The Future of Automobiles:Rolling Out the Next Generation of

Advanced Vehicles

Thomas J. GrossOffice of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy

U.S. Department of Energy

May 17, 2001World Environment Center Colloquium

Washington, DC

2

U.S. Transportation Uses More Oil Than Is Produced Domestically

1990 2000 2010 2020 325 384 455 507

Highway Carbon Emissions(million metric tons)

Source: Transportation Energy Data Book: Edition 19, DOE/ORNL-6958, September 1999, and EIA Annual Energy Outlook 2000, DOE/EIA-0383(2000), December 1999

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020

Mill

ions

of B

arre

ls p

er D

ay Domestic Oil ProductionHeavy Trucks

Automobiles

Light Trucks

Pass

enge

r Veh

icle

s

Actual Projected

Com

mer

cial

Ve

hicl

es

3

Closing the Oil Gap

Increase the Supply of Oil AND

Reduce the Demand for Oil• Improve the Fuel Economy of Vehicles

(& other Oil Using Equipment)• Replace Oil with Alternative Fuels

(& Feedstocks)• Reduce the Amount of Travel

(& other Behavioral Changes)

4

US AMP

Partnerships Are Key to Success

USABCGovernment-Industry 21st Century Truck Partnership

Bioenergy Initiative

5

PNGV: A Historic Collaboration Between Industry & Government

Technologies

Resources

Prioritized Needs

Resources

Technologies

Universities

Federal Labs

Suppliers

Small Business

TechnologiesCapabilities

Goal 2:Near-Term Vehicle

Improvements

Goal 3:Triple Fuel Efficiency

(up to 80 mpg)

DaimlerChrysler

Goal 1:Adv. Manufacturing

GMFord

USCARGovernment

(DOC Lead)Agencies

DOT

EPA

NSF

NASA

DOC

GovernmentIndustry

(PNGV)Partnership

DOD

DOE

PARTNERSHIP FOR A NEW GENERATION OF VEHICLES

6

Candidates for Development:• Hybrid Vehicles• Fuel Cells, Fuel Reformers• CIDI Engines, Turbines• Low Emissions Technologies• New Materials• Advanced Design Simulations• Efficient Electronics and

Electrical Devices• Advanced Batteries• Ultra-Capacitors and

Flywheels

ThreeConcept

Cars

1993

200420001997

Technology SelectionDecisions Completed

Three ProductionPrototype

Cars

PNGV Technology Milestones Completed on Schedule

Focu

s an

d A

ccel

erat

e

TechnologyConcept Vehicles

PARTNERSHIP FOR A NEW GENERATION OF VEHICLES

7

Technology Portfolio Continues to Evolve

Systems Development• Aerodynamics• Rolling Resistance – Tires• Accessory Loads – HVAC• Powertrain Configuration

– Parallel HEV– Series HEV

Engine/Power Sources• Advanced Heat Engines

– DI Engines– HCCI– VCR

• Combustion and Aftertreatment

– Lean NOx Catalyst– EGR– Traps

• Fuel Cell• Batteries

– NiMH Battery– Lithium Battery

• Pneumatic/Hydraulic Storage

• Power Electronics– Invertors/Controllers– Motors– Ultracapacitors –

Electric

Advanced Materials• Lightweight Materials

– Aluminum/Composite BIW– Composite BIW

• Propulsion Materials

Fuels Utilization• Gasoline• Diesel Fuels and Blends

(<30 ppm sulfur)• Natural Gas

• Methanol• Fischer-Tropsch• Dimethyl Ether

• Ethanol • Hydrogen

Most promising options

Other technologies

PARTNERSHIP FOR A NEW GENERATION OF VEHICLES

8

2000 PNGV Concept Vehicles

Ford Prodigy

GM Precept

DaimlerChrysler ESX3

• Body system weighs 46% less*• Efficient diesel engine, motor,

and battery projected at 72 mpg (gasoline equivalent)*

• Cost penalty halved to $7500

• Vehicle body weight reduced 45% *• World’s most energy efficient vehicle lighting system• Lowest drag coefficient ever recorded for a 5-p sedan• Dual-axle parallel hybrid achieves 79.6 mpg (gasoline

equivalent)

• Lightweight materials reduce vehicle body structure weight 50%*

• Integrated starter/alternator*• 33% reduction in aerodynamic

drag• Advanced diesel engine with

35% efficiency improvement projected to exceed 70 mpg (gasoline equivalent)*

• High-power battery *

*Government supported technologies

PARTNERSHIP FOR A NEW GENERATION OF VEHICLES

9

Many Research Facilities and Firms Are Working to Make PNGV a Success

19

5

79

8

1

10

6

1

22

34

31

4

1

1

217 35 343

13

15

13 4 10

9

251

965 30

12436

215

2

157

RI 2

3

1026

89

8 2

1

1

1,201 Projects at 622 Sites, including51 Universities and 21 Federal Labs in 47 States

2

10

DOE Support of PNGV Is Focusedon Long-Range, High-Risk R&D

2000 20082004

Res

earc

hVa

lidat

ion

Production

Production

PrototypeNext

Concept

Production

Vehicle Programs

Government & IndustryIndustry

Concept Cars

Goals 1 and 2

Goal 3:3X

Research

2012

Integration

DOE Support of PNGV

11

Difficult, but Surmountable, Research Challenges Remain to Achieve Very

High Fuel Economy

Hybrid Systems: Parallel configuration offers best option to meet 80 mpg. Series configuration may be used with fuel cells. Cost,

weight, and packaging remain as challenges. CIDI Engines: Mature technology with 44% efficiency, but Nox and

particulate emissions remain challenges. Fuel Cells: Lowest onboard emissions and potential for highest efficiency,

but cost, systems integration, and fueling infrastructure are major challenges.

Energy Storage: Considerable progress in developing high-power battery; focus now on cost and cycle life.

Power Electronics: Progress on cost, power-to-weight ratios, and efficiencies needed.

Light Materials: Significant weight reductions achieved. Major issues are cost, manufacturability, joining, recycling, and repair.

Fuels: Fuel impacts on infrastructure must be addressed. Thorough evaluation is needed of the effects of fuel composition and

physical properties on CIDI and fuel systems’ performance.

12

Technology Is Migrating into New U.S. Vehicles

• Hybrid-electric drives scheduled for:– Dodge Durango in 2003– Ford Escape in 2003– Chevrolet Silverado in 2004– and Ford Explorer in 2005

• 412 pounds of lightweight aluminum in the 2000 Lincoln LS

• Aluminum used for door, deck, and hood panels for Cadillac, Oldsmobile, and Chevrolet vehicles

• 50-pounds lighter composite pickup truck box on the 2001 Chevrolet Silverado

• Production of a new, lighter, recyclable thermoplastic hardtop for the Jeep Wrangler in 2001

13

Department of Defense

Department ofTransportation

Environmental Protection Agency

Allison TransmissionBAE SYSTEMS Controls CaterpillarCumminsDaimlerChryslerDetroit DieselEaton CorporationFreightliner

General MotorsHoneywellInternational Truck

and EngineMack TrucksNovaBUSOshkosh TruckPACCARVolvo Trucks North America

Industry Participants

DOE/EE/OTTHeavy Vehicle Technologies R&D

Army/TACOMNAC Military Vehicle R&D

Intelligent Vehicle and Highway Safety R&D

Vehicle Emissions Regulations

Department of Energy

D S

R

R

GE

21st Century Truck Partnership

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21st Century Truck PartnershipDeclaration of Intent

Develop production prototype vehicles that: Improve fuel efficiency, specifically, by 2010;

Double the Class 8 long-haul truck fuel efficiency*;Triple the Class 2b and 6 truck (delivery van) fuel efficiency*; andTriple the Class 8 transit bus fuel efficiency*;

Exceed expected emissions standards for 2010;Meet or exceed motor carrier safety goal of reducing

truck fatalities by half in ten years; andEnhance affordability, and maintain or enhance

performance.

* On a ton-mile per gallon basis

15

Many Federal Roles in PromotingAdvanced Vehicles

Area

• Research & Development• Demonstration• Deployment• Incentives & Funding• Regulation

Example

• PNGV• U.S. Postal Service• Energy Policy Act• TEA-21• Clean Air Act

16

Selected Transportation Policies

Policy Year Regulations &

Standards

Financial Incentives

Information

EPCA(CAFE)

1975

AMFA 1988

EPACT 1992

ISTEA &TEA-21

1991 & 1996

17

Selected Proposals to PromoteClean and Efficient Vehicles

Types of Incentives/Inducements

BillAFVSEVs

HybridsFuel Cells

FuelUse

StationsHOVLanes

Federal Agencies

S. 389Murkowski

S. 597Bingaman

S. 760Hatch

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Federal Agencies Can Have A Role

• Number of vehicles in the Federal fleet – 578,000

• Number of alternative fuel vehicles – 55,000

• Estimated annual purchases – 55,000 Sedans ~ 17,500 Light trucks, vans, SUVs ~ 22,500 Medium, heavy-duty vehicles ~ 15,000

• Average cost for Federal vehicles is low Compact sedans @ $12,000; light trucks @ $13,000

• Fleets are located all over the country, including rural areas

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Executive Order 13149April 2000

Goals and Requirements:– 20% Petroleum Reduction in Covered

Federal Fleets in FY 2005 Compared to FY

1999 Baseline

– Use of Alternative Fuel in AFVs by FY 2005

– Increased Average Fuel Economy of New Light Duty Vehicle Acquisitions

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In Summary

Federal role– Energy supply and demand are national issues– Federal efforts can support industry marketing

– Testing and evaluation; consumer education; Clean Cities– Federal agency demonstrations

Comprehensive program– Multiple market segments (e.g., light and heavy duty)– Multiple technology options and fuels

Coordination and partnership are criticalLong term commitment is necessary