The Enlightenment. ► Reason, natural law, progress— these were the key words of the 18th century. ► As an epoch of history, this is widely known in the

The EnlightenmentThe Enlightenment


►Reason, natural law,Reason, natural law, progressprogress—these were the key words of the —these were the key words of the 18th century. 18th century.

►As an epoch of history, this is As an epoch of history, this is widely known in the West as the widely known in the West as the Age of EnlightenmentAge of Enlightenment (enlighten—to give or attain (enlighten—to give or attain knowledge or truth). knowledge or truth).


►Coming off the heels of the Scientific Coming off the heels of the Scientific Revolution, by the early 1700’s, Revolution, by the early 1700’s, European thinkers felt that nothing was European thinkers felt that nothing was beyond the reach of the human mind.beyond the reach of the human mind.

►During the Age of Enlightenment, it was During the Age of Enlightenment, it was widely assumed that human widely assumed that human reasonreason could cure the ills of the past and help could cure the ills of the past and help achieve a utopian government, achieve a utopian government, perpetual peace, and a perfect society. perpetual peace, and a perfect society.


►Enlightenment thinkers believed Enlightenment thinkers believed in the in the power of knowledge power of knowledge to to transform human society.transform human society.

►They shared a commitment to They shared a commitment to open-mindedness and inquiry, and open-mindedness and inquiry, and in varying degrees hostility to in varying degrees hostility to established religious and political established religious and political authority.authority.


►Many took aim at the “divine right Many took aim at the “divine right of kings” (of kings” (absolutismabsolutism) and the ) and the aristocratic privileges of nobles.aristocratic privileges of nobles.

►The Enlightenment was based on The Enlightenment was based on the belief that people could the belief that people could correct the errors of their ways, correct the errors of their ways, once those errors had been once those errors had been pointed out to them. pointed out to them.


►The idea of The idea of natural law natural law underlies much underlies much modern democratic development. But modern democratic development. But what is natural law?what is natural law?

►Natural law Natural law = the rules discoverable by = the rules discoverable by reason.reason.

►Natural law Natural law is the idea that in the is the idea that in the structure of the world, law (not opinion) structure of the world, law (not opinion) distinguishes between distinguishes between what is “right” what is “right” and what is “wrong.”and what is “wrong.”


►What is “Right” is What is “Right” is naturalnatural and not and not a human invention or determined a human invention or determined by heritage, tradition, or customs by heritage, tradition, or customs (i.e. cannibalism is bad and (i.e. cannibalism is bad and therefore not natural).therefore not natural).

►So, the idea of “So, the idea of “natural rightsnatural rights” ” meant the rights that belonged to meant the rights that belonged to people from birth.people from birth.

The EnlightenmentThe Enlightenment►The The philosophesphilosophes took took

Newton’s idea of the Newton’s idea of the giant clock and giant clock and reasoned that the reasoned that the machine had not machine had not functioned properly functioned properly because no one fully because no one fully understood the understood the machinery. Once the machinery. Once the basic laws that basic laws that governed the machine governed the machine were grasped, the giant were grasped, the giant clock would operate as clock would operate as it should.it should.

The EnlightenmentThe Enlightenment►The intellectuals who professed this The intellectuals who professed this

optimistic creed were known by the optimistic creed were known by the French name French name philosophesphilosophes..

►The The philosophesphilosophes were critics, were critics, economists, political scientists, economists, political scientists, historians, scientists, social reformers, historians, scientists, social reformers, and philosophers. and philosophers.

►The great legacy of the The great legacy of the philosophesphilosophes was was generalizing a critical attitude, exposing generalizing a critical attitude, exposing everything to scrutiny and rational everything to scrutiny and rational analysis…where nothing was sacred. analysis…where nothing was sacred.


►The The philosophesphilosophes believed that the natural believed that the natural laws defined by Newton governed people laws defined by Newton governed people too.too.

►So the So the philosophesphilosophes created political, created political, economic, and social systems based on economic, and social systems based on Newton’s natural law (which was Newton’s natural law (which was considered the ultimate truth).considered the ultimate truth).

►The The philosophesphilosophes saw themselves as the saw themselves as the Newton’s of statecraft, justice, and Newton’s of statecraft, justice, and economics.economics.


►The values of the Enlightenment, it was The values of the Enlightenment, it was assumed, were universal and were those of assumed, were universal and were those of all civilized men.all civilized men.

►Once ignorance, intolerance, and Once ignorance, intolerance, and parochialism (narrow attitudes) were parochialism (narrow attitudes) were removed, it was believed that the removed, it was believed that the unimpeded operation of the laws of nature, unimpeded operation of the laws of nature, uncovered by reason, would promote the uncovered by reason, would promote the reform of society in everyone’s interest reform of society in everyone’s interest except of those clinging to the past or to except of those clinging to the past or to their aristocratic privileges.their aristocratic privileges.


►Three great examples Three great examples of the Enlightenment of the Enlightenment in the form of in the form of documents are our documents are our Declaration ofDeclaration of Independence,Independence, our our Constitution,Constitution, and the and the French French Declaration ofDeclaration of the Rights of Manthe Rights of Man and and Citizen.Citizen.


►The Declaration lists “The Declaration lists “the pursuit of the pursuit of happinesshappiness” as a fundamental ” as a fundamental human right, along with the human right, along with the enjoyment of life and liberty.enjoyment of life and liberty.

►The idea that humanity was The idea that humanity was entitled to pursue happiness and entitled to pursue happiness and might even attain it was indeed might even attain it was indeed revolutionary—a revolutionary—a profound profound departure from the traditional departure from the traditional Christian beliefChristian belief that happiness that happiness could never be expected on earth. could never be expected on earth.

John LockeJohn Locke► John LockeJohn Locke (1632-1704) (1632-1704)

►HisHis Second Treatise of Second Treatise of GovernmentGovernment (1690) stated (1690) stated that people are “by nature all that people are “by nature all free, equal, and independent.” free, equal, and independent.”

► Before Locke, it was widely Before Locke, it was widely believed that at birth, people believed that at birth, people were born predisposed to were born predisposed to believe in the absolute believe in the absolute authority of the Church and authority of the Church and monarch. monarch.

John LockeJohn Locke►Also in 1690, Locke wrote Also in 1690, Locke wrote Essay Essay

Concerning Human Understanding, Concerning Human Understanding, and in it denied that humans were and in it denied that humans were inclined, since birth, to submit to inclined, since birth, to submit to absolute political and religious absolute political and religious authority. Locke was the first to authority. Locke was the first to deny the existence of such ideas. deny the existence of such ideas.

►He called the newborn mind a He called the newborn mind a tabula rasatabula rasa, a “blank slate” upon , a “blank slate” upon which experience would write.which experience would write.

John LockeJohn Locke►Locke was the first Locke was the first

to say that to say that environment was environment was more important than more important than heredityheredity (but not the (but not the first to say reason first to say reason was more important was more important than faith). Some than faith). Some consider Locke the consider Locke the father of psychology. father of psychology.

John LockeJohn Locke

►Locke wrote that people had certain natural rights, Locke wrote that people had certain natural rights, among these were the rights to among these were the rights to “life, liberty, and “life, liberty, and property.”property.” (sound familiar?) (sound familiar?)

►Locke wrote that Locke wrote that people created government to people created government to enforce the rights of all.enforce the rights of all.

►Government was thus created by a mutual contract Government was thus created by a mutual contract that had mutual obligations.that had mutual obligations.

► ..


►The people had to The people had to be rational, be rational, responsible, and responsible, and educated. educated.

►The government The government had to protect the had to protect the natural rights of natural rights of its citizens.its citizens.

John LockeJohn Locke►If the government broke its contract, if If the government broke its contract, if

it failed in its obligations to its citizens, it failed in its obligations to its citizens, if it violated the natural rights of its if it violated the natural rights of its citizens, then the people had the right citizens, then the people had the right to rebel or resist that government to rebel or resist that government (sound familiar?).(sound familiar?).

►Locke’s idea of the right to revolution Locke’s idea of the right to revolution influenced our forefathers as well as influenced our forefathers as well as intellectuals in Europe and Latin intellectuals in Europe and Latin America.America.


►However Locke’s However Locke’s grand ideas on grand ideas on human liberty did human liberty did not extend to not extend to African slaves African slaves because he because he viewed slavery as viewed slavery as a legitimate form a legitimate form of private of private property.property.

MontesquieuMontesquieu►Montesquieu Montesquieu (1689-1755)(1689-1755)

Wrote one of the most Wrote one of the most influential works of the influential works of the Enlightenment: Enlightenment: Spirit of the Spirit of the LawsLaws (1748). (1748).

►He wrote that the best way He wrote that the best way to protect liberty was to to protect liberty was to create a create a reasonable and reasonable and rational government split rational government split into three branches into three branches (separation of powers).(separation of powers).

MontesquieuMontesquieu

►Montesquieu greatly admired the Montesquieu greatly admired the English separation of powers which English separation of powers which created the created the checks and balanceschecks and balances system that we see in our own system that we see in our own government.government.

►From his work comes our From his work comes our law makinglaw making branch (Congress), the branch (Congress), the law enforcinglaw enforcing branch (the Executive), and the branch (the Executive), and the law law interpretinginterpreting branch (the Judicial branch (the Judicial system).system).

MontesquieuMontesquieu

►Montesquieu’s Montesquieu’s work, more than work, more than any other, any other, influenced the influenced the writers of the writers of the American American Constitution Constitution (especially (especially James Madison). James Madison).

RousseauRousseau►RousseauRousseau (1712-1788) (1712-1788)

was the most radical was the most radical (and unbalanced) of the (and unbalanced) of the philosophesphilosophes. .

►He believed that when He believed that when people found they people found they needed laws to live by, needed laws to live by, they made an they made an agreement to establish agreement to establish a government (a a government (a contract). contract).

RousseauRousseau► In his book In his book The Social The Social

Contract Contract (1762), (1762), Rousseau pushed the Rousseau pushed the idea of idea of democracydemocracy as as the best form of the best form of government instead government instead of a monarchy. of a monarchy.

►Rousseau believed Rousseau believed that citizens gave the that citizens gave the government the rightgovernment the right to rule. to rule.

RousseauRousseau► Individual moral freedom could only be Individual moral freedom could only be

achieved if you subjected your interests to achieved if you subjected your interests to the “general will” of society (i.e. the good the “general will” of society (i.e. the good of the community).of the community).

►The “good” of the community was more The “good” of the community was more important than the good of the individual important than the good of the individual (the needs of the many outweigh the needs (the needs of the many outweigh the needs of the few). of the few).

►Only a government based on a contract Only a government based on a contract (like our (like our ConstitutionConstitution) could make people ) could make people moral and free.moral and free.

RousseauRousseau

►Rousseau felt that any society ruled by Rousseau felt that any society ruled by monarchs placed too many rules on its monarchs placed too many rules on its people’s behavior (people were not people’s behavior (people were not free).free).

►Some rules of social control were Some rules of social control were necessary, but they should be minimal necessary, but they should be minimal and created only by governments that and created only by governments that had been freely elected.had been freely elected.

RousseauRousseau►When a government When a government

ruled unwisely, the ruled unwisely, the people could take people could take power away from it power away from it (an idea first (an idea first promoted by Locke). promoted by Locke).

►Rousseau’s thoughts Rousseau’s thoughts were expanded by were expanded by Thomas Jefferson in Thomas Jefferson in the the Declaration of Declaration of Independence. Independence.

VoltaireVoltaire►Perhaps the greatest Perhaps the greatest

of the of the philosophephilosophe was was VoltaireVoltaire (1694-1778). (1694-1778).

►Voltaire felt religion Voltaire felt religion (especially (especially Catholicism) crushed Catholicism) crushed the human spirit and the human spirit and that to be free, man that to be free, man had distance himself had distance himself from the strict dogma from the strict dogma of religion. of religion.

VoltaireVoltaire

►In his In his Treatise on Toleration Treatise on Toleration (1763), Voltaire epitomized (1763), Voltaire epitomized Enlightenment thinking by railing Enlightenment thinking by railing against superstition, ignorance, against superstition, ignorance, and the corruption of established and the corruption of established religion.religion.

►His own faith, like that of many His own faith, like that of many other Enlightenment thinkers, was other Enlightenment thinkers, was DeismDeism. .

Deism►They looked to create a religious life

that substituted human reason for the authority of churches.

►If nature was rational, then the God that created it must also be rational, and the religion through which that God was worshiped should be rational.

►What Voltaire and most of the other philosophes sought was a religion without fanaticism and intolerance (i.e. rational).

DeismDeism

►Deism believed in a rather abstract Deism believed in a rather abstract and remote God…one who created and remote God…one who created the universe (like a divine the universe (like a divine clockmaker), set it in motion, then clockmaker), set it in motion, then stepped back to let it operate on its stepped back to let it operate on its own.own.

►This was quite different from the This was quite different from the personal God who intervened in personal God who intervened in history or tampered with natural law. history or tampered with natural law.

DeismDeism

►Voltaire wrote that Deism Voltaire wrote that Deism was empirical, tolerant, was empirical, tolerant, reasonable, and capable of reasonable, and capable of encouraging virtuous living. encouraging virtuous living.

►He believed that an He believed that an enlightened government enlightened government allowed allowed freedom of thought freedom of thought and religionand religion, which , which advanced the cause of advanced the cause of material and technical material and technical progress. progress.

VoltaireVoltaire

►Influenced by the works of Influenced by the works of Voltaire, the framers of our Voltaire, the framers of our ConstitutionConstitution created the clause created the clause declaring declaring freedom of religion and freedom of religion and freedom of the pressfreedom of the press to be a part to be a part of the of the Bill of Rights (Article I).Bill of Rights (Article I).

VoltaireVoltaire

►He was a close friend of Benjamin He was a close friend of Benjamin Franklin, and the two were considered Franklin, and the two were considered the most brilliant thinkers of their age. the most brilliant thinkers of their age.

VoltaireVoltaire

►Though rooted in Western Europe, Though rooted in Western Europe, the Enlightenment was influenced the Enlightenment was influenced by a global awareness.by a global awareness.

►Voltaire idealized China as an Voltaire idealized China as an empire governed by an elite of empire governed by an elite of secular scholars selected for their secular scholars selected for their talent, not because of their rank at talent, not because of their rank at birth (the Confucian scholars).birth (the Confucian scholars).

VoltaireVoltaire

►This caused a resurgent fad for all This caused a resurgent fad for all things Chinese—dishes, furniture things Chinese—dishes, furniture styles, rugs, wallpaper, decorative styles, rugs, wallpaper, decorative arts.arts.

►This was in sharp contrast to a This was in sharp contrast to a Europe dominated by those of Europe dominated by those of aristocratic birth or military prowess.aristocratic birth or military prowess.

VoltaireVoltaire

►Voltaire’s most famous novel, Voltaire’s most famous novel, Candide Candide (1759), is still widely read. This satire (1759), is still widely read. This satire attacks war, religious persecution, and attacks war, religious persecution, and what he considered unwarranted what he considered unwarranted optimism about the human condition. optimism about the human condition. “Barbarism lasts for centuries; it “Barbarism lasts for centuries; it seems that it is our natural element; seems that it is our natural element; reason and good taste are only reason and good taste are only passing.”passing.”

Gotthold Lessing

►The German philosophe, Gotthold Lessing (1729-1781), wrote Nathan the Wise, a plea for toleration not only of different Christian sects, but also faiths other than Christian.

Toleration

►Despite emphasis on toleration, the philosophes’ had contempt for traditional Christianity, Judaism, and Islam.

►The most radical were in Holland, where a Dutch book, The Treatise of the Three Imposters , claimed Moses, Jesus, and Muhammad were fraudulent imposters who based their teachings on “the ignorance of Peoples [and] resolved to keep them in it.”

Toleration

►To many Enlightenment intellectuals, Biblical miracles and biblical history (especially in the Old Testament) were satired (faith vs. rationality).

►This further stigmatized Jews and Judaism in the eyes of most non-Jewish Europeans.

Toleration►Islam continued to be seen as a

rival to Christianity.►Most European writers portrayed

Islam as a false religion and Muhammad as a false prophet.

►To Voltaire, Muhammad and Islam represented one more example of religious fanaticism.

Marquis de CondorcetMarquis de Condorcet►No thinker expressed No thinker expressed

the confidence of the confidence of humanity’s humanity’s improvement more improvement more than the noted than the noted mathematician, mathematician, philosopher, and philosopher, and early political early political scientist the Marquis scientist the Marquis de Condorcet (1743-de Condorcet (1743-1794).1794).

Marquis de CondorcetMarquis de Condorcet►de Condorcet’s work, more de Condorcet’s work, more

than anyone else’s, than anyone else’s, promoted the ideal central promoted the ideal central to the Enlightenment: to the Enlightenment: human human PROGRESSPROGRESS..

►As reflected in his writings, As reflected in his writings, the future promised the the future promised the end of slavery, racism, end of slavery, racism, gender inequality, public gender inequality, public education, supernatural education, supernatural religion, political tyranny, religion, political tyranny, and contagious disease.and contagious disease.

Adam SmithAdam Smith

►Scotsman Scotsman Adam Adam Smith Smith (1727-1790) (1727-1790) was the creator of was the creator of classic classic laissez-fairelaissez-faire economics. economics.

►Many consider him Many consider him the father of the father of modern economic modern economic theory.theory.

Adam SmithAdam Smith

► In his very influential book In his very influential book Inquiry into Inquiry into the Nature and Cause of the Wealth of the Nature and Cause of the Wealth of NationsNations (1776), Smith argued that wealth (1776), Smith argued that wealth depended depended less on the soil, and more on less on the soil, and more on the labor the labor of farmers, artisans, mill hands, of farmers, artisans, mill hands, laborers. laborers.

►Smith believed people should be allowed Smith believed people should be allowed to compete for their own wealth, guided to compete for their own wealth, guided by the by the “invisible hand” “invisible hand” – i.e. natural laws.– i.e. natural laws.

Adam SmithAdam Smith►Smith wanted to reduce government Smith wanted to reduce government

barriers that hindered growth. barriers that hindered growth. ►He wanted to limit the power of the He wanted to limit the power of the

government to defense, internal government to defense, internal security, and the creation of security, and the creation of reasonable laws and fair courts. reasonable laws and fair courts.

►Government should merely act as a Government should merely act as a passive policeman when it came to the passive policeman when it came to the economy. (remember the Gilded Age?) economy. (remember the Gilded Age?)

Beccaria

►Marquis Cesare Beccaria (1738-1794), the most famous Italian of the Enlightenment, published On Crimes and Punishments, his critical analysis of the problem of making punishments effective and just.

Beccaria►Beccaria was the first to state that in an

enlightened criminal justice system, the accused should receive a speedy trial and that the purpose of punishment should be to deter further crime.

►The purpose of the law was not to impose “the will of God” but to “secure the greatest good or happiness for the greatest number of human beings.”

►Our Eighth Amendment to the Constitution is based on Beccaria’s ideas.

DiderotDiderot

►The The EncyclopedieEncyclopedie, , edited by Denis edited by Denis Diderot was a twenty Diderot was a twenty one volume work one volume work (written between (written between 1751-1772) of 1751-1772) of historical, technical, historical, technical, and scientific and scientific knowledge. knowledge.

DiderotDiderot

►The The EncyclopedieEncyclopedie is is considered the most considered the most serious work of the serious work of the philosophes’.philosophes’.

►Through its pages, Through its pages, many of the chief many of the chief ideas of the ideas of the Enlightenment Enlightenment reached a broad reached a broad audience of readers.audience of readers.

Immanuel KantImmanuel Kant

► Kant (1724-1804) was the Kant (1724-1804) was the most influential German most influential German thinker of the Enlightenment.thinker of the Enlightenment.

► Kant set the foundations for Kant set the foundations for modern (Western) philosophy. modern (Western) philosophy.

► Kant believed that true Kant believed that true understanding could only understanding could only come from examining how come from examining how ideas are formed in the mind.ideas are formed in the mind.

► ““Does God exist?” was a Does God exist?” was a question that reason alone question that reason alone could not answer.could not answer.

Mary WollstonecraftMary Wollstonecraft►Mary Wollstonecraft Mary Wollstonecraft

(1759-1797) was one of (1759-1797) was one of the first to promote the the first to promote the idea that women were idea that women were not inferior to men.not inferior to men.

►Wollstonecraft is widely Wollstonecraft is widely regarded as the regarded as the founder founder of European feminism of European feminism and suffrageand suffrage (women’s (women’s rights).rights).

Mary WollstonecraftMary Wollstonecraft► In her In her Vindication of the Rights of WomenVindication of the Rights of Women, ,

Wollstonecraft argued that there were two Wollstonecraft argued that there were two problems with the way Enlightenment problems with the way Enlightenment thinkers portrayed women:thinkers portrayed women:

►1). Women shouldn’t have to obey men just 1). Women shouldn’t have to obey men just as men shouldn’t have to arbitrarily obey a as men shouldn’t have to arbitrarily obey a monarch; andmonarch; and

►2). Since the Enlightenment promoted the 2). Since the Enlightenment promoted the idea of human reason, women, as humans, idea of human reason, women, as humans, had reason too. They were therefore had reason too. They were therefore entitled to the same rights as men when it entitled to the same rights as men when it came to education, politics, or the came to education, politics, or the economy. economy.


►Up until the Enlightenment (or the Up until the Enlightenment (or the Age of Reason), most Europeans Age of Reason), most Europeans accepted without question the divine accepted without question the divine right of monarchs, a strict class right of monarchs, a strict class system, and faith in a heavenly system, and faith in a heavenly reward for earthly suffering.reward for earthly suffering.

►To Enlightenment thinkers, these To Enlightenment thinkers, these ideas were unscientific and irrational.ideas were unscientific and irrational.


►Enlightenment thinkers wanted Enlightenment thinkers wanted reforms in all aspects of reforms in all aspects of government and society to create government and society to create a more just and happy world.a more just and happy world.

►Most governments and the Church Most governments and the Church wanted to defend the “old order” wanted to defend the “old order” (they believed God had created (they believed God had created the “old order” so they must the “old order” so they must defend it).defend it).


►The Age of Enlightenment paved the The Age of Enlightenment paved the way from absolutism to democracy. way from absolutism to democracy.

►So influential were the works of the So influential were the works of the philosophes philosophes that some absolute that some absolute monarchs tried to study their ideas and monarchs tried to study their ideas and a few even tried to put them into a few even tried to put them into practice, but the deeds of the so-called practice, but the deeds of the so-called enlightened despots fell far short of enlightened despots fell far short of their good intentions.their good intentions.


►Since reform was not to come through the Since reform was not to come through the hands of the absolute monarchs, reform hands of the absolute monarchs, reform and revolution had to come through the and revolution had to come through the hands of the people. hands of the people.

►Guiding those hands were the Guiding those hands were the philosophes philosophes from the Enlightenment. from the Enlightenment.

► In the days when newspapers were few, In the days when newspapers were few, and radio and TV did not exist, the and radio and TV did not exist, the philosophesphilosophes did much to encourage change did much to encourage change and progress. and progress.


►In Paris, informal discussions In Paris, informal discussions among the among the philosophephilosophe took place took place in the homes of noble and middle-in the homes of noble and middle-class women called class women called salonssalons..


►The idea that made the Enlightenment The idea that made the Enlightenment revolutionary was the idea ofrevolutionary was the idea of PROGRESSPROGRESS..

►Human society was not fixed by Human society was not fixed by tradition or divine command but could tradition or divine command but could be changed and improved by human be changed and improved by human action guided by action guided by reasonreason..

►This was a major departure from most This was a major departure from most pre-modern social thinking.pre-modern social thinking.

The EnlightenmentThe Enlightenment►The Enlightenment promoted the idea that The Enlightenment promoted the idea that

humans are basically good, or at least humans are basically good, or at least improvable, and that they can be improvable, and that they can be educated to be better; reason is the key to educated to be better; reason is the key to truth, and religions that rely on blind faith truth, and religions that rely on blind faith or refuse to tolerate diversity are wrong.or refuse to tolerate diversity are wrong.

►Progress was possible, even inevitable, if Progress was possible, even inevitable, if people could be set free.people could be set free.

►Society’s goals should center on improving Society’s goals should center on improving material and social life. material and social life.


►We cannot underestimate the We cannot underestimate the historical importance of the historical importance of the Enlightenment.Enlightenment.

►Because of these intellectuals, the Because of these intellectuals, the American Revolution, the French American Revolution, the French Revolution, and every subsequent Revolution, and every subsequent political and social revolution in political and social revolution in history occurred. history occurred.


►The freedoms we enjoy today The freedoms we enjoy today were the result of the thoughts were the result of the thoughts and writings of these brilliant men and writings of these brilliant men and women.and women.

►BUT…the downside was that BUT…the downside was that Europeans had another reason to Europeans had another reason to be ethnocentric and believe in be ethnocentric and believe in their own superiority vis-a-vis the their own superiority vis-a-vis the rest of the world.rest of the world.

Musical Giants of the Musical Giants of the EnlightenmentEnlightenment

► Johann Sebastian Johann Sebastian BachBach

►Wolfgang Amadeus Wolfgang Amadeus MozartMozart

►George Frideric George Frideric HandelHandel

►Franz Joseph HaydnFranz Joseph Haydn► http://http://

www.youtube.com/watch?www.youtube.com/watch?v=Qb_jQBgzU-v=Qb_jQBgzU-I&list=AL94UKMTqg-I&list=AL94UKMTqg-9AiM0Iv4kt5HDuiZuAsnm9AiM0Iv4kt5HDuiZuAsnm8989

Art Reflected Changing Art Reflected Changing TastesTastes

►The century before the Enlightenment, two important artistic styles developed: Mannerism and Baroque.

►Developed in the late Developed in the late 1500’s, 1500’s, Mannerism Mannerism began began in Italy before spreading in Italy before spreading across Europe.across Europe.

►The most famous of the The most famous of the Mannerists was Mannerists was El GrecoEl Greco..

Mannerism

►Mannerism used Mannerism used distorted distorted perspective and perspective and bizarre effects to bizarre effects to convey a message convey a message or to emphasize a or to emphasize a theme (usually theme (usually religious intensity).religious intensity).

Mannerism

►Mannerism Mannerism found a ready found a ready audience in audience in Catholic lands Catholic lands because of its because of its overwhelmingloverwhelmingly religious y religious imagery. imagery.

Mannerism

Mannerism

BaroqueBaroque

►From the 1600’s to the mid 1700’s, the From the 1600’s to the mid 1700’s, the most famous style was called most famous style was called BaroqueBaroque. .

►The Baroque style was characterized The Baroque style was characterized by an almost theatrical use of curves, by an almost theatrical use of curves, exaggerated lighting, intense exaggerated lighting, intense emotions, suffering, violence, passion, emotions, suffering, violence, passion, and release from restraint.and release from restraint.

►The Baroque style was tied to the The Baroque style was tied to the Catholic counter-Reformation.Catholic counter-Reformation.

BaroqueBaroque

►Peter Paul Peter Paul Rubens Rubens

St George and St George and the Dragonthe Dragon (1606)(1606)

BaroqueBaroque►Peter Paul Rubens Peter Paul Rubens The The

Hippopotamus and Crocodile Hunt Hippopotamus and Crocodile Hunt (1616)(1616)

BaroqueBaroque►Rubens: Tiger, Lion, and Leopard Hunt

BaroqueBaroque►Rubens: Daniel and the Lion’s Den

(1615)

BaroqueBaroque►Rubens: Prometheus

Bound (1611) ►Rubens (1577-1640)

BaroqueBaroque

►Rubens: Rubens: The The Raising of the Raising of the CrossCross (1610) (1610)

BaroqueBaroqueThe Sacrifice of IsaacThe Sacrifice of Isaac

by Rembrandt by Rembrandt (1635)(1635)

►Rembrandt (1606-1669)

BaroqueBaroque► Rembrandt’s Rembrandt’s The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. The Anatomy Lesson of Dr.

TulpTulp (1632) (1632)

BaroqueBaroque

►The NightwatchThe Nightwatch by Rembrandt (1642) by Rembrandt (1642)

BaroqueBaroque

►Rembrandt’s Rembrandt’s The The Man in the Gold Man in the Gold HelmetHelmet

BaroqueBaroque

► Rembrandt’s Rembrandt’s

Aristotle Aristotle Contemplating Contemplating a Bust of a Bust of HomerHomer (1665) (1665)

BaroqueBaroque► Johannes Vermeer’s Johannes Vermeer’s

(Dutch) (Dutch) Milkmaid Milkmaid (1658).(1658).

►Vermeer focused Vermeer focused mostly on middle-mostly on middle-class life.class life.

►He is considered one He is considered one of the greatest of the greatest painters of the painters of the “Golden Age” of “Golden Age” of Dutch art.Dutch art.

BaroqueBaroque

► Vermeer’s Vermeer’s Girl Girl with Pearl with Pearl EarringEarring (1665)(1665)

BaroqueBaroque

► Vermeer’s Vermeer’s The The GeographerGeographer (1668)(1668)

Baroque in ArchitectureBaroque in Architecture

►The palace of Louis XIV at Versailles.The palace of Louis XIV at Versailles.

Baroque in ArchitectureBaroque in Architecture

►The Cathedral of Cuzco (Peru).The Cathedral of Cuzco (Peru).

RococoRococo

►The The RococoRococo style became popular style became popular during the 1700’s, especially with during the 1700’s, especially with the growing middle-class in France.the growing middle-class in France.

►The Rococo movement began in The Rococo movement began in France because king Louis XIV France because king Louis XIV wanted more “youthful” looking art.wanted more “youthful” looking art.

►Compared to Baroque, Rococo was Compared to Baroque, Rococo was characterized by lighter colors, and characterized by lighter colors, and a more elegant and charming look.a more elegant and charming look.

RococoRococo►Rococo reflected the changes Rococo reflected the changes

happening in French society because happening in French society because of the Enlightenment.of the Enlightenment.

►Panned by the Panned by the philosophesphilosophes as as superficial, frivolous, and light-hearted, superficial, frivolous, and light-hearted, this style was widely accepted and this style was widely accepted and admired. admired.

►Rococo was known for its feminine Rococo was known for its feminine curves, intricate designs, and curves, intricate designs, and flamboyance. flamboyance.

RococoRococo

►The Embarkation for CytheraThe Embarkation for Cythera (1717) (1717)

RococoRococo► Interrupted SleepInterrupted Sleep

(1751) and the (1751) and the SwingSwing (1766)(1766)

RococoRococo

RococoRococoThe Fountain of Love The Fountain of Love (1748)(1748)Portrait of Madame de Portrait of Madame de PompadourPompadour

RococoRococo

►Rococo style furnitureRococo style furniture Russia’s Russia’s Hermitage Hermitage Palace: St. PetersburgPalace: St. Petersburg

Documents

The Enlightenment. ► Reason, natural law, progress— these were the key words of the 18th century. ► As an epoch of history, this is widely known in the