The first in the world joint

flights of manned and

unmanned aircraft

in non-segregated airspace

St.-Petersburg, May 23-25, 2011

ICAO Circular 328 of 2011Unmanned aircraft systems

• “The safe integration of UAS into non-segregated airspace will be a long-term activity” which includes solving of many technical and procedure issues and development of a robust regulatory framework.

• At present joint flights of manned and unmanned aircraft are not being performed yet in any state in the world.

Background of flights on May 23-25, 2011

• Use of technical means made in conformance with approved regulatory documents of ICAO, EUROCAE, ETSI

• Flights were organized with the use of the automatic dependent surveillance – broadcast (ADS-B) and adjacent applications (TIS-B, FIS-B, etc.) based on VHF Mode 4 datalink (VDL-4).

Interaction of aircraft with ATC

Mi-8-1 helicopterDisplay: BMS

Mi-8-2 helicopter

Display : TDSAS-5MR moto-glider

Display: Orion

Pulsar Pulsar PulsarVoice Voice Voice

Piloted aircraft

Dozor RPS Dozor UAV

Pulsar -М

Display

PulsarVoice

ZALA RPS

Display

Voice

ZALA UAV

Pulsar -М

Ground vehicle

Text display

Voice

ATCVDL-4

Recording

Pulsar -М

Surveillanceand

ControlPulsar

Voice

VDL-4

ATC Helicopt

Mi-8-1

Helicopt

Mi-8-2

Motoglid

AS-5M

Dozor

UAV

Dozor

GS

ZALA

UAV

ZALA

GS

Car

ATC ↕ ↕ ↕ ↓ ↔ ↓ ↔ ↔

Helicopt

Mi-8-1

↕ ↔ ↔ ↔ ↓ ↔ ↓ ↕

Helicopt

Mi-8-2

↕ ↔ ↔ ↔ ↕ ↔ ↕ ↕

Motoglid

AS-5M

↕ ↔ ↔ ↔ ↓ ↔ ↓ ↕

Dozor

UAV

↓ ↔ ↔ ↔ ↓↕ Future No ↓

Dozor

GS

↔ ↕ ↕ ↓ ↓↕ No Future ↔

ZALA

UAV

↓ ↔ ↔ ↔ Future No ↓↕ ↓

ZALA

GS

↔ ↕ ↕ ↓ No Future ↓↕ ↔

Car ↔ ↕ ↕ ↕ ↓ ↔ ↓ ↔

VDL-4 communications matrix in flights 23 – 25 May 2011

NITA ATC mobile station

NITA ATC mobile station

AS-5M moto-glider

AS-5M moto-glider

ZAO Tranzas Dozor unmanned aircraft system

ZAO Tranzas Dozor unmanned aircraft system

Distribution of aircraft on flight levels

900

600

300

Н, m

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70

Т, min

AS-5М

Mi-8-1

Dozor-100

Mi-8-2

ZALA 421-04

ADS-B installation on board Mi-8-2took 1 hour

ZALA AERO unmanned aircraft system

Ground station for ZAlA UAS

Scenario fragments/applications, performed in demo flights (Lessons Learned)

1. ATC survey all aircraft via VDL-42. Situation awareness for all the pilots3. Remotely piloted and autonomous flights 4. Loss of communications: voice comms between ATC

and RP; VDL-4 between RP and UAV5. Conflicts: manned and unmanned aircraft; two UAS6. Surface movement and incursion of a ground vehicle

into the runway7. Search and rescue with the help of UAS

Recording of the flights in Siversky aerodrome area, 24.05.2011

Mi-8-2 helicopter outflies Dozor UASMi-8: velocity 205 km/h, altitude 600 mDozor: velocity 120 km/h, altitude 300 mм

Scenario fragments/applications, performed in demo flights (Lessons Learned)

1. ATC survey all aircraft via VDL-42. Situation awareness for all the pilots3. Remotely piloted and autonomous flights 4. Loss of communications: voice comms between ATC

and RP; VDL-4 between RP and UAV5. Conflicts: manned and unmanned aircraft, two UAS6. Surface movement and incursion of a ground vehicle

into the runway7. Search and rescue with the help of UAS

Situation awareness, the second helicopter is at Kuznetsovo parking place

Situation awareness via ADS-B(hard-in-the-loop stand at GosNIIAS)

Data about each aircraft

Scenario fragments/applications, performed in demo flights (Lessons Learned)

1. ATC survey all aircraft via VDL-42. Situation awareness for all the pilots3. Remotely piloted and autonomous flights 4. Loss of communications: voice comms between ATC

and RP; VDL-4 between RP and UAV5. Conflicts: manned and unmanned aircraft, two UAS6. Surface movement and incursion of a ground vehicle

into the runway7. Search and rescue with the help of UAS

rcontrol

Rsurv

UAS ground station

ATC centre

Concerning autonomousflights

Circular 328 ICAO

Allowed

Not allowed

Scenario fragments/applications, performed in demo flights (Lessons Learned)

1. ATC survey all aircraft via VDL-42. Situation awareness for all the pilots3. Remotely piloted and autonomous flights 4. Loss of communications: voice comms between ATC

and RP; VDL-4 between RP and UAV5. Conflicts: manned and unmanned aircraft, two UAS6. Surface movement and incursion of a ground vehicle

into the runway7. Search and rescue with the help of UAS

ATC

Ground station of UAS pilot

Dozor UAV

Mi-8-2 helicopter

VDL-4

Voice

Comms via voice and datalink

ATC

Ground station of UAS pilot

Dozor UAS

Mi-8-2 helicopter

Loss of voice communications between Dozor pilot and air controller

VDL-4

Voice

ATC

Ground

station of

UAS pilot

Dozor UAS

Mi-8-2 helicopter

Loss of surveillance by UAS pilot

VDL-4

Voice

ADS-B in full swing (Out&In) forms a networked (Internet-Like) robust infrastructure – S&A basis

Scenario fragments/applications, performed in demo flights (Lessons Learned)

1. ATC survey all aircraft via VDL-42. Situation awareness for all the pilots3. Remotely piloted and autonomous flights 4. Loss of communications: voice comms between ATC

and RP; VDL-4 between RP and UAV5. Conflicts: manned and unmanned aircraft, two UAS6. Surface movement and incursion of a ground vehicle

into the runway7. Search and rescue with the help of UAS

Recording of the flights in Siversky aerodrome area, 24.05.2011

Unplanned conflict: separation of ZALA UAV and M-8-2 in the landing zone (ZALA UAV started 2 min. later that it was planned)

Recording of the flights in Siversky aerodrome area, 24.05.2011

Planned conflict.Separation of ZALA UAV and Dozor UAV

Scenario fragments/applications, performed in demo flights (Lessons Learned)

1. ATC survey all aircraft via VDL-42. Situation awareness for all the pilots3. Remotely piloted and autonomous flights 4. Loss of communications: voice comms between ATC

and RP; VDL-4 between RP and UAV5. Conflicts: manned and unmanned aircraft, two UAS6. Surface movement and incursion of a ground vehicle

into the runway7. Search and rescue with the help of UAS

Recording of the flights in Siversky aerodrome area, 24.05.2011

Incursion of a car equipped with ADS-B on the runway. Operator of Dozor UAV sees the object on the runway and commands the UAV a go-around.

Scenario fragments/applications, performed in demo flights (Lessons Learned)

1. ATC survey all aircraft via VDL-42. Situation awareness for all the pilots3. Remotely piloted and autonomous flights 4. Loss of communications: voice comms between ATC

and RP; VDL-4 between RP and UAV5. Conflicts: manned and unmanned aircraft, two UAS6. Surface movement and incursion of a ground vehicle

into the runway7. Search and rescue with the help of UAS

Recording of the flights in Siversky aerodrome area, 24.05.2011.

Search and rescue ATC controller transmits to ZALApilot the coordinates of Mi-8-2emergency landing in TIS-B mode.UAS pilot directs the UAV ontotransmitted coordinates andphotographs the object.

ZALA UAS goes to SOS sign and takes a photo

Applications/functions worked out at the hard-in-the-loop stand in GosNIIAS and in flights of Dan UAS

1. TIS-B and situation awareness2. Air navigation information management D-AIM

(operative setting of prohibited zones , etc.)3. Operative weather awareness4. Provision of vortex safety 5. ADS-B and ADS-C integration6. VDL-4 as a backup for UAS control

Hard-in-the-loop stand (semi-nature modeling)

ATC system in hard-in-the-loop simulations

Recording Dan UAS flight

Situation awareness via TIS-B, including SOS

FIS-B: D-AIM

Digital NOTAM

Decomposition of a weather map in ADS-B ground network

FIS-B (text)

Weather data on a movable map via FIS-B

Operative weather data on the movable map

Hazardous weather on the movable map

VDL-4 transponder used for UAS

• Frequency range , MHzГц 136,0 – 136,975

• Bandwidth, kHz 25

• Power of transmitter, Wt 4

• Capacity, kbit/s 19,2

• Dimensions, mm 110x110x70

• Mass, kg 0.8

In any controlled airspace (without VDL-4) it is supposed to apply a VDL-4 patch including: • UAS complexes (UAV + RPS); • ADS-B ground station within ATC .

All VDL-4 patch elements contain VDL-4 transponders.

Regardless of air navigation services rendered in ATC the VDL-4 patch will provide UAS implanting into non-segregated airspace.

VDL-4 patch

Alternatives: what to do if in the airspace of some states VHF Mode 4 datalinks are not used now and

will never be used in future:

1. Continue to ignore VDL Mode 4 and look for other possibilities.Until then not to use UAS in non-segregated airspace.

2. Implement the ground and airborne segments of VDL-4 only tomanage UAS flights in civil airspace. Inclusion of the ground UASblock into existing ATC ground infrastructures will not createtechnical challenges.Airborne block of UAS will apply ADS-B, TIS-B, FIS-B, A-SMGCS,DGNSS, in future TSAA and, possibly, CPDLC as a backup forcommand/control link.Full information about UAS will be input in ATC system.

Conclusion (1)1. ADS-B is a powerful and transparent instrument providing

for UAS surveillance in civil airspace

2. VHF Mode 4 datalink is a powerful communications lineproviding for both ADS-B operation (Out and In) and otherfunctions in the broadcast mode like FIS-B, TIS-B, A-SMGCS,DGNSS as well as situation awareness (TSAA), and point-to-point communication which can be used as a stand-bycommunications link for the control

3. Flight tests of Dan UAS, investigations at the hard-in-the-loop stand in GosNIIAS and demo flights performed nearSt.-Petersburg on May 23-25, 2011 have proved the abilityof VHF Mode 4 datalink and based on itfunctions/applications to control UAS flights in civil airspacein robust manner.

Conclusion (2)

4. In conformance with ICAO Circular 328 it is necessaryto work out issues of licensing pilots and their medicalcertification, problems of detection and warningsystems, provision of separation, use of the RFspectrum (including its protection from unintentionalor unlawful interference), development ofairworthiness norms, etc, as well as the developmentof the regulatory base.

5. However performed works showed that the use oflegal from ICAO point of view technical methods andmeans will promote implementation of UAS in non-segregated airspace.