Environment & Refrigerants

7/25/2019 Environment & Refrigerants

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REFRIGERANTS AND

ENVIRONMENT


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MARPOL 73/78 Annexe VI contains Regulations for the

Prevention of Air Pollution from Ships. Divided into 3 chapters

Chapter I -eneral having ! Regulations "#-!$

Chapter II- Surve% Certification of &eans ofControl having ' Regulations "(-##$

Chapter III- Re)uirements for Control of

*mission from Ships having + Regulations "#,-#$


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MARPOL 73/78 Contd.

CAP/*R I

Regulation #-Applications Regulation ,- Definitions

Regulation 3- eneral *xceptions

Regulation !- *)uivalents


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MARPOL 73/78 Contd.

CAP/*R II Regulation (-Surve%s and Inspections

Regulation 0-Issue of International Air

Pollution Prevention Certificate Regulation '-Issue of Certificate 1%

another overnment.

Regulation +-2orm of Certificate


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MARPOL 73/78 Contd.

CAP/*R II Contd.

Regulation -Duration and Validit% of

Certificate

Regulation #-Port State Control on

operational re)uirements

Regulation ##-Detection of violations and

enforcement


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MARPOL 73/78 Contd.

CAP/*R III

Regulation #,- 45one DepletingSu1stances

Regulation #3- 6itrogen 4xides "64x$

Regulation #!- Sulphur 4xides "S4x$ Regulation #(-Volatile 4rganic

Compounds


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MARPOL 73/78 Contd.

CAP/*R III Contd.

Regulation #0- Ship1oard Incineration

Regulation #'-Reception 2acilities

Regulation #+- 2uel 4il 7ualit%

Regulation #- Re)uirements forplatforms and drilling rigs


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MARPOL 73/78 Contd.

Regulation #, deals 8ith 45one Depleting

Su1stances

Definition9 45one Depleting Su1stances

means controlled su1stances defined in

Paragraph ! of article # of the &ontreal

Protocol on Su1stances that Deplete the

45one :a%er; #+'.


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MARPOL 73/78 Contd.

Definition Contd.

/he follo8ing alons are listed alon #,##


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MARPOL 73/78 Contd.Definition Contd.

/he follo8ing Refrigerants are listed

C2C-## /richlorofluouromethane

C2C-#, Dichlorodifluouromethane

C2C-##3 #;#;,-/richloro-#;,;,-trifluoroethane

C2C-##! #;,-Dichloro-#;#;,;,-tetrafluoroethane

C2C-##( Chloropentafluoroethane


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MARPOL 73/78 Contd.Regulation #, is a1out 45one Depleting Su1stances

Su1>ect to the provisions of Regulation 3; an%deli1erate emissions of o5one depleting su1stances

shall 1e prohi1ited.

Deli1erate emissions include emissions in the course

of maintaining; servicing; repairing or disposing ofs%stems or e)uipment except that deli1erate

emissions do not include minimal releases associated

8ith the recapture or rec%cling of an 4DS.


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MARPOL 73/78 Contd.Regulation #, Contd.

*missions arising from lea=age of an 4DS;

8hether or not the lea=s are deli1erate; ma% 1eregulated 1% Parties to the Protocol of #'.

6e8 installations 8hich contain 4DSs shall 1e

prohi1ited on all ships; except that ne8

installations containing h%drochlorofluoro

car1ons "C2Cs$ are permitted until # ?anuar%

,,.


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MARPOL 73/78 Contd.

Regulation #, Contd.

/he su1stances referred to in thisregulation and e)uipments

containing such su1stances; shall 1e

delivered to appropriate receptionfacilities 8hen removed from ships.


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WHAT ARE THE VARIOUS

SUBSTANCES THAT CAN

CAUSE OZONE DEPLETION

C2Cs and C2Cs used in follo8ing

applications9

Air Conditioning 2ire fighting

Refrigeration Adhesives

Pesticides Aerosols

Plastic 2oams Chemical feedstoc= etc.

Solvents


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VARIOUS

REFRIGERANTS C2Cs- R-#,;R-##; R-##3; R-##!;

R-##( etc. C2Cs- R-,,; R-#,3; R-#,! etc.

2Cs- R-#3!a; R-#,(; R-#!+a;

R-#(,a etc.


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VARIOUS REFRIGERANTS

Contd. 2reon is Dupont@s trademar= for its

fluorocar1on refrigerants.

All Refrigerants have one Car1on

atom as their origin is from &ethane

"C!$ or *thane C,08here one or ,%drogen atoms have 1een replaced

8ith Chlorine; 2luorine or


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Contd.&ethane Derived Refrigerants

R 6o. vi5. R-##; R-#,; R-,, etc.

2irst figure sho8s the num1er of

%drogen atoms plus one. Second figure

sho8s the num1er of 2luorine atoms.

/he total num1er of %drogen and other

replacement atoms should 1e !


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Contd.&ethane Derived Refrigerants Contd. R-##9 CCl32 C2C

R-#39 CCl23 C2C

R-,,9 CCl2, C2C

R-#,9CCl,2,Dichlorodifluoro&ethane C2C

R ##39 CCl,2CCl2,

R (#9&ixture '(B-R,, and ,(B-R#, R (,9&ixture '(B-R#, and ,(B-R,,


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Contd.*thane Derived Refrigerants

R 6o9 vi5. R ##3; R ##!; R ##( etc.

2irst 2igure sho8s num1er of

Car1on atoms minus #

Second figure sho8s num1er of

%drogen atoms plus # /hird figure

sho8s num1er of 2luorine atoms.


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Contd.*thane Derived Refrigerants Contd. R-##3- #;#;, /richloro #;,;, /rifluoro ethane

R-##!- #;, Dichloro #;#;,;,

/etrafluoroethane R-##(- Chloropentafluoroethane

R-#3!a C,,2! /etra 2luoro *thane "a

stands for isomer- same chemical composition1ut different atomic arrangement$


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!E" REFRIGERANT

CHARACTERISTICS

AFFECTING

ENVIRONMENT

45one Depletion Potential 4DP lo1al arming Potential P

Chlorine leading Potential Atmospheric :ife "%ears$


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MONTREAL PROTOCOL

Signed on Septem1er #0; #+' under the

auspecies of I&4.

See=s to inhi1it production; consumption

and trade of o5one depleting compounds.

Also distinguishes 1et8een developed

countries 8ith higher consumption and

developing countries 8ith lo8er countries.


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UNEP CONFERENCE

Dated ,( 6ovem1er #,.

6e8 C2Cs 8ill 1e stopped production

after #( and 2Cs after ,,.


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ENVIRONMENT

Definition

/he conditions andinfluences of the place in 8hich

an organism lives.

In la%man@s terms; it is =no8n asSurroundings.


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ECOLOG"

Definition

/he Stud% ofrelationship 1et8een living

organisms and their

*nvironment.


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ATMOSPHERE

Definition

/he la%er of gas surrounding

a planet or a star.

*arth@s Atmosphere Composition4x%gen9 ,#B 6itrogen9 '+B

C4,; ,; Argon and other ases9 #B


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ATMOSPHERE Contd.*arth@s Atmosphere consists of the follo8ing la%ers

/R4SP*R* Closest to *arth@s surface upto #!=ms height S/RA/4SP*R* upto !! =m

height I464SP*R* consisting of

&*S4SP*R* upto + =m height and

/*R&4SP*R* a1ove + =m height

*ach of these la%ers is seperated 1% /R4P4PAS*;

S/RA/4PAS*;A6D &*S4PAS* respectivel%.

OZONE


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OZONE 2ormed 1% the action of ltra Violet :ight from the

sun on 4x%gen in the atmosphere.


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4E46* :AF*R Present in Stratosphere at heights ## =m to (

=m a1ove *arth@s surface. Stratosphere

temperature ranges from -(0 deg C to -, deg C.

&ost concentrated at height of ,, =m.

ighest concentration of a1out # ppm. It accounts for less than one-millionth part of

*arth@s Atmosphere.


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OZONE LA"ER Contd.

/he o5one la%er is not constantl% thic= all over

the earth@s surface.

45one &olecules are formed over the tropicsand are delivered along 8ith the chlorine to the

Arctic and Antarctic 8ith atmospheric &otion.

A circulation pattern called Antarctic and

Acrtic Polar Vortex traps the o5one near the

poles for several months.


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OZONE LA"ER Contd.

I&P4R/A6C* 42 4E46* :AF*R It a1sor1s the V-< ra%s 8hile allo8ing the heat

generating infra-red ra%s to reach the earth.

/his heat is life-sustaining on the planet

=eeeping the temperatures of planet at desiredlevels.

It influences the 8eather 1% sta1ili5ing the

stratosphere 8hich acts as a cap to the tur1ulent

8eather s%stem in the troposphere.


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FORMATION OF OZONE

LA"ER ltra Violet Radiation 1elo8 # nm is removed1efore it reaches Stratosphere 1% atmospheric

nitrogen and ox%gen.

V Radiation 1et8een # nm and 3! nm isremoved in Stratosphere 1% the reaction 4,G hV

H 4 G 4

/here is continuous c%clic formation and

destruction of o5one due to foll9 reactions 4 G4 H43 G &J 43 G hV H 43 G 4 43 G 4, H , 4,


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FORMATION OF OZONE

LA"ER Contd.

/he a1sorption of VRadiation in Stratosphere

prevents virtuall% all radiation 1elo8 , nm andmostl% 1et8een , nm and 3, nm from reaching

the earth.

A1ove the Stratosphere; the densit% of gases is so lo8

that 4, atoms rarel% find other molecules to collide8ithJ so o5one is not found in a1undance.


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DEPLETION OF OZONE

LA"ER Contd.Process

Chlorine in Stratosphere 1ecomes trapped

in so called reservoir compounds such as

%drogen Chloride and Chlorine 6itrate

8hich themselves do not destro% 45one.

4nce Stratosphere 1ecomes cold enough to

free5e closed particles; ice cr%stals provide

surfaces on 8hich reactions can occur.


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DEPLETION OF OZONE

LA"ER Contd.Process Contd.

Chlorine 6itrate Cl464,reacts 8ith

%drochloric Acid present on ice surface;

producing molecular chlorine and 6itric Acid.

6itric Acid remains 1onded to the ice andmolecular Chlorine is )uic=l% 1ro=en do8n into

Atomic Chlorine 8hich reacts 8ith 45one

destro%ing it through production of chlorine

&onoxide and &olecular 4x%gen.


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DEPLETION OF OZONE

LA"ER Contd.

Process Contd.

Chlorine &onoxide undergoes further

reactions that reform a chlorine atom 8hichis free to destro% another 45one molecule.

/he 45one depleted is transported from the

polar regions to lo8er latitudes through8ind in the late spring 8hen antarctic

Vortex 1rea=s up.


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DEPLETION OF OZONE

LA"ER Contd.

Process Contd.

45one depletion process is accelerated

during presence of sunlight and lo8

temperatures.


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DEPLETION OF OZONE

LA"ER Contd.here does the Chlorine come fromK

C2Cs are one particular class of Refrigerants and

2ire *xtinguishing &ediums containing Chlorine and2luorine Atoms. *x. R-#,; R-##.

/he% are chemicall% ver% sta1le and remain

unchanged in the lo8er atmospheric la%er

"/roposphere$. pon reaching Stratosphere; the% encounter high

energ% ltra Violet light 8hich 1rea=s them releasing

Chlorine atoms.


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DEPLETION OF OZONE

LA"ER Contd.

Chlorine :evels in Stratosphere

#' - #., parts per 1illion

#+( - 3. parts per 1illion

,( pro>ected - +., parts per 1illion

# Chlorine Atom can destro% upto #

o5one molecules 1efore the chemicalprocesses remove the Chlorine from the

Atmosphere.


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DEPLETION OF OZONE

LA"ER Contd.

45one ole =eeps forming over

Antarctica during certain months of the

%ear.

/he lo8est o5one levels 8ere recorded

over South Pole in the first , 8ee=s of

4cto1er #+'.

DEPLETION OF OZONE


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DEPLETION OF OZONE

LA"ER Contd.hat happens if the atmospheric 45one :a%er gets

depletedK

ltra Violet ra%s from sunlight can reach the *arth

can damage human immune s%stem; can cause

cataracts; increase incidence of s=in cancer.

*ver% #B depletion of Stratospheric 45one; results

in ,B rise in s=in cancer.

In SA; 3 to ! ne8 cases of s=in

cancer are reported ever% %ear.


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DEPLETION OF OZONE

LA"ER Contd.

*ffects on Plants9 Reduced leaf si5e;

stunted gro8th; poor seed )ualit%;

suscepti1ilit% to 8eeds; disease and pests.

&arine 2ood Chain can 1e =illed 8ith

significant V Radiation.

:esser amounts of V Radiation causes

slo8do8n of Photos%nthesis.


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OBLIGATIONS OF MARINE

FRATERNIT" Do not vent out C2Cs and C2Cs into the

atmosphere.

se C2C to 2C conversion =its that are

availa1le for existing e)uipment. hen ordering for ne8 *)uipment &achiner%

for Refrigeration and Air Conditioning; ensure

to use onl% 2C Refrigerant 1ased &achiner%.

*ducate and /rain the floating staff regarding

the importance of these steps.


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Reefer Cargo Temperature Log

M/V ___________________________ VOY NO. __________

SAILED PORT ___________________ ON : ____________ ARRIVED PORT ___________________ ON : ____________

Note :All temperatures to be entered in Degrees Celsius

DATE

TIME

HOLD NO

A DEC

Pu!p temp

Co"

Hum#$#t%

& DEC

Pu!p temp

Co"

Hum#$#t%

C DEC

Pu!p temp

Co"

Hum#$#t%

D DEC

Pu!p temp

Co"

Hum#$#t%

E DEC

Pu!p temp

Co"

Hum#$#t%


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Environment & Refrigerants