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The Federalist Era 1789-The Federalist Era 1789-18001800• Book Ends: Washington’s Inauguration to Book Ends: Washington’s Inauguration to
Jefferson’s ElectionJefferson’s Election
• Theme: Stabilized the nation, fixed the Theme: Stabilized the nation, fixed the weaknesses of the Articles of weaknesses of the Articles of ConfederationConfederation
• Major Events: Whiskey Rebellion, French Major Events: Whiskey Rebellion, French Revolution abroad, XYZ AffairRevolution abroad, XYZ Affair
• Formation of Political Parties, Federalists Formation of Political Parties, Federalists and Democratic-Republicansand Democratic-Republicans
Essay hintEssay hint
• Some historians have argued that Some historians have argued that the US Constitution was a radical the US Constitution was a radical departure from the Articles of departure from the Articles of Confederation. Confederation.
• Support, modify, or refute this Support, modify, or refute this contention using specific evidence.contention using specific evidence.
I.I. Domestic AffairsDomestic Affairs
George WashingtonGeorge Washington
The First Executive BranchThe First Executive Branch
George WashingtonPresident
Thomas JeffersonSecretary of State
Alexander HamiltonSecretary of
Treasury
Henry KnoxSecretary of War
11stst Congress Congress
• Adopted the Bill of Adopted the Bill of RightsRights
• Judiciary Act 1789, Judiciary Act 1789, set up federal court set up federal court system, system, empowered to rule empowered to rule on constitutionality on constitutionality of state courtsof state courts
• Passed Hamilton’s Passed Hamilton’s Financial program Financial program (Beard Thesis?)(Beard Thesis?)
What caused political What caused political parties to form in the early parties to form in the early republic, 1789-1800?republic, 1789-1800?
Hamilton’s Financial PlanHamilton’s Financial Plan
1.1. Funding Funding NationalNational debt at Par debt at Par (paying back all the money (paying back all the money they said they would) to they said they would) to establish good creditestablish good credit
2.2. Assumption of Assumption of StateState Debts Debts • Unfair to South, so a Compromise located Unfair to South, so a Compromise located
and built the nation’s capital in the South, and built the nation’s capital in the South, Washington DCWashington DC
3.3. TariffsTariffs (tax on imports to raise (tax on imports to raise revenue to pay off war debt)revenue to pay off war debt)
4.4. Excise Tax on WhiskeyExcise Tax on Whiskey5.5. National BankNational Bank to promote to promote
businessbusiness
Memory aide: (Befat is not a real term and Memory aide: (Befat is not a real term and should never be used in an essay!)should never be used in an essay!)
• B ankB ank• E xcise tax on whiskeyE xcise tax on whiskey• F unding the national debtF unding the national debt• A ssuming the state debtsA ssuming the state debts• T ariffT ariff
Who was Alexander Who was Alexander Hamilton?Hamilton?
•https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t0aX8Jy1tME&safe=active
• RapRap
Battle for the National Bank: Battle for the National Bank: Provisions:Provisions:• Federal Treasury would deposit its surplus revenues in the Federal Treasury would deposit its surplus revenues in the
bank and print urgently needed paper money providing a bank and print urgently needed paper money providing a stable national currency. stable national currency.
Opposition:Opposition:• Jefferson strongly opposed the bankJefferson strongly opposed the bank on strict interpretation of the Const.on strict interpretation of the Const.• Hamilton argued Hamilton argued loose constructionloose construction
– ““elastic clause” (Implied Powerselastic clause” (Implied Powers))– Provided for passing any laws Provided for passing any laws "necessary & proper“ "necessary & proper“ to carry to carry
out the powers vested in the various governmental agencies.”out the powers vested in the various governmental agencies.”• Bank issue sparked division Bank issue sparked division
The Whiskey Rebellion The Whiskey Rebellion (1794) (1794)
• SW Penn. SW Penn. backcountry folks backcountry folks hard hit by Hamilton's hard hit by Hamilton's excise tax.excise tax.
• Torched buildings, Torched buildings, tarred & feathered tarred & feathered revenue officers, tax revenue officers, tax collections came to a collections came to a halthalt
• Washington led army Washington led army of 13,000 to crush of 13,000 to crush rebellion, no rebellion, no oppositionopposition
• Significance: Showed Significance: Showed federal gov. could federal gov. could handle uprisings and handle uprisings and Const. workedConst. worked
• "...if the laws are to be so trampled upon with "...if the laws are to be so trampled upon with impunity, and a minority...is to dictate to the impunity, and a minority...is to dictate to the majority, there is an end put at one stroke to majority, there is an end put at one stroke to republican government...for some other man republican government...for some other man or society may dislike another law and or society may dislike another law and oppose it with equal propriety until all laws oppose it with equal propriety until all laws are prostrate, and everyone will carve for are prostrate, and everyone will carve for himself."himself."
• - George Washington's observation about the - George Washington's observation about the Whiskey RebellionWhiskey Rebellion
Today on Divorce CourtToday on Divorce Court
Birth of Birth of the the
Party Party System System
• Founding Fathers in 1787 did not envision the existence Founding Fathers in 1787 did not envision the existence of political parties. (Federalists & Anti-Federalist were not of political parties. (Federalists & Anti-Federalist were not formal parties, but factions)formal parties, but factions)
• By 1792-1793, two well-defined groups had crystallized: By 1792-1793, two well-defined groups had crystallized: i. Hamiltonian Federalists i. Hamiltonian Federalists ii. Jeffersonian Republicans ii. Jeffersonian Republicans
FederalistsFederalists
• Believed in gov. by the upper Believed in gov. by the upper class class
• Distrusted the common Distrusted the common people, “Mobocracy” people, “Mobocracy”
• Supported a strong central Supported a strong central government government
• Encouraged business and Encouraged business and manufacturingmanufacturing
• Pro-British in foreign policy Pro-British in foreign policy
JeffersoniansJeffersonians (Democratic-Republicans, or (Democratic-Republicans, or
Republicans)Republicans)
• Advocated the rule for the Advocated the rule for the common personcommon person
• Biggest appeal was to the Biggest appeal was to the middle and lower class: yeoman middle and lower class: yeoman farmers, laborers, artisans, and farmers, laborers, artisans, and small shopkeepers. small shopkeepers.
• Economy: Promoted an Economy: Promoted an agrarian economyagrarian economy
• Pro French in foreign policyPro French in foreign policy
Hamilton and Jefferson DisagreeHamilton and Jefferson Disagree(What a surprise !!! More (What a surprise !!! More
disagreement)disagreement)
II.II. Foreign Foreign AffairsAffairs
Foreign PolicyForeign Policy
• French Revolution # 1 issue from 1792-French Revolution # 1 issue from 1792-1815, eventually became a world war 1815, eventually became a world war (Reign of Terror => Napoleon)(Reign of Terror => Napoleon)
• Washington's Neutrality Washington's Neutrality Proclamation (1793)Proclamation (1793) – Proclaimed U.S. neutrality toward the war Proclaimed U.S. neutrality toward the war
between Britain and France, set foreign between Britain and France, set foreign policy precedent for next 125 years policy precedent for next 125 years
Citizen Genet, 1793Citizen Genet, 1793
• French envoy/ profiteer French envoy/ profiteer undertook to entice U.S. undertook to entice U.S. profiteers to outfit French profiteers to outfit French ships and supply the ships and supply the French war cause; he French war cause; he recruited Americans recruited Americans
• Washington demanded Washington demanded his withdrawal & Genet his withdrawal & Genet was replaced. was replaced.
Jay’s Treaty (1794)Jay’s Treaty (1794)
• Averted war with BritainAverted war with Britain• 1. British renewed their pledge to 1. British renewed their pledge to
remove their posts from U.S. soil (as remove their posts from U.S. soil (as in 1783) in 1783)
• 2. British consented to pay 2. British consented to pay damages for recent seizures of damages for recent seizures of American ships and US pay pre-American ships and US pay pre-Revolution debts to British Revolution debts to British Merchants Merchants
• 3. British refused stop impressments3. British refused stop impressments• Significance: Most important Significance: Most important
immediate cause for formation of immediate cause for formation of the Democratic-Republican party. the Democratic-Republican party.
Jay’s TreatyJay’s Treaty
“Damn John Jay!Damn everyone that won’t damn John Jay!Damn everyone that won’t put lights in his window and sit up all night damning John Jay!
Pinckney Treaty of 1795Pinckney Treaty of 1795
• Granted free Granted free navigation of navigation of the Mississippi the Mississippi River to the River to the U.S. including U.S. including right of right of deposit at the deposit at the port city of port city of New Orleans New Orleans from Spainfrom Spain
Washington’s Farewell Washington’s Farewell Address, 1796Address, 1796
• Stay away Stay away from from political political parties and parties and foreign foreign entangle-entangle-mentsments
Electoral Votes-1796Electoral Votes-1796
John Adams John Adams (Federalist), (Federalist), 1796-18001796-1800
• ""Quasi-War"Quasi-War" with with France France
• French started to French started to seize American seize American ships as a reaction ships as a reaction to Jay’s Treatyto Jay’s Treaty
• Full-blown war Full-blown war seemed imminent; seemed imminent; Adams kept U.S. Adams kept U.S. out by the out by the Convention of Convention of 1800, greatest 1800, greatest accomplishment, accomplishment, yet hurt him yet hurt him politically politically
XYZ AffairXYZ Affair, 1797 , 1797
• Adams sent a delegation to Paris to discuss Adams sent a delegation to Paris to discuss the conflictthe conflict
• U.S. delegates secretly approached by three U.S. delegates secretly approached by three French agents, "X,Y, & Z" French agents, "X,Y, & Z"
• French demanded a large loan and a bribe French demanded a large loan and a bribe of $250,000 for the of $250,000 for the privilegeprivilege of talking to of talking to French foreign minister Talleyrand. French foreign minister Talleyrand.
• Negotiations broke down Negotiations broke down
• War hysteria swept the U.SWar hysteria swept the U.S.. – ““Millions for defense, but not one cent for Millions for defense, but not one cent for
tribute”tribute”
Alien and Sedition Acts, Alien and Sedition Acts, 17981798
• Purpose: Federalists passed a series of Purpose: Federalists passed a series of oppressive laws in 1798 that would reduce the oppressive laws in 1798 that would reduce the power of Jeffersonians and silence anti-war power of Jeffersonians and silence anti-war opposition opposition
• Alien Acts-Alien Acts- Raised residence requirements for Raised residence requirements for U.S. citizenship from 5 yrs to 14 yrs. U.S. citizenship from 5 yrs to 14 yrs.
• Sedition Act-Sedition Act-Anyone who impeded the policies Anyone who impeded the policies of gov or falsely criticized its officials, including of gov or falsely criticized its officials, including the president, would be liable to a heavy fine the president, would be liable to a heavy fine and imprisonment. (Free speech, 1and imprisonment. (Free speech, 1stst Amend?) Amend?)
• (Political, expired on March 4, 1801)(Political, expired on March 4, 1801)
Matthew Matthew LyonLyon
• Career was an example of emerging Career was an example of emerging partisanshippartisanship
• Spat tobacco juice on Federalist Roger Spat tobacco juice on Federalist Roger GriswoldGriswold
• After Lyon was not expelled from Congress, After Lyon was not expelled from Congress, Griswold attacked Lyon with a caneGriswold attacked Lyon with a cane
• Lyon later wrote an article criticizing Lyon later wrote an article criticizing President Adams' 'continual grasp for power' President Adams' 'continual grasp for power' and his 'unbounded thirst for ridiculous and his 'unbounded thirst for ridiculous pomp, foolish adulation, and selfish avarice.‘pomp, foolish adulation, and selfish avarice.‘
• Jailed for sedition, he spent the winter in a Jailed for sedition, he spent the winter in a jail in Vermont and was denied heat and a jail in Vermont and was denied heat and a window that would close and constantly was window that would close and constantly was taunted, but won his re-election campaign taunted, but won his re-election campaign for the Housefor the House
• Only man ever to win a Congressional Only man ever to win a Congressional election while in jail.election while in jail.
Virginia and Kentucky Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions, 1798Resolutions, 1798
• Jefferson and Madison were the secret authorsJefferson and Madison were the secret authors• Republicans believed States had right to nullify Republicans believed States had right to nullify
unconstitutional laws passed by Congress, unconstitutional laws passed by Congress, Alien and Sedition acts were Alien and Sedition acts were unconstitutionalunconstitutional
• Nullification:Nullification: StatesStates had right to nullify had right to nullify unconstitutional laws passed by Congressunconstitutional laws passed by Congress
• Compact theoryCompact theory – states made the Union and – states made the Union and can leave when wants, final authoritycan leave when wants, final authority
• Significance: Later used by Southerners to Significance: Later used by Southerners to support secessionsupport secession
Let’s practiceLet’s practice
•http://www.raleighcharterhs.org/faculty/bnewmark/APUSH%20quizzes/Whichpoliticalparty.htm
•Evaluate the relative Evaluate the relative importance of importance of domestic and foreign domestic and foreign affairs in shaping affairs in shaping American politics in American politics in the 1790’s.the 1790’s.
IntroIntro• Background info on political paritiesBackground info on political parities
– Framers of the Constitution did not foresee political Framers of the Constitution did not foresee political parties arisingparties arising
– Factions: Federalists & Anti-FederalistsFactions: Federalists & Anti-Federalists
• Thesis statementThesis statement– The primary cause for the rise of Federalist and The primary cause for the rise of Federalist and
Republican political parities in American politics in Republican political parities in American politics in the 1790’s was the divide over allegiance between the 1790’s was the divide over allegiance between Britain and France, while disagreements over Britain and France, while disagreements over Hamilton’s financial program further exasperated Hamilton’s financial program further exasperated domestic tensions.domestic tensions.
Foreign AffairsForeign Affairs
• British (Federalist) vs. French (Republican)British (Federalist) vs. French (Republican)
• Washington (Fed)Washington (Fed)– Not side with French, Neutrality Proclamation, Not side with French, Neutrality Proclamation,
Citizen GenetCitizen Genet
– Jay’s Treaty- BritishJay’s Treaty- British• Adams (Fed)Adams (Fed)
– XYZ AffairXYZ Affair– Quasi Naval War with FranceQuasi Naval War with France
Domestic AffairsDomestic Affairs
• Washington (Fed)Washington (Fed)– Hamilton’s Financial Program (Befat)Hamilton’s Financial Program (Befat)– Bank #1, loose vs. strict constructionistBank #1, loose vs. strict constructionist– Whiskey RebellionWhiskey Rebellion
• Adams (Fed)Adams (Fed)– Alien & Sedition ActsAlien & Sedition Acts– Virginia & Kentucky ResolutionsVirginia & Kentucky Resolutions
ConclusionConclusion
• Washington’s Farewell Address: Stay Washington’s Farewell Address: Stay away from Political Parities and away from Political Parities and Foreign AlliancesForeign Alliances
• Revolution of 1800- JeffersonRevolution of 1800- Jefferson
• Hartford kills off FederalistsHartford kills off Federalists
• Era of Good Feelings, 1815-1824, Era of Good Feelings, 1815-1824, one party ruleone party rule
•To what extent was the To what extent was the election of 1800 aptly named election of 1800 aptly named the “Revolution of 1800”? the “Revolution of 1800”? Respond with references to Respond with references to TWO of the following areas:TWO of the following areas:–EconomicsEconomics–Foreign PolicyForeign Policy– JudiciaryJudiciary–PoliticsPolitics
Economics- ModerateEconomics- Moderate• Before: Hamilton’s Financial Program (Befat)Before: Hamilton’s Financial Program (Befat)
• Cut debt down in ½, Gallatin. slashed Navy & Army Cut debt down in ½, Gallatin. slashed Navy & Army budgetsbudgets
• Revoked excise taxes, Revoked excise taxes,
• Agrarian economy, buys LP land for themAgrarian economy, buys LP land for them
• Embargo Act, 1807- Rise of manufacturing Embargo Act, 1807- Rise of manufacturing
• Long Run: Clay’s American SystemLong Run: Clay’s American System– BankBank– Internal ImprovementsInternal Improvements– Tariff, protectionistTariff, protectionist
Foreign Policy- Yes, big Foreign Policy- Yes, big changechange
• Before 1800, Fed Pro-British w/ Jay’s Before 1800, Fed Pro-British w/ Jay’s Treaty, Anti-French, XYZ Affair, Quasi-WarTreaty, Anti-French, XYZ Affair, Quasi-War
• After 1800, more anti-BritishAfter 1800, more anti-British
• Pro-French- Louisiana Purchase, Macon’s Pro-French- Louisiana Purchase, Macon’s Bill # 2Bill # 2
• War 1812War 1812– ImpressmentImpressment– Chespeake Incident- Embargo Act- Non-Chespeake Incident- Embargo Act- Non-
Intercourse ActIntercourse Act– Invaded CanadaInvaded Canada
Judiciary- Judiciary- No Revolution, Marshall (Fed) Court in No Revolution, Marshall (Fed) Court in
chargecharge• Adams, midnight judges, stuffed the courtAdams, midnight judges, stuffed the court
• Jefferson attacked the courts, Samuel ChaseJefferson attacked the courts, Samuel Chase
• Marshall promoted federalist rights of a strong Marshall promoted federalist rights of a strong central gov. and businesscentral gov. and business
• TJ would prefer States nullify, Vir & Kent Res.TJ would prefer States nullify, Vir & Kent Res.
• Marshall Cases:Marshall Cases:– Marbury v. Madison, Marbury v. Madison, judicial reviewjudicial review– McCulloch v. Maryland- implied powersMcCulloch v. Maryland- implied powers– Gibbons v. Ogden- right to regulate commerceGibbons v. Ogden- right to regulate commerce– Fletcher v. Peck- right of contractFletcher v. Peck- right of contract– Dartmouth v. Woodward- right of contractDartmouth v. Woodward- right of contract
Politics- YesPolitics- Yes
• Peaceful transfer of power from Peaceful transfer of power from FederalistFederalist
• Federalist die off, Hartford Convention, Federalist die off, Hartford Convention, never have a President againnever have a President again
• TJ-Madison-MonroeTJ-Madison-Monroe
• Controlled Congress tooControlled Congress too
• Era of Good Feelings- One party ruleEra of Good Feelings- One party rule
Essay hintEssay hint
• Although the power of the national Although the power of the national government increased during the early government increased during the early republic, this development often faced republic, this development often faced serious opposition. Compare the motives serious opposition. Compare the motives and effectiveness of those opposed to and effectiveness of those opposed to the growing power of the national the growing power of the national government in TWO of the following: government in TWO of the following:
• Whiskey Rebellion (1794)Whiskey Rebellion (1794)• Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions (1798-Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions (1798-
1799)1799)• Hartford Convention (1814-1815)Hartford Convention (1814-1815)
• How effective was the Constitution at How effective was the Constitution at solving the problems of the Articles of solving the problems of the Articles of Confederation at governing a new nation? Confederation at governing a new nation? Please limit your answer from 1781 to Please limit your answer from 1781 to 1800.1800.
• Evaluate the relative importance of Evaluate the relative importance of domestic and foreign affairs in shaping domestic and foreign affairs in shaping American politics in the 1790’s.American politics in the 1790’s.
• Analyze the contributions of TWO of the Analyze the contributions of TWO of the following in helping establish a stable following in helping establish a stable government after the adoption of the government after the adoption of the ConstitutionConstitution
George WashingtonGeorge WashingtonJohn AdamsJohn AdamsThomas JeffersonThomas Jefferson
Essay hintEssay hint
• Although the power of the national Although the power of the national government increased during the early government increased during the early republic, this development often faced republic, this development often faced serious opposition. Compare the motives serious opposition. Compare the motives and effectiveness of those opposed to and effectiveness of those opposed to the growing power of the national the growing power of the national government in TWO of the following: government in TWO of the following:
• Whiskey Rebellion (1794)Whiskey Rebellion (1794)• Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions (1798-Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions (1798-
1799)1799)• Hartford Convention (1814-1815)Hartford Convention (1814-1815)
•Some historians have argued that the French and Indian War marked a turning point in British imperial policy toward the American colonies. Support, modify, or refute this contention using specific evidence.
•Some historians have argued that a high tax burden on the colonists caused the Americans to rebel in 1776. Support, modify, or refute this contention using specific evidence.
•Some historians have argued that the American Revolution was not revolutionary in nature. Support, modify, or refute this contention using specific evidence.
•Some historians have argued that the US Constitution was a radical departure from the Articles of Confederation. Support, modify, or refute this contention using specific evidence.
