
R-365mfc
Flammable
GWP - 804
4th Gen HVAC&R Refrigerants – Global Warming w Energy & Efficiency
4th Generation“Global Warming”
2010 - ??
GlobalWarming
• Fewer choices
• Safety and design
challenges
• NH3
• Low GWP HFCs & HFOs
o R1233zd(E)
o R1234yf & R1234ze(E)
o HFC/HFO blends
• Renewed “Natural”
interest
o CO2
o Hydrocarbons
Societal Environmental Protection Demanded Changes – Safety Preserved??
Whole Chemistry Playbook is Back!
As Well as a New Look at Older
Refrigerants “Naturals” – Ammonia, CO2,
Hydrocarbons
Expanding Operating Maps – Heat
Recovery & Heat Pumping
Short Atmospheric Life is the Key
R1234ze(E)
A2L GWP <1
4th Gen HVAC&R Refrigerants – Global Warming
4th Generation“Global Warming”
2010 - ??
GlobalWarming
• Fewer choices
• Safety and design
challenges
• NH3
• Low GWP HFCs & HFOs
o R1233zd(E)
o R1234yf & R1234ze(E)
o HFC/HFO blends
• Renewed “Natural”
interest
o CO2
o Hydrocarbons
Double Bonds React in Days and Reduce GWP to Fraction of Previous Gens
Introduce atmospheric reactive elements or bonding
o Elements and bonding include
More Hydrogens (e.g. less Fluorine)
C=C Double bonds (unsaturations or olefins)
Weaker Carbon-Halogen Bonds (bromine or iodine)
Oxygen (ethers and ketone)
HFOR245fa
A1 GWP 1030
Olefin (double bond) F-Gases Atmospheric Life
R11 GWP = 4,800
R12 11,900
R22 1810
R134a 1430
4th Gen HVAC&R Refrigerants – Global Warming – 2 Carbon
4th Generation“Global Warming”
2010 - ??
GlobalWarming
• Fewer choices
• Safety and design
challenges
• NH3
• Low GWP HFCs & HFOs
o R1233zd(E)
o R1234yf & R1234ze(E)
o HFC/HFO blends
• Renewed “Natural”
interest
o CO2
o Hydrocarbons
2 Carbon Haloolefins Been Around for 70+ Years & Most in Industrial Production
CFOs
HCFOs 2 Carbon Olefins Just
Beginning to be looked at
for HVACR Refrigerants
Issues
Chemical Stability &
Flammability
CFOs
HCFOs
4th Gen HVAC&R Refrigerants – Global Warming – 3 Carbon
4th Generation“Global Warming”
2010 - ??
GlobalWarming
• Fewer choices
• Safety and design
challenges
• NH3
• Low GWP HFCs & HFOs
o R1233zd(E)
o R1234yf & R1234ze(E)
o HFC/HFO blends
• Renewed “Natural”
interest
o CO2
o Hydrocarbons
Only Interested In Corner with CF3 Building Block
Easier to Manufacturer - Toxicity Profiles Are Better than CClF2 & CCl2F
R1233zd(E)
A1 GWP 1
HCFO
Refrigerant Safety
Standards & Nomenclature
• ASHRAE Standard 34 “Designation & Safety Classification of Refrigerants”
- New ISO Standard 817 nearly mirrors Std 34.
- Current proposal is to co-label and use 1 standard
• Standard Purpose
- Designation
Identify all types of refrigerants short hand
- R-123 instead of
- 2,2 dichloro-1,1,1-trifluoroethane
- Safety
Flammability classification
Toxicity classification
- Both used by ASHRAE Standard 15
Refrigerant Designation & Safety Classifications
Standard 34
Industry Leading Standard To Identify Refrigerants & Their Safety
o Numbering - Right to Lefto (E) or (Z) stereoisomerism differences (opposite side, E, same side, Z)
o Letter (lower case)molecular balance designation or carbon substitution or stereo isomeric diferences
o number of fluorine's
o one more than number of hydrogen
o one less than number of carbons
o number of double bonds
o Calculate remaining bonds available – these indicate the number chlorines or others
o R-400 series zeotropic refrigerant blends
o R-500 series azeotropic refrigerant blendso 400 & 500 series use capital letters to designate different blends using same refrigerants, i.e. R407A,
R407C
o R-600 series miscellaneous hydrocarbons – R600a Isobutane
o R-700 series inorganics, based on molecular weight, like CO2 is R744
Refrigerant Nomenclature Overview
Nomenclature Developed As An Is Easier Way To Communicate
R-134 R-134a
R-32 (50%) R-125 (50%) R-410A
R-1233zd (E)
Refrigerant Nomenclature Example for 3 Carbon HFOs
Nomenclature Can Be Quite Complex
R1234yf
1 – Double bond
2 – Carbon (2 is 1 less than the number of carbons)
3 – Hydrogens (3 is 1 more than the number of hydrogens)
4 – Fluorine's
y – Fluorine on the central carbon
f – CH2 off the double bonded carbon
No chlorines – no remaining bonds (6 total)
1 – Double bond
2 – Carbon (2 is 1 less than the number of carbons)
3 – Hydrogens (3 is 1 more than the number of hydrogens)
3 – Fluorine
z – Hydrogen on the central carbon
d – CHCl off the double bonded carbon
1 - Chlorine – 1 remaining bond (6 total)
(E) – hydrogens on opposite side
R-1233zd (E)
Refrigerant Nomenclature Example for Stereoisomer
R-1233zd (Z)
Other Refrigerant Nomenclature
HFC-32
F
F H
H
HCFC-22
Cl
Cl H
F
CFC-11
Cl
Cl Cl
F
HFO’s Hydrofluoroolefin’s
HFC’s Hydrofluorocarbons
HCFC’s Hydrochlorofluorocarbons
CFC’s Chlorofluorocarbons
Past,
Ye
ste
rday,
To
day,
Fu
ture
?
R can be replaced with CFC, HCFC or HFC depending on the chemistry
HFOs or HCFOs are also designated as unsaturated HFCs or HCFCs
HFO-1234ze(E)
Numerous Ways of Referring to Refrigerants
Also There are Trade Names
Toxicity & Flammability Safety Refrigerant Safety Classifications ASHRAE 34/ISO817
Toxicityo Chronic exposure safety limit
o > or = to 400 ppm dividing line
o Class A, most refrigerants, like R-134a
o Class B, R123 and ammonia are examples
Flammabilityo Class 1, non-flammable most refrigerants used today
o Class 2L, <10 cm/sec burning velocity, most HFO’s, R32
o Class 2, more flammable, R152a
o Class 3, most flammable, like propane
Flammable Refrigerants : Many Technology Choices & Limitations
Industry Research : Flammable is Flammable, Not Specific Limits
4th Generation Refrigerants
Tool Box of <10 GWP Next Generation Refrigerants
R1233zd(E)
A1 GWP 1
R1234ze(E)
A2L GWP <1
R1224yd(Z)
A1 GWP 1
R1234yf
A2L GWP <1
R1336mzz(E)
A1 GWP <6
R1132a
A2 GWP <1
R1123
A2L GWP <1
6 New Molecules/9 Older Molecules - HFOs, HCFOs, HCOs, IFC, CO2, NH3, HCs
Many Blends Possibilities to Optimize PropertiesR514A (HCO/HFO Blend) is an Azeotrope – No Change in Blend Composition if Leaked
R514A
B1 GWP<2Azeotropic
R13I1
A1 GWP <1 Along withCO2 (R744) – A1
Ammonia (R717) – B2LHydrocarbons (R290, R600, R600a) – A3
Refrigerant Alternatives - Flammability vs GWP
R123 & R245fa Alternatives - <10 GWP Nonflammable Candidate Available
R134a Alternatives – 300-600 GWP Nonflammable Candidate Available
R410A Alternatives – ~700 GWP Nonflammable Candidate Under Consideration – Rest A2L
R123 Like
R134a Like
R404A Like
R410A Like
Current In Use Ultra (<10 GWP) Low GWP Refrigerants
R1234yf
A2L GWP <1
R1233zd(E)
A1 GWP 1
R1234ze(E)
A2L GWP <1
R514A
B1 GWP<2
Azeotropic
Ultra Low GWP (<10 GWP) Refrigerants in the Market Place Today
Long Term Solutions
HFO
HCO
HFO
HFOHCFO
R1234yf used in car AC’s
R514A & ZD in Chillers
R1336mzz(Z), ZD & ZE foams, solvents
Low Pressure Alternatives R123 and R245fa Replacements
Alternatives Attributes• Most Low GWP (<10)
• Non-flammable
• Good efficiency
• Near design compatible
alternatives available
- Near R123 and R245fa capacities
• All with no glide
• Issues: none
A1
A1
B1
B1
A1 New
A1
R1233zd(E), R514A and R1224yd(Z) – Good Choices Nonflammable, GWP <2, High Efficiency
All These Candidates Considered “Final Solutions”
R514A & R1233zd(E) Products Available in Market Place. R1224yd(Z) Starting Emerge
Alternatives Attributes• Flammability
- GWP 300-600 nonflammable
- GWP <150 flammable
• Good to ok efficiency
• Near design compatible alternatives available
- Near R134a capacity (R513A & R516A)
- R1234ze(E) = -25% capacity
• All with no glide (azeotropes)
• Issues: Lower superheat than R134a
R513A (nonflammable) and R1234ze(E) Good Choices
R516A (<150 GWP, A2L) Good Future R513A Alternative
R513A, ZE and YF (not preferred – low COP) Products Available In Market Place
Medium Pressure Alternatives R134a Replacements
High Pressure Alternatives R404A Replacements
Alternatives Attributes• Flammability
- R452A, R448A, R449A, R407’s (Nonflams)
- R454A, R454C, R455A leading flams
- R600a, R290, leading hydrocarbons
• Efficiency - equal or most greater
• Design compatible alternatives available
- R452A wide spread use in Transport
• All with moderate glide or high glide
- Most are R407C like (5 to 12K)
• Issues: High glide, high CDT, <150 GWP
lower capacity, all flammable
• No low glide blends for low temperature
refrigeration chillers
Innovation Still Needed and Underway
<150 GWP Possible - Tradeoffs
No Low Glide Options
R-134a Like
Current Tool Box of Low to Moderate Nonflammable GWP NGRs
Many Blends Possible – Most Zoetrope's, A Few Azeotrope’s
R513A, R448A, R449A, R452A In Use in USA
R1234yf
A2L GWP <1
R513A
A1 GWP 572
Azeotropic
R134a
A1 GWP 1300
R32
A2L GWP 675
R125
A1 GWP 3170
R134a
A1 GWP 1300
R1234yf
A2L GWP <1
R1234ze(E)
A2L GWP <1
R452A
A1 GWP 1945
R449A
A1 GWP 1296R448A
A1 GWP 1273R513A in Chillers
Rest R404A Replacements
High Pressure Alternatives R410A Replacements
Alternatives Attributes• Flammability
- R32, R452B, R454B & C are all 2L
- R466A first nonflammable that meets first phase down step
of <750 GWP regulatory requirements
• Efficiency - equal or greater
• Near design compatible alternatives available
- R466A (Nonflammable), R32, R454B, R452B
• Many with glide
- Most R410A like with low glide (0 to <2K)
- R454C is R407C like (5 to 6K)
• Issues: No <150 to 300 GWP “R410A Like” Candidates
• Issues: <300 GWP “R404A Like”, but with high glide/CDT
R1123
Innovation Still Needed and Underway to Achieve <300 for All Products
R-404A Like
Refrigerant Future
Market Trends & Alternatives
• Overall Market Trends
- Centrifugal and screw chillers with new ultra low HFOs or lower HFC/HFO
blend refrigerants are now globally available.
- Scroll chillers using lower GWP HFC/HFO blends starting to emerge
- Flammability standards and codes update limiting wide spread flammable
refrigerant adoption in these products
• R123 & R245fa Alternatives (<10 GWP)
- R514A (GWP <2) and R1233zd (GWP 1) products available globally.
- Both considered “Long Term Solutions”
• R134a Alternatives (<750 GWP)
- R513A (GWP 603) chiller products available globally. “Interim”
- R1234ze (GWP <1) (EU) and R1234yf (GWP <1) (EU) chiller products
available regionally. R1234ze(E) considered “Long Term Solution”
- Better “ultra low GWP” solutions still needed to cover all customer needs
Global adoption of Ultra Low GWP (<10 GWP) Nonflammable Refrigerant
Adoption Occurring Without Direct Regulatory GWP Limits in Place
Market Trends & Alternatives
• R404A Alternatives
- Interim GWP Solutions (GWP >1300 to <2100)
R407A and R407H, HFC only technology
R452A “design compatible” GWP around 2000
R448A, R449A, R407H GWP around 1400, in markets (EU, APR, NAR).
Issues: capacity, glide, CDT.
- Long term Solutions (<150 to <300 GWP)
R454A, R454C leading candidates, but capacity, glide and CDT issues
No low glide blends for low temperature refrigeration chillers
R290, R600a widely adopted in portable, low charge products
R744 innovation continues, adoption occurring in commercial systems
and some adoption in Marine transport refrigeration and large industrial
refrigeration (new designs, high pressure, poor efficiency)
No Low Glide, Low GWP Solutions That Match R404A Performance
Market Fragmentation Occurring as a Result (R600A, R290, R744)
Market Trends & Alternatives
• R410A Alternatives
- Interim GWP Solutions (>300 to <750 GWP)
R32, GWP 675, being used for products in (EU, APR).
R454B, GWP 460 announced for global products
R466A, GWP 703, nonflammable, but still being vetted
- Long term Solutions (<150 to <300 GWP)
<300 GWP solutions still needed to meet MP’s final goals for R410A
Capacity and low glide are the challenges
Good Interim Solution Available – Opportunity for Non-Flammability (R466A)
Innovation Still Needed and Underway to Achieve <300 for All Products
