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The Evolution of Workplace Learning in the United States Since
1607
Gary J. Confessore, Ed.D. Sharon J. Confessore, Ph.D. EunMi Park, Ed.D.
HRD Enterprises Bon Secours Health System Johns Hopkins University
2008 East Asia Forum for Adult EducationGuangzhou and Macau
May 18 – 22, 2008
Adult Learning and HRD:New Requirements Create Opportunities
Demand fornew skills, knowledge,
and tools for development
New techniquesand modelsfor learning
and development
Innovation is a compelling
business need
From 1607 - 1920
Time-Line of Adult Education Practices in the U.S.A.
Time-Line of Workplace Training Practices in the U.S.A.
1607
1607
1790
1790
1860
1860
1920
1920
Formative Era
1607 - 1789
Establishment Era
1790 - 1859
National Era
1869 - 1920
1st Morrill Act – 1862Immigration & need for adult basic education in workplace2nnd Morrill Act - 1890
Industrial skills certified by labor unions after period of experience
Agricultural & Practical Skills learned through Apprenticeships, Guilds,
& Indentured Service
From 1920 - 1959
Time-Line of Adult Education Practices in the U.S.A.
Time-Line of Workplace Training Practices in the U.S.A.
1920
1920
1944
1944
1957
1957 1960
1960
Transition to the
Modern Era
1920 - 1943
Serviceman’s
Readjustment Act
1944
Sputnik – 1957
Space Race
National Defense Education Act - 1958
On the Job-Training
Bandura’s work on observable behaviors
First Computer-Based Training System (CBT) - 1959
1928 Great Depression
Hawthorn productivity study (1927 - 1932)
JIT (Job Instruction Training)By National Defense Advisory CommissionChange from worker skills to employee satisfaction
From 1960 - 1995
Time-Line of Adult Learning Theory in the U.S.A.
Time-Line of Workplace Training Practices in the U.S.A.
1960
1960
1975
1975
1985
1985 1995
1995
Houle – 1961
Johnstone & Rivera – 1965
Andragogy popularized in U.S.A. – 1970
Cross, Valley & Assoc. - 1974
Self-Directed Learning – 1975
Metacognition - 1976
Social Learning Theory - 1977
Adult’s Learning Projects - 1979
Theory of Reasoned Action -1980
Multiple Intelligences - 1983
1st International SDL Symposium 1986
Theory of Planned Behavior - 1991
Learner Autonomy Defined -1992
Internet exceeds 4 million nodes 1994
One employer for life concept eliminated
Multiple careers across the life span
Knowledge & information replace money as wealth
Equal Pay Act of 1963 Civil Rights Act of 1964
Future Shock - 1970
Most mid-size companies have in-house training programs
The Third Wave - 1980
HRD-Adult Learning programs develop in Higher Education
From 1995 – 2008Time-Line of Adult Learning Theory in the
U.S.A.
Time-Line of Work-Related Learning in the U.S.A.
1995
1995
2000
2000 2008
2008Precursors to intentionality and persistence
intentions to learn constructed - 2001
Learner Autonomy Profile - 2001
Autonomous learning and SDL contrasted from agentic perspective- 2008
Learning OrganizationsDistance LearningChief Learning OfficersIndividual Development PlansKnowledge ManagementSystems
Communities of PracticeLeadership DevelopmentSuccession PlanningWeb based learningExecutive Coaches
Emotional Intelligence – 1995
Learning as a Way of Being – 1996
1st World Congress on SDL, Montreal – 1997
Resourcefulness & initiative intentions to learn constructed - 1999
Dominance of Distance Learning Programs
Internet-based Mentoring
Focus on Developing Behavioral Intentions to Learn
Projections From Present to 2020
Network based learning and simulation learning
Projections of Adult Learning Theory in the U.S.A.
Projections of Work-Related Learning in the U.S.A.
2009
2009 2020
2020Web-based learning will become a dominant model
Assessment and enhancement of learner autonomy will support several research agendas
Simulations & gaming for learning will be more realistic
Learning theory rather than instructional design will become the core component of knowledge acquisition models
“Trainers” will be viewed as “learning support resources”
Individual development plans based on assessment of learner autonomy will be common
Internet commuting will replace physical commuting in light of energy and other economic realities
Corporations will be slow to modify employee selection, development, and evaluation models to account for Internet commuting
Contact Information
Gary J. Confessore, Ed.D., MLAC Sharon J. Confessore, Ph.D. EunMi Park, Ed.D., MLAC
