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The first phase of industrialization
Page 107
Industrialization
• Change from cottage industry to factory production
Cottage industry
• Home business Raw materials were brought to a home.
• Also included skilled workers such as weavers, cabinet makers, masons….
Factory• Capital investment led to the development
of specialized places for production.
• Big change was people going to work.
Specialization
• Pin factory
• Specialization leads to simple tasks unskilled labour.Cheap labour
• Mass productionLower cost goods
Factors• Labour
• People moving into the cities and to Canada from Europe provided plenty of cheap labour.
Workhouse
Factors• Infrastructure
Transportation
• St Lawrence River, canals, railways
Factors
• CapitalInvestorsMachinery
Factors
• Water power from the rivers to run the machines.
Factors• Tariff protection from outside competition
Companies
• Managers tended to be English
• Workers tended to be French or immigrants
Types of business
• Food processingFlour, Sugar, Meat packing, brewing,
• Leathertanning boots shoes
• TextilesSinning and weaving cloth
Types of business
• Tobacco
• Transportation equipment
• Wood
Page 107
Working conditions
Page 108
Working conditions
• Less than 20% of the population lived in the cities in 1867.
• 1900 36%
Working conditions
• Farm work is hardPeople thought city life would be easierMany tales of riches.
• People moved into the citiesThey found conditions very harsh
Working conditions
• Six day work week
• 60 to 72 hours per week
• Machinery was unguarded and unsafe
• Work places were not heated
• Shops were not ventilated
Working conditions• Low wages
$10 per man for a weekLess for some
• Women might get $3 per week and children less.
• Children would start working at 8 years old
• Many factories would hire more women and children
Working conditions
• No insurancenot for sickness or injury
• No unemployment insurance
• No two week vacations
• Managers could place fines on workers.
• Worker could be beaten/ punished
• Dismissed at will
Trade unions
• Unions were illegal Would be dismissed for trying to start one.
• Strike were broken with force.Police or Military
Page 108
Living conditions
Page 109
Living conditions
• Towns had grow slowly for many years
• When industrialization began towns grew quickly
• Conditions varied greatly
Living conditionsWorking class
• Wooden structures built near the factories
• Constant danger of fire
Living conditionsWorking class
• OvercrowdedNo laws as to how many people could cram in together
• No sewer systemOuthouse was shared by many families
• Often just a bucket
Living conditionsWorking class
• No water system
• Water was sold by water carriers
Living conditionsWorking class
• No power
• No refrigerationIce boxes
Living conditionsWorking class
• Factories had no pollution controls.
• No garbage pick up
• Cats were used to keep the rats in check.
Living conditionsWorking class
• High mortality rates300 per 1000 children did not live one year
• Malnutrition
• Epidemics disease
Living conditionsWorking class
• Dirt roads
• Dust in the summer
• No snow removal in winter
• Floods every spring
Living conditionsWorking class
• Needed animalshorses and cows even chickens pigs
• These animals were kept near peoplemanure, flies and poor hygiene
Living conditionsUpper class
• Entrepreneurs, businessmen
• Professionals
• Montreal Golden square mile
• Stone buildings, large rooms
• Many servants
• Stable
Living conditionsupper-class
• Mortality rate was 187 per 1000Still very high compared to today.
• Children had milk
• Medical treatment
• Better hygiene
Page 109
Emigration and colonization
Page 110
Population Growth
• Immigration was part of the National policy, but the population grew slowly
• More people were moving out of Quebec than moving in.
Population Growth
• Few immigrants wanted to stay in Quebec
• More opportunities out west
Population Growth
• Farms were over populatedMechanization reduced the need for farm laborers
• They could look to the city or the rest of Canada for work.
Population Growth
• Most people looking for work came to Montreal.
• Low paid jobs for unskilled workers.
Emigration
• American factories offered better wages and jobs for entire families.
• 1,200,000 Quebecois left for the USA
• 62,000 went to Ontario
• 17,000 went west
Colonization
• The plan was to open new lans in Quebec to encourage people to stay.
• Supported by the Roman catholic church and the government
Colonization• Land offered cheap
Railways were built to make transportation easier
• Soils were thin and poorShort growing seasonno markets
• Only subsistence farming was possible
Colonization
• The plan was tough on people, but good for logging companies who now had a supply of cheap labour in the winter
• The roads and rails also helped the companies
Page 111