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• The foundation of English liberty, and of all free government, is a right in the people to participate in their legislative council: and as the English colonists are not represented, and from their local and other circumstances, cannot properly be represented in the British parliament, they are entitled to a free and exclusive power of legislation in their several provincial legislatures, where their right of representation can alone be preserved, in all cases of taxation and internal polity, subject only to the negative of their sovereign, in such manner as has been heretofore used and accustomed:
• But, from the necessity of the case, and a regard to the mutual interest of both countries, we cheerfully consent to the operation of such acts of the British parliament, as are [bonafide], restrained to the regulation of our external commerce, for the purpose of securing the commercial advantages of the whole empire to the mother country, and the commercial benefits of its respective members; excluding every idea of taxation internal or external, for raising a revenue on the subjects, in America, without their consent.”
• What is the tone of this passage?
b. What do the members of the First Continental Congress want?
• April 19, 1775• Who shot first? What
was the first shot called?• Redcoats get past
Minutemen
• Patriots kill more Redcoats– Patriots
used what tactic that the Redcoats couldn’t handle?
b.Why is the battle of Lexington & Concord important?
a. Who was there? (~50-60 men…any names?)– They know about April 19, 1775
b. Three viewpoints (what do they want?)
Radicals ModeratesLoyalists
|-------------------------------|---------------------------------|
• Is there a “war” right now?• ________ vs _______?
• George III rejects it…–John Adams
& the British Navy
–Put your self in GB’s shoes… why else would you reject this petition for peace?
• It is November 1775
• Fighting going on since April 1775
• What date do we have to get to?
• What is missing in the colonies to get this Revolution moving?? Think about the “recipe”
• Writes Common Sense in Jan 1776
• Main Point of Common Sense?– Colonies should
separate from GB– Pep Talk for
separation
• Like the movie “Cinderella Man”– USA = James
Braddock• Underdog
– GB = Max Baer• Champion
• Just Like Cinderella Man
• Stage 1 – Underdog beats up the Champ…(?)
• Stage 2 – Champ takes fight seriously and beats up Underdog…
• Stage 3 – Underdog pulls out the upset
1. = North
2. = Middle
3. = “South”
a. Supplies/Guns–Solution?
b. Money–Solution?–Why not tax?
c. Soldiers…coordination–Solution?
• What will the USA have lots of after the war?
• Decent Experience, Average military mind, strong leader
• Good subordinates– Marquis de Lafayette (France)– Baron von Steuben (Prussia)– Charles Lee – Nathaniel Greene– Horatio Gates – Benedict Arnold
b. Many obstacles– Politicians in the way– Low morale– Poorly supplied– Plots to overthrow him…
• Timeline?• Opponents?
• Concord and Lexington in April 1775
• Fort Ticonderoga May 1775– Ethan Allen &
Benedict Arnold lead the victory• But who gets
the credit?
– Captured fort & got supplies
• Big plan that took all winter to accomplish
• Colonel Henry Knox – “The only way out of
trouble is through it”• Do we fire our
cannons?• March 17, 1776 is
Evacuation Day
Stage 1 Battles lead to…
1. What has happened up to this point in the war? Why are these men finally pushed to this new threshold? (Think Timeline)
2. Structure is simple
3. Who wrote it and why?
4. Who/WHAT influenced the document? (recipe analogy)
+ -
• Dunlap broadsides (200)
• Public readings took place the next few days
• Printed throughout the colonies
• GW read it to his army July 9
• Reactions by Americans?
42K bullets
• A cute marriage– Adams treated Abigail as
equal…unusual– Love and respect
• Wrote hundreds of letters to each other during their marriage
• Important exchange happens while John Adams is in the 2nd CC…
• Who makes the better argument?
• What did you hate about the last gov?– “Oppressive”– Strong central gov
in Parliament and King
• So reactively, what will you prefer?– Central gov?– Power should be
given to who/what?
• Central Gov?– Weak Continental Congress– Weak President of USA
• More Power where?– States
• Who runs the war?– Continental Congress
• USA’s 1st Draft– Flawed– But a natural reaction to
what existed before
a. Fall 1776 until early 1778b. Best time for GB to win…why?
– Traditional warfare will happen more– Huge #’s advantage– Send “Triumvirate of Reputation”
• Fall 1776 (bad loss)• Brooklyn Heights
– GW loses badly & trapped. Now where?
– Lucky GW!!!!!!!!!• Howe had GW on the
ropes!!!
• Battle of Manhattan– Fort Washington – ½ army captured – Molly Korbit fights
• White Plains
4. Battleof NYC
Two “old” friends face off
• USA has an advantage in this battle… (rare)
• Two battles– Freeman’s Farm (9/19)
• GB wins– Bemis Heights (10/7)
• USA wins
• Gates vs Arnold in between the battles
• Proud Burgoyne still fights knowing Howe won’t back him up (duh)
• Rules of Warfare…– Who will not follow them?– British Brigadier General
Simon Fraser (?)• Benedict Arnold = Hero
of the battle– Shot in the foot…horse
almost crushes him– “I’ve been shot in the
foot…I wish it were my heart!”
• Saratoga sends shockwaves through USA & Europe
• 1777-78…GW retreats to…– Valley Forge, PA– Howe in Philly and does not go for the kill again
What does GW need?
• June 28, 1778• GW vs Henry Clinton • One of GW’s
subordinates embarrasses himself – GW replaces an
insubordinate Lee and rides in FRONT!! (?)
• 100 degree heat = ???– Mary Hayes McCormick
• Biggest and Bloodiest battle of Rev War
11. Battle of Monmouth
Who wins?
• GW’s CinC job?• Charles Lee?• Philly retaken and GW gives it to someone he trusts…
1. Lost French & Indian War– Lost land and prestige– Very bitter…want
revenge
2. France prepares for payback (how?)– Rebuild the Army &
Navy…– If there is no war, what
else should you do?• Build Spy Network in
America and GB
• Colonists mad…– Over taxes– Want freedom…
• Maps of terrain• Population Growth (?)• Spies in GB give army
and navy updates
“That intriguing nation would like very well to meddle on occasion and blow up the coals between England and her colonies. But I hope we shall not give them the opportunity”
• USA plays both sides!!– GB and France– France gets news of
GB-USA talks– Franklin does not deny
the talks!!
• What does Franklin hope to achieve??– Scare France to
formally help– Thoughts?
• France realizes it will be at war no matter what!
• GB did send peace treaty– Return relationship to
before F&I War– Papers delayed by bad
weather• France’s Contribution?
• 1778-1781• Winner?
• Different people want different men in charge– GW?– Cont Congress?
• August 1780, Battle of Camden DISASTER– Horatio Gates = Moron &
Coward• Putrid tactics• Overconfident from
Saratoga• Flees the battle 200 miles!
• Gates replaced after Camden– Pol connections save him
a. Major Battles– Charleston, SC
• May, 1780• Massacre at
Waxhaws follows– Cowpens, SC
• Jan, 1781• Morgan’s
Masterpiece…– Guilford
Courthouse, NC• Mar, 1781• GB order to shoot
own men in the way
• GB relied on many Loyalists to fight to create a Civil War in the South
• How many Loyalists were willing to fight?– Too Few– Many afraid to fight
(why)– GB overestimated
that they would be welcomed by the people in the south…hmmmmm
• GB band: “The World turned upside-down”
• Cornwallis didn’t surrender (faked illness)
• Loyalists attacked by mobs to rub in the victory
• Late November 1781, GB gets news of the defeat last– Prime Minister North reads
the news and yells, “My God…It’s all over!”
– Even King George III now wants a speedy end to the war• But the USA didn’t know that!
• GB intelligence on Loyalist support was exaggerated
• Bad/arrogant/sloppy British Generals• Red uniforms• British moved predictably• Americans used new tactics well• Check your “Tale of the Tape” Section at the
start of the war for a few more ideas
