Daily Life in Ancient Rome w/ Mr. C

The Formation of the Republic &

The Empire Stikes Back

The 7 Hills of Rome

Etruscan TemplesAn Etruscan temple,

to meet religious requirements, was located on a north-south axis and stood on a high podium with a four-columned porch in front of three doors leading to three parallel rooms for the three chief Etruscan gods.

The brilliantly painted terracotta statuary that decorated the roof along the eaves, ridge pole, and at the gable ends also served the practical purpose of hiding and protecting tile joints and rafter ends. Plaques with low-relief figures adorned the entablature.

Etruscan CulturePairing: Husband &

WifeKinship among the

Etruscans was vertical, or generational. They kept track of six generations.

The names of persons are generally binomial: Vethur Hathisna, Avile Repesuna, Fasti Aneina.

Etruscan state government was essentially a theocracy.

The political unit of Etruscan society was the city-state.

Etruscan Gods & GoddessesCatha and Usil, the sunTivr, the moon Selvan, a civil godTuran, the goddess of

loveLaran, the god of warLeinth, the goddess of

deathMaris, Thalna, Turms

and the ever-popular Fufluns

The Etruscans believed in intimate contact with divinity.

They did nothing without proper consultation with the gods and signs from them. AugeryAuspices

What do the Romans…ADOPTThe power of

religion and mysticism. The Etruscans were profoundly and eternally influenced by mysticism and what we would generally refer to as "superstition".

REJECTThe position of women in

Etruscan society. As opposed to Roman and Greek societies, Etruscan women sat with their husbands at banquets, had their own personal possessions and were actively involved in day to day politics. From the point of view of Roman morality Etruscan women were immoral and dissolute.

Phases of RomeRoman Monarchy (753 B.C. – 510 B.C.) Roman Republic (509 B.C. – 44 B.C.)

(Mar. 15= The Ides of March). Murder of Caesar. 44 B.C

Roman Empire (30 B.C. – 476 A.D./1453 A.D.)Caesar Augustus, 1st citizenImperatur

For the Royalty!1. Romulus 753-715 B.C.Romulus was the legendary

founder of Rome. The Sabine king of Cures, Tatius, co-ruled with Romulus.

2. Numa Pompilius 715-673 B.C.

Numa Pompilius is credited with many of the ancient religious conventions of ancient Rome.

3. Tullus Hostilius 673-642 B.C.

Tullus Hostilius doubled the population of Rome, added Alban nobles to the Senate of Rome, and built the Curia Hostilia. He was a warrior.

4. Ancus Martius 642-617 B.C.

Ancus Marcius was a grandson of Numa Pompilius and a bridge builder. The bridge across the Tiber is credited to Ancus Marcius.

The Last of the Kings 5. L. Tarquinius Priscus 616-579

B.C. The first of these new kings, it is

said, came from the Etruscan city of Tarquinii, from which he derived his name. The story is told that, as he approached the city, an eagle came from the sky, and, lifting his cap from his head, replaced it. His wife, who was skilled in the Etruscan art of augury, regarded the eagle as a messenger from heaven, and its act as a sign that her husband was to acquire honor and power. Tarquinius Priscus had a Corinthian father. Tarquin created 100 new senators and expanded Rome. He also established the Roman games.

6. Servius Tullius 578-535 B.C. The next king was Servius Tullius,

who is said to have been the son of a slave in the royal household, and whom the gods favored by mysterious signs. Servius Tullius was the son-in-law of Tarquinius Priscus. He divided the Roman citizens into tribes and fixed the military obligations of 5 census-determined classes.

7. Tarquinius Superbus (Tarquin the Proud) 534-510 B.C.

Tradition represents the last king, Tarquinius Superbus, as a cruel despot. He obtained the throne by murder, and ruled without the consent of the senate or the people. He loved power and pomp. He was forcibly ousted by Brutus.

Formation of the RepublicHaving witnessed

the problems of monarchy on their own land, and aristocracy and democracy among the Greeks, the Romans opted for a mixed form of government, with 3 branches of government.

ConsulSenateAssembly

ConsulsConsuls - The Monarchical Branch of Roman

Government in the Roman Republic:Two magistrates called consuls carried on the

functions of the former kings, holding supreme civil and military authority in Republican Rome. However, unlike the kings, the office of consul lasted for only one year. At the end of their year in office, the ex-consuls became senators for life, unless ousted by the censors.The 1-year term, veto, and co-consulship were

safeguards to prevent one of the consuls from wielding too much power.

SenateSenate - The Aristocratic Branch of Roman

Government in the Roman Republic:Senate (senatus = council of elders [related to the

word "senior"]) was the advisory branch of the Roman government, early on composed of about 300 citizens who served for life. They were chosen by the kings, at first, then by the consuls, and by the end of the 4th century, by the censors. The ranks of the Senate, drawn from ex-consuls and other officers. Property requirements changed with the era. At first senators were only patricians but in time plebeians joined their ranks.

AssemblyAssembly - The Democratic Branch of

Roman Government in the Roman Republic:

The Assembly of Centuries (comitia centuriata), which was composed of all members of the army, elected consuls annually. The Assembly of Tribes (comitia tributa), composed of all citizens, approved or rejected laws and decided issues of war and peace.

Censor - 443-22 B.C. In ancient Rome, censors were census-takers

and morality keepers. The comitia curiata elected the censores. At first their term of office was a lustrum or

about 5 years, but it was soon reduced to a period of 18 months.

Although the censors were awarded no imperium (roughly, power), and therefore had no lictors to serve as axe-carrying bodyguards, the office was above the consul and second only to the office of dictator in dignity.

(339 B.C.) One of the censors must be a plebeian.

Cato the Elder (234-149 B.C.) Carthago delenda est

Etruscans and Gauls squeezed out by Latins290- conquered central Italy then Samnites in

South265 took over Greek city statesWhy?

Staying power of armyWon over conquered people

Became Roman citizens

Growth of Rome - Steps to Unification

gradual struggle between the patrician and plebeian classes

2 consuls and Senate made up of patricianspopular assemblies established with a

representative tribune- veto power450 B.C. 12 Tables Roman Law codifiedResult- increase of privileges for plebes

Meanwhile, back in Rome, the importance of citizenship

Major rival in Med- Phoenician CarthageFirst Punic War 264-42- copied ships and corvus

out of SicilySecond Punic war 218-202- Hannibal 216 Battle

of CamnaeThird- treaty infringement trumped up Cato’s

speech Carthago delenda est” Carthage plowed and

sowed with saltResult Rome now the POWER in the

Mediterranean

The Punic Wars 264-146 BCE

Graft*, corruption, struggle between patrician and plebeians

Gracchi Brothers Tiberias and GaiusMarius consul 6 xSulla- general seized Rome in 82 BCE

restored power to Senateset precedent

* unscrupulous use of a politician's authority for personal gain.

Struggles Continue in the Republic

First Triumvirate Julius Caesar, Pompey, Crassus

Julius Caesar challenges the Senate crosses the Rubicon

47 BCE virtual ruler, increased Senate to 90044 BCE assassinated, Second Triumvirate

Octavius, Marc Antony, LepidusBattle of Actium 31 BCE End of an era

Republic’s Last Gasp

Caesar Augustus- purpose “to restore the republic”

27 B.C. Augustus become “First Citizen” Princeps

ended strife- beginning of Pax Romanaetried to impact life- morality, buildingsculpture- deified him, literature as wellConsolidation- of power/ Senate limitedSPQR Senatus Populusque Romanus- banner

The Roman Empire

Ever expanding- see maps- spread Pax Romanae

Politically - emperor/ dictatorshipExtended Roman citizenship as they spreadThe Roman family- gradual less influence for

fathersfamily strong unit- run like the statewomen become more independent- socially and

ownershippolitically active as wives of emperors- Livia,

wife of CA

The Roman World

FoodBathroomsCity LifeReligionWomenWarHome LifeY mucho, mucho mas!

Next Time