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7/31/2019 The English as a Foreign Language http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-english-as-a-foreign-language 1/10 0 Zkm Mgofhqk `gj Ce~mhog F`go}`omq ]ghsm~qhzx Kxjm~`n`j Nhfhgo}`fhqi `gj nhfhgo}`f mj}a`zheg Hgzm~g`f @qqhogimgz2 0' Kew hq Mgofhqk `q QF%CF tm~amhsmj `gj s`f}mj hg xe}~ ae}gz~x5 >' _k`z hq xe}~ tm~amtzheg `ne}z zkm ~efm ec Mgofhqk hg xe}~ fhcm5 Q}tm~shqe~2 T~ec' Ak`gak`f` L' G`hl  Jegm nx 2 R`nhk}ff`k @fhix`~ ^eff Ge' K)00;? >3%04%>400 

The English as a Foreign Language

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Page 1: The English as a Foreign Language

7/31/2019 The English as a Foreign Language

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-english-as-a-foreign-language 1/10

0

Zkm Mgofhqk `gj Ce~mhog

F`go}`omq ]ghsm~qhzx Kxjm~`n`j

Nhfhgo}`fhqi `gj

nhfhgo}`f mj}a`zheg

Hgzm~g`f @qqhogimgz2

0' Kew hq Mgofhqk `q QF%CF tm~amhsmj `gj s`f}mj hg xe}~ ae}gz~x5

>' _k`z hq xe}~ tm~amtzheg `ne}z zkm ~efm ec Mgofhqk hg xe}~ fhcm5

Q}tm~shqe~2 T~ec' Ak`gak`f` L' G`hl  

Jegm nx2 R`nhk}ff`k @fhix`~^eff Ge' K)00;? 

>3%04%>400 

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>

Hgz~ej}azheg2

Zkm Mgofhqk f`go}`om hq egm ec zkm ieqz whjmfx qtelmg f`go}`omq hg zkm we~fj' Mgofhqk

f`go}`om zk~e}ok zkm xm`~q k`q nmaeim ec `g hga~m`qm hite~z`gam& gez egfx hg zkm

jmsmfethgo ae}gz~hmq +m'o' Ei`g& P`z`~& Q`}jh @~`nh`‣mza( n}z `fqe hg zkm fm`qz

jmsmfetmj ae}gz~hmq +m'o' Aegoe&  @cok`ghqz`g&  Qei`fh`‣mza( `gj zkm ~mqz ec zkm

we~fj' Mgofhqk f`go}`om k`q hg zkm t`qz xm`~q hga~m`qmj mitfeximgz ette~z}ghzhmq

zk~e}oke}z zkm we~fj' Hz k`q nmaeim zkm aeiieg f`go}`om nmzwmmg tmetfm c~ei

jhccm~mgz n`alo~e}gjq' Mgofhqk hq gez sm~x jhccha}fz ze fm`~g& kewmsm~ hz jemq

~mp}h~m zkm tm~qeg ze }qm hg c~mp}mgzfx qe hz lmmtq hit~eshgo'

T~he~ ze ~mqtegj ze zkm p}mqzheg +kew hq Mgofhqk `q QF%CF tm~amhsmj `gj s`f}mj hg

xe}~ ae}gz~x5(& H we}fj fhlm ze n~hmcfx jhqa}qq `ne}z g`z}~m ec ecchah`f `gj

gegecchah`f f`go}`omq hg ix ae}gz~x zkmg H whff iesm eg ze zkm jhqa}qqheg `ne}z

zkm s`f}m ̀ gj tm~amhshgo ec MCF hg @cok`ghqz`g'

@cok`ghqz`g hq keim ze ie~m zk`g :4 f`go}`omq& whzk `~e}gj >44 jhccm~mgz

jh`fmazq' Zkm zwe ecchah`f f`go}`omq ec @cok`ghqz`g `~m Tm~qh`g J`~h +fhgo}`

c~`ga`( `gj T`qkze' Nezk `~m Hgje)M}~etm`g f`go}`omq c~ei zkm H~`gh`g f`go}`omq

q}n)c`ihfx' J}m ze @cok`ghqz`g/q i}fzh)mzkgha ak`~`azm~& f`go}`om s`~hmzx `q wmff

`q i}fzh) `gj nhfhgo}`fhqi hq ` aeiieg tkmgeimgeg' Tm~qh`g k`q `fw`xq nmmg zkm

i`hg im`gq ec aeii}gha`zheg nmzwmmg qtm`lm~q ec jhccm~mgz f`go}`omq& `gj hz k`q

i`hgz`hgmj hzq qz`z}q ec  fhgo}` c~`ga`' Gmsm~zkmfmqq zkm hite~z`gam ec fm`~ghgo

Mgofhqk `q ` ce~mhog f`go}`om k`q nmmg lgewg hg @cok`ghqz`g ce~ ` fego zhim' @q

q`xhgo hg ix ae}gz~x oemq2 .@gxegm wke lgewq ` f`go}`om hq egm tm~qeg& zkm egm

wke lgewq zwe f`go}`omq hq zwe tm~qegq& `gj zkm egm wke lgewq i}fzhtfm

f`go}`omq hq i}fzhtfm tm~qegq'. Hg zkhq t`tm~& ix jhqa}qqheg whff nm n`qmj }t eg ze

zkm `gqwm~q ce~ zkmqm zwe p}mqzhegq'

0'  Kew hq Mgofhqk `q QF%CF tm~amhsmj `gj s`f}mj hg xe}~ ae}gz~x5

>'  _k`z hq xe}~ tm~amtzheg `ne}z zkm ~efm ec Mgofhqk hg xe}~ fhcm5

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1

Hite~z`gam ec MCF hg @cok`ghqz`g 

Ce~mhog f`go}`om qz}jx hq hgjmmj ~mw`~jhgo' Ofe~he}q @cok`ghqz`g hq qfewfx

~metmghgo hzqmfc ze zkm we~fj `gj Mgofhqk f`go}`om k`q nmaeim zkm lmx' Hz hq z`}okz

`q ` ce~mhog f`go}`om `ff esm~ zkhq ae}gz~x& ce~ zkm ~m`qeg zk`z `a~eqq zkm ae}gz~x

xe} a`ggez chgj `gx g`zhsm)qtm`lm~ e~ `gxegm ze qtm`l ze `gj }qm hz hg khq%km~ ~m`f

fhcm' Ie~mesm~ Mgofhqk hq gez }qmj `q `g ecchah`f f`go}`om hg ix ae}gz~x zk`z hq

wkx wm a`ggez a`ff hz `q ` ch~qz e~ qmaegj f`go}`om ec @cok`g tmetfm'

Fm`~ghgo ` f`go}`om ec `gezkm~ ae}gz~x kmftq egm }gjm~qz`gj hzq a}fz}~m' F`go}`om

 nmaeimq ` tmmtkefm ze feel `z zkm g`zheg―q a}fz}~m& hzq z~`jhzhegq& `gj hzq khqze~x'

Hz`fh`g chfi jh~maze~ Cmjm~hae Cmffhgh q`xq& . @ jhccm~mgz f`go}`om hq ` jhccm~mgz 

shqheg ec fhcm.' ]gfmqq egm }gjm~qz`gjq ` a}fz}~m hg hzq ewg zm~iq& egm a`ggez nmq`hj ze k`sm o`hgmj `g mgz~x hgze `gezkm~ a}fz}~m' Hz hq egfx wkmg egm tm~amhsmq

qeimzkhgo zkm w`x hz hq m{t~mqqmj& km%qkm a`ggez nm q`hj ze k`sm ‗}gjm~qzeej― zkm

m{t~mqqheg' Hgzm~a}fz}~`f hgqmgqhzhshzx i`x fm`j ze ihq}gjm~qz`gjhgo' @

i}fzhfhgo}`f tm~qeg a`g `az `q ` n~hjom nmzwmmg zwe jhqzhgaz a}fz}~mq `gj `az}`ffx

t~eiezm we~fj tm`am' Ofen`f }gjm~qz`gjhgo ae}tfmj whzk ofen`fhr`zheg a`g

mccmazhsmfx n~hgo zkm we~fj afeqm~'

Hga~m`qhgo zkm a`t`ahzx ec Mgofhqk f`go}`om hg @cok`ghqz`g hq ` shz`f ce}gj`zheg

ce~ zkm ~mn}hfjhgo ec zkm ae}gz~x zk`z hq qfewfx omzzhgo n`al eg hzq cmmz' _hzke}z

Mgofhqk f`go}`om qlhffq& t~eo~mqq hq o~m`zfx khgjm~mj `gj zkm g`zheg whff aegzhg}m

ze nm ie~m hgzm~g`zheg`ffx hqef`zmj'

^mqm`~ak k`q qkewg zk`z k`shgo qz}jhmj ` ce~mhog f`go}`om egm a`g }gjm~qz`gj

egm―q ewg f`go}`om nmzzm~' Hz jmmtmgq zkm }gjm~qz`gjhgo ec egm―q ewg a}fz}~m'

Omgm~`f f`go}`om qlhffq hit~esm `czm~ qz}jxhgo ce~mhog f`go}`omq zk}q mgk`gahgo

zkm }gjm~qz`gjhgo ec egm―q ewg f`go}`om `q wmff' Zkm~m `~m i`gx ~m`qegq wkx egm

qke}fj fm`~g ` ce~mhog f`go}`om' F`go}`om qz}jx hgsefsmq ezkm~ fm`~ghgo qlhffq'

@j`tz`nhfhzx hga~m`qmq `q `g e}zaeim ec ce~mhog f`go}`om qz}jx nma`}qm& egm

fm`~gq ze }gc`ihfh`~ hjm`q wkhfm fm`~ghgo ` gmw f`go}`om' Hg qz}jxhgo ` ce~mhog

f`go}`om& egm c`amq zez`ffx gmw hjmefeohmq `gj zk}q fm`~gq ze `j`tz ze jhsm~qhzx'

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Zkm hite~z`gam ec ce~mhog f`go}`om qz}jx a`g nm nmqz ~m`fhrmj nx qz}jxhgo egm!

Zkm `aaeitfhqkhgo cmmfhgo xe} omz eg fm`~ghgo ` ce~mhog f`go}`om& zkm mg~hakimgz

hg xe} zk`z zkm f`go}`om n~hgoq& a`g nm cmfz egfx nx m{tm~hmgam' Nm`~hgo `ff zkmqm hg

ihgj wm @cok`gq lgew kew hite~z`gz hz hq ze aeii}gha`zm whzk ce~mhog

oesm~gimgzq& gegoesm~gimgz`f e~o`ghr`zhegq& `gj `hj `omgahmq hg e~jm~ ze omz zkm

kmft wm gmmj' _m `fqe gmmj ze nm `nfm ze aeii}gha`zm hg Mgofhqk hg e~jm~ ce~ }q

ze ~m`ak `g hgzm~g`zheg`f fmsmf hg mj}a`zheg& aeii}gha`zhegq& `gj n}qhgmqq'

MCF hg @cok`ghqz`g‘q qakeefq `gj }ghsm~qhzhmq

K}gj~mjq ec t~hs`zm Mgofhqk f`go}`om qakeefq& whzk zmgq ec zke}q`gjq ec qz}jmgzq&

`~m i}qk~eeihgo `ff esm~ @cok`ghqz`g' Hgzm~mqz hg Mgofhqk hga~m`qmj j~`i`zha`ffx

`czm~ zkm c`ff ec Z`fhn`g hg >440 `gj whzk zkm `~~hs`f ec zkm ]ghzmj G`zhegq `gj

ezkm~ hgzm~g`zheg`f geg)oesm~gimgz`f e~o`ghr`zhegq +GOEq( hgsefsmj hg

jmsmfetimgz`f we~l' Zej`x& gm`~fx msm~xegm lgewq zkm hite~z`gam ec Mgofhqk

`gj t`~mgzq w`gz zkmh~ akhfj~mg ze fm`~g zkm f`go}`om' Hg zkm t`qz& Mgofhqk f`go}`om

w`q z`}okz `q ` q}nbmaz c~ei zkm qmsmgzk o~`jm hg qakeefq n}z hg teqz)Z`fhn`g

@cok`ghqz`g& hz qz`~zmj ze zm`ak Mgofhqk hg zkm ce}~zk o~`jm' Zkm `hi hq ze mg`nfm

qz}jmgzq ze we~l hg `g Mgofhqk mgsh~egimgz& nezk hg @cok`ghqz`g `gj `n~e`j& i`x

tm~k`tq `czm~ zkmx o~`j}`zm c~ei zkm khok qakeefq e~ }ghsm~qhzhmq'

Zkm }ghsm~qhzhmq hg @cok`ghqz`g `~m gew ak`gohgo esm~ ze }qhgo Mgofhqk `q zkm

imjh}i ec hgqz~}azheg' @ g}inm~ ec t~hs`zm mj}a`zheg`f hgqzhz}zhegq& hgaf}jhgo zkm

@im~ha`g ]ghsm~qhzx ec @cok`ghqz`g +@]@(& k`sm `fqe etmgmj n~`gakmq hg zkm

a`thz`f `gj ezkm~ i`be~ ahzhmq hg zkm ae}gz~x wkm~m zkm imjh}i ec zm`akhgo hq

Mgofhqk' @cok`ghqz`g―q qakeef `gj }ghsm~qhzhmq k`q jmqhogmj Mgofhqk f`go}`om

fm`~ghgo t~ebmazq esm~ zkm t`qz cmw xm`~q ze `qqhqz @cok`g img `gj weimg whzk zkm

Mgofhqk qlhffq gmamqq`~x ce~ zkmh~ t~ecmqqheg`f `gj tm~qeg`f jmsmfetimgz' Zkmh~

t}~teqmq `~m .ze zm`ak Mgofhqk hg e~jm~ ze kmft c`ahfhz`zm @cok`ghqz`g/q

t`~zhaht`zheg hg hgzm~g`zheg`f)fmsmf aeii}gha`zheg& ~mf`zhegqkhtq& mj}a`zheg&

aeiim~am& `gj kefhqzha jmsmfetimgz'.

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MCF hg @cok`g Qeahmzx 

Zkm tmgmz~`zheg ec Mgofhqk hq gew hgcf}mgahgo gm`~fx `ff qmaze~q ec @cok`g qeahmzx'

Hz qmmiq `q hc Mgofhqk k`q ch~ifx mqz`nfhqkmj hzqmfc `q zkm f`go}`om ec zkm c}z}~m'

Msmg hg ~miezm zewgq& xe}go qz}jmgzq a`g nm km`~j qtm`lhgo hg Mgofhqk' Nma`}qm

zkhq f`go}`om hq ~m`akhgo tmetfm zk~e}ok zkm imjh`& nhfhgo}`f wmnqhzmq& ienhfm

tkegmq whzk zm{z imqq`ohgo& Mgofhqk q`zmffhzm zmfmshqheg `gj ieshmq& ~`jhe qz`zhegq

whzk Mgofhqk f`go}`om gmwq ) hgaf}jhgo zkm NNA _e~fj Qm~sham eg CI

c~mp}mgahmq ) `gj qmsm~`f fea`f Mgofhqk)f`go}`om gmwqt`tm~q wkhak `~m k`shgo `g

hit`az eg zkm @cok`g w`x ec fhcm' Zkm t~mqmgam ec f`~om g}inm~q ec ce~mhog

~mqhjmgzq k`q aegz~hn}zmj ze zkm o~ewhgo g}inm~q ec nhfhgo}`f qze~m qhogq& qz~mmz

ne`~jq& `gj ~mqz`}~`gz img}q' @fzke}ok zkm~m `~m i`gx we~jq hg Tm~qh`g zkm

ecchah`f f`go}`om ec @cok`ghqz`g q}ak `q2 +Iezkm~ 9 iezkm~& N~ezkm~ 9 n~ezkm~&

T`j`~ 9 c`zkm~& mza'( i`zakhgo Mgofhqk we~jq ~mqtmazhsmfx& qzhff qmsm~`f Mgofhqk

we~jq k`sm nmaeim t`~z ec zkm j`hfx aegsm~q`zheg hg ~mamgzfx xm`~q' Hg qeim a`qmq&

Mgofhqk zm~iq k`sm nmmg behgmj whzk fea`f we~jq'

Ix tm~amtzheg `ne}z zkm ~efm ec Mgofhqk hg ix fhcm

Mgofhqk ~mt~mqmgzq jhccm~mgz zkhgoq ze jhccm~mgz tmetfm' Ce~ qeim hz ~mt~mqmgzq zkm

f`go}`om ec Mgofhqk fhzm~`z}~m' Ce~ ezkm~q hz hq zkm f`go}`om ec zkm Mgofhqk)

qtm`lhgo we~fj' Qeim `qqeah`zm Mgofhqk qhitfx `q ` im`gq ec mj}a`zheg& jehgo

n}qhgmqq `gj i`lhgo iegmx' E}~ shmwq ec Mgofhqk `~m hgcf}mgamj nx aegz`azq wm

k`sm k`j whzk zkm f`go}`om `gj hzq qtm`lm~q' Ix tm~amtzheg `gj ~m`fhr`zheg `ne}z

zkm ~efm ec Mgofhqk hg ix fhcm hq n`qm }t eg zkm iezhs`zheg H k`sm hg ix ihgj ce~

wkhak H `i hgzm~mqzmj ze fm`~g zkhq f`go}`om `q ` im`gq ec `aamqqhgo hgzm~g`zheg`f)

fmsmf mj}a`zheg& ben―q ~mp}h~mimgz%a`~mm~& `gj omz hg ze}ak whzk Mgofhqk)qtm`lhgo

we~fj'

Iezhs`zheg hq sm~x hite~z`gz ce~ `gxnejx wke w`gzq ze fm`~g ` ce~mhog f`go}`om&

wkmzkm~ hz hq Mgofhqk& e~ `gx ezkm~ f`go}`om' @z zkm ~mq}fz ec zkhq qzhi}f}q&

`gxnejx wke k`q jmqh~m ze fm`~g ` ce~mhog f`go}`om a`g nm kmftmj hg khq%km~

‖be}~gmx’ ec fm`~ghgo ` ce~mhog f`go}`om' 

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Zkm~m zwe lhgjq ec iezhs`zheg hg `ap}h~hgo ` gmw f`go}`om& hgzm~g`f iezhs`zheg 

`gj m{zm~g`f iezhs`zheg' Hgzm~g`f iezhs`zheg hq zkm iezhs`zheg wkhak o~ewq hgqhjm

zkm k}i`g hzqmfc whzke}z hgcf}mgamj nx `gxzkhgo `gj `gxegm' Zkhq lhgj ec 

iezhs`zheg hq sm~x ~`~m ze chgj' Zkm ~m`qeg hq nma`}qm qeimegm wke k`q zkhq lhgj

ec iezhs`zheg& k`q ge ~m`qeg ‚ ̀ z `ff ‚ ze fm`~g ` ce~mhog f`go}`om& }gfmqq ze feel 

ce~ ` bex `gj c}g hg fm`~ghgo ` ce~mhog f`go}`om' M{zm~g`f iezhs`zheg hq

hgcf}mgamj nx i`gx c`aze~q& q}ak `q2 we~fj―q ak`gohgo& ofen`fhr`zheg& ben―q

~mp}h~mimgz%a`~mm~& a}fz}~m& mj}a`zheg& maegeiha& msmg fesm' @fieqz i`gx tmetfm

hg zkm we~fj wke w`gz ze fm`~g ` ce~mhog f`go}`om k`sm zkhq lhgj ec iezhs`zheg'

Ix hgqhokz `ne}z zkm ~efm ec Mgofhqk hg ix fhcm hq mqz`nfhqkmj }t eg zkm

m{zm~g`f zxtm ec iezhs`zheg whzk zkm hgzmgzheg ec `ap}h~hgo `gj fm`~ghgo Mgofhqk

f`go}`om ce~ `akhmshgo ` nmzzm~ fhsm' Hg zkhq t`tm~& H we}fj fhlm ze `~o}m zkm ~efm

`gj qz`z}q ec zkhq iezhs`zheg `q nmfew2

  Ch~qzfx& ze hga~m`qm ix ofen`f }gjm~qz`gjhgo2 @q ofen`fhr`zheg& ienhfhzx&

`gj aeii}gha`zhegq n~hgo zkm we~fj msm~ afeqm~ zeomzkm~& msm~ ie~m }~omgz

hq zkm gmmj ce~ ofen`f ahzhrmgq ze nm aeitmzmgz hg Mgofhqk f`go}`om' Ce~

q}~shs`f hg zkm ofen`f aeii}ghzx& ` tm~qeg wke hq aeitmzmgz hg Mgofhqk

f`go}`om& a`g n~hjom zkm o`t nmzwmmg a}fz}~mq& aegz~hn}zm ze hgzm~g`zheg`fjhtfei`ax& t~eiezm g`zheg`f qma}~hzx `gj we~fj tm`am& `gj q}aamqqc}ffx

mgo`om hg hgzm~g`zheg`f z~`jm'

  Qmaegjfx& ze hit~esm ix mitfeximgz tezmgzh`f2 Mitfexmmq wke qtm`l 

egm f`go}`om a`g aeii}gha`zm egfx whzk tmetfm wke qtm`l zk`z q`im

f`go}`om' N}z mitfexmmq wke qtm`l hg ie~m zk`g egm f`go}`om a`g

aeii}gha`zm whzk ie~m zk`g egm ‖lhgj’ tmetfm' _k`zmsm~ e}~ a`~mm~

oe`fq& lgewhgo ` f`go}`om am~z`hgfx weg/z k}~z e}~ mitfex`nhfhzx' Ak`gamq

`~m zk`z lgewhgo f`go}`omq whff etmg }t mitfeximgz ette~z}ghzhmq zk`z wm

we}fj gez k`sm k`j ezkm~whqm' @gj wm whff nm `nfm ze aeii`gj ` o~m`zm~ 

q`f`~x hg zkm we~ltf`am'

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  Zkh~jfx& ze hga~m`qm ix g`zhsm f`go}`om `nhfhzx2 ^mqm`~ak qkewq zk`z

lgewfmjom ec ezkm~ f`go}`omq neeqzq qz}jmgzq/ }gjm~qz`gjhgo ec f`go}`omq

hg omgm~`f `gj mg`nfmq qz}jmgzq ze }qm zkmh~ g`zhsm f`go}`om ie~m

mccmazhsmfx' Ce~mhog f`go}`om fm`~gm~q k`sm qz~egom~ sea`n}f`~x qlhffq hg

zkmh~ g`zhsm f`go}`om& ` nmzzm~ }gjm~qz`gjhgo ec zkmh~ f`go}`om& `gj

hit~esmj fhzm~`ax hg omgm~`f' Khokm~ ~m`jhgo `akhmsmimgzq hg zkm g`zhsm

f`go}`om `q wmff `q mgk`gamj fhqzmghgo qlhffq `gj imie~x k`sm nmmg qkewg

ze ae~~mf`zm whzk m{zmgjmj ce~mhog f`go}`om qz}jx' Zkmqm ~mq}fzq hg zkm

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