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The French and Indian War and Colonial Tension. Unit 2, Lesson 1. Essential Idea. Following the French and Indian War, England’s policies caused the colonies to consider independence. French and Indian War. Causes: England and France had long fought for dominance in Europe - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Unit 2, Lesson 1
The French and Indian War and Colonial Tension
Following the French and Indian War, England’s policies caused the colonies to consider independence.
Essential Idea
Causes: England and France had long fought for
dominance in Europe Both countries also claimed land in
America England and France built forts and
began to fight over the Ohio River Valley
French and Indian War
The Albany CongressThe Albany Congress- In
1754, delegates (representatives) from seven colonies met in New York
Led by Benjamin Franklin, the delegates developed the Albany Plan of Union
This plan proposed the colonies unite and form a federal (central) government
Major Events
The colonies ultimately rejected the Albany PlanThe Albany Plan was important because it was the FIRST time
the colonies considered UNITING
Impact of Albany Plan
The French and some Indian tribes fought on one side, English (British) and colonists fought on the other
George Washington became a hero to the colonists for his courage during the war
England was able to win largely because its superior navy blocked supplies between France and “New France”
Spain eventually joined France, but England won the war in 1763
Fighting
The Treaty:Treaty of Paris (1763) Terms:The French and Indian
War (and Seven Years War) ended with England as the winner
France gave the eastern part of New France to England
To compensate Spain, France gave the western part of New France to Spain, including New Orleans
Treaty of Paris (1763)
Pontiac’s Rebellion:Colonists had crossed
the Appalachian Mountains to settle new land, encroaching on Indians
In 1763, Indian Chief Pontiac responded by leading attacks on British forts
Pontiac's RebellionBritish troops stopped
the rebellion, but wanted to prevent further conflict
Britain’s Colonial Policies Evolve
Salutary Neglect:Prior to the war,
England’s policy toward the colonies was largely hands-off (salutary neglect)
The French and Indian War made England take more control of the colonies, especially after Pontiac’s Rebellion
Continue Salutary Neglect?
England was in debt because of warEngland had new territory to govern and
protect with soldiers, which was expensiveEngland felt that the colonies should pay to
reduce English debt and pay for English soldiers
England’s new policies to solve its financial problems made colonists grow resentful and some considered independence
England Tightens Its Grip
“Round One”British Action:Proclamation of 1763-
King George III ordered no more colonial settlement west of the Appalachian Mountains
Colonial Response:Colonists were angry
because they wanted more land and many moved west anyway, ignoring the law
Proclamation of 1763
British Action:Sugar Act of 1764- this law taxed sugar and
molasses, mainly impacting merchantsMerchants caught smuggling were deemed
guilty until proven innocentColonial Reaction:Many felt England had no right to pass taxes if
colonies had no representatives in British Parliament
The phrase “no taxation without representation” became popular
The Sugar Act (1764)
British Action:Quartering Act-
required colonists to provide food and shelter to British soldiers
Colonial Reaction:Resentment grew,
forming the basis for the future 3rd Amendment to the US Constitution
Quartering Act (1765)
British Action:Stamp Act of 1765- this
act was the first DIRECT TAX on the colonists (not just merchants)
Almost all printed materials were taxed, including newspapers, posters, deeds, and even playing cards
The Stamp Act
The Stamp Act (1765)
Colonial Reactions: Vigilante groups like
the Sons of Liberty organized demonstrations and terrorized tax collectors
Colonial delegates formed the Stamp Act Congress and asked the king to repeal the law
Non-importation agreements- many colonists agreed to boycott British products
Stamp Act Opposed
British Action:Because of colonial protest and boycotts,
England repealed the Stamp ActDeclaratory Act- to save face, this law
declared England’s authority to makes laws for the colonies
Stamp Act Repealed
“Round Two”British Action:Townshend Acts- this
series of acts taxed items like tea, paper, and glass
Writs of Assistance- general warrants to search colonists’ property for smuggled goods
Violators were tried in admiralty courts where they were presumed guilty
Townshend Acts
Colonial Reaction:John Dickinson’s
“Letters From a Farmer in Pennsylvania” argued “no taxation without representation”
Samuel Adams distributed the “circular letter,” criticizing the Townshend Acts
Colonists resumed non-importation agreements
Colonists Protest Again
British Action:Britain dispatched 1,000
troops to Boston to keep order, where colonists heckled them
Boston Massacre- British soldiers fired on a heckling crowd of colonists, killing five
The Boston MassacreColonial Reaction:Radicals like Samuel Adams
used newspapers to portray England as oppressive tyrants
Colonists were furious, but tensions calmed when Britain repealed most of the Townshend Acts
The Boston Massacre
Paul Revere’s Version
1856 Bias?